Poverty

=== Other aspects ===
[[File:Countries by Human Development Index (2020).png|alt=|thumb|300px|World map of countries by [[Human Development Index]] categories in increments of 0.050 (based on 2019 data, published in 2020)
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width:100%; background:none;"
| valign="top" |{{Legend|#003C00|≥ 0.900}}{{Legend|#007F00|0.850–0.899}}{{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}}{{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}}{{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}}
| valign="top" |{{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}}{{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}}{{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}}{{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}}{{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}}
| valign="top" |{{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}}{{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}}{{Legend|#D9D9D9|Data unavailable}}
|}
]]
Rather than income, poverty is also measured through individual basic needs at a time. [[Life expectancy]] has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap to the developed world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hardy|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Reyes|first2=Adriana M.|date=1 February 2016|title=The Longevity Legacy of World War II: The Intersection of GI Status and Mortality|url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/1/104/2605202|journal=The Gerontologist|language=en|volume=56|issue=1|pages=104–114|doi=10.1093/geront/gnv041|pmid=26220413|issn=0016-9013|doi-access=free|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013182949/https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/1/104/2605202|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Child mortality]] has decreased in every developing region of the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Levels and Trends in Child Mortality|publisher=UNICEF, World Health Organization, The World Bank and UN Population Division|year=2011|url=http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-date=22 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822173244/http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The proportion of the world's population living in countries where the daily per-capita supply of [[food energy]] is less than {{convert|9200|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Why Are We Worried About Income? Nearly Everything that Matters is Converging |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.06.016 |volume=33 |journal=World Development |pages=1–19 |year=2005 |last1=Kenny |first1=Charles }}</ref>

[[File:Tiggare vid Operakällaren.jpg|thumb|An early morning outside the Opera Tavern in Stockholm, with beggars waiting for scraps from the previous day. [[Sweden]], 1868.]]
Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal [[social status]] and inequitable social relationships, experienced as social exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.<ref>H Silver, 1994, social exclusion and [[Solidarity (sociology)|social solidarity]], in International Labour Review, 133 5–6</ref><ref>G Simmel, The poor, Social Problems 1965 13</ref><ref name="Townsend1979">{{cite book|author=Townsend, P.|year=1979|title=Poverty in the United Kingdom|location=London|publisher=Penguin}}</ref> Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of [[relational care]] to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, dis-empowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of [[information access|access to information]], [[education]], [[health care]], [[social capital]] or [[political power]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm |title=A Glossary for Social Epidemiology |publisher=World Health Organization |date=March 2002 |access-date=21 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629174304/http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |title=Journal of Poverty |publisher=Journal of Poverty |access-date=24 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512074344/http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Relational poverty]] is the idea that societal poverty exists if there is a lack of human relationships. Relational poverty can be the result of a lost contact number, lack of phone ownership, isolation, or deliberate severing of ties with an individual or community. Relational poverty is also understood "by the social institutions that organize those relationships...poverty is importantly the result of the different terms and conditions on which people are included in social life".<ref>{{Cite book |date=2018 |title=Relational Poverty Politics: Forms, Struggles, and Possibilities |editor-last1=Lawson |editor-first1=Victoria |editor-last2=Elwood |editor-first2=Sarah |url=https://search.library.berkeley.edu/permalink/01UCS_BER/1thfj9n/alma991085855291906532 |publisher=The University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-5312-8 }}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[second Cameron ministry]] came under attack for its redefinition of poverty; poverty is no longer classified by a family's income, but as to whether a family is in work or not.<ref name=Guardian1 /> Considering that two-thirds of people who found work were accepting wages that are below the [[living wage]] (according to the [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Record numbers of working families in poverty due to low-paid jobs|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/24/record-numbers-working-families-poverty-joseph-rowntree-foundation|access-date=29 July 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 November 2014|archive-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814184047/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/24/record-numbers-working-families-poverty-joseph-rowntree-foundation|url-status=live}}</ref>) this has been criticised by anti-poverty campaigners as an unrealistic view of poverty in the United Kingdom.<ref name=Guardian1>{{cite news|title=The welfare reform and work bill will make poor children poorer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/19/the-welfare-reform-and-work-bill-will-make-poor-children-poorer|access-date=29 July 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 July 2015|first=Javed|last=Khan|archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728160722/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/19/the-welfare-reform-and-work-bill-will-make-poor-children-poorer|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Secondary poverty ====
{{Main|Secondary poverty}}
Secondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as [[alcoholic beverage]]s, thus placing them below it in practice.<ref>{{cite book|title=Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living|last=Townsend|first=Peter|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-03976-6|page=565|language=en}}</ref> In 18th- and 19th-century [[Great Britain]], the practice of [[temperance movement|temperance]] among [[Methodist]]s, as well as their rejection of [[Gambling#Religious|gambling]], allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital.<ref name="Swatos1998">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society|last=Swatos|first=William H.|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1|page=385|language=en}}</ref> Factors that contribute to secondary poverty includes but are not limited to: alcohol, gambling, tobacco and drugs. [[Substance abuse]] means that the poor typically spend about 2% of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (for example, 6% in Indonesia and 8% in Mexico).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economics.mit.edu/files/530|title=The economic lives of the poor|publisher=MIT|date=October 2006|access-date=1 March 2013|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523002625/http://economics.mit.edu/files/530|url-status=live}}</ref>