Poverty

====Improving access to available basic needs====
{{main|Reverse brain drain|Human capital flight}}
Even with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport {{convert|60|mi|km|-1|order=flip}} inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?_r=0|title=Overfarming African land is worsening Hunger Crisis|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 February 2013|first=Celia|last=Dugger|date=31 March 2006|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515181849/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microfranchising]] models such as door-to-door distributors who earn commission-based income or [[Coca-Cola]]'s successful distribution system<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/reenitadas/2014/06/30/if-coca-cola-can-be-delivered-all-over-the-developing-world-why-cant-essential-medications/#17d0b7415559|title=If Coca-Cola can be Delivered All Over the Developing World, Why Can't Essential Medicine?|work=Forbes|access-date=22 June 2016|first=Reenita|last=Das|date=30 June 2014|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822000311/http://www.forbes.com/sites/reenitadas/2014/06/30/if-coca-cola-can-be-delivered-all-over-the-developing-world-why-cant-essential-medications/#17d0b7415559|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/colalife-piggybacks-on-coke/|title=Clever Packaging: Essential Medicine Rides Coke's Distribution Into Remote Villages|work=wired.com|access-date=22 June 2016|first=Tim|last=Maly|date=27 March 2013|archive-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620072712/http://www.wired.com/2013/03/colalife-piggybacks-on-coke|url-status=live}}</ref> are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130531-saving-lives-the-avon-way|title=Africa's 'Avon Ladies' saving lives door-to-door|work=BBC News|access-date=31 May 2014|first=Jonathan|last=Kalan|date=3 June 2013|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121094526/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130531-saving-lives-the-avon-way|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=microfranchising>{{cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/the-avon-ladies-of-africa/|title=The 'Avon Ladies' of Africa|newspaper=nytimes.com|access-date=9 February 2013|first=Tina|last=Rosenberg|date=10 October 2012|archive-date=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125114430/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/the-avon-ladies-of-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect.<ref name=Philippines>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-05-03-voa38.html|title=Philippine Medical Brain Drain Leaves Public Health System in Crisis|publisher=voanews.com|date=3 May 2006|access-date=27 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222516/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-05-03-voa38.html|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1475620/Out-of-Africa---health-workers-leave-in-droves.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525013213/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1475620/Out-of-Africa---health-workers-leave-in-droves.html|archive-date=25 May 2010|title=Out of Africa – health workers leave in droves|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2 November 2004|access-date=27 May 2011|location=London|first=Adrian|last=Blomfield}}</ref> and this often leaves inadequately less skilled doctors to remain in their home countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/27/what-educated-people-from-poor-countries-make-of-the-brain-drain-argument|title=What educated people from poor countries make of the "brain drain" argument|date=27 August 2018|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=5 December 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140616/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/27/what-educated-people-from-poor-countries-make-of-the-brain-drain-argument|url-status=live}}</ref> Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools<ref name=Philippines/> and promoting [[medical tourism]] so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/05/30/inpatients-abroad/|title=Inpatients abroad|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|access-date=9 January 2016|date=30 May 2011|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118005150/http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/05/30/inpatients-abroad/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Telehealth]] is the use of [[Telecommunications|telecommunication technologies]] to deliver health services. For remotes communities in [[Alaska]], telehealth has been found to reduce travel costs alone for the state by $13 million in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskajournal.com/2016-10-12/medicaid-reform-improves-access-healthcare-alaska-natives|title=Medicaid reform improves access to healthcare for Alaska Natives|website=www.alaskajournal.com|language=en|access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> and, according to one study, reduced the life expectancy gap between whites and American Indian population in Alaska from eight to five years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sequist|first1=T|last2=Cullen|first2=T|last3= Acton|first3=K|date=2011 |title=Indian health service innovations have helped reduce health disparities affecting american Indian and alaska native people.|journal=Health Aff (Millwood)|volume=30 |issue=10|pages=1965–1973|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0630|pmid= 21976341|s2cid=31770979|doi-access=free}}</ref>