Purgatory

====Anglicanism====
Anglicans, as with other Reformed Churches, historically teach that the saved undergo the process of [[Glorification#Reformed Churches|glorification]] after death.<ref name="Knutsen2010">{{cite book |last1=Knutsen |first1=Karen Patrick |title=Reciprocal Haunting: Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy |date=2010 |publisher=Waxmann Verlag |isbn=9783830972952 |language=en |quote=In the Ordo Salutis (Order of Salvation) of the Anglican faith, the soul must first be regenerated before it can be resurrected or glorified in Christ. ... The Order of Salvation involves a number of steps said to lead to man's salvation and glorification (or resurrection in Christ). ... In the Anglican Church, the Order of Salvation is officially Calvinistic, placing regeneration before faith.}}</ref> This process has been compared by Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould with the process of purification in the core doctrine of purgatory (see [[#Reformed|Reformed, below]]).

Purgatory was addressed by both of the "foundation features" of Anglicanism in the 16th century: the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of Religion and the [[Book of Common Prayer]].<ref>Colin Buchanan, ''Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism'' (Scarecrow, 2006), 510.</ref>

Article XXII of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory . . . is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of [[Bible|Scripture]], but rather repugnant to the Word of God."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/articles-of-religion.aspx. | title=Join us in Daily Prayer}}</ref> Prayers for the departed were deleted from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer because they suggested a doctrine of purgatory. 

The 19th century [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic revival]] led to restoring prayers for the dead.<ref>Colin Buchanan, ''Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism'' (Scarecrow, 2006), s.v. "Petitions for the Departed", 356–357.</ref> John Henry Newman, in his ''[[Tract XC]]'' of 1841 §6, discussed Article XXII. He highlighted the fact that it is the "Romish" doctrine of purgatory coupled with indulgences that Article XXII condemns as "repugnant to the Word of God." The article did not condemn every doctrine of purgatory and it did not condemn prayers for the dead.<ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/tracts/tract90/section6.html ''REMARKS ON CERTAIN PASSAGES IN THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010459/http://anglicanhistory.org/tracts/tract90/section6.html |date=2015-02-25 }}.</ref>

Shortly before becoming a Roman Catholic,<ref>Newman was working on ''An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine'' since 1842 ({{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Newman, John Henry |volume=19 |page=517–520}}, and sent it to the printer in September 1845 (Ian Turnbull Kern, ''Newman the Theologian'' - University of Notre Dame Press 1990 {{ISBN|9780268014698}}, p. 149). He was received into the [[Catholic Church]] on 9 October of the same year.</ref> [[John Henry Newman]] argued that the ''essence'' of the doctrine is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs is evidence that Christianity was "originally given to us from heaven".<ref>John Henry Newman, ''An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine'', chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 2.</ref> 

As of the year 2000, the state of the doctrine of purgatory in Anglicanism was summarized as follows:<blockquote>Purgatory is seldom mentioned in Anglican descriptions or speculations concerning life after death, although many Anglicans believe in a continuing process of growth and development after death.<ref>Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum, eds, ''An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church'' (Church Publishing, 2000), 427.</ref></blockquote>

Anglican Bishop [[John Henry Hobart]] (1775–1830) wrote that "[[Hades in Christianity|Hades]], or the place of the dead, is represented as a spacious ''receptacle'' with gates, through which the dead enter."<ref name="Hobart1825">{{cite book|last=Hobart|first=John Henry|title=The State of the Departed |url=https://archive.org/details/statedepartedan01hobagoog|year=1825|publisher=T. and J. Swords|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/statedepartedan01hobagoog/page/n38 32]}}</ref> ''The Anglican Catechist'' of 1855 elaborated on Hades, stating that it "is an [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=George |title=The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation |year=1855|publisher=Joseph Masters|location=London |pages=40|quote=We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward.}}</ref> This intermediate state includes both [[Bosom of Abraham|Paradise]] and [[Gehenna]], "but with an impassable gulf between the two".<ref name="Cook1883"/> [[Soul in the Bible|Souls]] remain in Hades until the [[Final Judgment]] and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the [[final judgment]]."<ref name="Shields2009">{{cite book |last=Shields |first=Charles Woodruff |title=Philosophia Ultima |orig-year=1888 |date=2009-05-01 |publisher=Applewood Books |isbn=9781429019644 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Rwd-2IMb5YC&q="some+Anglican+divines"+inauthor:Shields&pg=PA184 |quote=Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment. |access-date=2021-03-12 |archive-date=2021-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095747/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Rwd-2IMb5YC&q=%22some+Anglican+divines%22+inauthor%3AShields&pg=PA184 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Leonel Mitchell|Leonel L. Mitchell]] (1930–2012) offers this rationale for prayers for the dead:<blockquote>No one is ready at the time of death to enter into life in the nearer presence of God without substantial growth precisely in love, knowledge, and service; and the prayer also recognizes that God will provide what is necessary for us to enter that state. This growth will presumably be between death and resurrection."<ref>Leonel L. Mitchell, ''Praying Shapes Believing: A Theological Commentary on The Book of Common Prayer'' (Church Publishing, 1991), 224.</ref></blockquote>

Anglican theologian [[C. S. Lewis]] (1898–1963), reflecting on the history of the doctrine of purgatory in the [[Anglican Communion]], said there were good reasons for "casting doubt on the 'Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory' as that Romish doctrine had then become" not merely a "commercial scandal" but also the picture in which the souls are tormented by devils, whose presence is "more horrible and grievous to us than is the pain itself," and where the spirit who suffers the tortures cannot, for pain, "remember God as he ought to do." Lewis believed instead in purgatory as presented in John Henry Newman's ''[[The Dream of Gerontius (poem)|The Dream of Gerontius]]''. By this poem, Lewis wrote, "Religion has reclaimed Purgatory," a process of purification that will normally involve suffering.<ref>C. S. Lewis, [https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm-00-h.html#tocchapter20 Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119023043/http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm-00-h.html#tocchapter20 |date=2018-01-19 }} (Mariner Books, 2002), 108–109.</ref> Lewis's allegory ''The Great Divorce'' (1945) considered a version of purgatory in the related idea of a "refrigidarium", the opportunity for souls to visit a lower region of heaven and choose to be saved, or not.