United Nations Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Structure== {{Main|United Nations System}} The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five principal organs established by the UN Charter: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]] and the [[United Nations Secretariat|UN Secretariat]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=3–4}} A sixth principal organ, the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of [[Palau]]; the last remaining UN trustee territory.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=8}} Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://visit.un.org/ |title=United Nations Visitors Centre |publisher=United Nations |year=2017 |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106170947/http://visit.un.org/ |archive-date=6 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most other major agencies are based in the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|UN offices at Geneva]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unog.ch/ |title=United Nations Office at Geneva |publisher=United Nations Office at Geneva |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030220840/http://www.unog.ch/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United Nations Office at Vienna|Vienna]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unvienna.org/unov/ |title=Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna! |publisher=United Nations Office at Vienna |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165223/http://www.unvienna.org/unov/ |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[United Nations Office at Nairobi|Nairobi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unon.org/ |title=Welcome to the United Nations Office at Nairobi |publisher=United Nations Office at Nairobi |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225211039/http://www.unon.org/ |archive-date=25 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and additional UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six [[official language]]s of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=langs>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/lang.shtml |title=General Assembly of the United Nations – Rules of Procedure |publisher=UN Department for General Assembly |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219004230/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/lang.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations]], the UN and its agencies are [[diplomatic immunity|immune]] from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diplomaticlaw.com/blog/2009/03/23/jerusalem-court-no-immunity-for-un-employee-for-private-acts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628214535/http://diplomaticlaw.com/blog/2009/03/23/jerusalem-court-no-immunity-for-un-employee-for-private-acts/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Jerusalem Court: No Immunity for UN Employee for Private Acts—Diplomatic/Consular Law and Sovereign Immunity in Israel |publisher=Diplomaticlaw.com |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=27 April 2010 }}</ref> Below the six organs are, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it".{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=4}} These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds and other UN entities.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=4–7}} All organizations in the UN system obey the ''Noblemaire principle'', which calls for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value regardless of the employee's nationality.<ref name="un-salaries">[https://www.un.org/depts/OHRM/salaries_allowances/salary.htm Salaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703104514/http://www.un.org/Depts/OHRM/salaries_allowances/salary.htm |date=3 July 2015 }}, United Nations website</ref><ref>[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/triblex/triblexmain.showList?p_lang=en&p_keyword_id=200 ILO: ''Noblemaire principle''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814014424/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/triblex/triblexmain.showList?p_lang=en&p_keyword_id=200 |date=14 August 2014 }}, Judgement 986, consideration 7, and Judgment 831, Consideration 1.</ref> In practice, the [[International Civil Service Commission]], which governs the conditions of UN personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.<ref>[https://icsc.un.org/compendium/display.asp?type=22.12.1.10 The Noblemaire principle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517034439/http://icsc.un.org/compendium/display.asp?type=22.12.1.10 |date=17 May 2017 }}, ICSC</ref> Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.<ref name="un-salaries"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/28/world/for-americans-working-at-the-un-a-wonderland-of-taxes.html Americans Working at the U.N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422043731/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/28/world/for-americans-working-at-the-un-a-wonderland-of-taxes.html |date=22 April 2017 }}, World, ''The New York Times'', 28 September 2009</ref> {{United Nations Organs}} ===General Assembly=== {{Main|United Nations General Assembly}} [[File:RIAN archive 828797 Mikhail Gorbachev addressing UN General Assembly session.jpg|thumb|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], leader of the Soviet Union, addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988]] The General Assembly is the main [[deliberative assembly]] of the UN. Composed of all [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]], the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions at the [[United Nations General Assembly Hall|General Assembly Hall]], but emergency sessions can also be called.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=131–133}} The assembly is led by a [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|president]], elected by the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=69–70}} The first session convened on 10 January 1946 in the [[Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|Methodist Central Hall]] in London and included representatives of 51 nations.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950 /> When the General Assembly decides on important questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html|access-date= 21 November 2018|title= Main Organs|date= 18 November 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181116040902/http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html|archive-date= 16 November 2018|url-status=live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/plenary.shtml |title=General Assembly of the United Nations: Rules of Procedure: XII – Plenary Meetings |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 December 2013 |quote=Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113095649/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/plenary.shtml |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member has one vote. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=131–133}} Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=70–73}} * [[General Assembly First Committee|First Committee (Disarmament and International Security)]] * [[United Nations General Assembly Second Committee|Second Committee (Economic and Financial)]] * [[United Nations General Assembly Third Committee|Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)]] * [[United Nations Fourth Committee|Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization)]] * [[United Nations General Assembly Fifth Committee|Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary)]] * [[United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee (Legal)|Sixth Committee (Legal)]] As well as by the following two committees: * [[United Nations General Committee|General Committee]] – a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-presidents, and committee heads * [[United Nations Credentials Committee|Credentials Committee]] – responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives ===Security Council=== {{Main|United Nations Security Council}} [[File:Powell-anthrax-vial.jpg|thumb|[[Colin Powell]], the [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]], demonstrates a vial with [[Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq#Weapons of Mass Destruction|alleged]] Iraq [[chemical weapon]] probes to the UN Security Council on [[United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War|Iraq war]] hearings, 5 February 2003.]] The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security amongst nations. While other organs of the UN can only make recommendations to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.<ref name="Chapter|V" /> The decisions of the council are known as [[United Nations Security Council resolution]]s.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=39–43}} The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states: five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent members (currently [[Algeria]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Japan]], [[Malta]], [[Mozambique]], the [[Republic of Korea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Switzerland]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Members {{!}} United Nations Security Council|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|access-date=6 February 2024|website=United Nations|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232811/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|url-status=live}}</ref> The five permanent members hold [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five members elected each year by the General Assembly on a [[United Nations Regional Groups|regional basis]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/presidency/ |title=Security Council Presidency in 2017 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012154714/http://www.un.org/en/sc/presidency/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> === UN Secretariat === {{Main|United Nations Secretariat|Secretary-General of the United Nations}} [[File:António Guterres, 23.03.23.jpg|thumb|upright|[[António Guterres]], the current [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general]]]] The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day duties required to operate and maintain the UN system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nations|first=United|title=Secretariat|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/secretariat|access-date=2021-10-18|website=United Nations|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310222628/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/secretariat|url-status=live}}</ref> It is composed of tens of thousands of international civil servants worldwide and headed by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general]], who is assisted by the [[Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations|deputy secretary-general]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=21}} The Secretariat's duties include providing information and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings and carrying out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=285}} The secretary-general acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's chief administrative officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xv/index.html |title=United Nations Charter: Chapter XV |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221935/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xv/index.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that secretaries-general since [[Trygve Lie]] have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=31–32}} The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to [[list of global issues|global issues]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=59–62}} The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml |title=Appointment Process |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415124432/http://www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The current secretary-general is [[António Guterres]] of Portugal, who replaced [[Ban Ki-moon]] in 2017. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" |+ style="padding-top:1em;" |Secretaries-general of the United Nations<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml |title=Former Secretaries-General |publisher=United Nations |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017074925/http://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ! No. || Name !! Country of origin !! Took office !! Left office !! Notes |- | - |'''[[Gladwyn Jebb]]''' |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |24 October 1945 |2 February 1946 |Served as acting secretary-general until Lie's election |- | 1 || '''[[Trygve Lie]]''' || {{flag|Norway}} || 2 February 1946 || 10 November 1952 || Resigned |- | 2 || '''[[Dag Hammarskjöld]]''' || {{flag|Sweden}} || 10 April 1953 || 18 September 1961 || Died in office |- | 3 || '''[[U Thant]]''' || {{flag|Burma|1948}} || 30 November 1961 || 31 December 1971 ||First non-European to hold office |- | 4 || '''[[Kurt Waldheim]]''' || {{flag|Austria}} || 1 January 1972 || 31 December 1981 || |- | 5 || '''[[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]]''' || {{flag|Peru}} || 1 January 1982 || 31 December 1991 || |- | 6 || '''[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]''' || {{flag|Egypt}} || 1 January 1992 || 31 December 1996 ||Served for the shortest time |- | 7 || '''[[Kofi Annan]]''' || {{flag|Ghana}} || 1 January 1997 || 31 December 2006 || |- | 8 || '''[[Ban Ki-moon]]''' || {{flag|South Korea}} || 1 January 2007 || 31 December 2016 || |- | 9 || '''[[António Guterres]]''' || {{flag|Portugal}} || 1 January 2017||''Incumbent''|| |} ===International Court of Justice=== {{Main|International Court of Justice}} [[File:Grand Hall de Justice de Palais de La Paix à La Haye Pays-Bas.jpg|thumb|The ICJ ruled that [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence]] from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law.]] The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=International Court of Justice {{!}} Definition, Cases, Purpose, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Court-of-Justice|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151834/https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Court-of-Justice|url-status=live}}</ref> is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] and occupies the body's former headquarters in the [[Peace Palace]] in [[The Hague|The Hague, Netherlands]], making it the only principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is adjudicating disputes among nations. Examples of issues they have heard include war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Court|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909054816/http://www.icj-cij.org/en|archive-date=9 September 2018|access-date=2 November 2017|publisher=International Court of Justice}}</ref> The court can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on matters of international law.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=183}} All UN member states are parties to the [[Statute of the International Court of Justice|ICJ Statute]], which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with its advisory opinions, serve as [[sources of international law]].<ref name="britannica.com"/> The court is composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly. Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=183}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=100–101}} ===Economic and Social Council=== {{Main|United Nations Economic and Social Council}} The Economic and Social Council (or the ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Economic and Social Council {{!}} UN|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-and-Social-Council|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018033325/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-and-Social-Council|url-status=live}}</ref> It was established to serve as the UN's primary forum for global issues and is the largest and most complex UN body.<ref name=":1" /> The ECOSOC's functions include gathering data, conducting studies and advising and making recommendations to member states.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=103–104}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml |title=About ECOSOC |publisher=ECOSOC |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031070127/http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its work is carried out primarily by subsidiary bodies focused on a wide variety of topics. These include the [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]], which advises UN agencies on issues relating to [[indigenous peoples]], the [[United Nations Forum on Forests]], which coordinates and promotes sustainable forest management, the [[United Nations Statistical Commission]], which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies, and the [[Commission on Sustainable Development]], which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards [[sustainable development]]. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=103–104}} as of April 2021 almost 5,600 organizations have this status.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=156}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to csonet.org {{!}} Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service|url=http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=17|access-date=2021-10-18|website=csonet.org|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127144255/http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=17|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Specialized agencies=== {{Main|List of specialized agencies of the United Nations}} The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.<ref name=CharterIX /> Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council. Each was integrated into the UN system through an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57.<ref name="CEB">{{cite web|title=The UN System, Chief Executives Board for Coordination|url=http://www.unsceb.org/ceb/about/un|access-date=22 January 2013|publisher=Unsceb.org}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> There are fifteen specialized agencies, which perform functions as diverse as facilitating international travel, preventing and addressing pandemics, and promoting economic development.<ref>{{cite web|title=What are UN specialized agencies, and how many are there? – Ask DAG!|url=https://ask.un.org/faq/140935|access-date=14 November 2020|website=ask.un.org|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165826/https://ask.un.org/faq/140935|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Some sources identify seventeen specialized agencies, taking into account the three specialized agencies that make up the [[World Bank Group]], which is now treated as one organization: the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), the [[International Development Association]] (IDA), and the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC).}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" |+ style="padding-top:1em;"| Specialized agencies of the United Nations ! No. !!Acronym !! Agency !! Headquarters !! Head !! Established in |- | 1 || FAO || '''[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]]|| {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Qu Dongyu]] || 1945 |- | 2 || ICAO || '''[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal, Quebec]], [[Canada]]|| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez|Juan Carlos Salazar]]|| 1947 |- | 3 || IFAD || '''[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]'''|| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]]|| {{flagicon|SPA}} {{ill|Alvaro Lario|de}}|| 1977 |- | 4 || ILO || '''[[International Labour Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]|| {{flagicon|TOG}} [[Gilbert Houngbo]]|| 1946 (1919) |- | 5 || IMO || '''[[International Maritime Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]|| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kitack Lim]]|| 1948 |- | 6 || IMF || '''[[International Monetary Fund]]'''|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]|| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Kristalina Georgieva]]|| 1945 (1944) |- | 7 || ITU || '''[[International Telecommunication Union]]'''||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doreen Bogdan-Martin]]|| 1947 (1865) |- | 8 || UNESCO || '''[[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[France]]|| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Audrey Azoulay]]|| 1945 |- | 9 || UNIDO || '''[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]|| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Gerd Müller (politician)|Gerd Müller]]|| 1967 |- | 10 || UNWTO ||'''[[World Tourism Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]|| {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Zurab Pololikashvili]]|| 1974 |- | 11 || UPU || '''[[Universal Postal Union]]'''||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masahiko Metoki]] || 1947 (1874) |- | 12 || WBG || '''[[World Bank Group]]'''||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]||{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Banga]] {{small|(president)}} | 1945 (1944) |- | 13 || WHO || '''[[World Health Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]||{{flagicon|ETH}} [[Tedros Adhanom]]|| 1948 |- | 14 || WIPO || '''[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]'''||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]|| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Daren Tang]]|| 1974 |- | 15 || WMO || '''[[World Meteorological Organization]]'''|| {{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]|| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Petteri Taalas]] {{small|(secretary-general)}}<br />{{flagicon|GER}} {{ill|Gerhard Adrian|de||fr}} {{small|(president)}}|| 1950 (1873) |} === Funds, programmes, and other bodies === The United Nations system includes a myriad of autonomous, separately administered [[United Nations System#Funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other bodies|funds, programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary bodies]].<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|title=Structure and Organization|url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml|access-date=22 January 2013|publisher=Un.org|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518080258/https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Each of these entities have their own area of work, governance structure, and budget such as the [[World Trade Organization]] (or the WTO) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (or the IAEA), operate independently of the UN but maintain formal partnership agreements. The UN performs much of its humanitarian work through these institutions, such as preventing famine and malnutrition (the [[World Food Programme]]), protecting vulnerable and displaced people (the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]]), and combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic (the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]).{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=171–177}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" |+ style="padding-top:1em;"| Programmes and funds of the United Nations !Acronyms !Agency !Headquarters !Head !Established |- |[[UNDP]] |'''[[United Nations Development Programme]]''' |{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States |{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]] |1965 |- |[[UNICEF]] |'''[[United Nations Children's Fund]]''' |{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]] |1946 |- |[[UNCDF]] |'''[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]]''' |{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States |{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Marc Bichler]] |1966 |- |[[WFP]] |'''[[World Food Programme]]''' |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], Italy |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Cindy McCain]] |1963 |- |[[UNEP]] |'''[[United Nations Environment Programme]]''' |{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Inger Andersen (environmentalist)|Inger Andersen]] |1972 |- |[[UNFPA]] |'''[[United Nations Population Fund]]''' |{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]] |1969 |- |[[UN-HABITAT]] |'''[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]]''' |{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] |{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Maimunah Mohd Sharif]] |1978 |- |[[United Nations Volunteers|UNV]] |'''[[United Nations Volunteers]]''' |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bonn]], Germany |{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Toily Kurbanov]] |1978 |} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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