San Jose, California

=== American period ===
{{see also|California Republic|Conquest of California}}
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| image1            = San jose california 1875.jpg
| caption1          = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the city in 1875, when the [[Santa Clara Valley]] was one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world.
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| caption2          = [[Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)|Notre Dame High School]]'s original campus in 1876. It was the first school accredited in California to give degrees to women.
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By the end of 1847, the [[Conquest of California]] by the United States was complete, as the [[Mexican–American War]] came to an end.<ref name="NRHP"/> In 1848, the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the [[Mexican Cession]]. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the [[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|unorganized territory]] of [[California]]. With California's [[Admission to the Union]] on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |title= California State Capitol History: Part 1 |website=California Capitol Museum |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116170240/http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |archive-date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref>

On March 27, 1850, San Jose was [[municipal corporation|incorporated]]. It was incorporated on the same day as [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] and [[Benicia]]; together, these three cities followed [[Sacramento]] as California's earliest incorporated cities.<ref>''Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose'' (Smith & McKay, 1985), p. 27: "Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city."</ref> [[Josiah Belden]], who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the [[California Trail]] as part of the [[Bartleson–Bidwell Party|Bartleson Party]] and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.<ref>George R. Stewart, ''The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes'' (University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 28.</ref> San Jose was briefly California's first state capital, and legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851. ([[Monterey, California|Monterey]] was the capital during the period of [[Spanish California]] and [[Mexican California]]).<ref>Ken McKowen & Dahlynn McKowen, ''Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums'' (Wilderness Press, 2006), pp. 77–99.</ref> The first capitol no longer exists; the [[Plaza de César Chávez]] now lies on the site, which has two [[historical marker]]s indicating where California's state legislature first met.<ref>[https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 First State Capitol Building] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034612/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 |date=December 1, 2017 }}, Historical Marker Database.</ref>

In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by [[John Joseph Montgomery|John Montgomery]] and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |title=Our Legacy – JBT |publisher=Jbtcorporation.com |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072924/http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]. Over 100 people died at the [[Agnews Asylum]] (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |title=Agnews Insane Asylum |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524093818/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and San Jose High School's three-story stone-and-brick building was also destroyed. The period during [[World War II]] was tumultuous; [[Japanese American]]s primarily from [[Japantown, San Jose, California|Japantown]] were sent to [[internment camps]], including the future mayor [[Norman Mineta]]. Following the Los Angeles [[zoot suit riots]], anti-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The [[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)|Bank of Italy Building]], built in 1926, is the oldest skyscraper in [[Downtown San Jose]].]]
As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999<ref>{{cite news |title=PACKING IT IN: SAN JOSE'S FINAL HARVEST VESTIGE OF VALLEY'S AGRICULTURAL BUTT IS LEAVING |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |work=[[The Mercury News]] |date=July 25, 1999 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230208/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [[Food Machinery Corporation]] (later known as [[FMC Corporation]]) by the [[United States War Department]] to build 1,000 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]].<ref name=PolHist>{{cite web |url=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |title=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose |publisher=San Jose State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707002526/http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> After World War II, FMC (later [[United Defense]], and currently [[BAE Systems]]) continued as a [[defense contractor]], with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]], the [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]], and various subsystems of the [[M1 Abrams]] battle tank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070220062249/http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2007 |title=BAE Systems History |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref>

[[IBM]] established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown [[Punched card|punch card]] plant, and opened an [[IBM Research]] lab in 1952. [[Reynold B. Johnson]] and his team developed direct access storage for computers,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |title=Reynold B. Johnson |last=Blankenship |first=William D. |date=1971 |website=[[IBM]] |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141539/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |url-status=live }}</ref> inventing the [[IBM 305 RAMAC|RAMAC 305]] and the [[hard disk drive]]; the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.<ref>Winslow, Ward (editor); ''The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance''; 1995; {{ISBN|0-9649217-0-7}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager [[A. P. Hamann|A. P. "Dutch" Hamann]] led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [[Alviso, California|Alviso]] and [[Cambrian Park, California|Cambrian Park]], providing large areas for suburbs. An anti-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors [[Norman Mineta]] and [[Janet Gray Hayes]]. Despite establishing an [[urban growth boundary]], development fees, and the incorporations of [[Campbell, California|Campbell]] and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], development was not slowed, but rather directed into already-incorporated areas.<ref name=PolHist/>

[[File:1928 Fiesta de las Rosas of San Jose.jpg|thumb|right|The 1928 San Jose annual ''Fiesta de las Rosas'' parade in Downtown]]

San Jose's position in [[Silicon Valley]] triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the [[1990 United States Census|1990 U.S. Census]] indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.<ref name="1990census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |title=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 8, 2014 |quote='''1980''': San Francisco = 678974, San Jose = 629400. '''1990''': San Jose = 782248, San Francisco = 723959 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135637/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This growth led to the highest housing-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |title=San Jose case study, part one: the urban-growth boundary |publisher=Thoreau Institute |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075620/http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. As of 2006, sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [[Smart Growth]] planning principles.<ref name=HsgConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |title=Building Permit History, 1980–2006 |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042843/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>