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Do not fill this in! ===Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe=== {{Further|Tehran Conference|Yalta Conference|List of Allied World War II conferences}} The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look, and how borders would be drawn, following the war.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=13–23}} Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=13–23}} Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible, permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through [[international organization]]s.{{sfn|Gaddis|1990|p=156}} Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world. Roosevelt's goals—military victory in both Europe and Asia, the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the [[British Empire]], and the creation of a world peace organization—were more global than Churchill's, which were mainly centered on securing control over the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], ensuring the survival of the British Empire, and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a [[Buffer state|buffer]] between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Plokhy|2010}} [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|left|The "[[Allies of World War II|Big Three]]" at the [[Yalta Conference]]: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Joseph Stalin]], 1945]] The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries in its border regions.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=13–23}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1990|p=176}} During the war, Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control. Soviet agents took control of the media, especially radio; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions, from youth groups to schools, churches and rival political parties.{{efn-ua|[[Max Frankel]], "Stalin's Shadow", [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/books/review/iron-curtain-by-anne-applebaum.html ''New York Times'' 21 Nov 2012] reviewing Anne Applebaum, ''Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956'' (2012), See Introduction, text after note 26, and ch. 3, 7–9}} Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States, hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth.{{sfn|Heller|2006|p=27|ps=: "From the Soviet perspective, a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable. Therefore, the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, was greatly to be desired."}} In the American view, Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals, whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda. With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe, Stalin was at an advantage, and the two Western leaders vied for his favors. The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets. In October 1944, Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the "[[percentages agreement]]" to divide Europe into respective [[Sphere of influence|spheres of influence]], including giving Stalin predominance [[Romania in World War II|over Romania]], Hungary, and Bulgaria, and Churchill carte blanche [[White Terror (Greece)|over Greece.]] This proposal was accepted by Stalin. At the [[Yalta Conference]] of February 1945, Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin regarding Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and reparations.{{sfn|Plokhy|2010}} Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement,{{sfn|Carlton|2000}}{{sfn|Todd|2016|pp=105–111}} but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=21}} [[File:Map-Germany-1945.svg|thumb|Post-war [[Allied-occupied Germany|Allied occupation zones in Germany]]]] At the [[Second Quebec Conference]], a high-level military conference held in Quebec City, 12–16 September 1944, Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters, including a plan for Germany based on [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]]'s original proposal. The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for "eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to [[Morgenthau Plan|converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural]] and pastoral in its character." However, it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states.{{efn-ua|[[United States Government Printing Office]], Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the [[United States]] Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the [[McCarran Internal Security Act]] and other Internal Security Laws, (Washington, 1967) volume 1, pp. 620–621}} On 10 May 1945, President Truman signed the US occupation directive JCS 1067, which was in effect for over two years and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin. It directed the US forces of occupation to "...take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany".{{sfn|Jonas|1985|p=270}} In April 1945, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Vice President [[Harry S. Truman]], who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an [[The Wise Men (book)#The "Wise Men"|elite group]] of foreign policy intellectuals. Both Churchill and Truman opposed, among other things, the Soviets' decision to prop up the [[Polish Committee of National Liberation|Lublin government]], the Soviet-controlled rival to the [[Polish government-in-exile]] of the original [[Second Polish Republic]] in London, whose relations with the Soviets had been severed.{{sfn|Zubok|Pleshakov|1996|p=94}} Following the [[End of World War II in Europe|Allies' May 1945 victory]], the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe,{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=21}} while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe. In [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Allied-occupied Austria|Austria]], France, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four-power control.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=22}} The [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|1945 Allied conference in San Francisco]] established the multi-national [[United Nations]] (UN) for the maintenance of [[world peace]], but the enforcement capacity of its [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] was effectively paralyzed by the ability of individual members to exercise [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]].{{sfn|Glennon|2003}} Accordingly, the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric, and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|propaganda]] tribune.{{sfn|Garthoff|1994|p=401}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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