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Do not fill this in! ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Haiti}} Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and indigenous Taíno cultures.<ref name="Yurnet-Thomas">fdan{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giQaoQz8N0AC&pg=PA13|title=A Taste of Haiti |last=Yurnet-Thomas |first= Mirta |pages=13–15 |year=2002 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-0998-6 |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> ===Art=== {{Main|Haitian art}} [[File:Swearing-in ceremony of Diaspora GwètòDe by Konfederasyon Nasyonal Vodou Ayisyen 09.jpg|thumb|Swearing-in ceremony of Haitian Diaspora GwètòDe]] Haitian art is [[Haitian art|distinctive]], particularly through its paintings and sculptures.<ref name="Yurnet-Thomas" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalfaithinaction.org/haiti-culture-and-sports/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211956/http://globalfaithinaction.org/haiti-culture-and-sports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2012 |title=Haiti – Culture And Sports |last=Onofre |first= Alejandro Guevara |access-date=2 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/haiti/ |title=In Haiti, Art Remains a Solid Cornerstone |last=Legro |first= Tom |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=11 January 2011}}</ref> Brilliant colors, [[Naïve art|naïve]] perspectives, and sly humor characterize [[Haitian art]]. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} In the 1920s the ''indigéniste'' movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots. Notable painters of this movement include [[Hector Hyppolite]], Philomé Oban and [[Préfète Duffaut]].<ref name="Bradt36">Clammer, Paul (2016), ''Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti'', p. 36.</ref> Some notable artists of more recent times include [[Edouard Duval-Carrié]], Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, [[Prosper Pierre Louis]] and [[Louisiane Saint Fleurant]].<ref name="Bradt36"/> Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and [[Serge Jolimeau]].<ref name="Bradt37">Clammer, Paul (2016), ''Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti'', p. 37.</ref> ===Music and dance=== {{Further|Music of Haiti}} Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here. It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of [[Hispaniola]], and minor native [[Taino]] influences. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] ceremonial traditions, [[Rara music|Rara]] parading music, [[Twoubadou]] ''ballads'', [[mini-jazz]] rock bands, [[Rasin]] movement, [[Haitian hip hop|Hip hop]] kreyòl, [[méringue]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113022326/http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti|archive-date= 13 November 2007 |title=Music and the Story of Haiti |publisher=Afropop Worldwide}}</ref> and [[compas]]. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called ''[[Nightlife|discos]]'', and attend ''Bal'' (ball, as in a formal dance). ''[[Compas]] (konpa)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritagekonpa.com/The%20Haitian%20Music%20Billboard.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210081147/http://www.heritagekonpa.com/The%20Haitian%20Music%20Billboard.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010 |title=Haitian music billboard |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with [[méringue]] as its basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when [[Jazz Guignard]] was recorded non-commercially.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEL9mUcVA8C&pg=PA23|title=A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti |last=Averill |first= Gage |year=1997 |page=23 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03291-7 |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Haitian literature}} Haiti has always been a literary nation that has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition. The [[Saint-Domingue|French colonial experience]] established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production. However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in [[Haitian Creole]]. The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nzengou-Tayo |first=Marie-José |chapter=Chapter 7: Creole and French in Haitian Literature |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xbGzLuBvWwC&pg=PA153 |title=The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education |editor1-first=Arthur K. |editor1-last=Spears |editor2-first=Carole M. |editor2-last=Berotte Joseph |language=en |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=153–176 |isbn=978-0-7391-7221-6|date= 2012}}</ref> In 1975, [[Franketienne]] was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of ''Dezafi'', the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewyPMi4WZPAC |title=Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress |last=Douglas |first=Rachel |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7391-3635-5 |pages=50–60}}</ref> Other well known Haitian authors include [[Jean Price-Mars]], [[Jacques Roumain]], [[Jacques Stephen Alexis]], [[Marie Vieux-Chauvet]], Pierre Clitandre, [[René Depestre]], [[Edwidge Danticat]], [[Lyonel Trouillot]] and [[Dany Laferrière]]. ===Cinema=== Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry. Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include [[Raoul Peck]] and [[Arnold Antonin]]. Directors producing fictional films include [[Patricia Benoit (director)|Patricia Benoît]], Wilkenson Bruna and Richard Senecal. ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Haitian cuisine}} Haiti is famous for its [[creole cuisine]] (related to [[Cajun cuisine]]), and its [[soup joumou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creolemadeeasy.com/cmejom/free/recipes/127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521034622/http://www.creolemadeeasy.com/cmejom/free/recipes/127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html|archive-date=21 May 2014|title=Pumpkin Soup – Soup Joumou |publisher=Creolemadeeasy.com |access-date= 22 May 2014}}</ref> ===Architecture=== [[File:Sans-Souci Palace, National History Park, Haiti.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Sans-Souci Palace, National History Park, Haiti]] {{See also|List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean}} Monuments include the [[Sans-Souci Palace]] and the [[Citadelle Laferrière]], inscribed as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/180 |title=National History Park – Citadel, Sans the great Souci, Ramiers |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> Situated in the Northern [[Massif du Nord]], in the [[National History Park]], the structures date from the early 19th century.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/579 |title=Heritage in Haiti |date=20 January 2010 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France. <!---needs merger with above paragraph---> The [[Citadelle Laferrière]], the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti. It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the [[eighth wonder of the world]].<ref name="Reading Eagle">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19780129&id=BN4hAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,4456684|title=Haiti's Citadelle Described As 8th Wonder of the World|editor=United Press International|page=40|date=29 January 1978|publisher=Reading Eagle|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National|Institute for the Protection of National Heritage]] has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haiti.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&Itemid=90 |title=Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National |publisher=Haiti.org |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> [[Jacmel]], a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake.<ref name="heritage" /> ===Museums=== [[File:Santa Maria Anchor.JPG|upright|thumb|''Santa María''<nowiki/>'s anchor on display]] The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the ''[[Santa María (ship)|Santa María]]'' rests in the [[Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien]] (MUPANAH), in Port-au-Prince.<ref>{{cite journal|title=MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.2011.01744.x |volume=62 |issue=4 |journal=Museum International |pages=39–45|year=2010 |last1=Paret |first1=Robert |s2cid=142632278 }}</ref> ===Folklore and mythology=== {{Main|Haitian mythology}} Haiti is known for its [[folklore]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Munro |first= Martin|title=Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature: Alexis, Depestre, Ollivier, Laferrière, Danticat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-m0n2yww8C&pg=PA14|date=2013|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-854-2|pages=14–}}</ref> Much of this is rooted in [[Haitian Vodou]] tradition. Belief in [[zombies]] is also common.<ref name="Bradt35">Clammer, Paul (2016), ''Bradt Travel Guide - Haiti'', p. 35.</ref> Other folkloric creatures include the [[Soucouyant|lougarou]].<ref name="Bradt35"/> ===National holidays and festivals=== {{Further|Public holidays in Haiti}} The [[Haitian Carnival]] has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean. In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year.<ref name="haitilibre.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5009-haiti-culture-more-than-300-000-people-celebrated-the-carnival-2012-in-les-cayes.html |title=More than 300,000 people celebrated the Carnival 2012 in Les Cayes |publisher=Haitilibre.com |date=22 February 2012 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://magazine.nd.edu/news/47009-global-doc-kanaval/ |title=Global Doc: Kanaval |last=DeGennaro |first= Vincent |date=19 March 2014 |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.<ref name="haitilibre.com" /> [[Rara festival|Rara]] is a festival celebrated before [[Easter]]. The festival has generated a style of [[Carnival music]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rara {{!}} Haitian Music|url=http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara|website=Haitian Music|date=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.si.edu/story/rara-vodou-power-and-performance|title=Rara: Vodou, Power, and Performance|date=8 March 2016|website=Smithsonian Music|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Culture of Haiti#Sports}} [[File:Haiti national football team training in Port-au-Prince 2004-08-16 2.jpg|thumb|[[Haiti national football team]] training in Port-au-Prince, 2004]] [[Association football|Football]] (soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level. Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/blue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti/c-31222026|title = Blue Jays helping bring baseball to Haiti|first=Chris|last=Toman|date=13 May 2012|publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]}}</ref><ref name="sport">{{cite book |title=Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCi9jFR6v1oC&pg=PA82 |last=Arthur |first= Charles |publisher=Interlink Pub Group Inc |pages=82–83 |isbn=978-1-56656-359-8|year=2002 }}</ref> [[Stade Sylvio Cator]] is the [[multi-purpose stadium]] in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for [[association football]] matches. In [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], the [[Haiti national football team]] were only the second [[Caribbean]] team to make the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]. The national team won the [[2007 Caribbean Nations Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanandco.com/history-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup/ |title=History of Caribbean teams in the FIFA World Cup |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Haiti has participated in the [[Haiti at the Olympics|Olympic Games]] since the year 1900 and won a number of medals. Haitian footballer [[Joe Gaetjens]] played for the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States national team]] in the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]], scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of [[England national football team|England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/jun/10/world-cup-2010-usa-1950-england|title=World Cup 2010: How the USA's 1950 amateurs upset England and the odds|author=Ewen MacAskill|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 June 2010}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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