Stuttering Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Feelings and attitudes=== Stuttering could have a significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters. [[Joseph Sheehan]] described this in terms of the [[analogy]] to an [[iceberg]], with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the [[waterline]] and a broader set of symptoms such as negative [[emotion]]s hidden below the surface.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalinowski|Saltuklaroglu|2006| p=17}}</ref> Feelings of [[embarrassment]], [[shame]], [[frustration]], [[fear]], [[anger]], and [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]] are frequent in people who stutter, and may increase tension and effort.<ref name="Guitar16–7">{{harvnb|Guitar|2005|pp=16–7}}</ref> With time, continued negative experiences may crystallize into a negative self-concept and self-image. People who stutter may project their own attitudes onto others, believing that the others think them nervous or stupid. Such negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program.<ref name="Guitar16–7"/> The impact of discrimination against stuttering can be severe. This may result in fears of stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, low self-esteem, being a possible target of bullying or discrimination, or feeling pressured to hide stuttering. In popular media, stuttering is sometimes seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in that direction.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Constantino CD, Campbell P, Simpson S |date=March–April 2022 |title=Stuttering and the social model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021992422000193 |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |volume=96 |page=106200 |doi=10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200 |pmid=35248920 |s2cid=247096437 |issn=0021-9924 }}</ref> Alternatively, there are those who embrace [[stuttering pride]] and encourage other stutterers to take pride in their stutter and to find how it has been beneficial for them. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page