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Do not fill this in! ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Haiti}} [[File:Haiti-demographie.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Haiti's population (1800–2021)]] In 2018, Haiti's population was estimated to be about 10,788,000.<ref name="CIA World Factbook – Haiti"/> In 2006, half of the population was younger than age 20.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/public/global/pid/227 |title=New Haiti Census Shows Drastic Lack of Jobs, Education, Maternal Health Services |publisher=United Nations Population Fund |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514113013/http://www.unfpa.org/public/global/pid/227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1950, the first formal census gave a total population of 3.1 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/haiti/21.htm |title=Haiti – Population |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> Haiti averages approximately {{convert|350|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people |people|sp=us}}, with its population concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. [[File:EscombrosBelAir7.jpg|thumb|People in Port-au-Prince]] Most Haitians are descendants of black [[Ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]] who were [[Slavery|enslaved]] and [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] from Africa during the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. Many are also descendants of [[Free people of color|Mulattoes]] who are [[multiracial|mixed-race]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook – Haiti"/> The remainder are primarily of [[White Haitian|European]] or [[Arab Haitians|Arab descent]].<ref name="joshuaproject.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php |title=Aimaq, Firozkohi of Afghanistan Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/haiti.html |title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Haiti |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=14 January 2010}}</ref> Millions of Haitian descent live abroad in the [[Haitian Americans|United States]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haitian Cuban|Cuba]], [[Canada]] (primarily [[Montreal]]), [[the Bahamas]], [[France]], the [[French Antilles]], the [[Turks and Caicos]], [[Jamaica]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Venezuela]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]] and [[French Guiana]]. There were an estimated 881,500 people of Haitian ancestry in the United States in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|title=American FactFinder – Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> while in the Dominican Republic there were an estimated 800,000 in 2007.<ref name="pinadep">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215084725/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour |access-date=14 October 2008 |last=Pina |first= Diógenes |publisher=Inter Press Service (IPS)|date=21 March 2007}}</ref> There were 300,000 in Cuba in 2013,<ref>[http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm Haiti in Cuba] Retrieved 30 December 2013.</ref> 100,000 in Canada in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205060008/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All |archive-date=5 December 2008 }}, Statistics Canada (2006).</ref> 80,000 in Metropolitan France (2010),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/france-suspends-expulsions-of-illegal-haitians-1.567985 |title=France Suspends Expulsions Of Illegal Haitians |newspaper=Gulfnews.com |date=14 January 2010 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas (2009).<ref>{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Nick |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8257660.stm |title=Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians |work=BBC News |date=20 September 2009 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> In 2018, the life expectancy at birth was 63.66 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Haiti {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=HT|access-date=22 December 2020|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> ===Racial discrimination=== {{Main|Gens de couleur}} Under colonial rule, [[Mulatto|Haitian mulattoes]] were generally privileged above the black majority, though they possessed fewer rights than the white population. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been mulattoes. During this time, the enslaved persons and the [[affranchi]]s were given limited opportunities toward education, income, and occupations, but even after gaining independence, the social structure remains a legacy today as the disparity between the upper and lower classes have not been reformed significantly since the colonial days.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2574763|title=Class Structure and Class Conflict in Haitian Society|first1=Roland|last1=Wingfield|first2=Vernon J.|last2=Parenton|date=1965|journal=Social Forces|volume=43|issue=3|pages=338–347|doi=10.2307/2574763}}</ref> Making up 5% of the nation's population, mulattoes have retained their preeminence, evident in the political, economic, social and cultural hierarchy in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smucker|first=Glenn R|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ht0033%29|title=A Country Study: Haiti; The Upper Class|editor=Haggerty, Richard A. |publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division|date=December 1989}}</ref> As a result, the elite class today consists of a small group of influential people who are generally light in color.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2769747|title=Caste and Class in Haiti|first=John|last=Lobb|date=2018|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=46|issue=1|pages=23–34|doi=10.1086/218523|s2cid=144100302}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Haiti}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Haiti according to the [[Pew Research Center]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010®ion_name=All%20Countries+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in Haiti – PEW-GRF|website=globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929181606/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010®ion_name=All%20Countries+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |label1 = Catholicism |value1 = 56.8 |color1 = purple |label2 = Protestantism |value2 = 29.6 |color2 = Blue |label3 = Unaffiliated |value3 = 10.6 |color3 = gray |label4 = Other |value4 = 3 |color4 = Red }} The 2018 [[CIA World Factbook]] reported that 55% of Haitians were [[Roman Catholicism in Haiti|Catholics]] and 29% were [[Protestantism in Haiti|Protestants]] (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, [[Seventh-day Adventist]] 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%). Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001.<ref name="ReyStepick2013">{{cite book|last1=Rey|first1=Terry|last2=Stepick|first2=Alex|title=Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40SIdXeUEhUC&pg=PA6|year=2013|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-2077-1|page=6|quote=With no indications of any subsequent decline in Protestant affiliation either in Port-au-Prince or the countryside, one could reasonably estimate that today Haiti is already more than one-third Protestant}}</ref> Like other countries in Latin America, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely [[Evangelical Protestant|Evangelical]] and [[Pentecostal]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2014/november/sorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html|title=Sorry, Pope Francis: Protestants Are Converting Catholics Across Latin America|first=Morgan|last=Lee|website=News & Reporting|date=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/|title=Religion in Latin America|date=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/overview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america/|title=Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America|date=5 October 2006}}</ref> Haitian [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Chibly Langlois]] is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church. [[Haitian vodou|Vodou]], a religion with West African roots similar to those of [[Cuba]] and [[Brazil]], is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50-80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism. This reflect Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional [[loa]] (''lwa''), or spirits, as [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] saints, as part of a process called [[syncretism]]. As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti,<ref>{{cite book | last = Blier |first = Suzanne Preston |editor-first = Cosentino |editor-last = Donald J. |title = Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou | publisher = Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History |year = 1995 |pages = 61–87 |chapter = Vodun: West African Roots of Vodou |isbn = 978-0-930741-47-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-46 |chapter=The Madonna of 115th St. Revisited: Vodou and Haitian Catholicism in the Age of Transnationalism |last=McAlister |first= Elizabeth |editor1-first=S. |editor1-last=Warner |title=Gatherings in Diaspora |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple Univ. Press |isbn=978-1-56639-614-1 |year=1998 }}</ref> especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population. Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003.<ref name="CIA World Factbook – Haiti" /> Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as ''[[Theistic Satanism|devil worship]]'', they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as "[[evil]]" and "[[Satanism|satanic]]" adversaries that require intervention through [[Christian prayer]]. Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as [[idolatry|idol worship]], and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT0nAAAAQBAJ |title=Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith Haitian Religion in Miami |editor=Rey, Terry |editor2=Stepick, Alex |page=197 |year=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814777084 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> Minority religions in Haiti include [[Islam in Haiti|Islam]], [[Bahá'í Faith in Haiti|Bahá'í Faith]], [[History of the Jews in Haiti|Judaism]], and [[Buddhism]].<ref name="CIA_20110303" /> ===Languages=== The two official languages of Haiti are [[French language|French]] and [[Haitian Creole]]. French is the principal written and administratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of [[Haitians]].<ref>{{cite book|title=La langue française dans le monde 2014|date=2014|publisher=Nathan|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>À ce propos, voir l'essai ''Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname'', Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995</ref> It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church Masses. Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an [[official language]]; the other French-speaking areas are all [[French overseas departments and territories|overseas]] ''[[Departments of France|départements]]'', or ''[[Overseas collectivity|collectivités]]'', of France, such as [[French Guiana]]. Haitian Creole is spoken by nearly all of the Haitian population. French, the base language for Haitian Creole, is popular among the Haitian elite and upper classes. French is also popular in the business sector, and to a far lesser degree, English due to [[Haiti–United States relations|American influence]]. Spanish is spoken by some Haitians who live along the [[Dominican Republic–Haiti border|Haitian-Dominican border]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html|title = What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?|date = 29 July 2019}}</ref> English and Spanish may also be spoken by Haitian deportees from the United States and various Latin American countries. Overall, about 90–95% of Haitians only speak Haitian Creole/French fluently, with over half only knowing Creole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/schools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti/|title = Schools Teaching in Creole Instead of French on the Rise in Haiti|date = 13 November 2019}}</ref> Haitian Creole,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html |title=Creole: The National Language of Haiti |last=Valdman |first= Albert |journal=Footsteps |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=36–39 |publisher=Indiana University Creole Institute |access-date=6 August 2008 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> locally called ''Kreyòl'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haitian Creole |url=https://celtop.sitehost.iu.edu/portal/Haitian%20Creole/index.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[Indiana University]] – Center for Language Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> has recently undergone standardization and is spoken by virtually the entire population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html |title=creolenationallanguageofhaiti |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |access-date=11 January 2014 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the [[French-based creole languages]], Haitian Creole has a vocabulary overwhelmingly derived from French, but its grammar resembles that of some West African languages. It also has influences from [[Taíno|Taino]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bonenfant|first=Jacques L.|title=History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language|url=http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf|editor=Haggerty, Richard A.|publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division|date=December 1989|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014030/http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, and in particular to the [[Antillean Creole|Antillean]] and [[Louisiana Creole French|Louisiana Creole]] variants. <!---Spanish is often inserted here but never with a reference. There are indications that Haitians speak little Spanish.---> ===Emigration=== {{Main|Haitian diaspora}} There is a large Haitian diaspora community, predominantly based in the US and Canada, France, and the wealthier Caribbean islands. Emigrants from Haiti have constituted a segment of American and Canadian society since before [[Haitian Revolution|the independence of Haiti from France]] in 1804.<ref name="HammondCanadaHaiti2010">{{cite web|last1=Hammond|first1=Stuart|title=Canada and Haiti: A brief history|url=http://canadahaitiaction.ca/canada-haiti-history|website=Canada Haiti Action Network|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202034558/http://canadahaitiaction.ca/canada-haiti-history|archive-date=2 February 2016|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="PBSResourceBank">{{cite web|title=People & Events French West Indian refugees in Philadelphia 1792 – 1800|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p466.html|website=PBS.org|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063339/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p466.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Many influential early American settlers and black freemen, including [[Jean Baptiste Point du Sable]] and [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], were of Haitian origin.<ref name="Kinzie 1856 190">{{Harvnb|Kinzie|1856|p=190}}</ref><ref name="Meehan 1963 445">{{Harvnb|Meehan|1963|p=445}}</ref><ref name="Cohn2009">{{cite book|last=Cohn|first=Scotti|title=It Happened in Chicago|year=2009|work=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-5056-6|pages=2–4|publisher=Globe Pequot Press }}</ref><ref>Lewis, p. 18.{{incomplete short citation|date=February 2023}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Haiti}} [[File:Universite henrichristophe.jpg|thumb|The Universite Roi Henri Christophe in [[Limonade]]]] The educational system of Haiti is based on the [[Education in France|French system]]. Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menfp.gouv.ht/|title=Ministry of Education|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022224755/http://menfp.gouv.ht/|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><!---not sure cite should be here. ministry is linked above and cite provided at end of sentence--> is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Education in Haiti; Primary Education |url=http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323105543/http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html |archive-date=23 March 2008 |access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref> More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Education: Overview |url=http://www.usaid.gov/Haiti/education |work=United States Agency for International Development |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080417/https://www.usaid.gov/haiti/education |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haiti boosts health and education in the past decade, says new UNDP report |url=http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/06/25/haiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html |work=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031932/http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/06/25/haiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html |archive-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charity organizations, including [[Food for the Poor]] and [[Haitian Health Foundation]], are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies. According to the 2015 [[World Factbook]], Haiti's literacy rate is 60.7% . Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The [[Inter-American Development Bank]] estimates that the government will need at least US$3 billion to create an adequately funded system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Franz |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/improving-access-education-haiti |title=Improving Access to Education in Haiti |publisher=Pulitzercenter.org |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013009/http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/improving-access-education-haiti |url-status=dead }}</ref> Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [[higher education]]. The higher education schools in Haiti include the [[University of Haiti]]. There are also [[List of medical schools in the Caribbean|medical schools]] and [[Legal education|law schools]] offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad. [[Brown University]] is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien in Haiti to coordinate a [[pediatrics|pediatric health care]] curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brown.edu/initiatives/global-health/haiti/medical-education-and-leadership-development-project-meld|title=Haiti|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Haiti}} {{As of|2012}}, 60% of children in Haiti under the age of 10 were [[Vaccine|vaccinated]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksl.com/?sid=20314561|title=Haiti to vaccinate 95 percent of children under 10 - KSL.com|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&Itemid=270&gid=4175&lang=en|title=Haiti – Pan American Health Organization}}</ref> compared to 93–95% in other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm|title=Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2013–14 School Year|access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/haitian_children.html|title=CDC Global Health – Stories – 5 things CDC has done to help rebuild Haiti's immunization system since the 2010 earthquake|access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> Most people have no transportation or access to [[List of hospitals in Haiti|Haitian hospitals]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-14/haiti-survivors-face-outbreaks-of-diarrhea-measles-malaria.html |title=Haiti Survivors Face Outbreaks of Diarrhea |journal=BusinessWeek |date=14 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] cites [[diarrhea]]l diseases, [[HIV/AIDS]], [[meningitis]], and respiratory infections as common causes of death in Haiti.<ref>{{cite news |first=Madison |last=Park |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/01/13/haiti.earthquake.medical.risks/ |title=Haiti earthquake could trigger possible medical 'perfect storm |publisher=cnn.com |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Ninety percent of Haiti's children suffer from [[waterborne disease]]s and [[intestinal parasite]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/11/environment-haiti-cant-face-more-defeats/ |title=Haiti Can't Face More Defeats |last=Leahy |first= Stephen |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est. 2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|title=The World Factbook: HAITI. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|date=22 September 2021}}</ref> The incidence of [[tuberculosis]] (TB) in Haiti is more than ten times as high as in the rest of Latin America.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with [[malaria]] each year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,562682,00.html |title=Haiti and Dominican Republic Look to Eradicate Malaria |publisher=Foxnews.com |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118082049/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,562682,00.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roughly 75% of Haitian households lack running water. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274 |title=The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science |author1=Robert Lee Hadden |author2=Steven G. Minson |page=10 |year=2010 |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111034200/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a528274.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[infant mortality rate]] in Haiti in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Haiti, United States {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=HT-US|access-date=26 April 2021|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> After the 2010 earthquake, [[Partners In Health]] founded the [[Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais]], the largest [[Solar power|solar-powered]] hospital in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pih.org/blog/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings|title=Solar-Powered Hospital in Haiti Yields Sustainable Savings|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210114940/http://www.pih.org/blog/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings|archive-date=10 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/ArticleID/5883/Solar-Powered-Hospital.aspx |title=Solar Powered Hospital |editor=Lombardo, Tom |publisher=Engineering.com |date=23 June 2013 |access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref> ===Largest cities=== {{Further|List of cities in Haiti}} {{Largest cities | country = Haiti | stat_ref = [http://www.geonames.org/HT/largest-cities-in-haiti.html geonames.org] | list_by_pop = | div_name = Department | div_link = | city_1 = Port-au-Prince|div_1 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_1 = 1,234,742|img_1 = US Navy 100221-N-5787K-002 An aerial view of the logistical area near the port in Port-au-Prince (cropped).jpg | city_2 = Cap-Haïtien|div_2 = Nord (Haitian department){{!}}Nord|pop_2 = 534,815|img_2 = View of Cap-Haitien.jpg | city_3 = Carrefour, Ouest{{!}}Carrefour <small>({{abbr|in Metro P.P.|The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area}})</small>|div_3 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_3 = 442,156|img_3 = Carrefour, Haiti.jpg | city_4 = Delmas, Ouest{{!}}Delmas <small>({{abbr|in Metro P.P.|The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area}})</small>|div_4 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_4 = 382,920|img_4 = Delmas 48 Haiti.jpg | city_5 = Pétion-Ville{{!}}Pétion-Ville <small>({{abbr|in Metro P.P.|The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area}})</small>|div_5 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_5 = 283,052 | city_6 = Port-de-Paix|div_6 = Nord-Ouest (department){{!}}Nord-Ouest|pop_6 = 250,000 | city_7 = Croix-des-Bouquets{{!}}Croix des Bouquets <small>({{abbr|in Metro P.P.|The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area}})</small>|div_7 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_7 = 229,127 | city_8 = Jacmel|div_8 = Sud-Est (department){{!}}Sud-Est|pop_8 = 137,966 | city_9 = Léogâne|div_9 = Ouest (department){{!}}Ouest|pop_9 = 134,190 | city_10 = Les Cayes|div_10 = Sud (department){{!}}Sud|pop_10 = 125,799 }} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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