Cold War Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==New Cold War (1979–1985)== {{Main|Cold War (1979–1985)}} [[File:Overzicht op Museumplein met spandoek The Dutch disease is better for peace o, Bestanddeelnr 253-8627.jpg|thumb|Protest in Amsterdam against the deployment of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Europe, 1981]] The term ''new Cold War'' refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militant.{{sfn|Halliday|2001|p=2e}} [[John Patrick Diggins|Diggins]] says, "Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war, by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world."{{sfn|Diggins|2007|p=267}} [[Michael Cox (academic)|Cox]] says, "The intensity of this 'second' Cold War was as great as its duration was short."{{sfn|Cox|1990|p=18}} ===Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and end of détente=== {{Main|Soviet–Afghan War|Carter Doctrine|Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration|Operation Cyclone|Saur Revolution|Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)}} [[File:SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png|thumb|The Soviet invasion during [[Operation Storm-333]] on 26 December 1979]] [[File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|left|President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with [[Afghan mujahideen]] leaders in the White House, 1983.]] In April 1978, the communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) seized power in [[Afghanistan]] in the [[Saur Revolution]]. Within months, opponents of the communist regime launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a [[Afghan conflict|civil war]] waged by guerrilla [[mujahideen]] against government forces countrywide.{{sfn|Hussain|2005|pp=108–109}} The [[Afghan mujahideen|Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen]] insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring [[Pakistan]] and [[China]],{{sfn|Starr|2004|pp=157–158}}{{sfn|Kinsella|1992}} while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government.{{sfn|Hussain|2005|pp=108–109}} Meanwhile, increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA—the dominant [[Khalq]] and the more moderate [[Parcham]]—resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup. By mid-1979, the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen.{{sfn|Meher|2004|pp=68–69, 94}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tobin|first=Conor|title=The Myth of the "Afghan Trap": Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978–1979|journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=44|issue=2|date=April 2020|pages=237–264|doi=10.1093/dh/dhz065|doi-access=free}}</ref> In September 1979, Khalqist President [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member [[Hafizullah Amin]], who assumed the presidency. Distrusted by the Soviets, Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces during [[Operation Storm-333]] in December 1979. Afghan forces suffered losses during the Soviet operation; 30 Afghan palace guards and over 300 army guards were killed while another 150 were captured.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin McCauley |title=Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949–1991|year=2008|edition=Revised 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0V-Oxmy9FQC&q=Hafizullah+Amin+personal+guard&pg=PA142 |location=Harlow, UK|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|isbn=9781405874304}}</ref> Two of Amin's sons, an 11-year-old and a 9-year-old, died from shrapnel wounds sustained during the clashes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8428701.stm|title=How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace|date=27 December 2009|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> In the aftermath of the operation, a total of 1,700 Afghan soldiers who surrendered to Soviet forces were taken as prisoners,<ref name="Lessons from last war">{{Cite web |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay.html |title=Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=nsarchive2.gwu.edu}}</ref> and the Soviets installed [[Babrak Karmal]], the leader of the PDPA's Parcham faction, as Amin's successor. Veterans of the Soviet Union's [[Alpha Group]] have stated that Operation Storm-333 was one of the most successful in the unit's history. Documents released following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in the 1990s revealed that the Soviet leadership believed Amin had secret contacts within the [[Embassy of the United States, Kabul|American embassy in Kabul]] and "was capable of reaching an agreement with the United States";<ref>[[John K. Cooley]] (2002) ''[[Unholy Wars]]''. [[Pluto Press]]. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-0745319179}}</ref> however, allegations of Amin colluding with the Americans have been widely discredited.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=47–49|quote=Frustrated and hoping to discredit him, the KGB initially planted false stories that Amin was a CIA agent. In the autumn these rumors rebounded on the KGB in a strange case of "[[Blowback (intelligence)|blowback]]," the term used by spies to describe planted propaganda that filters back to confuse the country that first set the story loose.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Blight|title=Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4422-0830-8|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Seth G. Jones|author-link=Seth Jones (political scientist)|title=In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0|url-access=registration|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=9780393071429|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0/page/16 16]–17|quote='It was total nonsense,' said the CIA's [[Graham E. Fuller|Graham Fuller]]. 'I would have been thrilled to have those kinds of contacts with Amin, but they didn't exist.'}}</ref> The PDBA was tasked to fill the vacuum and carried out a purge of Amin supporters. Soviet troops were deployed to put Afghanistan under Soviet control with Karmal in more substantial numbers, although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan. As a result, however, the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan.{{sfn|Kalinovsky|2011|pp=25–28}} Carter responded to the Soviet invasion by withdrawing the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks#SALT II Treaty|SALT II]] treaty from ratification, imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR, and demanding a significant increase in military spending, and further announced the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|boycott]] of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow, which was joined by 65 other nations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toohey |first=Kristine |title=The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywy9aslk3M8C&pg=PA100 |date=November 8, 2007 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-355-5 |page=100 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229042751/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywy9aslk3M8C&pg=PA100 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eaton|first1=Joseph|date=November 2016|title=Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376807|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=40|issue=5|pages=845–864|doi=10.1093/dh/dhw026|jstor=26376807|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Treadaway |first=Dan |date=5 August 1996 |title=Carter stresses role of Olympics in promoting global harmony |url=https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1996/August/ERaug.5/8_5_96carter.html |journal=Emory Report |volume=48| issue = 37}}</ref> He described the Soviet incursion as "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War".{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=211}} ===Reagan and Thatcher=== {{Further|Reagan Doctrine|Thatcherism}} [[File:President Ronald Reagan with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher During a Working Luncheon at Camp David (retouched).jpg|thumb|President Reagan with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during a working luncheon at [[Camp David]], December 1984]] [[File:Cold War Map 1980.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|The world map of military alliances in 1980]] In January 1977, four years prior to becoming president, [[Ronald Reagan]] bluntly stated, in a conversation with [[Richard V. Allen]], his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War. "My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic," he said. "It is this: We win and they lose. What do you think of that?"{{sfn|Allen|2000}} In 1980, Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 presidential election]], vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=189}} Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology. Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an "[[Evil Empire speech|evil empire]]" and predicted that Communism would be left on the "[[ash heap of history]]," while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as "bent on world dominance."{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=197}} In 1982, Reagan tried to cut off Moscow's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe. It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue. Reagan retreated on this issue.{{sfn|Esno|2018|pp=281–304}}{{sfn|Graebner|Burns|Siracusa|2008|pp=29–31}} By early 1985, Reagan's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new [[Reagan Doctrine]]—which, in addition to containment, formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments.{{sfn|Graebner|Burns|Siracusa|2008|p=76}} Besides continuing Carter's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet-backed [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] government in Afghanistan, the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting [[Islamism]] in the majority-Muslim [[Soviet Central Asia|Central Asian Soviet Union]].<ref name="Singh">Singh 1995 p. 130</ref>{{citation not found}} Additionally, the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the [[jihad]] against the Soviet Union.<ref name="Singh" />{{citation not found}} ===Polish Solidarity movement and martial law=== {{Main|Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Martial law in Poland}} {{Further|Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981}} <!--[[File:Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)_(logo).png|thumb|Logo of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement]]--> [[Pope John Paul II]] provided a moral focus for [[anti-communism]]; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity movement]] trade union that galvanized opposition and may have led to his [[Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II|attempted assassination]] two years later.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}<!-- Henze, p. 171 citation not found --> In December 1981, Poland's [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] reacted to the crisis by imposing [[Martial law in Poland|a period of martial law]]. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=219–222}} [[Mikhail Suslov]], the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, resulting in a catastrophe for the Soviet economy.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=219–222}} ===US and USSR military and economic issues=== {{Further|Era of Stagnation|Strategic Defense Initiative|RSD-10 Pioneer|MGM-31 Pershing}} [[File:US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg|thumb|US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006]] The Soviet Union had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of its gross national product at the expense of [[Consumer goods in the Soviet Union|consumer goods]] and investment in civilian sectors.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=332}} Soviet spending on the [[arms race]] and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep-seated structural problems in the Soviet system,{{sfn|Towle|p=159}} which experienced at least [[Era of Stagnation|a decade of economic stagnation]] during the late Brezhnev years. Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity but in large part by the interests of the [[nomenklatura]], which was dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=335}} The [[Soviet Armed Forces]] became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed, in the number of troops in their ranks, and in the sheer size of their [[Military–industrial complex|military–industrial base]].{{sfn|Odom|2000|p=1}} However, the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=340}} For example, the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] demonstrated how the [[Vehicle armour|armor]], [[Fire-control system|fire control systems]], and firing range of the Soviet Union's most common main battle tank, the [[T-72]], were drastically inferior to the American [[M1 Abrams]], yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T-72s as the US deployed M1s.{{sfn|Evans|1992}} [[File:SDIO Delta Star.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off, carrying the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] sensor experiment "Delta Star".]] By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986,{{sfn|Carliner|Alesina|1991|p=6}} the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history.{{sfn|Feeney|2006}} The American-Soviet tensions present during 1983 was defined by some as the start of "Cold War II". Whilst in retrospective this phase of the Cold War was generally defined as a "war of words",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations-circa%201996.pdf|title=The 1983 War Scare in US-Soviet Relations|first=Ben B.|last=Fischer|publisher=National Security Archive|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328151950/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB426/docs/3.The%201983%20War%20Scare%20in%20U.S.%20Soviet%20Relations-circa%201996.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> the Soviet's "peace offensive" was largely rejected by the West.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/22/spotlight/ |title= War Games: Soviets, Fearing Western Attack, Prepared for Worst in '83 |publisher= [[CNN]] |first= Bruce |last= Kennedy |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081219114101/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/22/spotlight/ |archive-date= 19 December 2008 }}</ref> Tensions continued to intensify as Reagan revived the [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer|B-1 Lancer]] program, which had been canceled by the Carter administration, produced [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]] missiles,{{sfn|Federation of American Scientists|2000}} installed US cruise missiles in Europe, and announced the experimental [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], dubbed "Star Wars" by the media, a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}<!-- Lakoff, p. 263 citation not found --> The Soviets deployed [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] [[ballistic missile]]s targeting Western Europe, and NATO decided, under the impetus of the Carter presidency, to deploy [[MGM-31 Pershing]] and cruise missiles in Europe, primarily West Germany.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=202}} This deployment placed missiles just 10 minutes' striking distance from Moscow.{{sfn|Garthoff|1994|pp=881–882}} After Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military,{{sfn|Lebow|Stein|1994}} because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient [[Planned economy|planned manufacturing]] and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivized agriculture]], were already a heavy burden for the [[Economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet economy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Robert C.|date=November 2001|title=The rise and decline of the Soviet economy|journal=Canadian Journal of Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=859–881|doi=10.1111/0008-4085.00103|issn=0008-4085}}</ref><!-- Gaidar 2007 pp. 190–205 citation not found}} --> At the same time, [[Saudi Arabia]] increased oil production,<ref name="Gaidar">{{cite book |last1=Gaĭdar |first1=E. T. |title=Collapse of an empire : lessons for modern Russia |date=2007 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9780815731146 |pages=190–205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDSfnxYjVwAC&pg=PA102}}</ref> even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production.{{efn-ua|"[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html Official Energy Statistics of the US Government]", EIA – International Energy Data and Analysis. Retrieved on 4 July 2008.}} These developments contributed to the [[1980s oil glut]], which affected the Soviet Union as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=332}} Issues with [[Planned economy#Command economy|command economics]],{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}} oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation.<ref name="Gaidar"/> [[File:USSR stamp S.Smith 1985 5k.jpg|thumb|upright|After ten-year-old American [[Samantha Smith]] wrote a letter to [[Yuri Andropov]] expressing her fear of nuclear war, Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union.]] On 1 September 1983, the Soviet Union shot down [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]], a [[Boeing 747]] with 269 people aboard, including sitting Congressman [[Larry McDonald]], an action which Reagan characterized as a massacre. The airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul but owing to a navigational mistake made by the crew, it drifted from its original planned route and flew through Russian [[prohibited airspace]] past the west coast of [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Island]] near [[Moneron Island]]. The [[Soviet Air Force]] treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. [[Surveillance aircraft|spy plane]] and destroyed it with [[air-to-air missiles]]. The Soviet Union found the wreckage under the sea two weeks later on September 15 and found the [[flight recorder]]s in October, but this information was kept secret by the Soviet authorities until after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|country's collapse]].<ref name="tapes">{{cite press release |url=http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/nr/1993/pio199301_e.pdf |title=KAL Tapes To Be Handed Over To ICAO |date=January 1993 |publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] |access-date=January 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209114516/http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/nr/1993/pio199301_e.pdf |archive-date=December 9, 2012 }}</ref> The incident increased support for military deployment, overseen by Reagan, which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.{{sfn|Talbott|Hannifin|Magnuson|Doerner|1983}} During the early hours of 26 September 1983, the [[1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident]] occurred; systems in [[Serpukhov-15]] underwent a glitch that claimed several [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s were heading towards Russia, but officer [[Stanislav Petrov]] correctly suspected it was a [[false alarm]], ensuring the Soviets did not respond to the non-existent attack.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/shatter021099b.htm |title= I Had A Funny Feeling in My Gut |first= David |last= Hoffman |newspaper= The Washington Post|date= 10 February 1999 |access-date= 18 April 2006 }}</ref> As such, he has been credited as "the man who saved the world".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/09/18/stanislav-petrov-the-man-who-quietly-saved-the-world-has-died-aged-77-6937015/|title=Stanislav Petrov – the man who quietly saved the world – has died aged 77|date=18 September 2017|work=Metro|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[Able Archer 83]] exercise in November 1983, a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release, was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=228}} American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=323}} The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick, low-cost [[counterinsurgency]] tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=323}} In 1983, the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided [[Lebanese Civil War]], [[United States invasion of Grenada|invaded Grenada]], [[1986 United States bombing of Libya|bombed Libya]] and backed the Central American [[Contras]], anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet-aligned [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista]] government in Nicaragua.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=212}} While Reagan's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States, his backing of the Contra rebels was [[Iran–Contra affair|mired in controversy]].{{sfn|Reagan|1991}} The Reagan administration's backing of the military government of [[Guatemala]] during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], in particular the regime of [[Efraín Ríos Montt]], was also controversial.{{sfn|New York Times|2013}} Meanwhile, the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet war in Afghanistan]] would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,{{sfn|Kinsella|1992}} waged a fierce resistance against the invasion.{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=314}} The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan, leading many outside observers to dub the war "the Soviets' Vietnam".{{sfn|LaFeber|2002|p=314}} However, Moscow's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system. A senior [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980, positing that the invasion resulted in part from a: {{blockquote|...domestic crisis within the Soviet {{nowrap|system. ... It}} may be that the thermodynamic law of [[entropy]] {{nowrap|has ... caught}} up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay.{{sfn|Dobrynin|2001|pp=438–439}}}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page