Nashville, Tennessee Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Postwar development to present=== Rapid suburbanization occurred during the years immediately after [[World War II]], as new housing was being built outside city limits. This resulted in a demand for many new schools and other support facilities, which the county found difficult to provide. At the same time, suburbanization led to a declining tax base in the city, although many suburban residents used unique city amenities and services that were supported financially only by city taxpayers. After years of discussion, a referendum was held in 1958 on the issue of consolidating city and county government. It failed to gain approval although it was supported by the then-elected leaders of both jurisdictions, County Judge [[Beverly Briley]] and Mayor [[Ben West]].<ref name="bucy"/> Following the referendum's failure, Nashville annexed some 42 square miles of suburban jurisdictions to expand its tax base. This increased uncertainty among residents, and created resentment among many suburban communities. Under the second charter for metropolitan government, which was approved in 1962, two levels of service provision were proposed: the General Services District and the Urban Services District, to provide for a differential in tax levels. Residents of the Urban Services District had a full range of city services. The areas that made up the General Services District, however, had a lower tax rate until full services were provided.<ref name="bucy">{{cite web |url=http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Government/docs/MetroHistoryBucy.pdf |title=A Short History of the Creation of Metropolitan Government for Nashville-Davidson County |publisher=Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County |first=Carole |last=Bucy |date=2015 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |archive-date=January 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125023240/http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Government/docs/MetroHistoryBucy.pdf }}</ref> This helped reconcile aspects of services and taxation among the differing jurisdictions within the large metro region. In the early 1960s, Tennessee still had racial segregation of public facilities, including lunch counters and department store fitting rooms. Hotels and restaurants were also segregated. Between February 13 and May 10, 1960, [[Nashville sit-ins|a series of sit-ins]] were organized at lunch counters in downtown Nashville by the [[Nashville Student Movement]] and Nashville Christian Leadership Council, and were part of a broader [[sit-in movement]] in the southeastern United States as part of an effort to end racial segregation of public facilities.<ref>Houston 2012, p. 91-99</ref> On April 19, 1960, the house of [[Z. Alexander Looby]], an African American attorney and council member, was bombed by segregationists.<ref name="oshkoshblastwreckshome">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14347170/blast-wrecks-home-of-nashville-negro/ |title=Blast Wrecks Home Of Nashville Negro Lawyer |work=The Oshkosh Northwestern |location=Oshkosh, Wisconsin |agency=United Press International |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=April 19, 1960 |access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Protesters marched to the city hall the next day. Mayor Ben West said he supported the desegregation of lunch counters, which civil rights activists had called for.<ref name="newspalladiumnashvillesmayorforintegration">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60788427/nashvilles-mayor-for-integration/ |title=Nashville's Mayor for Integration |work=The News Palladium |location=Benton Harbor, Michigan |agency=Associated Press|page=8 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=April 20, 1960 |access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> In 1963, Nashville consolidated its government with Davidson County, forming a [[Consolidated city-county|metropolitan government]]. The membership on the Metro Council, the legislative body, was increased from 21 to 40 seats. Of these, five members are elected [[at-large]] and 35 are elected from [[single-member district]]s, each to serve a term of four years.<ref name="bucy"/> As Nashville evolved in the 1960s, its music scene diversified, welcoming [[Rock music|rock]], [[Pop music|pop]], and other genres and the 'Nashville Sound' transformed into '[[Countrypolitan]]'. Artists like [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Johnny Cash]] came to Nashville to record, reflecting the city's expanding influence in the music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Dylan in Nashville |url=https://countrymusichalloffame.org/exhibit/dylan-cash-and-the-nashville-cats-a-new-music-city/dylan-in-nashville/ |access-date=March 2, 2024 |website=Country Music Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny Cash |url=https://countrymusichalloffame.org/exhibit/dylan-cash-and-the-nashville-cats-a-new-music-city/johnny-cash/ |access-date=March 2, 2024 |website=Country Music Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1960, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported that Nashville had "nosed out [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] as the nation's second biggest (after [[New York City|New York]]) record-producing center."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Country After Elvis {{!}} Country Music Hall of Fameยฎ and Museum {{!}} Nashville, Tennessee |url=http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx |access-date=March 2, 2024 |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033857/http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1957 Nashville desegregated its school system using an innovative grade a year plan, in response to a class action suit ''Kelly vs. Board of Education of Nashville''. By 1966 the Metro Council abandoned the grade a year plan and completely desegregated the entire school system at one time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historicnashvilleinc.org/|title=Historic Nashville {{!}} Keeping Nashville Unique Since 1968.|website=historicnashvilleinc.org|access-date=September 2, 2019}}</ref> Congress passed civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965, but tensions continued as society was slow to change. On April 8, 1967, a riot broke out on the college campuses of Fisk University and Tennessee State University, [[historically black colleges and universities|historically Black colleges]], after [[Stokely Carmichael]] spoke about [[Black Power]] at [[Vanderbilt University]].<ref name="frizzellnotjustamatter">{{cite journal |last1=Frizzell |first1=Scott |title=Not Just a Matter of Black and White: The Nashville Riot of 1967 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |date=Spring 2011 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=26โ51 |jstor=42628733}}</ref> Although it was viewed as a "race riot", it had classist characteristics.<ref name="frizzellnotjustamatter"/> In 1979, the [[Ku Klux Klan]] burnt crosses outside two African American sites in Nashville, including the city headquarters of the [[NAACP]].<ref name="tennesseanebertbustatthe">{{cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/08/18/nathan-bedford-forrest-bust-tennessee-capitol-what-you-need-know/578112001/ |title=Nathan Bedford Forrest bust at the Tennessee Capitol: What you need to know |work=The Tennessean |last1=Ebert |first1=Joel |date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref> Historically, Nashville [[Zoning in the United States|zoning]] permitted the construction of [[Duplex (building)|duplex]] housing. In the 1980s and 1990s, Nashville lawmakers downzoned sections of Nashville to exclusively permit [[Single-family detached home|single-family housing]]. Proponents of these downzonings said they would raise home values.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKnight |first=Gail |date=June 4, 1984 |title=Bill requires Council nod on duplexes |work=The Tennessean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McKnight |first=Gail |date=July 6, 1984 |title=Council advances housing controls |work=The Tennessean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roland |first=Cindy |date=January 27, 1993 |title=Neighbors target duplexes |work=The Tennessean}}</ref> Since the 1970s, the city and county have undergone tremendous growth, particularly during the [[boom and bust|economic boom]] of the 1990s under the leadership of then-Mayor and later-[[List of governors of Tennessee|Tennessee Governor]], [[Phil Bredesen]]. Making urban renewal a priority, Bredesen fostered the construction or renovation of several city landmarks, including the [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]], the downtown [[Nashville Public Library]], the [[Bridgestone Arena]], and [[Nissan Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ammenheuser |first=David |date=January 22, 2016 |title=Arena took downtown Nashville from eerie to epic |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/columnist/dave-ammenheuser/2016/01/22/arena-took-downtown-nashville-eerie-epic/77092054/ |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville, TN |access-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Allison |first=Natalie |date=October 27, 2018 |title=Phil Bredesen holds event celebrating 20 years of Titans, Predators in Nashville |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/tn-elections/2018/10/27/tennessee-elections-bredesen-holds-celebration-titans-predators-nissan-stadium/1763225002/ |work=The Tennessean |location=Nashville, TN |access-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref> Nissan Stadium (formerly Adelphia Coliseum and LP Field) was built after the [[National Football League]]'s (NFL) [[Houston Oilers]] agreed to move to the city in 1995. The NFL team debuted in Nashville in 1998 at [[Vanderbilt Stadium]], and Nissan Stadium opened in the summer of 1999. The Oilers changed their name to the [[Tennessee Titans]] and finished the season with the [[Music City Miracle]] and a close [[Super Bowl XXXIV|Super Bowl]] game.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boclair |first=David |date=July 27, 2017 |title=20 Moments From 20 Years of Titans in Tennessee |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/cover-story/article/20970366/miracles-fumbles-and-birds |work=Nashville Scene |location=Nashville, TN |access-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref> The [[St. Louis Rams]] won in the [[Final play of Super Bowl XXXIV|last play]] of the game.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maske |first=Mark |title=Rams Get Late Score, Final Tackle to Win, 23โ16 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/nfl/longterm/1999/superbowl/stories/super31.htm |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 31, 2000 |access-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref> In 1997, Nashville was awarded a [[National Hockey League]] expansion team; this was named the [[Nashville Predators]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nashville Predators Timeline|url=http://www.wsmv.com/sports/13383940/detail.html|publisher=WSMV|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108112928/http://www.wsmv.com/sports/13383940/detail.html|archive-date=January 8, 2009|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref> Since the 2003โ04 season, the Predators have made the playoffs in all but four seasons. In 2017, they made the [[Stanley Cup Finals]] for the first time in franchise history, but ultimately fell to the [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], 4{{nbsp}}games to 2, in the best-of-seven series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/19609982/2017-stanley-cup-finals-penguins-win-stanley-cup-controversial-game-6|title=Penguins win Stanley Cup after controversial early whistle cancels out Predators goal|last=Pinchevsky|first=Tal|date=June 12, 2017|website=ESPN|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page