Cold War Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Late 1970s deterioration of relations=== {{See also|East German uprising of 1953|Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia|Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union|Refuseniks}} In the 1970s, the KGB, led by [[Yuri Andropov]], continued to persecute distinguished [[Soviet dissidents]], such as [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]], who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=186}} Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=178}} In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking [[Most favoured nation|most favored nation]] trade status with the USSR,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 1973 |title=NIXON IN APPEAL ON SOVIET TRADE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/05/archives/nixon-in-appeal-on-soviet-trade-urges-congress-to-include.html |access-date=December 7, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> which was challenged by Congress in the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment|Jackson-Vanik Amendment]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herring |first1=George C. |url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr |title=From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507822-0 |pages=804}}</ref> The United States had long linked trade with the Soviet Union to its foreign policy toward the Soviet Union and, especially since the early 1980s, to [[Human rights in the Soviet Union|Soviet human rights policies]]. The [[Jackson-Vanik Amendment]], which was attached to the [[Trade Act of 1974|1974 Trade Act]], linked the granting of [[most-favored-nation]] to the USSR to the right of persecuted [[Soviet Jews]] to emigrate. Because the Soviet Union refused the right of emigration to Jewish [[refusenik]]s, the ability of the President to apply most-favored nation trade status to the Soviet Union was restricted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pomeranz |first=William E. |title=The Legacy and Consequences of Jackson-Vanik: Reassessing Human Rights in 21st Century Russia |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-legacy-and-consequences-jackson-vanik-reassessing-human-rights-21st-century-russia-0 |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Although President [[Jimmy Carter]] tried to place another limit on the arms race with a [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks#SALT II Treaty|SALT II]] agreement in 1979,{{sfn|BBC|1979}} his efforts were undermined by the other events that year, including the [[Iranian Revolution]] and the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], which both ousted pro-US governments, and his retaliation against the [[Operation Storm-333|Soviet coup in Afghanistan]] in December.{{sfn|LaFeber|1993|pp=194–197}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page