Ecuador Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Ecuador}} [[File:Cañari people 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Cañari]] children with the typical Andean indigenous clothes]] Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its ''[[mestizo]]'' majority, and, like their ancestry, it is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by African elements. The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and, in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, and Croats during and after the Second World War. [[File:Alicia Cahuiya, Caso Tagaeri y Taromenani.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Huaorani people|Huaorani]] man with the typical Amazonian indigenous clothes]] Ecuador's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.south-images.com/photos-andes-ecuador.htm|title=Photos Indigenous people of Ecuador|author=Elisabeth Hurtel|publisher=South-images.com|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911181907/http://www.south-images.com/photos-andes-ecuador.htm|archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> but some may also practice their own native cultures, particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the [[Amazon basin]]. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98%. Part of Ecuador's population can speak [[Amerindian]] languages, in some cases as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages. ===Media=== {{main|Television in Ecuador|List of newspapers in Ecuador}} ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Ecuador}} The music of Ecuador has a long history. [[Pasillo]] is a genre of indigenous Latin music. In Ecuador it is the "national genre of music". Through the years, many cultures have brought their influences together to create new types of music. There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca, [[Bomba (Ecuador)|Bomba]] (highly established in Afro-Ecuadorian societies), and so on. [[Tecnocumbia]] and Rockola are clear examples of the influence of foreign cultures. One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is [[Sanjuanito]]. It is originally from northern Ecuador ([[Otavalo (city)|Otavalo]]-Imbabura). Sanjuanito is a type of dance music played during festivities by the mestizo and Amerindian communities. According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista's birthday. This important date was established by the Spaniards on 24 June, coincidentally the same date when Amerindian people celebrated their rituals of [[Inti Raymi]]. ===Cuisine=== {{see also|List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Ceviche_de_camarón_(gastronomía_Ecuatoriana).jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Cuy Guinea Pig Dish SG.jpg | width2 = 154 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = ''Ceviche ecuatoriano'' (Ecuadorian-style [[ceviche]]) and ''Cuy asado'' (grilled [[guinea pig]]) are some of the typical dishes. }} [[Ecuadorian cuisine]] is diverse, varying with the altitude, associated agricultural conditions, and ethnic / racial communities. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three-course meal of soup, a course that includes rice and a protein, and then dessert and coffee to finish. In the coastal region, seafood is very popular, with fish, shrimp, and ''[[ceviche]]'' being an integral part of the diet. Beef is also notably consumed in the coastal region, traditional dishes are [[churrasco]] and arroz con menestra y carne asada (rice with beans and grilled beef) served with [[Tostones|fried plantain]]. The latter is an emblematic dish of the city of [[Guayaquil]]. Meat based dishes have their origins in the cattle ranching culture of the [[Montubio]] people. [[Ceviche]] is an indispensable coastal dish with pre-incan origins. It is often served with fried plantain ([[chifle]]s or patacones), popcorn, or [[tostada (tortilla)|tostado]]. [[Plantain (cooking)|Plantain]]- and peanut-based dishes are quite frequent in the coastal region reflecting the West African roots of many of its citizens. Encocados (dishes that contain a coconut sauce) are also very popular in the northern coast centering around the city of [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]]. The coast is also a leading producer of [[banana]]s, [[cocoa bean]]s (to make chocolate), shrimp, [[tilapia]], [[mango]], and [[Passiflora edulis|passion fruit]], among other products.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} [[Pan de yuca]], analogous with the Brazilian [[pão de queijo]], is served with "yogur persa" and is often eaten as a snack in many coastal cities. Its origin comes from the Persian and Middle Eastern populations that settled the coast.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://emprendimientoshoy.com/comida-y-bebida/yogurt-persa-de-ecuador-a-argentina-y-latinoamerica/ | title=Yogurt Persa: De Ecuador a Argentina y Latinoamérica | date=August 2021 | access-date=19 March 2023 | archive-date=25 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325202523/https://emprendimientoshoy.com/comida-y-bebida/yogurt-persa-de-ecuador-a-argentina-y-latinoamerica/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In the highland region, various dishes of pork, chicken, and ''cuy'' (guinea pig)<ref>(Perez, M. (2019) Eat Like a Local – Ecuador, CZYK Publishing, p. 24, {{ISBN|9798607903664}})</ref> are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and [[Mote (food)|mote]]) or potatoes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duarte-Casar |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Robalino-Vallejo |first2=Jessica |last3=Buzetta-Ricaurte |first3=María Fernanda |last4=Rojas-Le-Fort |first4=Marlene |date=12 May 2022 |title=Toward a characterization of Ecuadorian ceviche: much more than shrimp |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/s42779-022-00131-w |s2cid=248725703 |issn=2352-6181|doi-access=free }}</ref> The consumption of "Cuy" or [[Guinea Pig]], de rigueur in mostly indigenous communities, reflects the predominantly native character of the highlands. Considered a delicacy it is often characterized as having a mild pork flavor. In the Amazon region, a dietary staple is the ''yuca'', elsewhere called [[cassava]]. Many fruits are available in this region, including [[banana]]s, [[Cyphostemma juttae|tree grapes]], and [[Bactris gasipaes|peach palm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecuador's Exports – Fruit Galore|url=https://www.ecuador.com/blog/ecuadors-exports-fruit-galore/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Ecuador.com|language=en-US|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422235059/https://www.ecuador.com/blog/ecuadors-exports-fruit-galore/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature=== [[File:Jmontalvo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Juan Montalvo]]]] Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the [[Spanish Golden Age]]. One of the earliest examples is [[Jacinto Collahuazo]],<ref name =Boceto>Borja, Piedad (1972). [http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI7272110053A.PDF "Boceto de Poesía Ecuatoriana"]. ''Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184150/http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI7272110053A.PDF |date=3 May 2011 }}</ref> an Amerindian chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra, born in the late 1600s. Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in [[Spanish language|Castilian]], but his work was written in [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]. The use of [[Quipu]] was banned by the Spanish,<ref>Robertson, W.S., ''History of the Latin-American Nations'', 1952</ref> and in order to preserve their work, many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language. The history behind the Inca drama "Ollantay", the oldest literary piece in existence for any Amerindian language in America,<ref>Karnis, ''Surviving Pre-Columbian Drama'', The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952</ref> shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo. Collahuazo was imprisoned and all of his work burned. The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later, when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript. The salvaged fragment is a Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa",<ref name =Boceto/> a poem written by Collahuazo, which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa. Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits [[Juan Bautista Aguirre]], born in [[Daule Canton|Daule]] in 1725, and Father [[Juan de Velasco]], born in Riobamba in 1727. Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include [[Eugenio Espejo]], a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; [[Jose Joaquin de Olmedo]] (born in Guayaquil), famous for his ode to [[Simón Bolívar]] titled ''Victoria de Junin''; [[Juan Montalvo]], a prominent essayist and novelist; [[Juan Leon Mera]], famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with ''A la Costa''; Dolores Veintimilla;<ref>Dolores Veintimilla [http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc Brief biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092612/http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc |date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> and others. Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist [[Jorge Enrique Adoum]]; the poet [[Jorge Carrera Andrade]]; the essayist [[Benjamín Carrión]]; the poets Medardo Angel Silva, Jorge Carrera Andrade, [[Emanuel Xavier]] and [[Luis Costales|Luis Alberto Costales]]; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist [[Jorge Icaza]] (author of the novel ''Huasipungo'', translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio. ===Art=== [[File:Yapanga de Quito con traje que usa esta clase de mujeres que tratan de agradar 01.jpg|thumb|Ecuador has a wide repertoire of colonial art in the country and other museums, like this [[Criollo people|criolla]] Yapanga from colonial Quito, in 1783, by [[Vicente Albán]]. [[Museo de América|Museo de América, Madrid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/museodeamerica/coleccion/america-virreinal/colonial/vicente-alb-n.html|title=Yapanga de Quito|author=Vicente Albán|year=1783|website=[[Museo de América]] website|location=Spain|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019170730/https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/museodeamerica/coleccion/america-virreinal/colonial/vicente-alb-n.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]] The best known art styles from Ecuador belonged to the ''[[Escuela Quiteña]]'' (Quito School), which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito. [[Ecuadorian painters]] include [[Eduardo Kingman]], [[Oswaldo Guayasamín]], and [[Camilo Egas]] from the Indiginist Movement; [[Manuel Rendon]], Jaime Zapata, [[Enrique Tábara]], [[Aníbal Villacís]], [[Theo Constanté]], [[Luis Molinari]], [[Araceli Gilbert]], [[Judith Gutiérrez]], [[Félix Aráuz]], and [[Estuardo Maldonado]] from the Informalist Movement; [[Teddy Cobeña]] from expressionism and figurative style<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html|title=Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público|work=Europa Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083751/http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/ecuador/diario-expreso/20150505/282346858369317|title=Teddy Cobeña expondrá en Europa y Asia|work=Diario Expreso|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040506/http://www.pressreader.com/ecuador/diario-expreso/20150505/282346858369317|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/382480-madrid-guarda-arte-manabita/|title=Madrid guarda arte manabita|work=El Diario de Ecuador|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034803/http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/382480-madrid-guarda-arte-manabita/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, futuristic style. The Amerindian people of Tigua, Ecuador, are also world-renowned for their [[Culture of Ecuador#Indigenous art of Tigua|traditional paintings]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colloredo-Mansfeld |first1=Rudi |title=Space, line and story in the invention of an Andean aesthetic |journal=Journal of Material Culture |date=21 March 2011 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.1177/1359183510394945|s2cid=143580656 }}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Ecuador}} [[File:Estadio Monumental 6.JPG|thumb|[[Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo]] of Guayaquil|alt=|220x220px]] The most popular [[sport in Ecuador]], as in most South American countries, is soccer. Its best known professional teams include; [[Club Sport Emelec|Emelec]] from Guayaquil, [[LDU Quito|Liga De Quito]] from Quito; [[Barcelona S.C.]] from Guayaquil, the most popular team in Ecuador, also the team with most local championships; [[Sociedad Deportivo Quito|Deportivo Quito]], and [[Club Deportivo El Nacional|El Nacional]] from Quito; [[Centro Deportivo Olmedo|Olmedo]] from Riobamba; and [[Club Deportivo Cuenca|Deportivo Cuenca]] from Cuenca. Currently the most successful football team in Ecuador is LDU Quito, and it is the only Ecuadorian team that has won the ''[[Copa Libertadores]]'', the ''[[Copa Sudamericana]]'', and the ''[[Recopa Sudamericana]]''; they were also runners-up in the [[2008 FIFA Club World Cup]]. The [[Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo]] is the tenth largest football stadium in South America. The [[Ecuador national football team]] has appeared at four [[FIFA World Cup]]s. 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