San Jose, California

=== Precolonial period ===
San Jose, along with most of the [[Santa Clara Valley]], has been home to the [[Tamien people|Tamien group]] (also spelled as Tamyen, Thamien) of the [[Ohlone]] people since around 4,000 [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref>For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4.</ref><ref name="NRHP">{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |title=Early History |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609014111/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |title=Pre-History |date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042618/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> The Tamien spoke [[Tamyen language]] of the [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone language family]].

During the era of [[History of California before 1900#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)|Spanish colonization]] and the subsequent building of [[Spanish missions in California]], the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]] or [[Mission San José (California)|Mission San José]] where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic ''neophytes'', also known as [[Mission Indians]]. This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the [[California genocide|state sponsored genocide]]. Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.<ref>For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971).</ref>