Financial endowment Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==History== {{See also|University#Antecedents|waqf}} [[File:L'Image et le Pouvoir - Buste cuirassé de Marc Aurèle agé - 3.jpg|thumb|[[Marcus Aurelius]], the Stoic Roman [[emperor]] who created the first [[wiktionary:endowed chair|endowed chair]] professorships]] The earliest [[wiktionary:endowed chair|endowed chairs]] were established by the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor and [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher [[Marcus Aurelius]] in [[Athens]] in AD 176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the major schools of [[philosophy]]: [[Platonism]], [[Aristotelianism]], [[Stoicism]], and [[Epicureanism]]. Later, similar endowments were set up in some other major cities of the Empire.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Frede|first=Dorothea|title=Alexander of Aphrodisias > 1.1 Date, Family, Teachers, and Influence|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alexander-aphrodisias/#1.1|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=6 September 2012|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynch|first=John Patrick|title=Aristotle's school; a study of a Greek educational institution|year=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520021945|pages=19––207; 213–216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaYV57QiQDYC&q=spoof}}</ref> The earliest universities were founded in Europe, Asia and Africa.<ref name="Rüegg">Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. XIX–XX.</ref><ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="books.google.com">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''], Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55</ref><ref name="britannica1">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'': [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university "University"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515232213/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university |date=15 May 2013 }}, 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012)</ref><ref>Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-521-54113-8}}, pp. 35–76 (35)</ref><ref>''Civilization: The West and the Rest'' by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 – {{ISBN|978-1-84614-273-4}}</ref> Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made early Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic [[madrasa]]s, although madrasas were generally smaller, and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree.<ref>{{Citation | last = Pryds | first = Darleen | editor-last = Courtenay | editor-first = William J. | editor2-last = Miethke | editor2-first = Jürgen | editor3-last = Priest | editor3-first = David B. | date = 2000 | title = Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society | chapter = ''Studia'' as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe | series = Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance | volume = 10 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | pages = 96–98 | isbn=9004113517 }}</ref> [[Waqf]] ({{lang-ar|وَقْف}}; {{IPA-ar|ˈwɑqf|}}), also known as 'hubous' (حُبوس)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3/|title=تعريف و شرح و معنى حبوس بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصر ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط – معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1|last=Team|first=Almaany|website=www.almaany.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> or ''[[mortmain]]'' property, is a similar concept from [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for [[Muslim]] religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awqafsa.org.za/what-is-waqf/|title=What is Waqf – Awqaf SA|website=awqafsa.org.za|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> The donated assets may be held by a [[charitable trust]]. {{Blockquote|text=Ibn Umar reported, [[Umar|Umar Ibn Al-Khattab]] got land in [[Khaybar]], so he came to the prophet [[Muhammad]] and asked him to advise him about it. The Prophet said, 'If you like, make the property inalienable and give the profit from it to charity.'" It goes on to say that Umar gave it away as alms, that the land itself would not be sold, inherited or donated. He gave it away for the poor, the relatives, the slaves, the [[jihad]], the travelers and the guests. And it will not be held against him who administers it if he consumes some of its yield in an appropriate manner or feeds a friend who does not enrich himself by means of it.<ref>Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 784. Quoted in Waḳf, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref>|source=Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 784}} {{Blockquote|text=When a man dies, only three deeds will survive him: continuing alms, profitable knowledge and a child praying for him.<ref>Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 783. Quoted in Waḳf, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref>|source=Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 78}} The two oldest known ''waqfiya'' (deed) documents are from the 9th century, while a third one dates from the early 10th century, all three within the Abbasid Period. The oldest dated ''waqfiya'' goes back to 876 CE, concerns a multi-volume Qur'an edition and is held by the [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]] in [[Istanbul]]. A possibly older ''waqfiya'' is a papyrus held by the [[Louvre]] Museum in [[Paris]], with no written date but considered to be from the mid-9th century. The earliest known waqf in Egypt, founded by financial official Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Ali al-Madhara'i in 919 (during the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid period]]), is a pond called Birkat Ḥabash together with its surrounding orchards, whose revenue was to be used to operate a hydraulic complex and feed the poor. In India, wakfs are relatively common among Muslim communities and are regulated by the [[Central Wakf Council]] and governed by Wakf Act 1995 (which superseded Wakf Act 1954). Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page