Ecuador Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Pre-Inca era=== [[File:Valdivia (ecuador), figuretta di donna incinta, 2300-2000 ac ca.jpg|thumb|110px|left|A Venus (2,300-2,000 BCE) of the [[Valdivia culture]] (from Santa Elena Province) displayed in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Florence|National Archaeological Museum of Florence]].]] [[File:Jama-Coaque - Figure Seated on a Bench with Hands Held to Mouth - Walters 482862 - Right Side.jpg|thumb|140px|Figure of the Jama Coaque culture (300 BCE-800 CE) (from [[Manabí Province]]). [[Walters Art Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Walters Art Museum]] website|url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79440/figure-seated-on-a-bench-with-hands-held-to-mouth/|title=Figure Seated on a Bench with Hands Held to Mouth|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123100943/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79440/figure-seated-on-a-bench-with-hands-held-to-mouth/|url-status=live}}</ref>]] [[File:Ecuador ingapirca inca ruins.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Ingapirca]], was an outpost and supplier for the Incan troops, and also was a [[coricancha]], a place of worship to the Sun ([[Inti]]), the main god]] Various peoples had settled in the area of future Ecuador before the arrival of the [[Incas]]. The archeological evidence suggests that the [[Paleo-Indians]]' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the [[last glacial period]], around 16,500–13,000 years ago. The first people who reached Ecuador may have journeyed by land from [[North America|North]] and [[Central America]] or by boat down the Pacific Ocean coastline. Even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. The people of the coast combined agriculture with fishing, hunting, and gathering; the people of the highland Andes developed a sedentary agricultural way of life; and peoples of the Amazon basin relied on hunting and gathering, in some cases combined with agriculture and [[arboriculture]]. Many civilizations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferdon |first=Edwin N. |date=24 June 1966 |title=The Prehistoric Culture of Ecuador: Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases . Betty J. Meggers, Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1965. 452 pp., $6.75. |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.152.3730.1731 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=152 |issue=3730 |pages=1731–1732 |doi=10.1126/science.152.3730.1731 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725182653/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.152.3730.1731 |url-status=live }}</ref> arose in Ecuador, such as the [[Valdivia Culture]] and [[Machalilla Culture]] on the coast,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vald/hd_vald.htm|title=Valdivia Figurines|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|date=October 2004|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630052041/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vald/hd_vald.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meggers|first1=Betty J.|last2=Evans|first2=Clifford|last3=Estrada|first3=Emilio|date=1965|title=Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases|url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/19154|journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology|pages=1–234|doi=10.5479/si.00810223.1.1|hdl=10088/19154|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617215335/https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/19154|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Quitu culture|Quitus]] (near present-day Quito),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quito History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Quito |url=https://www.quito.com/v/history/ |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=www.quito.com |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725182659/https://www.quito.com/v/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Cañari]] (near present-day [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sandoval|first1=José R.|last2=Lacerda|first2=Daniela R.|last3=Jota|first3=Marilza M. S.|last4=Robles-Ruiz|first4=Paulo|last5=Danos|first5=Pierina|last6=Paz-y-Miño|first6=César|last7=Wells|first7=Spencer|last8=Santos|first8=Fabrício R.|last9=Fujita|first9=Ricardo|date=10 September 2020|title=Tracing the genetic history of the 'Cañaris' from Ecuador and Peru using uniparental DNA markers|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|volume=21|issue=Suppl 7 |page=413 |doi=10.1186/s12864-020-06834-1|pmid=32912150 |pmc=7488242 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the highland Andes mountains, where life was more sedentary, groups of tribes cooperated and formed villages; thus the first nations based on agricultural resources and the domestication of animals formed. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their [[leader]]s, groups of nations formed confederations. When the [[Incas]] arrived, they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers—[[Topa Inca Yupanqui]] and [[Huayna Capac]]—to absorb them into the [[Inca Empire]]. People belonging to the confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, and north Argentina. Similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the [[Inca Empire]] in 1463 sharing the same language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |title=Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui}}</ref> In contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior and resorted to [[guerrilla]] tactics. As a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon Basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived in force. The Amazonian people and the [[Chachi people|Cayapas]] of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist both Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their languages and cultures well into the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |title=History of the Inca Realm |publisher=Cambridge University Press |translator-last=B. Iceland |translator-first=Harry}}</ref> Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Inca Empire was involved in a [[Inca Civil War|civil war]]. The untimely death of both the heir [[Ninan Cuyochi]] and the Emperor Huayna Capac, from a European disease that spread into Ecuador, created a power vacuum between two factions and led to a civil war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cabello de Balboa |first=Miguel |title=Miscelánea antártica}}</ref> The army stationed north<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cieza de León |first=Pedro |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento de Gamboa |first=Pedro |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref> headed by Atahualpa marched south to Cuzco and massacred the royal family associated with his brother. In 1532, a small band of Spaniards headed by Francisco Pizarro reached [[Cajamarca]] and lured Atahualpa into a trap ([[battle of Cajamarca]]). [[Pizarro]] promised to release Atahualpa if he made good his promise of filling a room full of gold. But, after a mock trial, the Spaniards executed Atahualpa by strangulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Favre |first=Henri |title=Les Incas |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page