Child sexual abuse Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Prevalence== ===Global=== Based on [[Self-report study|self-disclosure data]], a 2011 [[meta-analysis]] of 217 studies estimated a global prevalence of 12.7%β18% for girls and 7.6% for boys. The rates of self-disclosed abuse for specific continents were as follows:<ref name="stolt">{{cite journal |author1=Stoltenborgh, M. |author2=van IJzendoorn, M. H. |author3=Euser, E. M. |author4= Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2011 | title = A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world | journal = Child Maltreatment | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 79β101 | doi = 10.1177/1077559511403920|pmid=21511741 |s2cid=30813632 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Region ! Girls ! Boys |- | Africa |20.2% |19.3% |- | Asia |11.3% |4.1% |- | Australia |21.5% |7.5% |- | Europe |13.5% |5.6% |- | South America |13.4% |13.8% |- | US/Canada |20.1% |8% |} A 2009 meta-analysis of 65 studies from 22 countries found a global prevalence of 19.7% for females and 7.9% for males. In that analysis, Africa had the highest prevalence rate of child sexual abuse (34.4%), primarily because of high rates in South Africa; Europe showed the lowest prevalence rate (9.2%); and America and Asia had prevalence rates between 10.1% and 23.9%.<ref name="pereda">{{cite journal |author1=Pereda, N. |author2=Guilera, G. |author3=Forns, M. |author4=GΓ³mez-Benito, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272735809000245 |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=328β338 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007 |pmid=19371992 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/27746}}</ref> ===Africa=== {{Further|Virgin cleansing myth}} {{See also|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sexual violence in South Africa|Child marriage}} A ten-country school-based study in southern Africa in 2007 found 19.6% of female students and 21.1% of male students aged 11β16 years reported they had experienced forced or coerced sex. Rates among 16-year-olds were 28.8% in females and 25.4% in males. Comparing the same schools in eight countries between 2003 and 2007, age-standardised on the 2007 Botswana male sample, there was no significant decrease between 2003 and 2007 among females in any country and inconsistent changes among males.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000754 |title=Prevalence and risk factors for forced or coerced sex among school-going youth: National cross-sectional studies in 10 southern African countries in 2003 and 2007 |year=2012 |last1=Andersson |first1=N. |last2=Paredes-SolΓs |first2=S. |last3=Milne |first3=D. |last4=Omer |first4=K. |last5=Marokoane |first5=N. |last6=Laetsang |first6=D. |last7=Cockcroft |first7=A. |journal=BMJ Open |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e000754 |pmid=22389362 |pmc=3293138}}</ref> The prevalence of child sexual abuse in Africa is compounded by the [[virgin cleansing myth]] that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure a man of [[HIV]] or [[AIDS]]. The myth is prevalent in [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-06-04/living/cnnheroes.betty.makoni_1_young-girls-raped-youngest-girl|title=Child rape survivors saves 'virgin myth' victims|publisher=cnn.com|access-date=2012-04-05|date=2009-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127030305/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-06-04/living/cnnheroes.betty.makoni_1_young-girls-raped-youngest-girl|archive-date=2012-01-27}}</ref> [[Zambia]] and [[Nigeria]] and is being blamed for the high rate of sexual abuse against young children.<ref>''[http://www.aegis.com/news/suntimes/1999/ST990401.html Child Rape: A Taboo within the AIDS Taboo: More and more girls are being raped by men who believe this will 'cleanse' them of the disease, but people don't want to confront the issue] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405222150/http://www.aegis.com/news/suntimes/1999/ST990401.html |date=April 5, 2010 }},'' by Prega Govender, ''Sunday Times (South Africa),'' April 4, 1999.</ref> In November 2007, [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] reported that [[Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|child rape is on the rise]] in the war-ravaged eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/35376/2007/10/21-133107-1.htm|title=Child rape on the rise in eastern Congo |author=Sarah Jacobs |work=AlertNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504202655/http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/35376/2007/10/21-133107-1.htm |access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=2009-05-04 }}</ref> Aid workers blame combatants on all sides, who operate with much impunity, for a culture of [[sexual violence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7119567.stm|title=BBC NEWS β Africa β DR Congo child rape victim dies|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> [[South Africa]] has some of the highest incidences of child rape (including the rape of babies) in the world (also see [[sexual violence in South Africa]]).<ref name=time>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818063455/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world|archive-date=August 18, 2009|title=Oprah Scandal Rocks South Africa|date=5 November 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> A survey by CIET found around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them.<ref name=time/> In a related [[Statistical survey|survey]] conducted among 1,500 schoolchildren, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that "jackrolling", a term for [[gang rape]], was fun.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm|title=South Africa's rape shock|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> More than 67,000 cases of rape and sexual assaults against children were reported in 2000 in South Africa, compared to 37,500 in 1998. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. The [[virgin cleansing myth]] is especially common in [[South Africa]], which has the highest number of HIV-positive citizens in the world. [[Eastern Cape]] social worker Edith Kriel notes that "child abusers are often relatives of their victims β even their fathers and providers."<ref name="Flanagan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080612061053/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1362134/South-African-men-rape-babies-as-%27cure%27-for-Aids.html '' South African Men Rape Babies as "Cure" for AIDS,''] Jane Flanagan, ''Daily Telegraph (UK),'' November 11, 2001.</ref> A number of high-profile baby rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In 2001, a 9-month-old was raped and likely lost consciousness as the pain was too much to bear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130199&page=1 |title=Baby rape sparks outrage|publisher=abcnews.com|date=July 30, 2011|access-date=2011-07-12}}</ref> In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang-raped by four men. One has been charged. The [[infant]] has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213 |title=Child rape in South Africa|website=Medscape|access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> ===Asia=== {{Further|Child prostitution in Thailand|Child pornography laws in Japan|Ages of consent in Asia}} In [[Afghanistan]], some boys are forced to participate in [[Bacha bazi|sexual activities with men]]. They are also termed 'dancing boys'. The custom is connected to sexual slavery and child prostitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/105442/bacha-bazi-the-scandal-of-afghanistan-s-abused-boys |title=Bacha bazi: the scandal of Afghanistan's abused boys |date=29 January 2020|work=The Week|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name= "Foreign Policy">{{cite magazine| last =Mondloch| first =Chris| title =Bacha Bazi: An Afghan Tragedy| magazine =Foreign Policy | date =Oct 28, 2013| url =https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/28/bacha-bazi-an-afghan-tragedy/| access-date = 16 April 2020}}</ref> In [[Bangladesh]], child prostitutes are known to take the drug [[Dexamethasone|Oradexon]], an over-the-counter [[steroid]], usually used by farmers to fatten cattle, to [[Prostitution in Bangladesh|make child prostitutes look larger and older]]. Charities say that 90% of prostitutes in the country's legalized brothels use the drug. According to social activists, the steroid can cause [[diabetes]] and [[high blood pressure]] and is highly addictive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-prostitution-idUSBRE82I02A20120319 |title=Bangladesh's teenage brothels hold dark steroid secret|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2012-03-20|date=2012-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/apr/05/sex-workers-bangladesh-steroid|title=A new danger for sex workers in Bangladesh|publisher=guardian.com|access-date=2012-03-20|date=2010-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10173115|title=Bangladesh's dark brothel steroid secret|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=2012-03-20|date=2010-05-30}}</ref> In 2007, the [[India|Indian]] [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Ministry of Women and Child Development]] published the "Study on Child Abuse: India 2007".<ref name = IndiaStudy2007/> It sampled 12447 children, 2324 young adults and 2449 stakeholders across 13 states. It looked at different forms of child abuse: [[physical abuse]], [[sexual abuse]] and [[psychological abuse|emotional abuse]] and girl [[child neglect]] in five evidence groups, namely, children in a family environment, children in school, children at work, children on the street and children in institutions. The study's<ref name=IndiaStudy2007>{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/childabuse.pdf |title=Study on Child Abuse: India 2007 |publisher=Published by the Government of India, (Ministry of Women and Child Development) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164558/http://www.wcd.nic.in/childabuse.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-26 }}</ref> main findings included: 53.22% of children reported having faced sexual abuse. Among them, 52.94% were boys and 47.06% girls. [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]] and [[Delhi]] reported the highest percentage of sexual abuse among both boys and girls, as well as the highest incidence of sexual assaults. 21.90% of child respondents faced severe forms of sexual abuse, 5.69% had been sexually assaulted and 50.76% reported other forms of sexual abuse. Children on the street, at work and in institutional care reported the highest incidence of sexual assault. The study also reported that 50% of abusers are known to the child or are in a position of trust and responsibility and most children had not reported the matter to anyone. Despite years of lack of any specific [[child sexual abuse laws in India]], which treated them separately from adults in case of sexual offense, the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act|Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Bill, 2011]] was passed the [[Indian parliament]] on May 22, 2012, which came into force from 14 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament passes bill to protect children from sexual abuse |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-children-from-sexual-abuse-214437 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=May 22, 2012 }}</ref> According to research published in 2019 India had the largest number of child sexual abuse imagery searches along with being responsible for producing a third of the worlds child sexual abuse content online.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tops-list-on-reported-child-sexual-abuse-imagery/articleshow/71383544.cms | title=India tops list on reported child sexual abuse imagery | newspaper=The Times of India | date=October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.in/law-order/crime/news/a-third-of-the-worlds-child-porn-is-flagged-off-in-india-indonesia-and-thailand/articleshow/71385866.cms | title=A third of the world's child porn is flagged off in India, Indonesia and Thailand }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7ez8a/india-has-a-child-pornography-problem-and-delhi-tops-the-list-of-uploads | title=India Has a Child Pornography Problem, and Delhi Tops the List of Uploads | date=28 January 2020 }}</ref> In [[Pakistan]], sexual abuse of children is a problem in some [[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassas]].<ref name= "sex abuse">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ddd9660f63ae4433966684823f79d3e9/Islamic-schools-in-Pakistan-plagued-by-sex-abuse-of-children |title=Islamic schools in Pakistan plagued by sex abuse of children |author=Gannon, Kathy|date=22 November 2017|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/89873/why-are-we-silent-about-the-sexual-abuse-at-madrassas/ |title=Why are we silent about the sexual abuse at madrassas? |author=Ernest, J|date=26 October 2019|work=Pakistan Express Tribune|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> Child sexual abuse has also been reported in Madrassas across Bangladesh and India.<ref name="prothomalo">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=29 August 2019|title=Bangladeshi students speak up about rapes in madrasas|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Bangladeshi-students-speak-up-about-rapes-in|newspaper=Prothomalo}}</ref><ref name="Siasat">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=14 March 2021|title=Torture, including sexual, taking place in madrasas across B'desh: SC|url=https://www.siasat.com/torture-including-sexual-taking-place-in-madrasas-across-bdesh-sc-2110137/|newspaper=Siasat}}</ref><ref name="FE">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=30 December 2017|title=Madrasa horror in Uttar Pradesh: Lucknow police rescues 51 girls, arrests manager over charges of sexual abuse|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/madrasa-horror-in-uttar-pradesh-lucknow-police-rescues-51-girls-arrests-manager-over-charges-of-sexual-abuse/995619/|newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news |last= P Khelkar|first= Pankaj|date=28 July 2018|title=36 kids rescued from Pune madrasa after reports of sexual abuse surface, 1 arrested|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/36-kids-rescued-from-pune-madrasa-after-reports-of-sexual-exploitation-surface-one-arrested-1298621-2018-07-28|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The [[Kasur child sexual abuse scandal]], which involved [[forced sex|forced sex acts]] and an estimated 280 to 300 children, was termed the largest child abuse scandal in Pakistan's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/935471/kasur-child-pornography-ring-lawyer-accuses-police-of-protecting-culprits|title=Kasur child pornography ring: Lawyer accuses police of protecting culprits|date=August 10, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> In 2019, Pakistan's Human Rights Minister, Shirin Mazari has said that Pakistan was ranked as the country with the largest numbers of [[child pornography]] viewers.<ref name= "HRM">{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/430785/child-pornography-in-pakistan-reality-or-myth/ |title=Child Pornography in Pakistan: Reality or myth?|author=Shahab-ud-Din, Makhdoom|date=15 July 2019|work=Daily Times|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Geo Pakistan, the [[Federal Investigation Agency]], cyber-crime chief has said, "Child pornography is a business . . with those involved in the crime linked to international child pornography rings."<ref name ="FIA">{{cite news|url= https://www.geo.tv/latest/228026-child-pornography-a-business-in-pakistan-fia-cyber-crime-chief|title= Child pornography a business in Pakistan: FIA cyber-crime chief|date=13 February 2019|work=Geo News|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> In [[Taiwan]], a survey of adolescents reported 2.5% as having experienced childhood sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.06.003 | pmid = 18308392 | last1 = Yen | first1 = Cheng-Fang | last2 = Yang | first2 = Mei-Sang | last3 = Yang | first3 = Ming-Jen | last4 = Su | first4 = Yi-Ching | last5 = Wang | first5 = Mei-Hua | last6 = Lan | first6 = Chu-Mei | year = 2008 | title = Childhood physical and sexual abuse: Prevalence and correlates among adolescents living in rural Taiwan | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_2008-03_32_3/page/429 | journal = Child Abuse & Neglect | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 429β438 }}</ref> In [[Uzbekistan]], the UK Ambassador [[Craig Murray]] wrote that the government, under president [[Islam Karimov]], used child rape to force false confessions from prisoners.<ref>Dirty Diplomacy, Craig Murray, Scribner, 2007</ref> ===Pacific=== {{See also|Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea}} According to UNICEF, nearly half of [[Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea|reported rape victims]] in [[Papua New Guinea]] are under 15 years of age and 13% are under 7 years of age<ref name=UNICEF2>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_45211.html|title=UNICEF strives to help Papua New Guinea break cycle of violence|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=26 February 2014|date=18 August 2008|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094336/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_45211.html}}</ref> while a report by [[ChildFund]] Australia citing former Parliamentarian Dame [[Carol Kidu]] stated 50% of those seeking medical help after rape are under 16, 25% are under 10 and 10% are under 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/nov/26/papua-new-guinea-takes-steps-against-abuse|author=Davidson, Helen|title=Papua New Guinea takes first steps to combat 'epidemic' of abuse|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=9 March 2014|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> Additionally, a study found that men with a history of victimization, especially having been raped or otherwise sexually coerced themselves, were more likely than otherwise to have participated in both single-perpetrator and [[gang rape|multiple-perpetrator]] non-partner rape.<ref name=Jewkes>{{cite journal|last=Jewkes|first=Rachel|author2=Emma Fulu|author3=Tim Roselli|author4=Claudia Garcia-Moreno |title=Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific|journal=[[The Lancet]]|date=10 September 2013|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70069-X|volume=323|issue=4|pages=e208-18|pmid=25104346|doi-access=free}}</ref> 57Β·5% (587/1022) of men who raped a non-partner committed their first rape as teenagers.<ref name=Jewkes/> ===United States and Europe=== Child sexual abuse occurs frequently in Western society,<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kendall-Tackett KA, Williams LM, Finkelhor D |s2cid=2512368 |title=Impact of sexual abuse on children: a review and synthesis of recent empirical studies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1993-01_113_1/page/164 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=164β80 |date=January 1993 |pmid=8426874 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164}}</ref> although the rate of prevalence can be difficult to determine.<ref name="Finklehor-epid">{{Cite journal|author=Finkelhor D |title=Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=67β70 |year=1993 |pmid=8435788 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(93)90009-T}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Juliette D. G. |last1=Goldman |first2=Usha K. |last2=Padayachi |date=November 2000 |title=Some methodological problems in estimating incidence and prevalence in child sexual abuse research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2000-11_37_4/page/305 |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=305β14 |doi=10.1080/00224490009552052|s2cid=143565708 }}</ref><ref name="Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie 1997 pp391β398">{{Cite journal|last1= Gorey |first1= Kevin |date=April 1997 |title= The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1997-04_21_4/page/391 |journal= Child Abuse & Neglect |volume= 21 |issue= 4 |pages= 391β398 |doi= 10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9 |pmid= 9134267 |last2= Leslie |first2= DR|citeseerx= 10.1.1.465.1057 }}</ref> Research in [[North America]] has concluded that approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.<ref name=Whealin/><ref name="Finkelhor1994">{{Cite journal|author=Finkelhor D|title=Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse|journal=The Future of Children|volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=31β53|year=1994|pmid=7804768 |url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS75.pdf |doi=10.2307/1602522 |jstor=1602522}}</ref><!-- Should be specific citations, not homepages<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/|title=Crimes Against Children Research Center|work=unh.edu|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unh.edu/frl/|title=Family Research Laboratory|work=College of Liberal Arts|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> --><ref name="Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie 1997 pp391β398"/> In the UK, a 2010 study estimated prevalence at about 5% for boys and 18% for girls<ref>{{cite web |title=Child abuse and neglect in the UK today |url=http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/child_abuse_neglect_research_PDF_wdf84181.pdf |work=NSPCC |author1=Radford |author2=Lorraine |author3=Corral |author4=Susana |author5=Bradley |author6=Christine |author7=Fisher |author8=Helen |author9=Bassett |author10=Claire |author11=Howat |author12=Nick |author13=Collishaw |author14=Stephan |year=2011 |page=5 |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=2014-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816090004/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/child_abuse_neglect_research_PDF_wdf84181.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (not dissimilar to a 1985 study that estimated about 8% for boys and 12% for girls<ref name="Baker">{{Cite journal|last= Baker |first= AW |author2=Duncan, SP |year= 1985 |title= Child sexual abuse: a study of prevalence in Great Britain |journal= Child Abuse & Neglect |volume= 9| issue= 4 |pages= 457β67 |pmid = 4084825 |doi= 10.1016/0145-2134(85)90054-7}}</ref>). More than 23,000 incidents were recorded by the UK police between 2009 and 2010. Girls were six times more likely to be assaulted than boys with 86% of attacks taking place against them.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13542007 "NSPCC says child sex abuse has risen to 64 crimes a day"] ''BBC News''. 26 May 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8477726.stm "60 sex offences against children a day β NSPCC"] ''BBC News''. 25 January 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</ref> [[Barnardo's]] [[Charitable organization|charity]] estimates that two thirds of victims in the [[United Kingdom]] are girls and one third are boys. Barnardo's is concerned that boy victims may be overlooked.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28935733|title=Barnardo's: Sexual exploitation of boys 'overlooked'|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=23 March 2015|date=2014-08-27|last1=Malik|first1=Zubeida}}</ref> The estimates for the United States vary widely. A literature review of 23 studies found rates of 3% to 37% for males and 8% to 71% for females, which produced an average of 17% for boys and 28% for girls,<ref name="Rind">{{Cite journal|last= Rind |first= B|author2=Tromovitch, P.|author3=Bauserman, R. |year= 1998 |title= A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1998-07_124_1/page/22 |journal= Psychological Bulletin | issue= 1|pages= 22β53 |doi= 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.22 |volume= 124 |pmid=9670820|s2cid= 16123776}}</ref> while a statistical analysis based on 16 cross-sectional studies estimated the rate to be 7.2% for males and 14.5% for females.<ref name="Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie 1997 pp391β398"/> The [[US Department of Health and Human Services]] reported 83,600 substantiated reports of sexually abused children in 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faq.acf.hhs.gov/cgi-bin/acfrightnow.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=68&p_created=1001610478&p_sid=xmCO-dUi&p_accessibility=0&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPTEmcF9zb3J0X2J5PWRmbHQmcF9ncmlkc29ydD0mcF9yb3dfY250PTEzJnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0xMCwzMCZwX3B2PSZwX2N2PTIuMzAmcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9ubCZwX3BhZ2U9MQ**&p_li=&p_topview=1 |title=ACF Questions and Answers Support |work=Administration on Children and Families |access-date=December 26, 2007 |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm05/chapterthree.htm |title=Child Maltreatment 2005 |work=Administration on Children and Families |access-date=December 26, 2007 |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103004739/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm05/chapterthree.htm#types |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> while state-level child protective services reported 63,527 sexual abuse incidents in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2010-data-tables#page=61|title=Child Maltreatment 2010 β Data Tables|last=Children's Bureau|date=31 December 2010|website=Administration for Children and Families|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091300/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2010-data-tables#page=61|url-status=dead}}</ref> Including incidents which were not reported would make the total number even larger.<ref name=aacap2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/child_sexual_abuse |title=Child Sexual Abuse |work=Facts for Families, No. 9|date=May 2008 |publisher=American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry}}</ref> According to Emily M. Douglas and [[David Finkelhor]], "Several national studies have found that [[African American|black]] and [[Non-Hispanic Whites|white]] children experienced near-equal levels of sexual abuse. Other studies, however, have found that both blacks and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latinos]] have an increased risk for sexual victimization".<ref>[http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/CSA-FS20.pdf Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185014/http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/CSA-FS20.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}. (PDF). Emily M. Douglas and [[David Finkelhor]].</ref><ref>"[http://www.empty-memories.nl/science/Hanson_correlates%20ofsexabuse.pdf Correlates of Adolescent Reports of Sexual Assault: Findings From the National Survey of Adolescents]". (PDF). ''[http://cmx.sagepub.com/content/8/4/261.abstract Child Maltreatment]'' Volume:8 Issue:4 Dated:November 2003 Pages:261 to 272</ref> Surveys have shown that one fifth to one third of all women reported some sort of childhood sexual experience with a male adult.<ref name=Herman>{{Cite book | last =Herman | first =Judith | title =Father-Daughter Incest | publisher =Harvard University Press | year =1981 | location =Cambridge, Massachusetts | page =[https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282 282] | isbn =978-0-674-29506-3 | url =https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282 }}</ref> A 1992 survey studying father-daughter incest in Finland reported that of the 9,000 15-year-old high school girls who filled out the questionnaires, of the girls living with their biological fathers, 0.2% reported father-daughter incest experiences; of the girls living with a stepfather, 3.7% reported sexual experiences with him. The reported counts included only father-daughter incest and did not include prevalence of other forms of child sexual abuse. The survey summary stated, "the feelings of the girls about their incestual experiences are overwhelmingly negative."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(96)00072-5 |pmid=8886468 |title=The prevalence and context of incest abuse in Finland |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1996-09_20_9/page/843 |year=1996 |last1=Sariola |first1=Heikki |last2=Uutela |first2=Antti |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=843β850}}</ref> Others argue that prevalence rates are much higher, and that many cases of child abuse are never reported. One study found that professionals failed to report approximately 40% of the child sexual abuse cases they encountered.<ref>Keuhnle, K., Assessing Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse, Professional Resources Press, Sarastota, FL, 1996{{page needed|date=November 2013}}</ref> A study by Lawson & Chaffin indicated that many children who were sexually abused were "identified solely by a physical complaint that was later diagnosed as a venereal disease ... Only 43% of the children who were diagnosed with venereal disease made a verbal disclosure of sexual abuse during the initial interview."<ref>pg7., In. Keuhnle, K., Assessing Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse, Professional Resources Press, Sarastota, FL, 1996</ref> It has been found in the epidemiological literature on CSA that there is no identifiable demographic or family characteristic of a child that can be used to bar the prospect that a child has been sexually abused.<ref name="Finklehor-epid"/> [[Child marriage]] is often considered to be another form of child sexual abuse.<ref name=":1" /> Over 200,000 marriages involving minors were allowed between 2000 and 2015 in the US. These marriages were most often between an adult male and female minor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.frontline.org/child-marriage-by-the-numbers/|title=Child Marriage in America By Number|last=Tsui|first=Anjali|date=July 6, 2017|website=apps.frontline.org|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> [[Child marriage in the United States]] is allowed in the majority of states as long as parental consent or judicial approval (typically for pregnancy) is given.<ref name=":2" /> In US schools, according to the [[United States Department of Education]],<ref name="shakeshaft2004">Shakeshaft, C, "[http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/misconductreview/report.pdf Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of the Literature]", U.S. Department of Education, 2004</ref> "nearly 9.6% of students are targets of educator sexual misconduct sometime during their school career." In studies of student sex abuse by male and female educators, male students were reported as targets in ranges from 23% to 44%.<ref name="shakeshaft2004" /> In U.S. school settings same-sex (female and male) sexual misconduct against students by educators "ranges from 18 to 28% of reported cases, depending on the study"<ref>Shakeshaft, C, "[http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/misconductreview/report.pdf Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of the Literature]", U.S. Department of Education, 2004, p26.</ref> An American survey found that children sexually abused by relatives were much more likely to be affiliated with Protestantism, while persons sexually abused by nonrelatives were affiliated with liberal denominations or irreligious.<ref name="Ebaugh 2006 p. 252">{{cite book | last=Ebaugh | first=H.R. | title=Handbook of Religion and Social Institutions | publisher=Springer US | series=Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-387-25703-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j92cSG4HJQ0C&pg=PA252 | access-date=2023-08-17 | page=252}}</ref> Significant underreporting of sexual abuse of boys by both women and men is believed to occur due to sex stereotyping, social denial, the minimization of male victimization, and the relative lack of research on sexual abuse of boys.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00862.x | last1 = Watkins | first1 = B. | last2 = Bentovim | first2 = A. | year = 1992 | title = The sexual abuse of male children and adolescents: a review of current research | url = http://www.sasian.org/papers/boysngirls.htm | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 197β248 | pmid = 1737828 | access-date = 2007-03-23 | archive-date = 2012-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120616062331/http://www.sasian.org/papers/boysngirls.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sexual victimization of boys by their mothers or other female relatives is especially rarely researched or reported. Sexual abuse of girls by their mothers, and other related and/or unrelated adult females is beginning to be researched and reported despite the highly taboo nature of femaleβfemale child sex abuse. In studies where students are asked about sex offenses, they report higher levels of female sex offenders than found in adult reports.<ref>Shakeshaft, C, "[http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/misconductreview/report.pdf Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of the Literature]", U.S. Department of Education, 2004, p22.</ref> This underreporting has been attributed to cultural denial of female-perpetrated child sex abuse,<ref>Denov, Myriam S. (2004) "Perspectives on Female Sex Offending: A Culture of Denial"</ref> because "males have been socialized to believe they should be flattered or appreciative of sexual interest from a female."<ref name="Shakeshaft25" /> Journalist Cathy Young writes that under-reporting is contributed to by the difficulty of people, including jurors, in seeing a male as a "true victim".<ref>{{cite news |author=Cathy Young |year=2002 |title=Double Standard |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/122245371.html?FMT=ABS&date=Jun%203,%202002 |access-date=2017-07-05 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730063258/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/122245371.html?FMT=ABS&date=Jun%203,%202002 |url-status=dead }} The article may currently be viewed for free on [http://reason.com/archives/2002/06/04/double-standard Reason.com].</ref> In the United Kingdom, reported child sex abuse has increased, but this may be due to greater willingness to report. Police need more resources to deal with it. Also parents and schools need to give children and adolescents regular advice about how to spot abuse and about the need to report abuse. Software providers are urged to do more to police their environment and make it safe for children.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/dec/29/estimated-20000-british-men-interested-in-sexually-abusing-children-police-chief-says Estimated 20,000 British men interested in sexually abusing children] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> === In pre-industrial societies === [[Cross-cultural studies]] have reported that sexual relations between men and pubescent girls were sometimes performed for functional reasons in [[Pre-industrial society|pre-industrial societies]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rind |first=Bruce |date=2013 |title=Critique of Hames and Blanchard (2012), Clancy (2012), and Ryniker (2012) on Hebephilia, Anthropological Data, and Maladaptiveness |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-013-0132-y |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=685β691 |doi=10.1007/s10508-013-0132-y |pmid=23760771 |s2cid=254259092 |issn=0004-0002}}</ref> Other accounts of sexual relations between adults and minors have also been registered. A 1951 research document reports [[Siwi people|Siwan]] men engaging with anal intercourse with boys. The report also stated that, among [[Arrernte people|Aranda aborigines]], "pederasty [between a man and a boy between the ages of ten and twelve] is a recognized custom". An 18th century report by [[James Cook]] reported an act of copulation between a man and a female estimated to be 11 or 12 in a public street "without the least sense of it being indecent or improper". In some Oceanic societies, adult men have been reported to have sexual contact with prepubertal females. A 19th century document by missionary John Muggeridge Orsmond reads that "in all [[Tahitians]] as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls". Other instances of adult-child sexual behaviors have been reported in the [[Marquesas Islands]], [[Polynesia]], [[New Guinea]] and in [[Kaluli people|Kaluli]] societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Richard |date=2002 |title=Is Pedophilia a Mental Disorder? |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1020699013309 |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=467β471 |doi=10.1023/A:1020699013309|pmid=12462476 |s2cid=7774415 }}</ref> Accounts of sexual intercourse between children and adults have also been reported in [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]] and Rome.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Craig A. |title=Roman homosexuality: ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity |last2=Williams |first2=Craig Arthur |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511300-6 |series=Ideologies of desire |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg |first=Gisela |date=1991-02-04 |title=Pederasty Among Primitives:: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v20n01_03 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1β2 |pages=13β30 |doi=10.1300/J082v20n01_03 |pmid=2086628 |issn=0091-8369}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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