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Do not fill this in! ==Reception and legacy== [[File:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[German Evangelical Church Assembly]], 2007]] Gish noted that by the time of apartheid's fall, Tutu had attained "worldwide respect" for his "uncompromising stand for justice and reconciliation and his unmatched integrity".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=148}} According to Allen, Tutu "made a powerful and unique contribution to publicizing the antiapartheid struggle abroad", particularly in the United States.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=233}} In the latter country, he was able to rise to prominence as a South African anti-apartheid activist because—unlike Mandela and other members of the ANC—he had no links to the South African Communist Party and thus was more acceptable to Americans amid the [[Cold War]] anti-communist sentiment of the period.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=253}} In the United States, he was often compared to [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], with the African-American civil rights activist [[Jesse Jackson]] referring to him as "the Martin Luther King of South Africa".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=198}} After the end of apartheid, Tutu became "perhaps the world's most prominent religious leader advocating gay and lesbian rights", according to Allen.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} Ultimately, Allen thought that perhaps Tutu's "greatest legacy" was the fact that he gave "to the world as it entered the twenty-first century an African model for expressing the nature of human community".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=396}} During Tutu's rise to notability during the 1970s and 1980s, responses to him were "sharply polarized".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=201}} Noting that he was "simultaneously loved and hated, honoured and vilified",{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=170}} Du Boulay attributed his divisive reception to the fact that "strong people evoke strong emotions".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=138}} Tutu gained much adulation from black journalists, inspired imprisoned anti-apartheid activists, and led to many black parents' naming their children after him.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=201}} For many black South Africans, he was a respected religious leader and a symbol of black achievement.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=247}} By 1984 he was—according to Gish—"the personification of the South African freedom struggle".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=103}} In 1988, Du Boulay described him as "a spokesman for his people, a voice for the voiceless".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}} The response he received from South Africa's white minority was more mixed. Most of those who criticised him were conservative whites who did not want a shift away from apartheid and white-minority rule.{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=138|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=78}} Many of these whites were angered that he was calling for economic sanctions against South Africa and that he was warning that racial violence was impending.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=98}} Said whites often accused him of being a tool of the communists.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=236}} This hostility was exacerbated by the government's campaign to discredit Tutu and distort his image,{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=97}} which included repeatedly misquoting him to present his statements out of context.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=263}} According to Du Boulay, the [[SABC]] and much of the white press went to "extraordinary attempts to discredit him", something that "made it hard to know the man himself".{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=18}} Allen noted that in 1984, Tutu was "the black leader white South Africans most loved to hate" and that this antipathy extended beyond supporters of the far-right government to liberals too.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=202}} The fact that he was "an object of hate" for many was something that deeply pained him.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=138}} {{Quote box | quote = Hated by many white South Africans for being too radical, he was also scorned by many black militants for being too moderate. | source=— On Tutu in the mid-1980s, by Steven D. Gish, 2004{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=111}} | align = left | width = 25em }} Tutu also drew criticism from within the anti-apartheid movement and the black South African community. He was criticised repeatedly for making statements on behalf of black South Africans without consulting other community leaders first.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|p=239}} Some black anti-apartheid activists regarded him as too moderate,{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=138|2a1=Gish|2y=2004|2p=79}} and in particular too focused on cultivating white goodwill.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=79}} The African-American civil rights campaigner [[Bernice Powell]], for instance, complained that he was "too nice to white people".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=242}} According to Gish, Tutu "faced the perpetual dilemma of all moderates – he was often viewed suspiciously by the two hostile sides he sought to bring together".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=79}} Tutu's critical view of Marxist-oriented communism and the governments of the [[Eastern Bloc]], and the comparisons he drew between these administrations and far-right ideologies like [[Nazism]] and apartheid brought criticism from the [[South African Communist Party]] in 1984.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=214}} After the transition to universal suffrage, Tutu's criticism of presidents [[Thabo Mbeki|Mbeki]] and [[Jacob Zuma|Zuma]] brought objections from their supporters; in 2006, Zuma's personal advisor Elias Khumalo claimed that it was a double standard that Tutu could "accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans", yet "cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology" from Zuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zukile Majova |date=1 September 2006 |title=Zuma camp lashes out at 'old' Tutu |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=282735&area=/insight/insight__national/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923192222/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=282735&area=%2Finsight%2Finsight__national%2F |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=1 September 2006 |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> === Honours === {{See also| List of honours of Desmond Tutu}} [[File:Desmond Tutu at Penn.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]]] Tutu gained many international awards and honorary degrees, particularly in South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} By 2003, he had approximately 100 honorary degrees;{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=164}} he was, for example, the first person to be awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Ruhr University]] in West Germany, and the third person to whom [[Columbia University]] in the U.S. agreed to award an honorary doctorate off-campus.{{sfn|Du Boulay|1988|pp=188–189}} Many schools and scholarships were named after him.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} [[Mount Allison University]] in [[Sackville, New Brunswick]] was the first Canadian institution to award Tutu an honorary doctorate in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen to Desmond Tutu's 'profound' address to Mount Allison University|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/listen-to-desmond-tutu-s-profound-address-to-mount-allison-university-1.6298884|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227202159/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/listen-to-desmond-tutu-s-profound-address-to-mount-allison-university-1.6298884 |archive-date=27 December 2021 }}</ref> In 2000, the Munsieville Library in [[Klerksdorp]] was renamed the Desmond Tutu Library.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} The Desmond Tutu School of Theology at [[Fort Hare University]] was launched in 2002.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} On 16 October 1984, Tutu was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa".<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 1984 |publisher=[[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] |url=http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/press.html |access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref> This was seen as a gesture of support for him and the [[South African Council of Churches]] which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the [[Pacem in Terris Award|''Pacem in Terris'' Award]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gish |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6UYpCoGUkgC&q=1987+Tutu+was+awarded+the+Pacem+in+Terris+Award |title=Desmond Tutu: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-313-32860-2 |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=126 |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> named after a 1963 [[encyclical]] letter by [[Pope John XXIII]] that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Habitat for Humanity Lebanon Chairman to receive prestigious Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award |date=1 November 2007 |publisher=Habitat for Humanity |url=http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx |access-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705175359/http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> In 1985 the City of [[Reggio Emilia]] named Tutu an honorary citizen together with [[Albertina Sisulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 1985 |title=Cittadinanze onorarie |trans-title=Honorary citizens|url=https://www.comune.re.it/retecivica/urp/retecivi.nsf/PESDocumentID/BF63E31FCD68ACD7C12580B9003F1784?opendocument&FROM=Cttdnnznrr |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=Comune di Reggio Emilia}}</ref> In 2000, Tutu received the [[Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andruss |first1=Jessica |title=Doctorow '52 wins prestigious, lucrative prize |url=https://digital.kenyon.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1365&context=collegian |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Kenyon Collegian |issue=CXXVII, 19 |publisher=Kenyon College |date=30 March 2000 |location=Gambier, Ohio |page=2}}</ref> In 2003, Tutu received the [[Academy of Achievement#Notable recipients of the Golden Plate Award|Golden Plate Award]] of the [[Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Coretta Scott King]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service |website=achievement.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Summit Overview Photo |url=https://achievement.org/summit/ |quote=South Africa's Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu receives the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award from Council member Coretta Scott King during the 2003 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In 2008, Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] of Illinois proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Gov. Blagojevich Proclaims Today "Desmond Tutu Day" in Illinois |date=13 May 2008 |publisher=Illinois Government News Network |url=http://www.illinois.gov/pressreleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830 |access-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110104426/http://www.illinois.gov/PressReleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830 |archive-date=10 November 2009 }}</ref> In 2015, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Tutu an Honorary [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH).<ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/509363/2015_Honorary_Awards_-_Final.pdf "Honorary awards"] (2015)</ref> Queen Elizabeth II appointed Tutu as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Venerable Order of St. John]] in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Order of St John |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2871020 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=The Gazette}}</ref> In 2010, Tutu delivered the Bynum Tudor Lecture at the [[University of Oxford]] and became a visiting fellow at [[Kellogg College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/archbishop-desmond-tutu/ |access-date=22 July 2018 |publisher=[[Kellogg College]] |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195105/http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/archbishop-desmond-tutu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, he received the £1.1m (US$1.6m) [[Templeton Prize]] for "his life-long work in advancing spiritual principles such as love and forgiveness".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=2013 Templeton Prize Laureate. Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.templetonprize.org/currentwinner.html |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=templetonprize.org |publisher=[[John Templeton Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2018 the fossil of a [[Devonian]] [[tetrapod]] was found in [[Grahamstown]] by Rob Gess of the [[Albany Museum]]; this tetrapod was named ''[[Tutusius]] umlambo'' in Tutu's honour.<ref name="Lang2018">{{Cite web |last=Steven Lang |date=7 June 2018 |title=Grahamstown scientist's new fossil scoop |url=http://www.grocotts.co.za/2018/06/07/grahamstown-scientists-new-fossil-scoop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610193257/http://www.grocotts.co.za/2018/06/07/grahamstown-scientists-new-fossil-scoop/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=Grocott's Mail}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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