Communism Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==== Marxism–Leninism ==== {{main|Marxism–Leninism}} [[File:Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vladimir Lenin]] statue in Kolkata, West Bengal]] Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology developed by [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref name="made_by_stalin">{{cite magazine|last=Lisichkin |first=G. |date=1989 |title=Мифы и реальность |language=ru |trans-title=Myths and reality |magazine=[[Novy Mir]] |volume=3 |pages=59}}</ref> According to its proponents, it is based on [[Marxism]] and [[Leninism]]. It describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and in a global scale in the [[Comintern]]. There is no definite agreement between historians about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin.<ref name="stalin_follow_marx_lenin">{{cite magazine |first=Aleksandr |last=Butenko |author-link=Aleksandr Butenko |script-title=ru:Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория |title=Sotsializm segodnya: opyt i novaya teoriya |trans-title=Socialism Today: Experience and New Theory |language=ru |magazine=Журнал Альтернативы |number=1 |date=1996 |pages=2–22}}</ref> It also contains aspects which according to some are deviations from Marxism such as [[socialism in one country]].<ref name="sioc1">{{cite journal |title=Comment on Wallerstein |first=Richard |last=Platkin |journal=[[Social Justice (journal)|Contemporary Marxism]] |volume=4–5 |publisher=[[Synthesis Publications]] |date=1981 |issue=4 |jstor=23008565 |page=151 |quote=[S]ocialism in one country, a pragmatic deviation from classical Marxism.}}</ref><ref name="sioc2">{{cite book |last=Erik |first=Cornell |title=North Korea Under Communism: Report of an Envoy to Paradise |date=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0700716975 |page=169 |quote=Socialism in one country, a slogan that aroused protests as not only it implied a major deviation from Marxist internationalism, but was also strictly speaking incompatible with the basic tenets of Marxism.}}</ref> Marxism–Leninism was the official ideology of 20th-century [[Communist parties]] (including [[Trotskyist]]), and was developed after the death of Lenin; its three principles were [[dialectical materialism]], the [[leading role of the Communist party]] through [[democratic centralism]], and a [[planned economy]] with [[industrialization]] and [[agricultural collectivization]]. ''Marxism–Leninism'' is misleading because Marx and Lenin never sanctioned or supported the creation of an ''-ism'' after them, and is revealing because, being popularized after Lenin's death by Stalin, it contained those three doctrinal and institutionalized principles that became a model for later Soviet-type regimes; its global influence, having at its height covered at least one-third of the world's population, has made ''Marxist–Leninist'' a convenient label for the [[Communist bloc]] as a dynamic ideological order.{{sfnm|1a1=Morgan|1y=2001|1pp=2332, 3355|2a1=Morgan|2a2=2015}}<ref group="lower-alpha">{{harvp|Morgan|2015|ps=: {{"'}}Marxism–Leninism' was the formal name of the official state ideology adopted by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), its satellite states in Eastern Europe, the Asian communist regimes, and various 'scientific socialist' regimes in the Third World during the Cold War. As such, the term is simultaneously misleading and revealing. It is misleading, since neither Marx nor Lenin ever sanctioned the creation of an eponymous 'ism'; indeed, the term Marxism–Leninism was formulated only in the period of Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death. It is revealing, because the Stalinist institutionalization of Marxism–Leninism in the 1930s did contain three identifiable, dogmatic principles that became the explicit model for all later Soviet-type regimes: dialectical materialism as the only true proletarian basis for philosophy, the leading role of the communist party as the central principle of Marxist politics, and state-led planned industrialization and agricultural collectivization as the foundation of socialist economics. The global influence of these three doctrinal and institutional innovations makes the term Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for a distinct sort of ideological order—one which, at the height of its power and influence, dominated one-third of the world's population."}}</ref> During the Cold War, Marxism–Leninism was the ideology of the most clearly visible communist movement and is the most prominent ideology associated with communism.{{r|Columbia}}{{refn|According to their proponents, Marxist–Leninist ideologies have been adapted to the material conditions of their respective countries and include [[Castroism]] (Cuba), [[National communism in Romania|Ceaușism]] (Romania), [[Gonzalo Thought]] (Peru), [[Guevarism]] (Cuba), [[Ho Chi Minh Thought]] (Vietnam), [[Hoxhaism]] (anti-revisionist Albania), [[Husakism]] (Czechoslovakia), [[Juche]] (North Korea), [[Kadarism]] (Hungary), [[Khmer Rouge]] (Cambodia), [[Khrushchevism]] (Soviet Union), [[Prachanda Path]] (Nepal), [[Shining Path]] (Peru), and [[Titoism]] (anti-Stalinist Yugoslavia).{{sfn|Morgan|2015}}<ref group="lower-alpha">{{harvp|Morgan|2001|ps=: "As communist Parties emerged around the world, encouraged both by the success of the Soviet Party in establishing Russia's independence from foreign domination and by clandestine monetary subsidies from the Soviet comrades, they became identifiable by their adherence to a common political ideology known as Marxism–Leninism. Of course from the very beginning Marxism–Leninism existed in many variants. The conditions were themselves an effort to enforce a minimal degree of uniformity on diverse conceptions of communist identity. Adherence to the ideas of 'Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky' characterized the Trotskyists who soon broke off in a 'Fourth International'."}}</ref>|group=note}} [[Social fascism]] was a theory supported by the Comintern and affiliated [[Communist parties]] during the early 1930s, which held that [[social democracy]] was a variant of [[fascism]] because it stood in the way of a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], in addition to a shared [[corporatist]] economic model.<ref name="Haro 2011">{{cite journal |last=Haro |first=Lea |year=2011 |title=Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party |journal=[[Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory]] |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/03017605.2011.621248 |s2cid=146848013}}</ref> At the time, leaders of the Comintern, such as Stalin and [[Rajani Palme Dutt]], stated that [[capitalist]] society had entered the [[Third Period]] in which a [[proletariat revolution]] was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other ''fascist'' forces.{{r|Haro 2011}}<ref name="Hoppe 2011">{{cite book |last=Hoppe |first=Bert |year=2011 |title=In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933 |trans-title=In Stalin's Followers: Moscow and the KPD 1928–1933 |publisher=[[Oldenbourg Verlag]] |language=de |isbn=978-3-486-71173-8}}</ref> The term ''social fascist'' was used pejoratively to describe social-democratic parties, anti-Comintern and progressive socialist parties and dissenters within Comintern affiliates throughout the [[interwar period]]. The social fascism theory was advocated vociferously by the [[Communist Party of Germany]], which was largely controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership from 1928.{{r|Hoppe 2011}} Within Marxism–Leninism, [[anti-revisionism]] is a position which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms and [[Khrushchev Thaw]] of Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from Stalin, the anti-revisionists within the international communist movement remained dedicated to Stalin's ideological legacy and criticized the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and his successors as [[state capitalist]] and [[social imperialist]] due to its hopes of achieving peace with the United States. The term ''Stalinism'' is also used to describe these positions but is often not used by its supporters who opine that Stalin practiced [[orthodox Marxism]] and Leninism. Because different political trends trace the historical roots of revisionism to different eras and leaders, there is significant disagreement today as to what constitutes anti-revisionism. Modern groups which describe themselves as anti-revisionist fall into several categories. Some uphold the works of Stalin and Mao Zedong and some the works of Stalin while rejecting Mao and universally tend to oppose [[Trotskyism]]. Others reject both Stalin and Mao, tracing their ideological roots back to Marx and Lenin. In addition, other groups uphold various less-well-known historical leaders such as [[Enver Hoxha]], who also broke with Mao during the [[Sino-Albanian split]].{{r|Bland 1995}}{{r|Bland 1997}} ''Social imperialism'' was a term used by Mao to criticize the Soviet Union post-Stalin. Mao stated that the Soviet Union had itself become an [[imperialist]] power while maintaining a socialist ''façade''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mao |first=Zedong |author-link=Mao Zedong |year=1964 |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm |title=On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Press]] |access-date=1 August 2021 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Hoxha agreed with Mao in this analysis, before later using the expression to also condemn Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoxha |first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |year=1978 |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch4.htm |chapter=The Theory of 'Three Worlds': A Counterrevolutionary Chauvinist Theory |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/toc.htm |title=Imperialism and the Revolution |location=Tirana |publisher=Foreign Language Press |access-date=1 August 2021 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ===== Stalinism ===== {{main|Stalinism}} [[File:JStalin Secretary general CCCP 1942 flipped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|1942 portrait of [[Joseph Stalin]], the longest-serving [[leader of the Soviet Union]]]] Stalinism represents Stalin's style of governance as opposed to Marxism–Leninism, the [[socioeconomic system]] and [[political ideology]] implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union, and later adapted by other states based on the [[ideological Soviet model]], such as [[central planning]], [[nationalization]], and one-party state, along with [[public ownership]] of the [[means of production]], accelerated [[industrialization]], pro-active development of society's [[productive forces]] (research and development), and nationalized [[natural resources]]. Marxism–Leninism remained after [[de-Stalinization]] whereas Stalinism did not. In the last letters before his death, Lenin warned against the danger of Stalin's personality and urged the Soviet government to replace him.{{r|Ermak 2019}} Until the [[death of Joseph Stalin]] in 1953, the Soviet Communist party referred to its own ideology as ''Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism''.{{sfn|Morgan|2001|p=2332}} Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies, which state that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism but rather [[state capitalism]].{{r|Chomsky, Howard, Fitzgibbons}}{{r|The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985}}{{r|Ellman 2007}} According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that the co-founder of Marxism, [[Friedrich Engels]], described its "specific form" as the [[Republicanism|democratic republic]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891 |title=[[Marx/Engels Collected Works]] |volume=27 |page=217 |quote=If one thing is certain it is that our party and the working class can only come to power under the form of a democratic republic. This is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat.}}</ref> According to Engels, state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature,<ref name=":0" group="lower-alpha"/> unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property.<ref group="lower-alpha">{{harvp|Engels|1970}}: "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out."</ref> Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion,<ref name="stalin_distortion">{{cite book |title=History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89 |first=Allan |last=Todd |page=16 |quote=The term Marxism–Leninism, invented by Stalin, was not used until after Lenin's death in 1924. It soon came to be used in Stalin's Soviet Union to refer to what he described as 'orthodox Marxism'. This increasingly came to mean what Stalin himself had to say about political and economic issues. ... However, many Marxists (even members of the Communist Party itself) believed that Stalin's ideas and practices (such as socialism in one country and the purges) were almost total distortions of what Marx and Lenin had said.}}</ref> forced into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by [[Trotskyism]], which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.{{sfn|Morgan|2001}} ===== Trotskyism ===== {{main|Trotskyism}} [[File:Mexico - Bellas Artes - Fresque Riviera « Man at the Crossroads ».JPG|thumb|Detail of ''Man, Controller of the Universe'', fresco at [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] in Mexico City showing [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Friedrich Engels]], and [[Karl Marx]]]] Trotskyism, developed by [[Leon Trotsky]] in opposition to [[Stalinism]],{{sfn|Patenaude|2017|p=199}} is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that supports the theory of [[permanent revolution]] and [[world revolution]] rather than the [[two-stage theory]] and Stalin's [[socialism in one country]]. It supported another communist revolution in the [[Soviet Union]] and [[proletarian internationalism]].{{sfn|Patenaude|2017|p=193}} Rather than representing the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], Trotsky claimed that the Soviet Union had become a [[degenerated workers' state]] under the leadership of Stalin in which class relations had re-emerged in a new form. Trotsky's politics differed sharply from those of Stalin and Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution—rather than socialism in one country—and support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. Struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, Trotsky and his supporters organized into the [[Left Opposition]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert V. |author1-link=Robert Vincent Daniels |title=A Documentary History of Communism in Russia |date=1993 |publisher=[[University of Vermont Press]] |location=Burlington, Vermont |isbn=978-0-87451-616-6 |pages=125–129, 158–159 |edition=3rd}}</ref> the platform of which became known as Trotskyism.{{sfn|Patenaude|2017|p=199}} In particular, Trotsky advocated for a [[decentralization|decentralised]] form of [[economic planning]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Twiss |first1=Thomas M. |title=Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy |date=8 May 2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-26953-8 |pages=105–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+decentralized+planning&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref> mass soviet [[democratization]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Ree |first1=Erik |title=Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment |journal=Studies in East European Thought |date=1998 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=77–117 |doi=10.1023/A:1008651325136 |jstor=20099669 |s2cid=146375012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099669 |issn=0925-9392}}</ref> elected representation of Soviet [[List of political parties in the Soviet Union|socialist parties]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |title=The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78168-721-5 |pages=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Trotsky |first1=Leon |title=The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going? |date=1991 |publisher=Mehring Books |isbn=978-0-929087-48-1 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC |language=en}}</ref> the tactic of a [[united front]] against far-right parties,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ticktin |first1=Hillel |title=Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds) |date=1992 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6 |page=227}}</ref> [[cultural]] autonomy for artistic movements, <ref>{{cite book |last1=Eagleton |first1=Terry |title=Marxism and Literary Criticism |date=7 March 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94783-6 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7k8t09BbIQC&q=trotsky+literature+and+revolution+socialist+realism |language=en}}</ref> voluntary [[collectivisation]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beilharz |first1=Peter |title=Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism |date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-70651-2 |pages=1–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lfe-DwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+widely+acknowledged+collectivisation&pg=PT196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life |date=2011 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13724-8 |page=161 |url=https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization}}</ref> a [[The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International|transitional program]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Löwy |first1=Michael |title=The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx |date=2005 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-931859-19-6 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSrvmQeZyhoC&dq=trotsky+transitional+program&pg=PA191 |language=en}}</ref> and socialist [[proletarian internationalism|internationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Michael |title=Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up? |journal=The Russian Review |date=1992 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=84–102 |doi=10.2307/131248 |jstor=131248 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/131248}}</ref> Trotsky had the support of many party [[intellectuals]] but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Volkogonov |first1=Dmitri |title=Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary |date=June 2008 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited |isbn=978-0-00-729166-3 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BNwaOW1VgEC |language=en}}</ref> Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. While in exile, Trotsky continued his campaign against Stalin, founding in 1938 the [[Fourth International]], a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern.<ref name="transitional">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/index.htm |title=The Transitional Program |first=Leon |last=Trotsky |author-link=Leon Trotsky |date=May–June 1938 |magazine=Bulletin of the Opposition |access-date=5 November 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Patenaude|2017|pp=189, 194}}{{sfn|Johnson|Walker|Gray|2014|loc=Fourth International (FI)|p=155}} In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in [[Mexico City]] on Stalin's orders. Trotskyist currents include [[orthodox Trotskyism]], [[third camp]], [[Posadism]], and [[Pabloism]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bolshevik.org/history/pabloism/Trpab-4.htm |title=A Letter to Trotskyists Throughout the World |date=16 November 1953 |magazine=[[The Militant]] |author-link=Socialist Workers Party (UK) |author=National Committee of the SWP}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.peacelandbread.com/post/on-the-problem-of-trotskyism |title=On the Problem of Trotskyism |first=Jeff |last=Korolev |date=27 September 2021 |journal=Peace, Land, and Bread |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211163239/https://www.peacelandbread.com/post/on-the-problem-of-trotskyism |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economic platform of a [[planned economy]] combined with an authentic [[socialist democracy|worker's democracy]] as originally advocated by Trotsky has constituted the programme of the Fourth International and the modern Trotskyist movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Wolfgang |title=Solidarity in Poland, 1980-1981 and the Perspective of Political Revolution |date=1989 |publisher=Mehring Books |isbn=978-0-929087-30-6 |page=ix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FCyCDv9QswC&dq=trotskyists+planned+economy+workers+democracy+programme&pg=PR9 |language=en}}</ref> ===== Maoism ===== {{main|Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Maoism}} [[File:Mao Statue at Zhong Shan Guang Chang.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought]] monument in Shenyang]]Maoism is the theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader [[Mao Zedong]]. Developed from the 1950s until the [[Deng Xiaoping]] [[Chinese economic reform]] in the 1970s, it was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China and as the theory guiding [[revolutionary movement]]s around the world. A key difference between Maoism and other forms of Marxism–Leninism is that [[peasant]]s should be the bulwark of the revolutionary energy which is led by the working class.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Meisner |first=Maurice |author-link=Maurice Meisner |date=January–March 1971 |title=Leninism and Maoism: Some Populist Perspectives on Marxism-Leninism in China |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=45 |issue=45 |pages=2–36 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000010407 |jstor=651881 |s2cid=154407265}}</ref> Three common Maoist values are revolutionary [[populism]], being practical, and [[dialectic]]s.{{sfn|Wormack|2001}} The synthesis of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism,<ref group="lower-alpha">{{harvp|Morgan|2001|p=2332|ps=: {{"'}}Marxism–Leninism–Maoism' became the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and of the splinter parties that broke off from national communist parties after the Chinese definitively split with the Soviets in 1963. Italian communists continued to be influenced by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, whose independent conception of the reasons why the working class in industrial countries remained politically quiescent bore far more democratic implications than Lenin's own explanation of worker passivity. Until Stalin's death, the Soviet Party referred to its own ideology as 'Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism'."}}</ref> which builds upon the two individual theories as the Chinese adaption of Marxism–Leninism, did not occur during the life of Mao. After [[de-Stalinization]], Marxism–Leninism was kept in the [[Soviet Union]], while certain [[anti-revisionist]] tendencies like [[Hoxhaism]] and Maoism stated that such had deviated from its original concept. Different policies were applied in Albania and China, which became more distanced from the Soviet Union. From the 1960s, groups who called themselves ''Maoists'', or those who upheld Maoism, were not unified around a common understanding of Maoism, instead having their own particular interpretations of the political, philosophical, economical, and military works of Mao. Its adherents claim that as a unified, coherent higher stage of Marxism, it was not consolidated until the 1980s, first being formalized by the [[Shining Path]] in 1982.<ref name="On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism">{{cite web |date=1982 |title=On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism |url=http://library.redspark.nu/1982_-_Maoism._On_Marxism-Leninism-Maoism |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=MLM Library |publisher=[[Communist Party of Peru]] |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728184142/http://library.redspark.nu/1982_-_Maoism._On_Marxism-Leninism-Maoism}}</ref> Through the experience of the [[people's war]] waged by the party, the Shining Path were able to posit Maoism as the newest development of Marxism.{{r|On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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