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Do not fill this in! ===1821 to 1972=== ====Early years==== [[File:The Manchester Guardian, May 5 1821.jpg|thumb|''Manchester Guardian'' Prospectus, 1821]] ''The Manchester Guardian'' was founded in [[Manchester]] in 1821 by cotton merchant [[John Edward Taylor]] with backing from the [[Little Circle]], a group of [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformist]] businessmen.<ref name="G">{{cite news |title=Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute |work=The Guardian |date=13 August 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/13/britishidentity.artnews |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=London |last=Wainwright |first=Martin |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705035053/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/aug/13/britishidentity.artnews |url-status=live }}</ref> They launched the paper, on 5 May 1821 (by chance the very day of [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] death) after the police closure of the more [[Radicalism (historical)#Popular agitation|radical]] ''[[Manchester Observer]]'', a paper that had championed the cause of the [[Peterloo Massacre]] protesters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Editorial|title=The Manchester Guardian, born 5 May 1821: 190 years β work in progress|date=4 May 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/05/manchester-guardian-work-in-progress|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202122132/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/05/manchester-guardian-work-in-progress|url-status=live}}</ref> Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: "They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do."<ref>''Manchester Gazette'', 7 August 1819, quoted in {{cite book| title= 'Guardian' : biography of a newspaper | last= Ayerst | first= David | year= 1971 | publisher=Collins | location= London | isbn= 978-0-00-211329-8 | page=20}}</ref> When the government closed down the ''Manchester Observer'', the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.<ref>{{cite book| title= Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763β1973 | url= https://archive.org/details/poormensguardian0000harr | url-access= registration | last= Harrison |first= Stanley | year= 1974 | publisher=Lawrence and Wishart | location= London | isbn= 978-0-85315-308-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/poormensguardian0000harr/page/53 53]}}</ref> The influential journalist [[Jeremiah Garnett]] joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.<ref name="dnbGarnett">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Garnett, Jeremiah|last=Garnett|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Garnett (writer)|volume=21|quote=''citing:'' [''Manchester Guardian'', 28 September 1870; ''Manchester Free Lance'', 1 October 1870; Prentice's Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester; personal knowledge.]}}</ref> The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... warmly advocate the cause of Reform ... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and ... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Scott Trust: History |publisher=Guardian Media Group |url=http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx |access-date=26 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728175652/http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1825, the paper merged with the ''British Volunteer'' and was known as ''The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer'' until 1828.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalyst.library.jhu.edu/catalog/bib_3593893 |title=The Manchester guardian and British volunteer β JH Libraries |publisher=Catalyst.library.jhu.edu |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212731/https://catalyst.library.jhu.edu/catalog/bib_3593893 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Working class|working-class]] ''Manchester and Salford Advertiser'' called ''The Manchester Guardian'' "the foul prostitute and dirty [[parasite]] of the worst portion of the mill-owners".<ref>21 May 1836</ref> ''The Manchester Guardian'' was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition "the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure."<ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=28 January 1832}}</ref> ''The Manchester Guardian'' dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators, stating that "if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife ... ."<ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=26 February 1873}}</ref> In March 2023, an academic review commissioned by the [[Scott Trust]] determined that John Edward Taylor and nine of his eleven backers had links to the [[Atlantic slave trade]] through their interests in Manchester's textile industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2023 |title=The Guardian's owner apologises for historical slave trade links |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-65113058 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330153650/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-65113058 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Slavery and the American Civil War ==== The newspaper opposed slavery and supported [[free trade]]. An 1823 leading article on the continuing "cruelty and injustice" to slaves in the [[West Indies]] long after the abolition of the slave trade with the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]] wanted fairness to the interests and claims both of the planters and of their oppressed slaves.<ref name="Guardian 1511 2012">{{cite web | title=The cruelty and injustice of negro slavery: From The Guardian archive, 15 Nov 1823 | website=The Guardian | date=15 November 2012 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/nov/15/slavery-injustice-abolition-british-1823 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=30 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630185615/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/nov/15/slavery-injustice-abolition-british-1823 | url-status=live }}</ref> It welcomed the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] and accepted the "increased compensation" to the planters as the "guilt of slavery attaches far more to the nation" rather than individuals. Success of the Act would encourage emancipation in other slave-owning nations to avoid "imminent risk of a violent and bloody termination."<ref name="Guardian 0705 2011">{{cite web | title=15 June 1833: Striking off the fetters from the limbs of the slave | website=The Guardian | date=7 May 2011 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/07/newspapers-national-newspapers | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=9 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809070124/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/07/newspapers-national-newspapers | url-status=live }}</ref> However, the newspaper argued against restricting trade with countries that had not yet abolished slavery.<ref name="Guardian 2403 2012">{{cite web | title=From the archive, 24 March 1841: Editorial: Anti-free trade | website=The Guardian | date=24 March 2012 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/mar/24/archive-1841-editorial-anti-free-trade-slavery | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=2 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702152458/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/mar/24/archive-1841-editorial-anti-free-trade-slavery | url-status=live }}</ref> Complex tensions developed in the United States.<ref name="Stoddard 2015">{{cite web | last=Stoddard | first=Katy | title=Looking back: American civil war | website=The Guardian | date=20 July 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/jul/20/looking-back-american-civil-war | access-date=29 June 2020 | archive-date=30 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630151953/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/jul/20/looking-back-american-civil-war | url-status=live }}</ref> When the abolitionist [[George Thompson (abolitionist)|George Thompson]] toured, the newspaper said that "[s]lavery is a monstrous evil, but civil war is not a less one; and we would not seek the abolition even of the former through the imminent hazard of the latter". It suggested that the United States should compensate slave-owners for freeing slaves<ref name="Guardian 1212 2008">{{cite web | title=From The Guardian archive: On slavery and civil war | website=The Guardian | date=12 December 2008 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/dec/12/slavery-american-civil-war | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=30 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630031046/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/dec/12/slavery-american-civil-war | url-status=live }}</ref> and called on President [[Franklin Pierce]] to resolve the 1856 "civil war", the [[Sacking of Lawrence]] due to pro-slavery laws imposed by Congress.<ref name="Guardian 1006 2015">{{cite web | title='Civil war' in Kansas threatens to spread: from the archive, 10 June 1856 | website=The Guardian | date=10 June 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/10/american-civil-war-united-states-kansas-archive-1856 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=28 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628213636/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/10/american-civil-war-united-states-kansas-archive-1856 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1860, ''[[The Observer]]'' quoted a report that the newly elected president [[Abraham Lincoln]] was opposed to abolition of slavery.<ref name="The Guardian 1712 2014">{{cite web | title=Lincoln opposes abolition of slavery: From the Observer archive, 17 December 1860 | website=The Guardian | date=17 December 2014 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/17/abolition-slavery-abraham-lincoln-1860 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=3 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703094212/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/17/abolition-slavery-abraham-lincoln-1860 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 May 1861, shortly after the start of the [[American Civil War]], the ''Manchester Guardian'' portrayed the Northern states as primarily imposing a burdensome trade monopoly on the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], arguing that if the South was freed to have direct trade with Europe, "the day would not be distant when slavery itself would cease". Therefore, the newspaper asked "Why should the South be prevented from freeing itself from slavery?"<ref name="Guardian 2305 2011">{{cite web | title=From the archive, 13 May 1861: America and direct trade with England | website=The Guardian | date=13 May 2011 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/may/13/america-trade-england-1861 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=15 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615145651/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/may/13/america-trade-england-1861 | url-status=live }}</ref> This hopeful view was also held by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] leader [[William Ewart Gladstone]].<ref name="Kettle">{{cite news|last=Kettle|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Kettle|date=24 February 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|title=Lincoln, evil? Our certainties of 1865 give us pause today|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145624/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln Square, Manchester.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Abraham Lincoln]] in [[Manchester]], with extracts from the working men's letter and his reply on its base]] There was division in Britain over the Civil War, even within political parties. The ''Manchester Guardian'' had also been conflicted. It had supported other [[Age of Revolution|independence movements]] and felt it should also support the rights of the Confederacy to self-determination. It criticised Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] for not freeing all American slaves.<ref name="Kettle"/> On 10 October 1862, it wrote: "It is impossible to cast any reflections upon a man so evidently sincere and well-intentioned as Mr Lincoln but it is also impossible not to feel that it was an evil day both for America and the world, when he was chosen President of the United States".<ref name="Ayerst1971">{{cite book|first=David|last=Ayerst|title=The Manchester Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhZlAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|pages=154β155|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0642-3|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407174556/https://books.google.com/books?id=RhZlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> By then, the [[Union blockade]] was causing [[Lancashire Cotton Famine#Politics|suffering in British towns]]. Some including [[Liverpool]] supported the Confederacy as did "current opinion in all classes" in London. On 31 December 1862, cotton workers held a meeting at the [[Free Trade Hall]] in Manchester which resolved "its detestation of negro slavery in America, and of the attempt of the rebellious Southern slave-holders to organise on the great American continent a nation having slavery as its basis". There was a comment that "an effort had been made in a leading article of the ''Manchester Guardian'' to deter the working men from assembling together for such a purpose". The newspaper reported all this and published their letter to President Lincoln<ref name="Rodrigues 2013">{{cite web | last=Rodrigues | first=Jason | title=From the archive: 1863, Lincoln's great debt to Manchester | website=The Guardian | date=4 February 2013 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2013/feb/04/lincoln-oscars-manchester-cotton-abraham | access-date=3 July 2020 | archive-date=1 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701081412/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2013/feb/04/lincoln-oscars-manchester-cotton-abraham | url-status=live }}<br>{{cite web | title=Full text of "Manchester and Abraham Lincoln : a side-light on an earlier fight for freedom" | website=Internet Archive | date=10 June 2020 | url=https://archive.org/stream/manchesterabraha00hour/manchesterabraha00hour_djvu.txt | access-date=3 July 2020 }}</ref> while complaining that "the chief occupation, if not the chief object of the meeting, seems to have been to abuse the ''Manchester Guardian''".<ref name="Ayerst1971"/> Lincoln replied to the letter thanking the workers for their "sublime Christian heroism" and American ships delivered relief supplies to Britain.<ref name="Rodrigues 2013"/> The newspaper reported the shock to the community of the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] in 1865, concluding that "[t]he parting of his family with the dying President is too sad for description",<ref name="Guardian 1402 2015">{{cite web | title=The assassination of President Lincoln, 14 April 1865 | website=The Guardian | date=14 April 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/from-the-archive-blog/2015/apr/14/president-lincoln-assassination-1865 | access-date=3 July 2020 | archive-date=1 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701153414/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/from-the-archive-blog/2015/apr/14/president-lincoln-assassination-1865 | url-status=live }}</ref> but in what from today's perspective looks an ill-judged editorial wrote that "[o]f his rule we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty", adding: "it is doubtless to be regretted that he had not the opportunity of vindicating his good intentions".<ref name="Kettle"/> According to [[Martin Kettle]], writing for ''The Guardian'' in February 2011: "''The Guardian'' had always hated slavery. But it doubted the Union hated slavery to the same degree. It argued that the Union had always tacitly condoned slavery by shielding the southern slave states from the condemnation they deserved. It was critical of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation for stopping short of a full repudiation of slavery throughout the US. And it chastised the president for being so willing to negotiate with the south, with slavery one of the issues still on the table."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kettle|first=Martin|date=24 February 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|title=Lincoln, evil? Our certainties of 1865 give us pause today|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145624/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|url-status=live}}</ref> ====C. P. Scott==== [[C. P. Scott]] made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the [[Second Boer War]] against popular opinion.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hampton, Mark|year=2011|title=The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, the "Manchester Guardian", and the Boer War, 1899β1902|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=44|number=1|pages=177β197|jstor=3133966|doi=10.1017/S0018246X01001479|s2cid=159550361}}</ref> Scott supported the movement for [[women's suffrage]], but was critical of any tactics by the [[Suffragettes]] that involved [[direct action]]:<ref name="suffragettes">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/nov/13/research.highereducation |title=Unladylike behaviour |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=13 November 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |publisher=Guardian News and Media |last=Purvis |first=June |author-link=June Purvis |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006010805/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/nov/13/research.highereducation |url-status=live }}</ref> "The really ludicrous position is that [[David Lloyd George|Mr Lloyd George]] is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him." Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership".<ref>Quoted in David Ayerst, ''The Guardian'', 1971, p. 353.</ref> It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of [[Edwardian era|Edwardian society]]".<ref name="suffragettes"/> Scott commissioned [[J. M. Synge]] and his friend [[Jack Yeats]] to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland; these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection ''Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Bruce |title=To the waters and the wild |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |location=Dublin |date=27 November 2012 |url=http://www.independent.ie/incoming/to-the-waters-and-the-wild-26527736.html |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223923/http://www.independent.ie/incoming/to-the-waters-and-the-wild-26527736.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Scott's friendship with [[Chaim Weizmann]] played a role in the [[Balfour Declaration]]. In 1948 ''The Manchester Guardian'' was a supporter of the new State of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Ownership of the paper passed in June 1936 to the [[Scott Trust]] (named after the last owner, [[John Russell Scott]], who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/the-scott-trust |title=The Scott Trust |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902165323/https://www.theguardian.com/the-scott-trust |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2021}} From 1930 to 1967, a special archival copy of all the daily newspapers was preserved in 700 [[zinc]] cases. These were found in 1988 whilst the newspaper's archives were deposited at the [[University of Manchester]]'s [[John Rylands University Library]], on the Oxford Road campus. The first case was opened and found to contain the newspapers issued in August 1930 in pristine condition. The zinc cases had been made each month by the newspaper's plumber and stored for posterity. The other 699 cases were not opened and were all returned to storage at ''The Guardian''{{'}}s garage, owing to shortage of space at the library.<ref>Taylor, Geoffrey (11 April 1988) "Bowled over by treasures at the bottom of the zinc"; ''The Guardian''</ref> ====Spanish Civil War==== Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936β1939). [[George Orwell]] wrote in ''[[Homage to Catalonia#Appendix one (orig. ch. 5)|Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938): "Of our larger papers, the ''Manchester Guardian'' is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Orwell|first1=George|author-link=George Orwell|title=Homage to Catalonia|isbn=0-15-642117-8|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt, Brace]]|oclc=769187345|page=[[iarchive:homagetocataloni00orwe 0/page/65/mode/1up|65]]|year=1980|orig-date=1938}}</ref> With the pro-Liberal ''[[News Chronicle]]'', the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]-supporting ''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'', the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist Party]]'s ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Daily Worker]]'' and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General [[Francisco Franco]]'s insurgent nationalists.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Beevor|first1=Antony|author-link=Antony Beevor|title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936β1939|year=2006|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-303765-X|oclc=70158540|page=[[iarchive:battleforspainsp00anto/page/243/mode/1up|243]]}}</ref> ====Post-war==== The paper's then editor, [[A. P. Wadsworth]], so loathed Labour's left-wing champion [[Aneurin Bevan]], who had made a reference to getting rid of "Tory Vermin" in a speech "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the [[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951 general election]] and remove [[Clement Attlee|Clement Attlee's]] post-war Labour government.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Manchester Guardian|author=Leader|date=22 October 1951|title=Time for change?}}</ref> The newspaper opposed the creation of the [[National Health Service]] as it feared the state provision of healthcare would "eliminate selective elimination" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Austerity Britain 1945β1951 |first=David |last=Kynaston |author-link=David Kynaston |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7475-9923-4 |page=285}}</ref> ''The Manchester Guardian'' strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]]: "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt | title=Courage under fire | work=The Guardian | date=10 July 2006 | access-date=5 March 2014 | author=Rusbridger Alan | archive-date=30 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830063430/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt | url-status=live }}. Three years from 1956 and the ''Manchester Guardian'' soon became ''The Guardian'', introduced by Scott C.C.P</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv7sCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath |last=Smith |first=Simon C. |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=230 |isbn=978-1-317-07069-6 |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073108/https://books.google.com/books?id=wv7sCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August 1959, ''The Manchester Guardian'' changed its name to ''The Guardian''. This change reflected the growing prominence of national and international affairs in the newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/1|title=Key moments in The Guardian's history: a timeline|date=16 November 2017|website=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154248/https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/1|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 1961, ''The Guardian'', which had previously only been published in [[Manchester]], began to be printed in London.<ref>''The Press and the People''. London: General Council of the Press. 1961, p. 14</ref> [[Nesta Roberts]] was appointed as the newspaper's first news editor there, becoming the first woman to hold such a position on a British national newspaper.<ref>Geoffrey Taylor, "Nesta Roberts: The first woman to run the news desk on a national newspaper", ''The Guardian'', 18 January 2009, accessed 14 August 2021</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page