San Jose, California Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == History == {{Main|History of San Jose, California|Timeline of San Jose, California}} === Precolonial period === San Jose, along with most of the [[Santa Clara Valley]], has been home to the [[Tamien people|Tamien group]] (also spelled as Tamyen, Thamien) of the [[Ohlone]] people since around 4,000 [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref>For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4.</ref><ref name="NRHP">{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |title=Early History |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609014111/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |title=Pre-History |date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042618/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> The Tamien spoke [[Tamyen language]] of the [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone language family]]. During the era of [[History of California before 1900#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)|Spanish colonization]] and the subsequent building of [[Spanish missions in California]], the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]] or [[Mission San José (California)|Mission San José]] where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic ''neophytes'', also known as [[Mission Indians]]. This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the [[California genocide|state sponsored genocide]]. Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.<ref>For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971).</ref> === Spanish period === {{see also|List of pre-statehood mayors of San Jose}} [[File:1781 Diseño del Pueblo de San José, California.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A 1781 map of the ''Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe'']] California was claimed as part of the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1542, when explorer [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] charted the [[Californian coast]]. During this time [[Alta California]] and the [[Baja California peninsula]] were administered together as [[Province of Las Californias|Province of the Californias]] ({{lang-es|Provincia de las Californias|link=no}}). For nearly 200 years, the Californias remained a distant frontier region largely controlled by the numerous Native Nations and largely ignored by the government of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] in [[Mexico City]]. Shifting power dynamics in North America—including the British/American victory and acquisition of North America, east of the Mississippi following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], as well as the start of [[Russian colonization of North America|Russian colonization of northwestern North America]]— prompted Spanish/Mexican authorities to sponsor the [[Portolá expedition|Portolá Expedition]] to survey [[Northern California]] in 1769.<ref name="DSJ history">{{cite web |url=http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |title=Junípero Serra |year=2000 |work=California History Online |publisher=California Historical Society |access-date=June 20, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040812151444/http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |archive-date = August 12, 2004}}</ref> In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the ''[[Provincias Internas]]'', a large administrative division created by [[José de Gálvez]], Spanish [[Council of the Indies|Minister of the Indies]], in order to provide greater autonomy for the [[Spanish Empire]]'s borderlands. That year, King [[Charles III of Spain|Carlos III of Spain]] approved an expedition by [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] to survey the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], in order to choose the sites for two future settlements and their accompanying [[Spanish missions in California|mission]]. De Anza initially chose the site for a military settlement in San Francisco, for the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Royal Presidio of San Francisco]], and [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]]. On his way back to Mexico from San Francisco, de Anza chose the sites in [[Santa Clara Valley]] for a civilian settlement, San Jose, on the eastern bank of the [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]], and a mission on its western bank, [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]].<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web |author=Edward F. O'Day |title=The Founding of San Francisco |date=October 1926 |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |access-date=February 7, 2013 |publisher=Spring Valley Water Authority |work=San Francisco Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |archive-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Luis María Peralta Adobe (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Peralta Adobe]] in [[San Pedro Square]] was built in 1797 and is San Jose's oldest standing building.]] San Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the ''[[Pueblo]] de San José de Guadalupe'' by [[José Joaquín Moraga]], under orders of [[Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa]], [[Viceroy of New Spain]].<ref name="arbuckle">{{cite book |title=Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose |year=1986 |author=Clyde Arbuckle |publisher=Smith McKay Printing |isbn=978-9996625220}}</ref> San Jose served as a strategic settlement along [[El Camino Real (California)|El Camino Real]], connecting the military fortifications at the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Monterey Presidio]] and the [[Presidio of San Francisco|San Francisco Presidio]], as well as the [[Spanish missions in California|California mission network]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish-period/ |title=Spanish Period |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031856/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish-period/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> In 1791, due to the severe flooding which characterized the pueblo, San Jose's settlement was moved approximately a mile south, centered on the Pueblo [[Plaza]] (modern-day [[Plaza de César Chávez]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historysanjose.org/wp/research-collection/pueblo-papers/ |title=Spanish-Mexican Records of the San José Pueblo: The Pueblo Papers |website=History San Jose |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043651/http://historysanjose.org/wp/research-collection/pueblo-papers/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, [[Diego de Borica]], Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: [[Alta California]] (''Upper California''), which would eventually become several western [[U.S. states]], and [[Baja California]] (''Lower California''), which would eventually become two [[States of Mexico|Mexican states]]. === Mexican period === {{see also|Alta California|Mexican California}} [[File:Antonio_Maria_Pico.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Antonio María Pico]] served twice as [[Alcalde of San José]] (mayor) and was a signer of the [[Californian Constitution]], representing San Jose at the [[California Constitutional Conventions|Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849]].]] San Jose became part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in 1821, after [[Mexican War of Independence|Mexico's War of Independence]] was won against the [[Spanish Crown]], and in 1824, part of the [[First Mexican Republic]]. With its newfound independence, and the triumph of the republican movement, Mexico set out to diminish the [[Catholic Church]]'s power within Alta California by [[Mexican secularization act of 1833|secularizing the California missions]] in 1833.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} In 1824, in order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty-eight [[Ranchos of California|rancho land grants]] were issued in the [[Santa Clara Valley]], 15 of which were located within modern-day San Jose's borders. Numerous prominent historical figures were among those granted rancho lands in the Santa Valley, including [[James Alexander Forbes (1805–1881)|James A. Forbes]], founder of [[Los Gatos, California]] (granted [[Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara]]), [[Antonio Suñol]], [[Alcalde]] of San Jose (granted [[Rancho Los Coches (Sunol)|Rancho Los Coches]]), and [[José María Alviso]], [[Alcalde]] of San Jose (granted [[Rancho Milpitas]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily [[Americans]] and [[Englishmen]]. By 1845, the population of the pueblo had increased to 900, primarily due to American immigration. Foreign settlement in San Jose and California was rapidly changing Californian society, bringing expanding economic opportunities and foreign culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican-period/ |title=Mexican Period |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033123/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican-period/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> By 1846, native [[Californio]]s had long expressed their concern for the overrunning of California society by its growing and wealthy Anglo-American community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early-american-period/ |title=1846–1869 |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042207/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early-american-period/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> During the 1846 [[Bear Flag Revolt]], Captain [[Thomas Fallon]] led nineteen volunteers from Santa Cruz to the pueblo of San Jose, which his forces easily captured. The raising of the flag of the [[California Republic]] ended Mexican rule in Alta California on July 14, 1846.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose's Latinos Howl About Plans for a 'Conquest Statue' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-14-mn-243-story.html |first1=Harold |last1=Maass |website=Los Angeles Times |date=14 July 1990 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511105918/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-14-mn-243-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Early History |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/early-history.htm |website=U.S. National Park Service |date=February 22, 2018 |language=en |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129222423/https://www.nps.gov/articles/early-history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> === American period === {{see also|California Republic|Conquest of California}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = | footer = | image1 = San jose california 1875.jpg | caption1 = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the city in 1875, when the [[Santa Clara Valley]] was one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world. | image2 = College of Notre Dame in San Jose Cal 1876.jpg | caption2 = [[Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)|Notre Dame High School]]'s original campus in 1876. It was the first school accredited in California to give degrees to women. }} By the end of 1847, the [[Conquest of California]] by the United States was complete, as the [[Mexican–American War]] came to an end.<ref name="NRHP"/> In 1848, the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the [[Mexican Cession]]. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the [[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|unorganized territory]] of [[California]]. With California's [[Admission to the Union]] on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |title= California State Capitol History: Part 1 |website=California Capitol Museum |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116170240/http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |archive-date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref> On March 27, 1850, San Jose was [[municipal corporation|incorporated]]. It was incorporated on the same day as [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] and [[Benicia]]; together, these three cities followed [[Sacramento]] as California's earliest incorporated cities.<ref>''Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose'' (Smith & McKay, 1985), p. 27: "Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city."</ref> [[Josiah Belden]], who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the [[California Trail]] as part of the [[Bartleson–Bidwell Party|Bartleson Party]] and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.<ref>George R. Stewart, ''The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes'' (University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 28.</ref> San Jose was briefly California's first state capital, and legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851. ([[Monterey, California|Monterey]] was the capital during the period of [[Spanish California]] and [[Mexican California]]).<ref>Ken McKowen & Dahlynn McKowen, ''Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums'' (Wilderness Press, 2006), pp. 77–99.</ref> The first capitol no longer exists; the [[Plaza de César Chávez]] now lies on the site, which has two [[historical marker]]s indicating where California's state legislature first met.<ref>[https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 First State Capitol Building] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034612/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 |date=December 1, 2017 }}, Historical Marker Database.</ref> In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by [[John Joseph Montgomery|John Montgomery]] and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |title=Our Legacy – JBT |publisher=Jbtcorporation.com |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072924/http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]. Over 100 people died at the [[Agnews Asylum]] (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |title=Agnews Insane Asylum |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524093818/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and San Jose High School's three-story stone-and-brick building was also destroyed. The period during [[World War II]] was tumultuous; [[Japanese American]]s primarily from [[Japantown, San Jose, California|Japantown]] were sent to [[internment camps]], including the future mayor [[Norman Mineta]]. Following the Los Angeles [[zoot suit riots]], anti-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The [[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)|Bank of Italy Building]], built in 1926, is the oldest skyscraper in [[Downtown San Jose]].]] As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999<ref>{{cite news |title=PACKING IT IN: SAN JOSE'S FINAL HARVEST VESTIGE OF VALLEY'S AGRICULTURAL BUTT IS LEAVING |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |work=[[The Mercury News]] |date=July 25, 1999 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230208/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [[Food Machinery Corporation]] (later known as [[FMC Corporation]]) by the [[United States War Department]] to build 1,000 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]].<ref name=PolHist>{{cite web |url=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |title=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose |publisher=San Jose State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707002526/http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> After World War II, FMC (later [[United Defense]], and currently [[BAE Systems]]) continued as a [[defense contractor]], with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]], the [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]], and various subsystems of the [[M1 Abrams]] battle tank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070220062249/http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2007 |title=BAE Systems History |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref> [[IBM]] established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown [[Punched card|punch card]] plant, and opened an [[IBM Research]] lab in 1952. [[Reynold B. Johnson]] and his team developed direct access storage for computers,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |title=Reynold B. Johnson |last=Blankenship |first=William D. |date=1971 |website=[[IBM]] |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141539/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |url-status=live }}</ref> inventing the [[IBM 305 RAMAC|RAMAC 305]] and the [[hard disk drive]]; the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.<ref>Winslow, Ward (editor); ''The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance''; 1995; {{ISBN|0-9649217-0-7}}</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager [[A. P. Hamann|A. P. "Dutch" Hamann]] led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [[Alviso, California|Alviso]] and [[Cambrian Park, California|Cambrian Park]], providing large areas for suburbs. An anti-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors [[Norman Mineta]] and [[Janet Gray Hayes]]. Despite establishing an [[urban growth boundary]], development fees, and the incorporations of [[Campbell, California|Campbell]] and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], development was not slowed, but rather directed into already-incorporated areas.<ref name=PolHist/> [[File:1928 Fiesta de las Rosas of San Jose.jpg|thumb|right|The 1928 San Jose annual ''Fiesta de las Rosas'' parade in Downtown]] San Jose's position in [[Silicon Valley]] triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the [[1990 United States Census|1990 U.S. Census]] indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.<ref name="1990census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |title=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 8, 2014 |quote='''1980''': San Francisco = 678974, San Jose = 629400. '''1990''': San Jose = 782248, San Francisco = 723959 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135637/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This growth led to the highest housing-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |title=San Jose case study, part one: the urban-growth boundary |publisher=Thoreau Institute |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075620/http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. As of 2006, sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [[Smart Growth]] planning principles.<ref name=HsgConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |title=Building Permit History, 1980–2006 |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042843/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). 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