Stuttering Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Treatment== {{main|Stuttering therapy}} While there is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yaruss |first1=J Scott |title=One size does not fit all: special topics in stuttering therapy |journal=Semin Speech Lang |date=Feb 2003 |volume=24 |issue=24 |pages=3β6 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-37381 |pmid=12601580 |s2cid=8582797 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12601580/}}</ref> Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speechβlanguage pathologist and the client typically work together to create achievable and realistic goals that target communication confidence, autonomy, managing emotions and stress related to their stutter, and working on disclosure. ; Fluency shaping therapy : Fluency shaping therapy trains people who stutter to speak less disfluently by controlling their breathing, phonation, and articulation (lips, jaw, and tongue). It is based on [[operant conditioning]] techniques.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2006|p= 257}}</ref> This type of therapy is not considered best practice in the field of speech and language pathology and is potentially harmful and traumatic for clients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sisskin |first=Vivian |date=2023-01-17 |title=Disfluency-Affirming Therapy for Young People Who Stutter: Unpacking Ableism in the Therapy Room |url=http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015 |journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=114β119 |doi=10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015 |pmid=36279203 |s2cid=253096977 |issn=0161-1461}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tichenor |first1=Seth E. |last2=Constantino |first2=Christopher |last3=Yaruss |first3=J. Scott |date=2022-02-09 |title=A Point of View About Fluency |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=645β652 |doi=10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342 |issn=1092-4388 |pmc=9135003 |pmid=34982943}}</ref> ; Stuttering modification therapy : The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2006|p= 253}}</ref> The most widely known approach was published by [[Charles Van Riper]] in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2006|p= 245}}</ref> Stuttering modification therapy should not be used to promote fluent speech or presented as a cure for stuttering. : : Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is an effective form of modification therapy. It is a framework based on theories developed by professor Joseph Sheehan and his wife Vivian Sheehan. This framework focuses on self-acceptance as someone who stutters, and efficient, spontaneous and joyful communication, essentially, minimizing quality-of-life impact due to stuttering.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Graphique 1.3 Avantages sanitaires de la lutte contre le changement climatique |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932428576 |type=XLSX |doi=10.1787/888932428576 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> ; Electronic fluency device {{main|Electronic fluency device}} : Altered auditory feedback effect can be produced by speaking in chorus with another person, by blocking out the voice of the person who stutters while they are talking (masking), by delaying slightly the voice of the person who stutters (delayed auditory feedback) or by altering the frequency of the feedback (frequency altered feedback). Studies of these techniques have had mixed results. ; Medications : No medication is FDA-approved for stuttering. === Support === Self-help groups provide people who stutter a shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering. ===Prognosis=== Among ages 3β5, the [[prognosis]] for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering,<ref name="Sander and Osborne">{{cite journal |last1=Sander |first1=RW |last2=Osborne |first2=CA |title=Stuttering: Understanding and Treating a Common Disability. |journal=American Family Physician |date=1 November 2019 |volume=100 |issue=9 |pages=556β560 |pmid=31674746}}</ref><ref name="fn 30">{{cite journal |author1=Yairi, E.|author2= Ambrose, N.|title=Onset of stuttering in preschool children: selected factors |journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Research |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=782β8 |year=1992 |pmid=1405533 |doi=10.1044/jshr.3504.782}}</ref><ref name="fn 31">{{cite journal|author=Yairi, E.|year=1993|title=Epidemiologic and other considerations in treatment efficacy research with preschool-age children who stutter|journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders|volume=18|pages=197β220|doi=10.1016/0094-730X(93)90007-Q|issue=2β3}}</ref> and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.<ref name="Ward16">{{harvnb|Ward|2006|p= 16}}</ref><ref name="fn 34">{{cite journal|author= Yairi, E|title=On the Gender Factor in Stuttering|journal=Stuttering Foundation of America Newsletter|date=Fall 2005|page= 5}}</ref> Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3Β½ years or later,<ref name="Yairi2005"/> and/or duration of greater than 6β12 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously.<ref name="fn 32">{{cite journal |author=Andrews, G. |author2=Craig, A. |author3=Feyer, A. M. |author4=Hoddinott, S. |author5=Howie, P. |author6=Neilson, M. |title=Stuttering: a review of research findings and theories circa 1982 |journal=The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=226β46 |year=1983 |pmid=6353066 |doi=10.1044/jshd.4803.226}}</ref> Stuttering that persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering, and is associated with a much lower chance of recovery.<ref name="Sander and Osborne" /> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page