Jan Hus Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Aftermath== === Bohemian Protest === As news of Hus's death spread outrage was brewing from the local nobles and doctors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cuthbertson |first=David |title=The Protest Against the Burning of John Huss |publisher=Alexander Moring Limited |year=1913 |location=London |page=11 |language=en}}</ref> On 2 September 1415, a document now called the Bohemian Protest was signed with corresponding attached wax seals by 100 notable people from Bohemia and Moravia in protest of Jan Hus's burning. There is evidence that four documents of this kind were made in total, however only this one is known to survive and is currently held at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bohemian Protest, Recto |url= https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/UoEgal~5~5~51570~103970:Bohemian-Protest,-Recto |access-date=2022-11-30 |website = ED}}</ref> The statement inside reads that "Master John Hus was a good, just and catholic man" that "consistently detested all error and heresies" and that anyone that believed that heresy was arising within Bohemia or Moravia to be "the worst of traitors".<ref name=":0"/> ===Hussite Wars=== {{Main|Hussite Wars}} [[File:Jensky kodex Zizka.jpg|thumb|[[Jan Žižka]] leading troops of Hussites]] [[File:Vrhání husitů do šachet.gif|thumb|Some two thousand of Hus's followers thrown into the [[Kutná Hora]] mines by pro-Catholic townsmen]] Responding with horror to the execution of Hus, the people of Bohemia moved even more rapidly away from Papal teachings. Rome then pronounced a [[crusade]] against them (1 March 1420): [[Pope Martin V]] issued a [[Papal bull]] authorizing the execution of all supporters of Hus and Wycliffe. King Wenceslaus IV died in August 1419, and his brother, [[Sigismund of Hungary]], was unable to establish a real government in Bohemia due to the Hussite revolt.{{sfn|Lützow|1914|pp=177–79}} The Hussite community included most of the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Under the leadership of [[Jan Žižka]] (c. 1360–1424) and later of [[Prokop the Great]] (c. 1380–1434)—both excellent commanders—the Hussites defeated the crusade and the other three crusades that followed (1419–1434). Fighting ended after a compromise between the Utraquist{{what?|date=May 2023}} Hussites and the Catholic [[Council of Basel]] in 1436. It resulted in the [[Basel Compacts]], in which the Catholic Church officially allowed Bohemia to practice its own version of Christianity (Hussitism). A century later as much as ninety percent of the inhabitants of the [[Czech Crown lands]] still followed Hussite teachings. ===Hus's scholarship and teachings=== {{More citations needed section|date=July 2020}} [[File:Luther und Hus-Abendmahl.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther|Luther]] and Hus serving [[Communion under both kinds]] together; picture from 16th-century Saxony demonstrating the affinity of Lutherans with Hussites]] Hus left reformatory writings. He translated Wycliffe's ''Trialogus'' and was very familiar with his works on the body of [[Jesus]], the Church, and the power of the pope, as well as and especially with his sermons. There are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's view of the Lord's Supper ([[consubstantiation]] rather than [[transubstantiation]]{{sfn|Lechler|1904|p=381}}) had spread to Prague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that students returning from England had brought the work back with them. It gained an even wider circulation after it had been prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it. The view was seized eagerly by the [[Taborites]], who made it the central point of their system. According to their book, the Church is not the clerical hierarchy that was generally accepted as 'the Church'; the Church is the entire body of those who from eternity have been predestined for salvation. Christ, not the pope, is its head. It is no article of faith that one must obey the pope to be saved. Neither internal membership in the Church nor churchly offices and dignities are a surety that the persons in question are members of the true Church. Hus's efforts were designed to rid the Church of its ethical abuses. The seeds of the Reformation are clear in Hus's and Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the plight of the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for confession, for Mass, for the sacrament, for indulgences, for [[Churching of women|churching a woman]], for a blessing, for burials, for funeral services and prayers. The very last penny which an old woman has hidden in her bundle for fear of thieves or robbery will not be saved. The villainous priest will grab it."{{Sfn | Macek | 1958 | p = 16}} After Hus's death, his followers, known as [[Hussites]], split off into several groups including the [[Utraquists]], [[Taborite]]s and [[Sirotci|Orphans]]. ===Apology of the Catholic Church=== Nearly six centuries later in 1999, [[Pope John Paul II]] expressed "deep regret for the cruel death inflicted" on Hus and added "deep sorrow" for Hus's death and praised his "moral courage".<ref name=JohnLAllenJr/> Cardinal [[Miloslav Vlk]] of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Paul II's statement.<ref name= "JohnLAllenJr">{{cite news |last=Allen |first=John L. Jr. |date=15 September 2009 |title=The German shepherd bids farewell to a 'wolf in winter' |url= http://ncronline.org/news/german-shepherd-bids-farewell-wolf-winter |website=National Catholic Reporter }}</ref> Members of the Moravian Church believe that it remains for God to judge those who were involved in the death of Hus. ===Hus and the Czech language=== The works of Jan Hus incorporate reforms to medieval [[Czech orthography]], including the "hook" ([[háček]]) diacritic which was used to form the [[grapheme]]s {{angle bracket|č}}, {{angle bracket|ě}}, {{angle bracket|š}}, {{angle bracket|ř}} and {{angle bracket|ž}}, which replaced [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] like {{angle bracket|cz}}, {{angle bracket|ie}}, {{angle bracket|sch}}, {{angle bracket|rz}} and {{angle bracket|zs}}; the "dot" above letters for strong accent,{{clarify|date=October 2019}} as well as the acute accent to mark long vowels {{angle bracket|á}}, {{angle bracket|é}}, {{angle bracket|í}}, {{angle bracket|ó}}, and {{angle bracket|ú}}, in order to represent each [[phoneme]] by a single [[grapheme|symbol]]. Some sources mention documented use of the special symbols in Bible translations (1462), the Schaffhausen Bible, and handwritten notes in the Bible. The symbol {{angle bracket|ů}} (instead of {{angle bracket|uo}}) came later. The book ''[[Orthographia Bohemica]]'' (1406) was attributed to Hus by [[František Palacký]], but it is possible that it was compiled by another author from Charles University. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page