Haiti Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ====Post-occupation era (1934β1957)==== After US forces left in 1934, [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]] used [[Antihaitianismo|anti-Haitian]] sentiment as a nationalist tool. In an event that became known as the [[Parsley massacre|Parsley Massacre]], he ordered his army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border.<ref name="Farmer180">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Farmer|title=AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame|year=2006|publisher=California University Press|isbn=978-0-520-24839-7|pages=180β181}}</ref><ref name="wucker">{{cite web |last=Wucker |first= Michele |title=Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians and the Struggle for Hispaniola| work=Windows on Haiti |url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/wucker.html |access-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> Few bullets were used; instead, 20,000β30,000 Haitians were bludgeoned and bayoneted, then herded into the sea, where sharks finished what Trujillo had begun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Decision-making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990β1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wadg8bm9_8oC&pg=PA198|isbn=978-0-19-829483-2|last1=Malone|first1=David|year=1998| publisher=Clarendon Press }}</ref> The indiscriminate massacre occurred over a period of five days. President Vincent became increasingly dictatorial, and resigned under US pressure in 1941, being replaced by [[Γlie Lescot]] (1941β46).<ref>{{Cite web |title=amhe.org |url=https://amhe.org/journal/?page_id=2268 |access-date=24 May 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1941, during the [[Second World War]], Lescot declared war on [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (8 December), [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] (12 December), [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] (12 December), [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (24 December), [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-46)|Hungary]] (24 December) and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] (24 December).<ref>Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, ''Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991'', p. 217.</ref> Out of these six [[Axis Powers|Axis]] countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941).<ref>Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, ''Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991'', p. 218.</ref> On 27 September 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml|title=Founding Member States|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Haiti became a [[member states of the United Nations|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] (the successor to the [[Member states of the League of Nations|League of Nations]], of which Haiti was also a founding member).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm|title=League of Nations Photo Archive β First Assembly, Geneva, November 15- December 18, 1920|website=indiana.edu|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406025135/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&pg=PA255|title=Historical Dictionary of Haiti |editor=Hall, Michael R. |page=255 |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8108-7810-5|publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with [[Dumarsais EstimΓ©]] later becoming the new president (1946β50).<ref name="Encylopedia Britannica - Haiti"/> He sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians; however, as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by [[Paul Magloire]], who replaced him as president (1950β56).<ref name="Encylopedia Britannica - Haiti"/><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e6AyDQAAQBAJ|title=Haiti|editor=Clammer, Paul|page=16|year=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841629230|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> Firmly anti-Communist, he was supported by the United States; with greater political stability tourists started to visit Haiti.<ref name="guardiantourism">{{cite news |title=Tourism can help Haiti return to its halcyon days|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/26/haiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment |work=guardian.co.uk |access-date=26 July 2013 |location=London |first=Prospery |last=Raymond |date=26 July 2013}}</ref> The waterfront area of [[Port-au-Prince]] was redeveloped to allow cruise ship passengers to walk to cultural attractions. 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