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Do not fill this in! ==Later life== In October 1994, Tutu announced his intention of retiring as archbishop in 1996.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=144}} Although retired archbishops normally return to the position of bishop, the other bishops gave him a new title: "archbishop emeritus".{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} A farewell ceremony was held at St George's Cathedral in June 1996, attended by senior politicians like Mandela and de Klerk.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} There, Mandela awarded Tutu the [[Order for Meritorious Service]], South Africa's highest honour.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=145}} Tutu was succeeded as archbishop by [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In January 1997, Tutu was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] and travelled abroad for treatment.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=153|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=370}} He publicly revealed his diagnosis, hoping to encourage other men to go for prostate exams.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=153}} He faced recurrences of the disease in 1999 and 2006.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=370}} Back in South Africa, he divided his time between homes in Soweto's Orlando West and Cape Town's [[Milnerton]] area.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In 2000, he opened an office in Cape Town.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In June 2000, the Cape Town-based Desmond Tutu Peace Centre was launched, which in 2003 launched an Emerging Leadership Program.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} Conscious that his presence in South Africa might overshadow Ndungane, Tutu agreed to a two-year [[visiting professorship]] at [[Emory University]] in Atlanta, Georgia.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} This took place between 1998 and 2000, and during the period he wrote a book about the TRC, ''No Future Without Forgiveness''.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=162}} In early 2002 he taught at the Episcopal Divinity School in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} From January to May 2003 he taught at the [[University of North Carolina]].{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} In January 2004, he was visiting professor of postconflict societies at King's College London, his ''alma mater''.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=163}} While in the United States, he signed up with a speakers' agency and travelled widely on speaking engagements; this gave him financial independence in a way that his clerical pension would not.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=371}} In his speeches, he focused on South Africa's transition from apartheid to universal suffrage, presenting it as a model for other troubled nations to adopt.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=161}} In the United States, he thanked anti-apartheid activists for campaigning for sanctions, also calling for United States companies to now invest in South Africa.{{sfn|Gish|2004|pp=161–162}} ===Truth and Reconciliation Commission: 1996–1998=== [[File:Desmond Tutu 1997.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[Embassy of South Africa, Washington, D.C.]], in September 1997]] Tutu popularised the term "[[Rainbow Nation]]" as a metaphor for [[post-apartheid South Africa]] after 1994 under ANC rule.{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=520}} He had first used the metaphor in 1989 when he described a multi-racial protest crowd as the "rainbow people of God".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=391}} Tutu advocated what liberation theologians call "critical solidarity", offering support for pro-democracy forces while reserving the right to criticise his allies.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=315}} He criticised Mandela on several points, such as his tendency to wear brightly coloured [[Madiba shirt]]s, which he regarded as inappropriate;{{clarify|date= January 2022}} Mandela offered the tongue-in-cheek response that it was ironic coming from a man who wore dresses.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=345}} More serious was Tutu's criticism of Mandela's retention of South Africa's apartheid-era armaments industry and the significant pay packet that newly elected members of parliament adopted.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=143–144|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=345|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=517}} Mandela hit back, calling Tutu a "populist" and stating that he should have raised these issues privately rather than publicly.{{sfnm|1a1=Allen|1y=2006|1p=345|2a1=Sampson|2y=2011|2p=517}} A key question facing the post-apartheid government was how they would respond to the various human rights abuses that had been committed over the previous decades by both the state and by anti-apartheid activists. The National Party had wanted a comprehensive amnesty package whereas the ANC wanted trials of former state figures.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=343–344}} [[Alex Boraine]] helped Mandela's government to draw up legislation for the establishment of a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC), which was passed by parliament in July 1995.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=344–345}} Nuttall suggested that Tutu become one of the TRC's seventeen commissioners, while in September a synod of bishops formally nominated him.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=147|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=345}} Tutu proposed that the TRC adopt a threefold approach: the first being confession, with those responsible for human rights abuses fully disclosing their activities, the second being forgiveness in the form of a legal amnesty from prosecution, and the third being restitution, with the perpetrators making amends to their victims.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=344}} Mandela named Tutu as the chair of the TRC, with Boraine as his deputy.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1pp=147, 148|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=345–346|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3p=529}} The commission was a significant undertaking, employing over 300 staff, divided into three committees, and holding as many as four hearings simultaneously.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=346}} In the TRC, Tutu advocated "restorative justice", something which he considered characteristic of traditional African jurisprudence "in the spirit of ''ubuntu''".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=347}} As head of the commission, Tutu had to deal with its various inter-personal problems, with much suspicion between those on its board who had been anti-apartheid activists and those who had supported the apartheid system.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=349}} He acknowledged that "we really were like a bunch of prima donnas, frequently hypersensitive, often taking umbrage easily at real or imagined slights."{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}} Tutu opened meetings with prayers and often referred to Christian teachings when discussing the TRC's work, frustrating some who saw him as incorporating too many religious elements into an expressly secular body.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}} The first hearing took place in April 1996.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=150}} The hearings were publicly televised and had a considerable impact on South African society.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=350}} He had very little control over the committee responsible for granting amnesty, instead chairing the committee which heard accounts of human rights abuses perpetrated by both anti-apartheid and apartheid figures.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=348}} While listening to the testimony of victims, Tutu was sometimes overwhelmed by emotion and cried during the hearings.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=352}} He singled out those victims who expressed forgiveness towards those who had harmed them and used these individuals as his leitmotif.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=351}} The ANC's image was tarnished by the revelations that some of its activists had engaged in torture, attacks on civilians, and other human rights abuses. It sought to suppress part of the final TRC report, infuriating Tutu.{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=157|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=366–367|3a1=Sampson|3y=2011|3pp=531–532}} He warned of the ANC's "abuse of power", stating that "yesterday's oppressed can quite easily become today's oppressors... We've seen it happen all over the world and we shouldn't be surprised if it happens here."{{sfn|Sampson|2011|p=532}} Tutu presented the five-volume TRC report to Mandela in a public ceremony in [[Pretoria]] in October 1998.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=157}} Ultimately, Tutu was pleased with the TRC's achievement, believing that it would aid long-term reconciliation, although he recognised its short-comings.{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=158}} ===Social and international issues: 1999–2009=== {{Quote box | quote = I would refuse to go to a homophobic heaven. No, I would say sorry, I mean I would much rather go to the other place. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. For me, it is at the same level. | source=— Tutu in 2013<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308025146/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> | align = right | width = 25em }} Post-apartheid, Tutu's status as a [[gay rights]] activist kept him in the public eye more than any other [[Anglican views of homosexuality|issue facing the Anglican Church]];{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} his views on the issue became well known through his speeches and sermons.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=373}} Tutu equated discrimination against homosexuals with discrimination against black people and women.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=372}} After the 1998 Lambeth Conference of bishops reaffirmed the church's opposition to same-sex sexual acts, Tutu stated that he was "ashamed to be an Anglican."{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=372–373}} He thought Archbishop of Canterbury [[Rowan Williams]] was too accommodating towards Anglican conservatives who wanted to eject North American Anglican churches from the [[Anglican Communion]] after they expressed a pro-gay rights stance.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=373–374}} In 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality, declaring: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."<ref>{{cite news |date=18 November 2007 |title=Desmond Tutu chides Church for gay stance |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102004948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> [[File:Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets an HIV test on The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit that brings healthcare right to your doorstep.jpg|thumb|left|Tutu gets an HIV test on the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit]] Tutu also spoke out on the need to combat the [[HIV/AIDS]] pandemic, in June 2003 stating that "Apartheid tried to destroy our people and apartheid failed. If we don't act against HIV-AIDS, it may succeed, for it is already decimating our population."{{sfn|Gish|2004|p=166}} On the April 2005 election of [[Pope Benedict XVI]]—who was known for his conservative views on issues of gender and sexuality—Tutu described it as unfortunate that the [[Roman Catholic Church]] was now unlikely to change either its opposition to the use of [[condoms]] "amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS" or its opposition to the ordination of women priests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2005 |title=Africans hail conservative Pope |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=26 May 2006 |website=BBC News}}</ref> To help combat child trafficking, in 2006 Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by the aid organisation [[Plan (aid organisation)|Plan]], to ensure that all children are registered at birth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2005 |title=Tutu calls for child registration |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4289393.stm |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007233951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4289393.stm |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> Tutu retained his interest in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and after the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]] was invited to [[Tel Aviv]] to attend the [[Peres Center for Peace]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} He became increasingly frustrated following the collapse of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]],{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} and in 2002 gave a widely publicised speech denouncing Israeli policy regarding the Palestinians and calling for sanctions against Israel.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} Comparing the Israeli-Palestinian situation with that in South Africa, he said that "one reason we succeeded in South Africa that is missing in the Middle East is quality of leadership – leaders willing to make unpopular compromises, to go against their own constituencies, because they have the wisdom to see that would ultimately make peace possible."{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to [[Beit Hanoun]] in the Gaza Strip to investigate the [[Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident|November 2006 incident]] in which soldiers from the [[Israel Defense Forces]] killed 19 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob Slosberg |date=29 November 2006 |title=Tutu to head UN rights mission to Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Tutu-to-head-UN-rights-mission-to-Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215130/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Tutu-to-head-UN-rights-mission-to-Gaza |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2006 |title=Israel 'blocks Tutu Gaza mission' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6168309.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117025239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6168309.stm |archive-date=17 January 2007 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> [[File:The Elders (7492963126).jpg|thumb|right|Tutu with former Irish president [[Mary Robinson]], British foreign secretary [[William Hague]], and former US president Jimmy Carter in 2012]] In 2003, Tutu was the scholar in residence at the [[University of North Florida]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=388}} It was there, in February, that he broke his normal rule on not joining protests outside South Africa by taking part in a New York City demonstration against plans for the United States to launch the [[Iraq War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gish|1y=2004|1p=164|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2pp=388–389}} He telephoned [[Condoleezza Rice]] urging the United States government not to go to war without a resolution from the [[United Nations Security Council]].{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=389}} Tutu questioned why Iraq was being singled out for allegedly possessing [[weapons of mass destruction]] when Europe, India, and Pakistan also had many such devices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2003 |title=Tutu condemns Blair's Iraq stance |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2628607.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604020148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2628607.stm |archive-date=4 June 2006 |access-date=23 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 2004, he appeared in ''[[Honor Bound to Defend Freedom]]'', an [[Off Broadway]] play in New York City critical of the American detention of prisoners at [[Guantánamo Bay, Cuba|Guantánamo Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremy Cooke |date=2 October 2004 |title=Tutu in anti-Guantanamo theatre |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3709288.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525193742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3709288.stm |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=23 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In January 2005, he added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Guantánamo's [[Camp X-Ray]], stating that these detentions without trial were "utterly unacceptable" and comparable to the apartheid-era detentions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2005 |title=Tutu calls for Guantanamo release |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4167369.stm |access-date=22 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> He also criticised the UK's introduction of measures to detain terrorist subjects for 28 days without trial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title=Tutu calls for Guantanamo closure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4723512.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222190031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4723512.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009 |access-date=22 January 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 2012, he called for US President [[George W. Bush]] and British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] to be tried by the [[International Criminal Court]] for initiating the Iraq War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2012 |title=Desmond Tutu calls for Blair and Bush to be tried over Iraq |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19454562 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102133206/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19454562 |archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> In 2004, he gave the inaugural lecture at the Church of Christ the King, where he commended the achievements made in South Africa over the previous decade although warned of widening wealth disparity among its population.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} He questioned the government's spending on armaments, its policy regarding [[Robert Mugabe]]'s government in Zimbabwe, and the manner in which [[Nguni languages|Nguni-speakers]] dominated senior positions, stating that this latter issue would stoke ethnic tensions.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} He made the same points three months later when giving the annual Nelson Mandela Lecture in Johannesburg.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=392}} There, he charged the ANC under [[Thabo Mbeki]]'s leadership of demanding "sycophantic, obsequious conformity" among its members.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Tutu and Mbeki had long had a strained relationship; Mbeki had accused Tutu of criminalising the ANC's military struggle against apartheid through the TRC, while Tutu disliked Mbeki's active neglect of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Like Mandela before him, Mbeki accused Tutu of being a populist, further claiming that the cleric had no understanding of the ANC's inner workings.{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=393}} Tutu later criticised ANC leader and South African President [[Jacob Zuma]]. In 2006, he criticised Zuma's "moral failings" as a result of accusations of rape and corruption that he was facing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2006 |title=S Africa is losing its way – Tutu |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308122917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm |archive-date=8 March 2008}}</ref> In 2007, he again criticised South Africa's policy of "quiet diplomacy" toward Mugabe's government, calling for the [[Southern Africa Development Community]] to chair talks between Mugabe's [[ZANU-PF]] and the opposition [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai|Movement for Democratic Change]], to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thornycroft |first1=Peta |last2=Berger |first2=Sebastien |date=19 September 2007 |title=Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtutu119.xml |url-status=dead |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117030314/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtutu119.xml |archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> In 2008, he called for a [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN Peacekeeping]] force to be sent to Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2008 |title=Tutu urges Zimbabwe intervention |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224125214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> [[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|Tutu with the Dalai Lama, both Nobel Peace Prize laureates, in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, in 2004]] Before the [[31st G8 summit]] at [[Gleneagles (Scotland)|Gleneagles, Scotland]], in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries and to end expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2005 |title=Archbishop Tutu calls for G8 help |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230062048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm |archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> In July 2007, Tutu was declared Chair of [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], a group of world leaders put together to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership, and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2007 |title=Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders |url=http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064243/http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tutu served in this capacity until May 2013. Upon stepping down and becoming an Honorary Elder, he said: "As Elders we should always oppose presidents for Life. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders |url=http://www.theelders.org/article/kofi-annan-appointed-chair-elders |access-date=23 May 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org}}</ref> Tutu led The Elders' visit to Sudan in October 2007 – their first mission after the group was founded – to foster peace in the [[Darfur crisis]]. "Our hope is that we can keep [[Darfur]] in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region", said Tutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2007 |title=Tutu denounces rights abuses |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Tutu-denounces-rights-abuses-20071210 |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=News24}}</ref> He has also travelled with Elders delegations to Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Tutu |url=http://www.theelders.org/desmond-tutu |access-date=7 March 2013 |publisher=TheElders.org}}</ref> Tutu's [[Nobel Prize medal]] was stolen in June 2007 from his home in Johannesburg, but was recovered a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/police-return-tutus-stolen-nobel-medal-20070617-iv3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726121156/https://www.smh.com.au/world/police-return-tutus-stolen-nobel-medal-20070617-iv3.html|title=Police return Tutu's stolen Nobel medal|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=26 July 2023|access-date=26 July 2023|date=17 June 2007}}</ref> During the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]], Tutu marched in a pro-Tibet demonstration in San Francisco; there, he called on heads of states to boycott the [[2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] in Beijing "for the sake of the beautiful people of [[Tibet]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2008 |title=San Francisco set for torch relay |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7337925.stm |access-date=9 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413062507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7337925.stm |archive-date=13 April 2008}}</ref> Tutu invited the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] leader, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], to attend his 80th birthday in October 2011, although the South African government did not grant him entry; observers suggested that they had not given permission so as not to offend the People's Republic of China, a major trading partner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=David Smith |date=4 October 2011 |title=Dalai Lama forced to pull out of Desmond Tutu birthday in visa dispute |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/04/dalai-lama-desmond-tutu-visa |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216155551/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/04/dalai-lama-desmond-tutu-visa |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> In 2009, Tutu assisted in the establishing of the Solomon Islands' [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Solomon Islands)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], modelled after the South African body of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rowan Callick |date=29 April 2009 |title=Solomon Islands gets Desmond Tutu truth help |work=The Australian |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/solomons-gets-tutu-truth-help/news-story/dde524403c1c627316739af4ddc6cf5c?sv=ec104d5ddd5ae12fbf3d2037b102a22f |access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> He also attended the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Copenhagen,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2009 |title=International day of demonstrations on climate change |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013237/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=10 June 2018 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> and later publicly called for [[fossil fuel divestment]], comparing it to disinvestment from apartheid-era South Africa.<ref name="We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet">{{Cite news |last=Desmond Tutu |title=We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |access-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307184343/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Tutu appeared as a guest on the American talk show ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]'' on March 4, 2009, an episode that earned the program a [[Peabody Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson: An Evening with Archbishop Desmond Tutu |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-late-late-show-with-craig-ferguson-an-evening-with-archbishop-desmond-t/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=PeabodyAwards.com}}</ref> ===Retirement from public life: 2010–2021=== [[File:TutuCOP17.JPG|thumb|Tutu at the [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP17]] "We Have Faith: Act Now for [[Climate Justice]] Rally" in Durban, November 2011]] In October 2010, Tutu announced his retirement from public life so that he could spend more time "at home with my family – reading and writing and praying and thinking".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2010 |title=South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html#fbid=ZeXEgKJ1qcV |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831090429/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html |archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> In 2013, he declared that he would no longer vote for the ANC, stating that it had done a poor job in countering inequality, violence, and corruption;<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2013 |title=South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916 |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203011352/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916 |archive-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> he welcomed the launch of a new party, [[Agang South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Natasha |last=Marrian |date=21 June 2013 |title=Tutu endorses Ramphele's Agang SA |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2013-06-21-tutu-endorses-rampheles-agang-sa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204614/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2013-06-21-tutu-endorses-rampheles-agang-sa/ |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Business Day|location=South Africa}}</ref> After Mandela's death in December, Tutu initially stated that he had not been invited to the funeral; after the government denied this, Tutu announced his attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2013 |title=Desmond Tutu changes mind, going to Mandela funeral |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118171239/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2014 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> He criticised the memorials held for Mandela, stating that they gave too much prominence to the ANC and marginalised [[Afrikaners]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Chothia |last=Farouk |date=17 December 2013 |title=Archbishop Tutu: Nelson Mandela services excluded Afrikaners |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517225759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501 |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Tutu maintained an interest in social issues. In 2011, he called on the Anglican Church of Southern Africa to conduct [[same-sex marriages]];<ref>{{Cite web |first=Desmond |last=Tutu |date=11 June 2011 |title=All Are God's Children: On Including Gays and Lesbians in the Church and Society |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/religion-homosexuality_b_874804.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803215812/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/religion-homosexuality_b_874804.html |archive-date=3 August 2017 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> in 2015 he gave a blessing at his daughter Mpho's marriage to a woman in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aislinn|last= Laing |date=23 May 2016 |title=Desmond Tutu's reverend daughter marries a woman and loses church licence |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/23/desmond-tutus-reverend-daughter-marries-a-woman-and-loses-church/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226044532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/23/desmond-tutus-reverend-daughter-marries-a-woman-and-loses-church/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> In 2014, he came out in support of legalised [[Voluntary euthanasia|assisted dying]],<ref name="Tutu 2014">{{Cite web |first=Desmond |last=Tutu |date=12 July 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu: A dignified death is our right – I am in favour of assisted dying |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/12/desmond-tutu-in-favour-of-assisted-dying |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105002459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/12/desmond-tutu-in-favour-of-assisted-dying |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Miranda |last=Prynne |date=13 July 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu: I support assisted dying |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10964306/Desmond-Tutu-I-support-assisted-dying.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328232607/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10964306/Desmond-Tutu-I-support-assisted-dying.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> revealing that he wanted that option open to him.<ref name="BBC News assisted dying 2016">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2016 |title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu 'wants right to assisted death' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37587290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210154435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37587290 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Tutu continued commenting on international affairs. In November 2012, he published a letter of support for the imprisoned US military whistleblower [[Chelsea Manning]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |first=Desmond|last=Tutu|author2=Mairead Maguire|author3=Adolfo Pérez Esquivel|title=Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley [sic] Manning |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/171272/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408113505/https://www.thenation.com/article/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=The Nation}}</ref> In May 2014, Tutu visited [[Fort McMurray]], in the heart of Canada's [[oil sands]], condemning the "negligence and greed" of oil extraction.<ref name="oilsands1">{{Cite news |date=31 May 2014 |title=Desmond Tutu calls oilsands 'filth,' urges cooperation on environment |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/desmond-tutu-calls-oilsands-filth-urges-cooperation-on-environment-1.2660804 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> A month earlier he had called for "an [[Fossil fuel divestment|apartheid-style boycott]] [of corporations financing the [[Climate justice|injustice of climate change]]] to save the planet".<ref name="oil2">{{Cite news |last=Tutu |first=Desmond |date=10 April 2014 |title=We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/10/divest-fossil-fuels-climate-change-keystone-xl |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> In August 2017, Tutu was among ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates who urged Saudi Arabia to stop the execution of 14 participants of the [[2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2017 |title=Nobel laureates urge Saudi king to halt 14 executions |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/nobel-laureates-urge-saudi-king-to-halt-14-executions |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> In September, Tutu asked Myanmar's leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] to halt the [[Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016–present)|army's persecution of the country's Muslim Rohingya minority]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Naaman |last=Zhou |author2=Michael Safi |date=8 September 2017 |title=Desmond Tutu condemns Aung San Suu Kyi: 'Silence is too high a price' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/08/desmond-tutu-condemns-aung-san-suu-kyi-price-of-your-silence-is-too-steep |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302134807/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/08/desmond-tutu-condemns-aung-san-suu-kyi-price-of-your-silence-is-too-steep |archive-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> In December 2017, he was among those to condemn US President [[Donald Trump]]'s decision to [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|officially recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Paula |last=Slier |date=7 December 2017 |title=God is Weeping Over Inflammatory Recognition of Jerusalem as Israel Capital |work=Eyewitness News |url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/07/god-is-weeping-over-inflammatory-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208105224/http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/07/god-is-weeping-over-inflammatory-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Tutu's last prominent public statement on world affairs was an op-ed published in the UK ''Guardian'' on 30 December 2020, in which he called for incoming U.S. President Joe Biden to declare Israel had nuclear weapons and to eliminate all financial aid to the country (he believed that doing so would lead to the fall of Israel's "apartheid" system because it would remove alleged Israeli deterrence over the Arabs and force a "peace agreement").<ref>{{cite news| last = Tutu| first = Desmond| date = 31 December 2020| title = Joe Biden should end the US pretence over Israel's 'secret' nuclear weapons| newspaper = The Guardian | page =| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/31/joe-biden-us-pretence-israel-nuclear-weapons| access-date = 16 September 2023| quote =}}</ref> ====Death==== Tutu died from cancer at the Oasis Frail Care Centre in [[Cape Town]] on 26 December 2021, aged 90.<ref>{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=26 December 2021 |title=Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/desmond-tutu-dead.html |url-access=limited |access-date=26 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2021 |title=South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies aged 90 |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-africas-desmond-tutu-dies-aged-90/article38041030.ece |access-date=26 December 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> South African president [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] described Tutu's death as "another chapter of bereavement in our nation's farewell to a generation of outstanding South Africans who have bequeathed us a liberated South Africa."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on the passing of Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-passing-archbishop-emeritus-desmond-mpilo-tutu|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=The Presidency Republic Of South Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226072430/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-passing-archbishop-emeritus-desmond-mpilo-tutu |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref> Tutu's body [[lying in state|lay in state]] for two days before the funeral.<ref>{{cite web|last=Agence France-Presse|date=28 December 2021|title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu to lie in state in Cape Town for two days|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/28/archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-lie-in-state-in-cape-town-for-two-days|access-date=30 December 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> For several days before the funeral the cathedral rang its bells for 10 minutes each day at noon and national landmarks, including [[Table Mountain]], were illuminated in purple in Tutu's honour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mji|first1=Zanele|last2=Chutel|first2=Lynsey|date=27 December 2021|title=South Africa Begins a Week of Mourning for Desmond Tutu|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/world/africa/desmond-tutu-mourning.html|access-date=30 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A [[Funeral Mass]] was held for Tutu at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town on 1 January 2022.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59843925 South Africa holds state funeral for Archbishop Desmond Tutu]. BBC News, 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/01/funeral-of-desmond-tutu-takes-place-in-cape-town |title=Desmond Tutu laid to rest at state funeral in Cape Town|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Jason |last=Burke|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] gave a eulogy, and [[Michael Nuttall]], the former [[Diocese of Natal|bishop of Natal]], delivered the sermon. Attendance at the funeral was limited to 100 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions. During the funeral, Tutu's body lay in a "plain pine coffin, the cheapest available at his request to avoid any ostentatious displays".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-religion-cape-town-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-dbff09f744f1c5c63e43b65617e8ed4a|title = 'Moral compass': Requiem for South Africa's Archbishop Tutu|work = [[AP News]]|first=Andrew|last=Meldrum|date =1 January 2022|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> Following the funeral, Tutu's remains were to be [[Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)|aquamated]]; his ashes are interred in St. George's Cathedral.<ref name="BBC funeral">{{cite web| title= Desmond Tutu: Body of South African hero to be aquamated | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59842728 | date= 31 December 2021| work= [[BBC News]]| accessdate= 1 January 2022 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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