Puerto Rico Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===={{lang|es|Estado Libre Asociado}}==== <!---probably duplicates below. needs editing---> In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] via a referendum; voters could either accept or reject a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a "commonwealth" under continued U.S. sovereignty. The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was approved by the constitutional convention on 6 February 1952, and by 82% of voters in a March referendum. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on 3 July of that year, and proclaimed by Governor Muñoz Marín on 25 July 1952—the anniversary of the landing of U.S. troops in the [[Puerto Rican Campaign]] of the [[Spanish–American War]], until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday. Puerto Rico adopted the name of {{lang|es|[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]}} (literally 'Associated Free State of Puerto Rico'<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DcMh3sI0daAC&pg=PA56 ''Responses from Hon. Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061748/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcMh3sI0daAC&pg=PA56 |date=5 April 2023 }} Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. United States Senate. One Hundredth Ninth Congress. Second Session. U.S. Senate 109–796. 15 November 2006. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 56.) Retrieved 13 December 2012.</ref>), officially translated into English as [[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]], for its [[body politic]].{{efn|However, as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book "Party Politics in Puerto Rico" (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1965.), "No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth. It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term "commonwealth" and the Spanish version, Estado Libre Asociado (literally, free associated state). The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice."}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |archive-date=14 November 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=Lexjuris.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation) |url=http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=ToPuertoRico.org |archive-date=25 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125081800/http://www.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Congress would continue governing fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican society, including citizenship, currency, the postal service, [[foreign policy]], military defense, commerce and finance, and other matters.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Levinson |first1=Sanford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&pg=PA166 |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898 |location=Lanham |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=166–67 |last2=Sparrow |first2=Bartholomew H |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-4984-5 |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111012531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1967 Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a [[plebiscite]] act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the "none of the above" option, which was the [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Popular Democratic Party]]-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives, and Commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for "none of the above".<ref>[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf ''Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.'' Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated {{Nowrap|June 19}}, 2009. p. 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. p. 29.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928232129/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf |date=28 September 2019 }}. Retrieved 5 December 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html |title=1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=14 November 1993 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706225746/http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html |title=1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=13 December 1998 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150333/https://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!---probably duplicates the above. Needs editing---> In 1950, the U.S. Congress approved ''Public Law 600'' (P.L. 81-600), which allowed for a democratic [[referendum]] in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.<ref>Act of {{Nowrap|3 July}}, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.</ref> This Act was meant to be adopted in the "nature of a compact". It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect, and repealed certain sections of the ''Organic Act of 1917''. The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the ''Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act''.<ref name="View">{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm |title=View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government |publisher=Puertoricousa.com |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007182356/http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html |title=On The Nature of Commonwealth V |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=26 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131757/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html |url-status=live }}</ref> U.S. Secretary of the Interior [[Oscar L. Chapman]], under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner:{{Blockquote|The bill (to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government...The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States.<ref>[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030430/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html |date=14 September 2021 }}. Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by the ''Puerto Rico Herald''. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 21, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.independencia.net/ingles/let_pr_decide "Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status"] {{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Rosalinda De Jesus. ''The Morning Call''. 21 July 2002. Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref>}} {{External media | float = right | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_71hkXrTTf8 Puerto Rico], U.S. Embassy in Vienna, 24 October 2014 | video2 = View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the {{YouTube|RfOJj0nmGEU|''Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s''}} }} On 30 October 1950, Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s]]. The most notable occurred in [[Jayuya]] and [[Utuado]]. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the [[Jayuya Uprising]], the Puerto Rican governor declared [[martial law]], and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander. The [[Utuado Uprising]] culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre. Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in [[Atlanta]], for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|last=García|first=Marvin|title=Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos|url=http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224214401/http://www3.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm|archive-date=24 December 2005|access-date=28 April 2006|publisher=National-Louis University}}</ref> On 1 November 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City, [[Griselio Torresola]] and [[Oscar Collazo]], [[Truman assassination attempt|attempted to assassinate]] President [[Harry S. Truman]] at his temporary residence of [[Blair House]]. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was wounded and captured. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, but President Truman commuted his sentence to life. After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, President [[Jimmy Carter]] commuted his sentence to time served and he was released in 1979.[[File:Salaried-employees-in-puerto-rico-during-operation-bootstrap.png|thumb|Chart demonstrating how the [[economy of Puerto Rico]] shifted from [[agriculture in Puerto Rico|agriculture]] to [[manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]]. It shows how the salaried employees during Operation Bootstrap significantly increased manufacturing jobs (green line) while decreasing agricultural jobs (blue line).]] During the 1950s and 1960s, Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to {{lang|es|Operación Manos a la Obra}} ([[Operation Bootstrap]]), an offshoot of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]]. It was intended to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based to provide more jobs. Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination, as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing.<ref name="pharma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003 |title=Puerto Rico's Pharmaceutical Industry |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=18 November 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170716/http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003 |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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