Haiti Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ====Late 19th century–early 20th century==== [[File:Luders Affair, Germany, Haiti.jpg|thumb|German Captain Thiele of the ''Charlotte'' handing over the German Ultimatum on 6 December 1897 during the Lüders Affair]] The period following Soulouque's overthrow down to the turn of the century was a turbulent one for Haiti, with repeated bouts of political instability. President Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in 1867,<ref>{{cite book| first= Jan| last= Rogozinski| year= 1999| title= A Brief History of the Caribbean| edition= Revised| publisher= Facts on File, Inc.| location= New York| isbn= 0-8160-3811-2| page= [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220 220]| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220}}</ref> as was his successor, [[Sylvain Salnave]], in 1869.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite book|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI|title=[[Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors]]|last=Léger|first=Jacques Nicolas|author-link=Jacques Nicolas Léger|chapter=Chapter XVI |date=1907|publisher=[[Neale Publishing Company]]|pages=211–216}} }}</ref> Under the Presidency of [[Michel Domingue]] (1874–76) relations with the Dominican Republic were dramatically improved by the signing of a treaty, in which both parties acknowledged the independence of the other. Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the Presidencies of [[Lysius Salomon]] (1879–1888) and [[Florvil Hyppolite]] (1889–1896).<ref>''[[Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors]]'' by [[Jacques Nicolas Léger]], University of Michigan, 2006, 235–236</ref> Haiti's relations with outside powers were often strained. In 1889 the United States attempted to [[Môle Saint-Nicolas affair|force Haiti]] to permit the building of a naval base at [[Môle Saint-Nicolas]], which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite.<ref name="leger245">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite book|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XXII|title=[[Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors]]|last=Léger|first=Jacques Nicolas|author-link=Jacques Nicolas Léger|chapter=Chapter XXII |date=1907|publisher=[[Neale Publishing Company]]|location=New York; Washington|pages=245–247}} }}</ref> In 1892 the [[German Empire|German government]] supported suppression of the reform movement of [[Anténor Firmin]], and in 1897, the Germans used [[gunboat diplomacy]] to intimidate and then humiliate the Haitian government of President [[Tirésias Simon Sam]] (1896–1902) during the [[Lüders Affair]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jacques Nicolas Léger|author-link=Jacques Nicolas Léger|title=Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors|url=https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog|year=1907|publisher=[[Neale Publishing Company]]|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog/page/n271 249]}}</ref> In the first decades of the 20th century, Haiti experienced great political instability and was heavily in debt to France, Germany and the United States. A series of short lived presidencies came and went: President [[Pierre Nord Alexis]] was forced from power in 1908,<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/08/104772140.pdf "Hurry Election Of Simon In Haiti; Followers Fear Delay May Cause Disorders And Invite Intervention From United States"] ''New York Times'' 8 December 1908</ref><ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/18/105016384.pdf "Simon Elected President; Following Action by Haitian Congress, He Is Recognized By The United States"], ''The New York Times'' 18 December 1908</ref> as was his successor [[François C. Antoine Simon]] in 1911;<ref>{{cite news|title=Leconte in Haiti's Capital; Revolutionary Leader Takes Possession of National Palace|date=8 August 1911|url =https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/08/08/104873360.pdf|work =The New York Times|pages =4|access-date = 13 January 2010 }}</ref> President [[Cincinnatus Leconte]] (1911–12) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayes|first=Carlton H.|author2=Edward M. Sait|date=December 1912|title=Record of Political Events|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=27|issue=4|pages=752|doi=10.2307/2141264|jstor=2141264}}<!--|access-date=13 January 2010--></ref> [[Michel Oreste]] (1913–14) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor [[Oreste Zamor]] in 1914.<ref>Kaplan, ''U.S. Imperialism in Latin America'', p. 61.</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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