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Do not fill this in! === Cold War === {{further|Cold War|Eastern Bloc}} [[File:Communist_Block.svg|thumb|300x300px|States that had communist governments in red, states that the [[Soviet Union]] believed at one point to be [[moving toward socialism]] in orange, and [[List of socialist states#Countries with constitutional references to socialism|states with constitutional references to socialism]] in yellow]] Its leading role in World War II saw the emergence of the [[industrialized Soviet Union]] as a [[superpower]].<ref name="Program_CPSS">{{cite web |url=http://aleksandr-kommari.narod.ru/kpss_programma_1961.htm |script-title=ru:Программа коммунистической партии советского Союза |title=Programma kommunisticheskoy partii sovetskogo Soyuza |language=ru |trans-title=Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union |date=1961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120447/http://aleksandr-kommari.narod.ru/kpss_programma_1961.htm |archive-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Nossal">{{cite conference |first=Kim Richard |last=Nossal |title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era |url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm |conference=Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marxist–Leninist governments modeled on the Soviet Union took power with Soviet assistance in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], Hungary, and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]. A Marxist–Leninist government was also created under [[Josip Broz Tito]] in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]; Tito's independent policies led to the [[Tito–Stalin split]] and expulsion of Yugoslavia from the [[Cominform]] in 1948, and [[Titoism]] was branded ''[[deviationist]]''. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] also became an independent Marxist–Leninist state following the [[Albanian–Soviet split]] in 1960,{{r|Bland 1995}}{{r|Bland 1997}} resulting from an ideological fallout between [[Enver Hoxha]], a Stalinist, and the Soviet government of [[Nikita Khrushchev]], who enacted a period of [[de-Stalinization]] and re-approached diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia in 1976.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1880822 |title=Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë: [miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR) |trans-title=Constitution of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania: [approved by the People's Assembly on 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR) |language=sq |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322181503/http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1880822 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |publisher=8 Nëntori |date=4 January 1977}}</ref> The Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, established the [[People's Republic of China]], which would follow its own ideological path of development following the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Chambers Dictionary of World History |editor-first1=Bruce |editor-last1=Lenman |editor-first2=Trevor |editor-last2=Anderson |editor-first3=Hilary |editor-last3=Marsden |publisher=[[Chambers (publisher)|Chambers]] |location=Edinburgh |year=2000 |page=769 |isbn=9780550100948}}</ref> Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to Western capitalism for most of the 20th century.<ref name="Georgakas1992">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Dan Georgakas |last=Georgakas |first=Dan |date=1992 |chapter=The Hollywood Blacklist |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the American Left |edition=paperback |location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=9780252062506}}</ref> In Western Europe, communist parties were part of several post-war governments, and even when the Cold War forced many of those countries to remove them from government, such as in Italy, they remained part of the [[liberal-democratic]] process.<ref name="Kindersley"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lazar |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Lazar |encyclopedia=[[International Encyclopedia of Political Science]] |title=Communism |pages=310–314 (312) |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |volume=2 |date=2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |doi=10.4135/9781412994163 |isbn=9781412959636}}</ref> There were also many developments in libertarian Marxism, especially during the 1960s with the [[New Left]].<ref>{{harvp|Wright|1960}}; {{harvp|Geary|2009|p=1}}; {{harvp|Kaufman|2003}}; {{harvp|Gitlin|2001|pp=3–26}}; {{harvp|Farred|2000|pp=627–648}}</ref> By the 1960s and 1970s, many Western communist parties had criticized many of the actions of communist states, distanced from them, and developed a [[democratic road to socialism]], which became known as [[Eurocommunism]].<ref name="Kindersley">{{cite book |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Kindersley |title=In Search of Eurocommunism |publisher=[[Macmillan Press]] |date=1981 |isbn=978-1-349-16581-0 |url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781349165810}}</ref> This development was criticized by more orthodox supporters of the Soviet Union as amounting to [[social democracy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deutscher |first=Tamara |date=January–February 1983 |url=http://newleftreview.org/I/137/tamara-deutscher-e-h-carr-a-personal-memoir |title=E. H. Carr—A Personal Memoir |journal=[[New Left Review]] |volume=I |issue=137 |pages=78–86 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Since 1957, [[Communism in Kerala|communists have been frequently voted into power]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jaffe |first1=Greg |last2=Doshi |first2=Vidhi |date=1 June 2018 |title=One of the few places where a communist can still dream |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |access-date=10 August 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 1959, [[Cuban Revolution|Cuban communist revolutionaries]] overthrew Cuba's previous government under the dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. The leader of the Cuban Revolution, [[Fidel Castro]], ruled Cuba from 1959 until 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Cuban Revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-Revolution |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page