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Do not fill this in! == History == {{For timeline}} === 2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction === [[File:Twttr sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|A sketch, {{circa}} 2006, by [[Jack Dorsey]], envisioning an [[SMS]]-based [[social network]]]] "Twitter all began with status-sharing service [[TXTMob|TXTmob]]," explains an article on [[TNW (website)|TNW]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=October 16, 2013 |title=The Idea for Twitter Came Directly from Status-Sharing Service TXTmob |url=https://thenextweb.com/news/twitter-first-created-adapting-status-sharing-service-txtmob-mainstream-use |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=TNW |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203050408/https://thenextweb.com/news/twitter-first-created-adapting-status-sharing-service-txtmob-mainstream-use |url-status=live }}</ref> Tad Hirsch, a student and activist associated with the [[Ruckus Society]], the [[Institute for Applied Autonomy]], and later the [[MIT Media Lab]], built the basic first application to help activists organize protests at the [[2004 Republican National Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=di Justo |first=Patrick |date=September 9, 2004 |title=Protests Powered by Cellphone |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/09/technology/circuits/protests-powered-by-cellphone.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011511/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/09/technology/circuits/09mobb.html |archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Freitas |first=Nathan |date=April 23, 2010 |title=Nathan Freitas Responds To Douglas Rushkoff {{!}} Digital Nation {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/forum/2010/04/nathan-freitas-responds-to-douglas-rushkoff-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423151832/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/forum/2010/04/nathan-freitas-responds-to-douglas-rushkoff-1.html |archive-date=April 23, 2010 |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Tad |date=October 16, 2013 |title=TXTmob and Twitter: A Reply to Nick Bilton |url=http://publicpractice.org/wp/?p=779 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016142818/http://publicpractice.org/wp/?p=779 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |website=Public Practice Studio}}</ref> Inspired by TXTmob and other SMS sharing applications of the day, members of the [[podcast]]ing company [[Odeo]] had an "all-day brainstorming session" to decide on building a new application. [[Jack Dorsey]], then an undergraduate student, claims to have introduced the group to the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.<ref>{{registration required|date=February 2011}} {{cite news|author=Miller, Claire Cain|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101065448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself|date=October 30, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> The original [[project code name]] for the service was ''twttr'', an idea that Williams later ascribed to [[Noah Glass (Twitter)|Noah Glass]],<ref>{{cite tweet|number=58275072011542529|user=ev|author=Ev|title=It's true that @Noah never got enough credit for his early role at Twitter. Also, he came up with the name, which was brilliant. |access-date=April 26, 2011|date=April 13, 2011}}</ref> inspired by [[Flickr]] and the five-character length of American SMS [[short code]]s. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to ''Twitter''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buy a vowel? How Twttr became Twitter|url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/|website=[[CNN Money]]|access-date=June 9, 2015|date=November 23, 2010|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150243/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1011/gallery.Startup_Domain_Names/|url-status=live}}</ref> The developers initially considered "10958" as the service's [[short code]] for [[SMS]] text messaging, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".<ref name="HowTwitterWasBorn">{{cite web |url=http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/ |title=How Twitter Was Born |work=140 Characters: A Style Guide for the Short Form |date=January 30, 2009 |first=Dom |last=Sagolla |access-date=February 4, 2011 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508105855/http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Work on the project started in February 2006.<ref name="Carlson-2011" /> Dorsey published the first Twitter message on March 21, 2006, at 12:50 p.m. [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] ([[UTC−08:00]]): "just setting up my twttr".<ref name="Dorsey2006">{{cite tweet|number=20|user=jack|author=jack|title=just setting up my twttr |access-date=February 4, 2011 |date=March 21, 2006 }}</ref> Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html|title=Twitter Creator Jack Dorsey Illuminates the Site's Founding Document|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 18, 2009|first=David|last=Sano|access-date=June 18, 2009|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183919/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <blockquote> ...we came across the word "twitter", and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information", and "chirps from birds". And that's exactly what the product was. </blockquote> The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees.<ref name="Carlson-2011">{{cite web |first=Nicholas |last=Carlson |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |title=How Twitter Was Founded |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=September 4, 2013 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714111059/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-twitter-was-founded-2011-4?op=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<ref name="launch">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Arrington |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |title=Odeo Releases Twttr |work=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 15, 2006 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |author-link=Michael Arrington |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501035557/https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Om | last=Malik | title=Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp | date=October 25, 2006 | url=http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ | work=[[GigaOM]] | access-date=June 20, 2009 | archive-date=May 2, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183300/https://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<ref>{{cite news|author=Madrigal, Alexis|title=Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/|date=April 14, 2011|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=April 26, 2011|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523231319/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/|url-status=live}}</ref> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |title=A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey |access-date=February 12, 2009 |last=Lennon |first=Andrew |work=[[The Daily Anchor]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ |archive-date=July 27, 2009 }}</ref> Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:<ref name="Inc">{{cite web|title=Ev Williams on Twitter's Early Years|url=http://www.inc.com/issie-lapowsky/ev-williams-twitter-early-years.html?cid=em01011week40day04b|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|access-date=October 5, 2013|first=Issie|last=Lapowsky|date=October 4, 2013|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410151700/https://www.inc.com/issie-lapowsky/ev-williams-twitter-early-years.html?cid=em01011week40day04b|url-status=live}}</ref> <blockquote> With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it [[microblogging]], but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network. </blockquote> === 2007–2010 === The [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 [[South by Southwest Interactive]] (SXSWi) conference. During the event, [[Twitter usage]] increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<ref>{{cite web |first=Courtney Boyd |last=Meyers |title=5 years ago today Twitter launched to the public |url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |website=The Next Web |date=July 15, 2011 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150843/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2011/07/15/5-years-ago-today-twitter-launched-to-the-public/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked ''[[Newsweek]]''{{'}}s [[Steven Levy]]. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."<ref>{{Cite news |author=Levy, Steven |title=Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing? |date=April 30, 2007 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=February 4, 2011 |author-link=Steven Levy |archive-date=April 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412120320/http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reaction at the conference was highly positive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html |title=To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW? |access-date=February 4, 2011 |first=Daniel |last=Terdiman |author-link=Daniel Terdiman |date=March 10, 2007 |work=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203224143/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"<ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 7, 2008 |url=http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html |title=We Won! |work=Twitter Blog |publisher=Twitter |date=February 4, 2011 |first=Biz |last=Stone |author-link=Biz Stone |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224170623/http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The company experienced rapid initial growth. In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" [[Webby Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=13th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award Winners |url=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/#twitter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220215629/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/ |archive-date=February 20, 2011 |access-date=February 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Webby Award|The Webby Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Jimmy Fallon Wins Top Webby: And the Winners Are... |work=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/jimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html |access-date=February 22, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225144911/https://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/Jimmy_Fallon_Wins_Top_Webby_And_the_Winners_Are.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 29, 2009, Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the [[Global Language Monitor]], declaring it "a new form of social interaction".<ref>{{cite web |date=November 29, 2009 |title=Top Word of 2009: Twitter |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/top-words/top-word-of-2009-twitter/ |access-date=July 28, 2014 |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |archive-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514004554/http://www.languagemonitor.com/top-words/top-word-of-2009-twitter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2010, Twitter users were sending {{Nowrap|50 million}} tweets per day.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | title=Twitter Users Send 50 Million Tweets Per Day – Almost 600 Tweets Are Sent Every Second Through the Microblogging Site, According to Its Own Metrics | first=Claudine | last=Beaumont | date=February 23, 2010|access-date=February 7, 2011 | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created|work=[[New Statesman]]|title=Twitter Registers 1,500 Per Cent Growth in Users|date=March 4, 2010|access-date=February 7, 2011|archive-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503011352/https://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2010|June}}, about {{Nowrap|65 million}} tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|author=Garrett, Sean|title=Big Goals, Big Game, Big Records|url=http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html|publisher=Twitter Blog ([[blog]] of Twitter)|access-date=February 7, 2011|date=June 18, 2010|archive-date=February 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213095055/http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2011|March}}, that was about {{Nowrap|140 million}} tweets posted daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.twitter.com/2011/03/numbers.html |title=Twitter Blog: #numbers |publisher=Blog.twitter.com |date=March 14, 2011 |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=March 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325050048/http://blog.twitter.com/2011/03/numbers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As noted on [[Compete.com]], Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking [[social networking]] site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.<ref name="Kazeniac" /> [[File:Jack Dorsey - TechCrunch Real-Time Stream Crunchup - 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Jack Dorsey]], co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, in 2009]] Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after [[Japan national football team|Japan]] scored against [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]' victory in the [[2010 NBA Finals]] on June 17, 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Miller|first=Claire Cain|title=Sports Fans Break Records on Twitter|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/|publisher=Bits ([[blog]] of [[The New York Times]])|access-date=February 7, 2011|date=June 18, 2010|archive-date=January 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112142639/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref> and then again at the close of Japan's victory over [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Van Grove, Jennifer|url=http://mashable.com/2010/06/25/tps-record/|title=Twitter Sets New Record: 3,283 Tweets Per Second|work=[[Mashable]]|access-date=February 7, 2011|date=June 25, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234753/https://mashable.com/2010/06/25/tps-record/|url-status=live}}</ref> The record was set again during the [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final]] between [[Japan women's national football team|Japan]] and the [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]], when 7,196 tweets per second were published.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/6779582/women-world-cup-final-breaks-twitter-record |title=Women's World Cup Final breaks Twitter record |publisher=[[ESPN (United States)|ESPN]] |date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200457/http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/6779582/women-world-cup-final-breaks-twitter-record |url-status=live }}</ref> When American singer [[Michael Jackson]] died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shiels |first=Maggie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm |title=Web Slows After Jackson's Death |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 26, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2011 |archive-date=October 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026163258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The current record {{As of|2013|August|3|df=US|lc=y}}, was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie ''[[Castle in the Sky]]''<ref name="Krikorian-2013" /> (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie).<ref>{{cite news |last=Kanalley |first=Craig |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/tweets-per-second-record_n_2396915.html |title=Tweets-Per-Second Record Set By Japan, Korea On New Year's Day 2013 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=January 2, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019095331/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/tweets-per-second-record_n_2396915.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the [[International Space Station]] by [[NASA]] astronaut [[Timothy Creamer|T. J. Creamer]] on January 22, 2010.<ref>[[Press release]] (January 22, 2010). [http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_M10-011_Hawaii221169.html "Media Advisory M10-012 – NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out into Space"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213014423/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_M10-011_Hawaii221169.html |date=December 13, 2010 }}. [[NASA]]. Retrieved February 5, 2011.</ref> By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 [[NASA Social|"tweetups"]], events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA. Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the [[Apple Design Award]]-winning Twitter client [[Tweetie]] for the [[Macintosh|Mac]] and [[iPhone]]. The application became the official Twitter client for the iPhone, [[iPad]] and Mac.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Miller, Claire Cain|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/|title=Twitter Acquires Atebits, Maker of Tweetie|date=April 11, 2010|access-date=February 7, 2011|publisher=Bits ([[blog]] of [[The New York Times]])|archive-date=December 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218140944/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2010–2014 === [[File:Logo of Twitter.svg|thumb|upright=.8|Logo used from 2012 to 2023]] From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including [[YouTube]] and [[Flickr]], and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. {{As of|2010|November|1|df=US}}, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/|title=Facebook was the most-downloaded app of the decade|last=Rayome|first=Alison DeNisco|website=CNET|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218120846/https://www.cnet.com/news/10-most-downloaded-apps-of-the-decade-facebook-dominated-2010-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/05/new-twitter-homepage_n_845110.html |title=Twitter Users Report Twitter.com Has A New Homepage (SCREENSHOTS) |work=The Huffington Post |date=May 4, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2011 |first=Dean |last=Praetorius |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027152858/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/05/new-twitter-homepage_n_845110.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dunn |first=John E |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/224410/twitter_delays_homepage_revamp_after_service_glitch.html |title=Twitter Delays Homepage Revamp After Service Glitch |magazine=PCWorld |date=April 6, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510080610/http://www.pcworld.com/article/224410/twitter_delays_homepage_revamp_after_service_glitch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/new-twitter-homepage-2011-04|title=New Twitter Homepage Launched|first=Chris|last=Crum|date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 25, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424083859/http://www.webpronews.com/new-twitter-homepage-2011-04|archive-date=April 24, 2011}}</ref> On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the ''Home'' tab, the ''Connect'' and ''Discover'' tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fly.twitter.com/ |title=Twitter: Yours to discover |publisher=Fly.twitter.com |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118201742/http://fly.twitter.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/twitter-2-0-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-changes |title=Twitter 2.0: Everything You Need to Know About the New Changes |work=Fox News |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044213/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/12/09/what-need-to-know-about-new-twitter/?test=faces |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and [[Yandex]] agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real-time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/twitter-yandex-idUSL5E8DK89H20120221|title=Twitter partners with Yandex for real-time search|work=Reuters|date=February 21, 2012|access-date=July 2, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162436/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/21/twitter-yandex-idUSL5E8DK89H20120221|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/|title=Twitter Says It Has 140 Million Users|date=March 21, 2012|work=Mashable|access-date=March 21, 2012|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191640/https://mashable.com/2012/03/21/twitter-has-140-million-users/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/|title=Twitter Now Has More Than 200 Million Monthly Active Users|date=December 18, 2012|work=Mashable|access-date=December 18, 2012|archive-date=July 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164943/https://mashable.com/2012/12/18/twitter-200-million-active-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.<ref>{{cite web |first=Salvador |last=Rodriguez |title=Twitter flips the bird, adopts new logo |url=https://latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062434/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-twitter-new-bird-20120606%2C0%2C2138652.story |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 6, 2012 |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Scott |last=Gilbertson |title=Twitter's New Logo Inspires Parodies, CSS Greatness |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/twitters-new-logo-inspires-parodies-css-greatness/ |magazine=Wired |date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106203523/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/twitters-new-logo-inspires-parodies-css-greatness/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million [[monthly active users]]. On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired [[Crashlytics]] in order to build out its mobile developer products.<ref name="crashlytics">{{Cite news|url=https://xconomy.com/boston/2013/02/05/twitters-boston-acquisitions-crashlytics-tops-100m-bluefin-labs-close-behind/|title=Twitter's Boston Acquisitions: Crashlytics Tops $100M, Bluefin Labs Close Behind|date=February 5, 2013|newspaper=[[Xconomy]]|access-date=November 22, 2021|last=T. Huang|first=Gregory|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427150432/https://xconomy.com/boston/2013/02/05/twitters-boston-acquisitions-crashlytics-tops-100m-bluefin-labs-close-behind/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ulanoff|first=Lance|title=Twitter Launches Twitter #music App and Service|url=http://mashable.com/2013/04/18/twitter-music-launch-2/|publisher=Mashable|access-date=April 28, 2013|work=[[Mashable]]|date=April 18, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034452/https://mashable.com/2013/04/18/twitter-music-launch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2013/08/28/twitter-acquires-real-time-social-data-company-trendrr-to-help-it-better-tap-into-tv-and-media/ | title=Twitter acquires real-time social data company Trendrr to help it better tap into TV and media | work=The Next web | date=August 28, 2013 | access-date=August 29, 2013 | archive-date=April 27, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151309/https://thenextweb.com/twitter/2013/08/28/twitter-acquires-real-time-social-data-company-trendrr-to-help-it-better-tap-into-tv-and-media/ | url-status=live }}</ref> followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/10/technology/social/twitter-acquisition/index.html | title=Twitter makes another acquisition | work=CNN Money | access-date=September 10, 2013 | first=Chris | last=Isidore | date=September 10, 2013 | archive-date=April 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424102731/https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/10/technology/social/twitter-acquisition/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2013|September|df=US}}, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Twitter files for IPO in first stage of stock market launch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/12/twitter-ipo-stock-market-launch?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=48826&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ftechnology%2f2013%2fsep%2f12%2ftwitter-ipo-stock-market-launch|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 12, 2013|first=Heidi|last=Moore|archive-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801075059/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/12/twitter-ipo-stock-market-launch?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=48826&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ftechnology%2f2013%2fsep%2f12%2ftwitter-ipo-stock-market-launch|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[Super Bowl XLVII]] on February 3, 2013, when the power went out in the [[Mercedes-Benz Superdome]], [[Mondelez International]] vice president Lisa Mann was asked to tweet "You can still dunk in the dark", referring to [[Oreo]] cookies. She approved and later told ''[[Ad Age]]'' in 2020, "Literally the world [had] changed when I woke up the next morning." This became a milestone in the development of commenting daily on culture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Q&AA: The CMO Fixer: After working for major marketers, Lisa Mann now places CMOs and other executives. She gives her take on what's ailing top brands and what companies are looking for in top execs|last=Schultz|first=E.J.|journal=[[Ad Age]]|date=October 5, 2020|page=6|volume=91|issue=19}}</ref> === 2014–2020 === In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with a profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with [[parallax scrolling]] effect.{{efn|It is not documented whether the parallax scrolling effect was added with the redesign in April 2014 or subsequently.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Twitter redesign looks a lot like Facebook |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310054451/https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5593102/twitter-web-profile-redesign |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref> That layout was used as the main for the desktop front end until July 2019, undergoing changes over time such as having rounded profile pictures since June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out our new look! |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2017/Check-out-our-new-look |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=blog.twitter.com |language=en-us |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123175702/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2017/Check-out-our-new-look |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2015/twittercom-gets-a-refresh.html|title=Twitter.com gets a refresh|website=blog.twitter.com|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-date=July 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730153517/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2015/twittercom-gets-a-refresh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/|title=What if the Twitter growth everyone is hoping for never comes?|first=Matthew|last=Ingram|magazine=Fortune|date=October 25, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173515/https://fortune.com/2015/10/29/twitter-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref> Business Insider,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10|title=Twitter user growth continues to stall|first1=Laurie|last1=Beaver|first2=Margaret|last2=Boland|website=Business Insider|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173513/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-user-growth-continues-to-stall-2015-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Marketing Land<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852|title=Revenue Is Up, But Twitter Is Still Struggling In Slow Growth Mode|first=Martin|last=Beck|publisher=Marketing Land|date=October 27, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=July 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730014029/http://marketingland.com/revenue-is-up-but-twitter-still-struggling-in-slow-growth-mode-148852|url-status=live}}</ref> and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/|title=Twitter now has a problem that's way worse than slow user growth|first=Alice|last=Truong|work=Quartz|date=February 10, 2016|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173521/https://qz.com/614607/twitter-now-has-a-problem-thats-way-worse-than-slow-user-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 29, 2018, the first commercial tweet from space was sent by a private company [[Solstar]] utilizing solely commercial infrastructure during the [[New Shepard]] flight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogan |first=Ray |date=May 4, 2018 |title=Commercial space travelers will soon be able to send a tweet from space |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/commercial-space-travelers-will-soon-be-able-to-send-a-tweet-from-space |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=Fox News |language=en-US |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215513/https://www.foxnews.com/tech/commercial-space-travelers-will-soon-be-able-to-send-a-tweet-from-space |url-status=live }}</ref> Since May 2018, tweet replies deemed by an algorithm to be detractive from the conversation are initially hidden and only loaded by actuating a "Show more replies" element at the bottom.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oremus |first1=Will |title=Twitter Will Start Hiding Tweets That "Detract From the Conversation" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/05/twitter-will-start-hiding-tweets-that-detract-from-the-conversation.html |website=Slate Magazine |date=May 15, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608124457/https://slate.com/technology/2018/05/twitter-will-start-hiding-tweets-that-detract-from-the-conversation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like It or Not, You're Getting Twitter's Redesigned Website Soon |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |access-date=August 25, 2020 |website=PCMAG |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317123902/https://www.pcmag.com/news/like-it-or-not-youre-getting-twitters-redesigned-website-soon |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2019||alt= By the start of 2019}}, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users.<ref name="Twitter">{{cite news |last=Molina |first=Brett |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Twitter overcounted active users since 2014, shares surge on profit hopes |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |access-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101193653/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===2020–2021=== [[File:Donald_J_Trump_(realDonaldTrump)_Twitter_-_публикация_от_2020-05-26.png|right|thumb|The two tweets on May 26, 2020, from President Trump that Twitter had marked "potentially misleading" (inserting the blue warning icon and "Get the facts..." language) that led to the executive order]]Twitter experienced considerable growth during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Q2 2020 Letter to Shareholders, July 23, 2020, @TwitterIR |url=https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2022 |publisher=Twitter |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022023311/https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2-2020-Shareholder-Letter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The platform also was increasingly used for [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic|misinformation related to the pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Full Page Reload |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103023130/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/internet/twitter-bots-are-spreading-massive-amounts-of-covid-19-misinformation |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.<ref name="Roth-2020">{{cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Yoel |last2=Pickles |first2=Nick |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Updating our Approach to Misleading Information |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |access-date=May 28, 2020 |publisher=Twitter |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228043728/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, Twitter moderators marked two tweets from U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] as "potentially misleading" and linked to a fact-check.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lybrand |first1=Holmes |last2=Subramaniam |first2=Tara |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Fact-checking Trump's recent claims that mail-in voting is rife with fraud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/27/app-politics-section/donald-trump-mail-in-voter-fraud-fact-check/index.html |access-date=May 28, 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228053711/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/27/app-politics-section/donald-trump-mail-in-voter-fraud-fact-check/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump responded by signing an executive order to weaken [[Section 230]] of the [[Communications Decency Act]], which limits social media sites' liability for content moderation decisions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Stung By Twitter, Trump Signs Executive Order To Weaken Social Media Companies |newspaper=NPR |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/28/863932758/stung-by-twitter-trump-signs-executive-order-to-weaken-social-media-companies |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628223529/https://www.npr.org/2020/05/28/863932758/stung-by-twitter-trump-signs-executive-order-to-weaken-social-media-companies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Trump signs executive order targeting social media companies |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/trump-twitter-social-media-executive-order/index.html |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=CNN |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213142743/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/trump-twitter-social-media-executive-order/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Isaac |first2=Mike |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Defying Trump, Twitter Doubles Down on Labeling Tweets |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/technology/trump-twitter-fact-check.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528160018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/technology/trump-twitter-fact-check.html |archive-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> Twitter later banned Trump, claiming that he violated "the glorification of violence policy".<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Twitter 'permanently suspends' Trump's account |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55597840 |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608185025/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55597840 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ban drew criticism from conservatives and European leaders, who saw it as an interference on freedom of speech.<ref name="Jennen-2021">{{cite news |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Germany and France Oppose Trump's Twitter Exile |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/merkel-sees-closing-trump-s-social-media-accounts-problematic |access-date=January 11, 2021 |quote='The chancellor sees the complete closing down of the account of an elected president as problematic,' Steffen Seibert, her chief spokesman, said at a regular news conference in Berlin. Rights like the freedom of speech 'can be interfered with, but by law and within the framework defined by the legislature – not according to a corporate decision.' |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326014432/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/merkel-sees-closing-trump-s-social-media-accounts-problematic |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 5, 2021, the [[Nigeria]]n government issued an [[Ban of Twitter in Nigeria|indefinite ban]] on Twitter usage in the country, citing "misinformation and fake news spread through it have had real world violent consequences",<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2021 |title=Nigeria's Twitter ban: Government orders prosecution of violators |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368535 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |website=BBC News |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111202352/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368535 |url-status=live }}</ref> after the platform removed tweets made by the Nigerian President [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigeria suspends Twitter after the social media platform freezes president's account |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-buhari/ |access-date=June 20, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205012027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/04/nigeria-suspends-twitter-buhari/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nigeria's ban was criticized by [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ohuocha |first=Chijioke |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Nigerian telecoms firms suspend access to Twitter |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerian-telecoms-firms-suspend-twitter-access-2021-06-05/ |access-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611094311/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerian-telecoms-firms-suspend-twitter-access-2021-06-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Twitter began the research phase of [[Bluesky (protocol)|Bluesky]], an [[Open-source software|open source]] decentralized social media protocol where users can choose which algorithmic curation they want.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=February 10, 2021 |title=Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey On Section 230, Transparency, Appeals And Twitter Turning 15 |work=Deadline |url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-tougher-regs-would-hurt-all-internet-not-just-social-media-mum-on-facebook-google-antitrust-woes-focused-on-transparency-appeals-1234691610/ |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306013212/https://deadline.com/2021/02/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-tougher-regs-would-hurt-all-internet-not-just-social-media-mum-on-facebook-google-antitrust-woes-focused-on-transparency-appeals-1234691610/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matney |first=Lucas |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Twitter's decentralized future |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/15/twitters-vision-of-decentralization-could-also-be-the-far-rights-internet-endgame/ |access-date=November 6, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629004405/https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/15/twitters-vision-of-decentralization-could-also-be-the-far-rights-internet-endgame/ |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- keep in 2021 rather than 2019, when Bluesky was little more than a press release --> The same year, Twitter also released Twitter Spaces, a social audio feature;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Twitter launches Spaces live-audio rooms to all users with more than 600 followers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/03/twitter-launches-spaces-live-audio-rooms-to-all-users.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=CNBC |archive-date=July 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723023831/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/03/twitter-launches-spaces-live-audio-rooms-to-all-users.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Twitter will now let anyone with 600 or more followers host its audio Spaces on mobile |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/3/22413033/twitter-spaces-android-ios-ticket-schedule-clubhouse-captions |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=The Verge |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810174034/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/3/22413033/twitter-spaces-android-ios-ticket-schedule-clubhouse-captions |url-status=live }}</ref> "super follows", a way to subscribe to creators for exclusive content;<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=September 1, 2021 |title=Twitter launches subscription-based feature "super follows" |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/twitter-launches-subscription-based-feature-super-follows-2021-09-01/ |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215513/https://www.reuters.com/technology/twitter-launches-subscription-based-feature-super-follows-2021-09-01/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a beta of "ticketed Spaces", which makes access to certain audio rooms paid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2021 |last=Robertson |first=Adi |title=Twitter is opening applications to test Ticketed Spaces and Super Follows |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/22/22545167/twitter-opens-super-follows-ticketed-spaces-new-feature-test-application-ios-android |access-date=June 23, 2021 |website=The Verge |archive-date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701020609/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/22/22545167/twitter-opens-super-follows-ticketed-spaces-new-feature-test-application-ios-android |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter unveiled a redesign in August 2021, with adjusted colors and a new Chirp font, which improves the left-alignment of most Western languages.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/twitter-redesign-chirp-202504463.html | title = Twitter rolls out redesign with proprietary Chirp font | first = Igor | last = Bonifac | date = August 11, 2021 | access-date = August 11, 2021 | work = [[Engadget]] | archive-date = August 13, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210813012423/https://www.engadget.com/twitter-redesign-chirp-202504463.html | url-status = live }}</ref> ===Since 2022=== In June 2022, Twitter announced a partnership with e-commerce giant [[Shopify]], and its plans to launch a sales channel app for U.S. Shopify merchants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter partners with Shopify to bring merchants' products to Twitter Shopping |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/06/22/twitter-partners-with-shopify-to-bring-merchants-products-to-twitter-shopping/ |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629141808/https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/22/twitter-partners-with-shopify-to-bring-merchants-products-to-twitter-shopping/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On August 23, 2022, the contents of a [[Whistleblowing|whistleblower]] complaint by former information security head [[Peiter Zatko]] to the United States Congress were published. Zatko had been fired by Twitter in January 2022. The complaint alleges that Twitter failed to disclose several data breaches, had negligent security measures, violated [[United States securities regulation]]s, and broke the terms of a previous settlement with the [[Federal Trade Commission]] over the safeguarding of user data. The report also claims that the [[India]]n government forced Twitter to hire one of its agents to gain direct access to user data.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Twitter's former security chief says company lied about bots and safety |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/23/23317857/twitter-whistleblower-zatko-security-spam-safety |publisher=The Verge |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825213713/https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/23/23317857/twitter-whistleblower-zatko-security-spam-safety |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Acquisition by Elon Musk==== {{excerpt|Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|templates=0|files=0}} ==== Post-acquisition ==== {{Excerpt|Twitter under Elon Musk|templates=0|references=0}} ====Rebrand to X==== [[File:X logo 2023 original.svg|thumb|upright=.8|Initial logo of X]] Following Twitter's change in ownership, Musk began referring to the platform as "X/Twitter"<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1681461754071601153|user=elonmusk|title=Great work by the X/Twitter team|first=Elon Reeve|last=Musk|author-link=Elon Musk|access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1681307045277093891|user=elonmusk|title=Using your own inline ads is fine for now, until X/Twitter can offer this|first=Elon Reeve|last=Musk|author-link=Elon Musk|access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1674694809036922882|user=elonmusk|title=Subscribe to X/Twitter Blue|first=Elon Reeve|last=Musk|author-link=Elon Musk|access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref> and "X (Twitter)",<ref>{{Cite web |title=xAI: Understand the Universe |url=https://x.ai/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=[[xAI (company)|x.ai]] |language=en |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730202958/https://x.ai/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and renamed several features, including Birdwatch to Community Notes<ref name="Biron-2022">{{Cite web |last=Biron |first=Bethany |title=Elon Musk said Twitter's Birdwatch feature will be renamed 'Community Notes' and is aimed at 'improving information accuracy' amid growing content-moderation concerns |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11 |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115023929/https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Quote Tweets to Quotes.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1612948317390139393|user=PopCrave|title=Twitter's latest UI change has renamed 'Quote Tweets' to 'Quotes,' and moved tweet views to a different row. The device a user is tweeting from is also visible again.|author-link=Pop Crave|access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref> On July 23, 2023, Musk confirmed the rebrand, which started when the [[X.com (bank)|x.com]] domain (formerly associated with PayPal) began redirecting to Twitter;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=July 23, 2023 |title=Twitter's rebrand to X may actually be happening soon |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/23/23804629/twitters-rebrand-to-x-may-actually-be-happening-soon |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013162439/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/23/23804629/twitters-rebrand-to-x-may-actually-be-happening-soon |url-status=live }}</ref> the logo was changed from the bird to the X the next day,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter changes logo to 'X', replacing blue bird symbol. |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/23/elon-musk-says-he-will-change-twitters-blue-bird-logo-to-an-x |access-date=July 24, 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724022444/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/23/elon-musk-says-he-will-change-twitters-blue-bird-logo-to-an-x |url-status=live }}</ref> and the platform's official main and associated accounts also began using the letter X within their handles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |title=Elon Musk just changed Twitter's logo again — sort of |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/25/23807418/twitter-x-logo-design-change-elon-musk |access-date=July 25, 2023 |work=The Verge |date=July 25, 2023 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725203202/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/25/23807418/twitter-x-logo-design-change-elon-musk |url-status=live }}</ref> The @x handle was originally owned by photographer Gene X Hwang, who registered it in 2007. Hwang had expressed willingness to sell the handle, but received an email on July 25, 2023, stating that the company was taking it. He was offered some X merchandise and a meeting with the company's leaders, but no financial benefits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Titcomb |first=James |date=July 26, 2023 |title='They just took it': Elon Musk takes over @x Twitter account without paying owner |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/26/x-twitter-handle-account-owner-not-paid-elon-musk-rebrand/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726094318/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/26/x-twitter-handle-account-owner-not-paid-elon-musk-rebrand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app's name and icon were changed to X on [[Google Play]] by July 27; the same change went live on the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] on July 31 after Apple granted an exception to its minimum character length of 2.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/x-corp/twitter/twitter-10-0-0-beta-0-release/twitter-10-0-0-beta-0-android-apk-download/ | title=X (Previously Twitter) 10.0.0-beta.0 (Arm64-v8a) (480-640dpi) (Android 6.0+) APK Download by X Corp | access-date=August 9, 2023 | archive-date=July 30, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730204542/https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/x-corp/twitter/twitter-10-0-0-beta-0-release/twitter-10-0-0-beta-0-android-apk-download/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/x-corp/twitter/twitter-10-0-0-release-0-release/twitter-10-0-0-release-0-android-apk-download/ | title=X (Previously Twitter) 10.0.0-release.0 (Nodpi) (Android 6.0+) APK Download by X Corp | access-date=August 9, 2023 | archive-date=July 30, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730204547/https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/x-corp/twitter/twitter-10-0-0-release-0-release/twitter-10-0-0-release-0-android-apk-download/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/31/23813883/twitter-x-ios-app-store-iphone-apple-elon-musk | title=Twitter gets special permission to be 'X' in the iOS App Store | date=July 31, 2023 | access-date=July 31, 2023 | archive-date=July 31, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152819/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/31/23813883/twitter-x-ios-app-store-iphone-apple-elon-musk | url-status=live }}</ref> Around that time, some more elements of the Twitter branding were removed from the web version, including tweets being renamed to "posts".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2023 |title=As Musk renames Twitter to X; 'Tweets' now 'posts', 'retweets' become 'reposts': Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/twitter-latest-news-elon-musk-x-tweet-to-be-called-post-101690642819088.html |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813172330/https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/twitter-latest-news-elon-musk-x-tweet-to-be-called-post-101690642819088.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The rebrand was described as unusual, given that Twitter's brand was already strong internationally, with words like "tweet" having entered common language.<ref name="CBC 2023 y171">{{cite web | title=Twitter was the Holy Grail of branding. Then Elon Musk ditched it. Experts question why | website=CBC | date=July 26, 2023 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/twitter-elon-musk-branding-x-1.6917161 | access-date=August 9, 2023 | archive-date=August 10, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233741/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/twitter-elon-musk-branding-x-1.6917161 | url-status=live }}</ref> The rebranding has been criticized on the basis that the [[trademark]]ability of the name and logo is weak: there are almost 900 companies in the U.S. that own an ''X'' trademark,<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Twitter's rebrand to X could be legally challenging |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/twitter-trademark-x-com-rebrand/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=July 25, 2023 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804171027/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/twitter-trademark-x-com-rebrand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including an existing social media-related logo owned by [[Meta Platforms]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheth |first1=Sonam |last2=Sundar |first2=Sindhu |title=Meta already appears to hold the rights to 'X.' It could make Twitter's rebrand complicated. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/meta-holds-rights-to-x-twitter-rebrand-elon-musk-2023-7 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804171025/https://www.businessinsider.com/meta-holds-rights-to-x-twitter-rebrand-elon-musk-2023-7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The X logo uses a [[blackboard bold]] X, a character that has appeared in mathematical textbooks since the 1970s and that is included in [[Unicode]] as {{unichar|1D54F|Mathematical double-struck capital X}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twitter's new 'X' logo looks suspiciously like a Unicode character - Business Insider|website=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-x-logo-unicode-math-textbooks-2023-7|access-date=November 9, 2023|archive-date=November 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110050123/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-x-logo-unicode-math-textbooks-2023-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |title=Musk rushes out new Twitter logo—it's just an X that someone tweeted at him |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/07/musk-rushes-out-new-twitter-logo-its-just-an-x-that-someone-tweeted-at-him/ |work=Ars Technica |date=July 24, 2023 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730052415/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/07/musk-rushes-out-new-twitter-logo-its-just-an-x-that-someone-tweeted-at-him/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days after the rebrand took effect, an [[AP Stylebook]] update recommended that journalists refer to the platform as "X, formerly known as Twitter".<ref name=":1" /> In September 2023, ''Ad Age'', citing ''The Harris Poll'', noted that the rebranding had not publicly caught on, with the majority of users as well as notable brands still referring to X as "Twitter".<ref name="Nudd 2023 w646">{{cite web | last=Nudd | first=Tim | title=Twitter users don't want to call it X — Inside the platform's marketing challenge | website=Ad Age | date=September 15, 2023 | url=https://adage.com/article/digital-marketing-ad-tech-news/twitter-users-dont-want-call-it-x-inside-platforms-marketing-challenge/2516031 | access-date=September 16, 2023 | archive-date=September 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915163111/https://adage.com/article/digital-marketing-ad-tech-news/twitter-users-dont-want-call-it-x-inside-platforms-marketing-challenge/2516031 | url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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