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Winfield, Kansas

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Winfield, Kansas
City and county seat
Downtown Winfield in June 2023
Downtown Winfield in June 2023
Location within Cowley County and Kansas
Location within Cowley County and Kansas
KDOT map of Cowley County (legend)
KDOT map of Cowley County (legend)
CountryUnited States
StateKansas
CountyCowley
TownshipWalnut, Vernon, P.V.
Founded1870 [1]
Incorporated1873 [1]
Named forWinfield Scott
Government
 • City managerTaggart Wall[2]
Area
[3]
 • Water 10.60%
Population
 (2020)[4][5]
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
67156
Area code620
FIPS code20-79950
GNIS ID485663[6]
Websitewinfieldks.org

Winfield is a city and county seat of Cowley County, Kansas, United States.[6] It is situated along the Walnut River in South Central Kansas. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,777.[4][5] It is home to Southwestern College.

Veteran's Memorial Park in Downtown Winfield, 2023

History[edit]

19th century[edit]

Winfield was founded in 1870.[1] It was named for Rev. Winfield Scott, who promised to build the town a church in exchange for the naming rights.[7][8] The first post office at Winfield was established in May, 1870.[9] In 1873, Winfield incorporated as a city.[1]

Railroads[edit]

Railroads reached Winfield in the late 1870s,[1] and finished at Arkansas City in 1881.[10][11][1] Eventually, a total of five railroads passed through Winfield.[1]

State mental hospital[edit]

In 1881, the State of Kansas established the Kansas State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youth, temporarily established at Lawrence, but moved to Winfield in 1887/1888, where it served as a dominant local employer for 117 years.[12][13][14] Script error: No such module "wide image".

20th century[edit]

The Winfield-Arkansas City area became an industrial community in the 20th century, manufacturing consumer goods, and eventually aircraft and aircraft parts, while retaining its traditional dominant employer, the Winfield State Hospital.[15]

On August 13, 1903, 30-year-old Gilbert Twigg, armed with a 12-gauge double-barrelled shotgun, opened fire at a concert, killing six people and wounding at least 25, before killing himself.[16][17] Three others died in hospitals afterward.

Strother Field[edit]

In World War II, Winfield, along with neighboring Arkansas City, became home to a military pilot training base, Strother Field, which remained in operation until the end of the war, bringing several thousand military personnel into the area. After the war, in the early 1950s, the field became the shared municipal airport and industrial park for Winfield and neighboring Arkansas City.[18][19][15]

Aviation industry[edit]

The aircraft manufacturing industry in nearby Wichita (40 mi or 64 km to the north)—one of the world's principal aircraft-manufacturing centers—provided employment for many Winfield residents, directly and indirectly. That opportunity grew substantially in the last half of the century, as General Electric's GE Aviation division, in the late 1940s, began producing engines for Wichita aircraft, and eventually in the 1960s, one of Wichita's principal manufacturers, Cessna Aircraft Company built a factory at Winfield's Strother Field.

Crayola[edit]

The Crayola plant, near Winfield, was established in 1952. At the time, it was the only Crayola plant that made paints. The plant made a large part of the jobs in the county. Tours were conducted until 1992, and 5 years later, in 1997, the plant shut down and moved to Pennsylvania. A lot of original crayons and memorabilia can still be seen at the Winfield museum.

Institutions[edit]

The Winfield State Hospital and Training Center, established in the community in the prior century to house and confine the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, remained as a dominant local employer throughout the 20th century.[14][13] Towards the end of the century the (now designated "Winfield State Hospital and Training Center") housed developmentally disabled people. Social, political and legal changes, led to closing of most of the facility in 1998.[13][12][14] It was gradually turned into the Winfield Correctional Facility.[20]

Southwestern College grew to become a leading local institution and employer, drawing students from throughout the central United States, and bringing an extra level of intellectual and cultural development and diversity to the community.

Pi Gamma Mu International Honor Society in Social Sciences[21] was founded at Southwestern College in Winfield in 1924. The international headquarters is now housed at a repurposed Carnegie Library building on Millington Street in downtown Winfield. Pi Gamma Mu is the oldest and preeminent interdisciplinary social science honor society. Its mission is to encourage and promote excellence in the Social Sciences and to uphold and nurture scholarship, leadership, and service.

21st century[edit]

In the 21st century, Winfield remained an industrial and institutional town. With the exception of Cessna, most of the area's major employers (some under new names and ownership) continued into the early 21st century.[15]

Geography[edit]

Winfield is situated along the Walnut River at its confluence with Timber Creek. It is located 17 miles (27 km) north of the Kansas-Oklahoma state border at the junction of U.S. Routes 77 and 160. State highway route K-15 follows U.S. Route 77 to the north of the city and U.S. Route 160 to the east. K-360 is a bypass around the southeastern part of the city between U.S. Route 77 and U.S. Route 160. Arkansas City is 13 miles (21 km) south of Winfield along U.S. Route 77, and Strother Field, a general aviation airport, is approximately five miles (8 km) south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.93 square miles (33.49 km2), of which 11.56 square miles (29.94 km2) is land and 1.37 square miles (3.55 km2) is water.[22]

Climate[edit]

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Winfield has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Winfield was 118 °F (47.8 °C) on August 12, 1936, while the coldest temperature recorded was −27 °F (−32.8 °C) on February 13, 1905.[23]


Demographics[edit]

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1870472—
18802,844%
18905,184%
19005,554%
19106,700%
19207,933%
19309,398%
19409,506%
195010,264%
196011,117%
197011,405%
198010,736%
199011,931%
200012,206%
201012,301%
202011,777%
U.S. Decennial Census
2010-2020[5]

2020 census[edit]

The 2020 United States census[24] counted 11,777 people, 4,339 households, and 2,687 families in Winfield. The population density was 1,057.2 per square mile (408.1/km2). There were 5,136 housing units at an average density of 461.0 per square mile (178.0/km2). The racial makeup was 80.28% (9,454) white, 4.14% (487) black or African-American, 1.55% (182) Native American, 3.49% (411) Asian, 0.66% (78) Pacific Islander, 2.42% (285) from other races, and 7.47% (880) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 9.0% (1,083) of the population.

Of the 4,339 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18; 45.1% were married couples living together; 27.1% had a female householder with no husband present. 30.4% of households consisted of individuals and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.1.

23.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 13.2% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 106.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 109.8 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey[25] estimates show that the median household income was $48,027 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,412) and the median family income $57,236 (+/- $5,345). Males had a median income of $31,570 (+/- $3,388) versus $25,677 (+/- $2,934) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $28,904 (+/- $3,107). Approximately, 12.5% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under the age of 18 and 12.7% of those ages 65 or over.

2010 census[edit]

As of the census[26] of 2010, there were 12,301 people, 4,600 households, and 2,848 families residing in the city.[27] The population density was 1,064.1 inhabitants per square mile (410.9/km2). There were 5,217 housing units at an average density of 451.3 per square mile (174.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.7% White, 3.9% African American, 1.3% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6.1% of the population.

There were 4,600 households, of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.1% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 12% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 24.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female.

2000 census[edit]

As of the census of 2000,[28] there were 12,206 people, 4,627 households, and 2,952 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,104.0 inhabitants per square mile (426.3/km2). There were 5,049 housing units at an average density of 456.7 per square mile (176.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.06% White, 3.26% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 3.74% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.73% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.66% of the population.

There were 4,627 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,443, and the median income for a family was $44,539. Males had a median income of $31,768 versus $21,605 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,162. About 9.9% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[edit]

19th century[edit]

Railroads[edit]

In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a branch line from Florence to El Dorado. The line was extended to Douglass then reached Winfield on October 1, 1879,[1] and finished at Arkansas City in 1881.[10] The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942.[11] The original branch line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City.

The Southern Kansas and Western Railroad was completed from the east to Winfield on February 17, 1880, then continued westward, and it reached the western county line on March 16.[1] This railroad changed its name over time as it merged or purchased by other railroads.

Eventually, a total of five railroads passed through Winfield.[1]

State mental hospital[edit]

In 1881, The Kansas Constitution stated that the care, treatment, and education of the handicapped were responsibilities of public residential institutions. Accordingly, the Kansas State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youth was temporarily established at Lawrence, moving to Winfield in 1887.[12]

The Kansas State Imbecile Asylum (later the Winfield State Hospital and Training Center) was established in the community in 1888, on a hill overlooking the city. For the next 117 years, it served as a dominant local employer, housing and confining those with mental problems from throughout the state of Kansas.[13][14]

20th century[edit]

Industry[edit]

The Winfield-Arkansas City area has a wide range of industrial employers—most of which emerged and developed in the 20th century. Many are based at, and around, Strother Field—a municipal airport that the two cities share.[15]

Consumer goods[edit]

In 1916, Gott Manufacturing was established in Winfield to produce metal water coolers. Over the next 70 years, the enterprise grew into a major supplier of insulated water jugs and urns.[29][30]

In 1986, Gott was acquired by Rubbermaid, a globally dominant manufacturer of rubber storage containers, and converted to producing Rubbermaid-branded products, manufacturing insulated water coolers, ice chests, outdoor-living and outdoor-storage products. Subsequent expansion of its facilities have continued into the present day.[29][30]

A Crayola crayon-manufacturing plant was located in Winfield from 1952 to 1997.[31]

Aviation industry[edit]
Strother Field[edit]

In 1942, as America entered World War II, Winfield, along with neighboring Arkansas City, began development of a shared municipal airport. However, the entry of the U.S. into the war led to military acquisition and completion of the airfield, which became Strother Field. During the war, the airfield was used for military pilot training.[18][19]

In 1953, the airport reverted to shared control of Winfield and Arkansas City, and became a major industrial center for both communities, which it remains to the present.[18][15][19]

GE Aviation[edit]

In 1951, at Strother Field, GE Aviation—an aircraft-engine division of General Electric—began producing General Electric J47 jet engines for U.S. military aircraft (notably the Boeing B-47 Stratojet intercontinental bomber, built primarily in Wichita, and also built by Douglas Aircraft at Tulsa in neighboring Oklahoma).[32] Approximately 3,000 of those engines were produced at Strother by 1955.[18]

With the end of the Korean War, the GE factory switched to overhauling jet engine parts and accessories. In 1962, GE began overhauling and repairing entire military jet engines (particularly J73 and J85), and related parts and accessories—ultimately processing over 6,000 jet engines between 1962 and 1975.[18]

With the advent of business jets in the mid-1960s—led by Wichita's Learjet (using General Electric CJ-610 engines, also used on other business aircraft)—the Strother Field GE facility switched to servicing GE's business jet engines, ultimately processing over 6,000 by 1975, as the factory grew to 125,000 square feet. During those years, several hundred business jets, from around the world, flew into Strother Field to be serviced directly at the GE facility.[18]

Subsequently, GE's Strother facility overhauled J33 military engines, and General Electric CF6 engines for "jumbo" jetliners.[18]

In 1985, GE acquired much of the abandoned Cessna facility for use in its engine-overhaul enterprise.[33]

Cessna[edit]

In 1967, Cessna Aircraft Company, the world's highest-volume producer of aircraft (mostly light aircraft, at the time) addressed booming demand for their smallest, most-popular aircraft, by opening a Cessna factory at Strother Field. Initially, the factory produced the Cessna 150, at that time the world's most popular two-seat light aircraft (the world's dominant pilot-training aircraft for several decades).[34][35]

In 1975, Cessna also began to move the assembly of the world's most popular light aircraft, the Cessna 172, from its Wichita factory to Strother Field.[34]

Several thousand of both aircraft models were produced at Strother Field (making it a globally major aircraft factory complex, in total unit production). The factory employed several hundred to a few thousand workers until the 1980s Recession and other factors crashed the market for light aircraft, and Cessna, following layoffs of 700 workers at Strother Field, eventually shut down the Strother Field factory in the early 1980s.[36]

Institutions[edit]

The Winfield State Hospital and Training Center, established in the community in the prior century to house and confine the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, remained as a dominant local employer throughout the 20th century, housing and confining those with mental problems from throughout the state of Kansas—housing up to 1,492 "patients" at its maximum in 1952.[14][13]

Towards the end of the century the (now designated "Winfield State Hospital and Training Center") housed developmentally disabled people. Changing social and political attitudes, and SCOTUS decisions, and conservative political economics (developmentally disabled persons supported in the community cost the state $25,000 annually, versus $130,000 for confinement in the Winfield facility), led to the gradual closing of most of the facility—over heated protests from residents' families and local community leaders. In 1998, the Kansas Legislature officially voted to close it. At that time, it was the oldest and largest of the three Kansas state hospitals for developmentally disabled persons. When the closure of the facility was announced in 1997, the patient population had declined to only 250 residents.[13][12][14]

The facility was gradually taken over by the Kansas Department of Corrections, and repurposed as the Winfield Correctional Facility, expanded to contain up to 556 prisoners.[20]

21st century[edit]

With the exception of Cessna, most of the area's major employers (some under new names and ownership) continued into the early 21st century.[15] The Strother Field municipal airport remains the site of the area's principal industrial park, employing thousands.[15][19]

In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed west of Winfield, north to south through Cowley County, with much controversy over tax exemption and environmental concerns (if a leak ever occurs).[37][38]

In 2011–2012, Rubbermaid (now Newell Rubbermaid) announced it was moving 200 jobs from a Texas factory to Winfield, increasing its Winfield capacity to add manufacturing of Rubbermaid's trash cans and home-organization products. Further, Rubbermaid would invest $26.6 million to expand its operations, beginning construction of a 500,000-square-foot distribution center next to its factory.[30][29][39] In early 2017, the company was employing 1,054 people[15]

GE Aviation, which began Winfield operations in 1947, continued, generally, until the present day, (according to a local government statement online in April 2017), now employing 750 people in the area.[15]

Creekstone Farms beef processing plant, in neighboring Arkansas City, Kansas, employed over 600 in early 2017.[15]

Hospitals and nursing-care facilities in Winfield and Arkansas City, combined, employed over 600 workers in early 2017—about half at William Newton Memorial Hospital in Winfield.[15]

The Winfield Correctional Facility employed another 200.[15]

Arts and culture[edit]

Entertainment[edit]

Winfield is well known for hosting the Walnut Valley Festival, one of the nation's oldest and largest bluegrass and acoustic music festivals, on the third weekend of every September. Crowds have exceeded 15,000, arriving from around the nation—with hundreds of the bluegrass and acoustic music enthusiasts camping, socializing and "jamming" at the site for weeks before the festival begins. The event also often features folk music and Celtic music performances, and related cultural activities and exhibits.[40][41][42][43]

Education[edit]

Winfield Public Carnegie Library (2013)

Primary and secondary education[edit]

The community is served by Winfield USD 465 public school district, which operates Winfield High School.[44]

College[edit]

Southwestern College is located in Winfield. It is a four-year private higher educational institution affiliated with the United Methodist Church.

St. John's College was located in Winfield before it closed in 1986.[45]

Media[edit]

See also: Media in Wichita, Kansas; List of newspapers in Kansas; List of radio stations in Kansas; and List of television stations in Kansas

Print[edit]

Radio[edit]

  • KKLE, 1550 AM, News/Talk
  • KBDD, 91.9 FM, Religious
  • KSWC, 94.7 FM, College (low power)
  • KSOK, 95.9 FM, Country
  • KSOK, 103.3 FM, Classic Hits (translator for KSOK-AM)
  • KSOK-AM, 1280 AM, Classic Hits
  • KWLS, 107.9 FM, Country

Notable people[edit]

Main article: List of people from Cowley County, Kansas
See also: List of Southwestern College people

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 History of Cowley County Kansas; D.A. Millington / E.P. Greer; Winfield Courier; 162 pages; 1901.
  2. ↑ Administration; City of Windfield.
  3. ↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Profile of Winfield, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "QuickFacts; Winfield, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 [ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Winfield, Kansas]
  7. ↑
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ "Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961, page 2". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Marion County Kansas : Past and Present; Sondra Van Meter; MB Publishing House; LCCN 72-92041; 344 pages; 1972.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Railway Abandonment 1942
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Disability History and Awareness: A Resource Guide,, 2009, Kansas State Department of Education, State of Kansas
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Ranney, Dave, "Council calls for closing state hospital: Kansas no longer needs two state hospitals for the developmentally disabled," June 29, 2006, Lawrence Journal-World, retrieved April 6, 2017
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 ""WSH reunion Saturday," July 21, 2016, Winfield / Arkansas City Courier-Traveler
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 "Area Industries," Cowley County government, retrieved April 6, 2017
  16. ↑ "TWIGG KILLED SIX MEN". The New York Times. August 16, 1903. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  17. ↑ "The Camen Band Massacre". ausbcomp.com. Winfield Courier. August 14, 1903. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Neumann, Mary Lucille, "History of Strother Field," April 30, 1975, Arkansas City Traveler as transcribed at "Aviation History in Arkansas City, Kansas"
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Strother Field History" (note on official website of Cowley County), retrieved April 5, 2017
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Official history timeline: "WCF History." (Winfield Correctional Facility), 2013, Kansas Department of Corrections, State of Kansas
  21. ↑ Pi Gamma Mu International Honor Society in Social Sciences
  22. ↑ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NOWData
  24. ↑ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  26. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  27. ↑ "2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2011.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Category handler/data' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Category handler/data' not found.[dead link]
  28. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Roy, Bill, "Newell Rubbermaid to bring 200 jobs to Kansas," December 22, 2011, Wichita Business Journal, retrieved April 5, 2017"
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Rubbermaid celebrates its renewed investment in Winfield, Kan.," May 3, 2012, Kansas Dept. of Commerce
  31. ↑ "Crayola.com Can We Help". Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Boeing numeric, and A to BX," AEROFILES.com retrieved April 7, 2017
  33. ↑ "152, 172RG, 185 PRODUCTION SUSPENDED, STROTHER FIELD SOLD: Cessna Facility at Strother Field sold to General Electric," July, 1985 Cessna Owner Magazine, p.142, as summarized in "Cessna Pilots Association Magazine Article Index, August 1984-December 2011," retrieved April 7, 2017
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Rodengen, Jeffrey L., book: The Legend of Cessna, 2007, Write Stuff Enterprises, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, p.135.
  35. ↑ "U. S. Mass-Produced Aeroplane," January 9, 1975, Flight International, as photo-reproduced at FlightGlobal.com, (PDF) retrieved April 7, 2017
  36. ↑ Associated Press, "Cessna Will Shut Plant 6 Weeks", March 17, 1982, New York Times, retrieved April 7, 2017
  37. ↑ Keystone Pipeline - Marion County Commission calls out Legislative Leadership on Pipeline Deal; April 18, 2010.
  38. ↑ Keystone Pipeline - Trans-Canada inspecting pipeline; December 10, 2010.
  39. ↑ Kansas Dept of Commerce. "Rubbermaid set to expand facility with major investment in Winfield". State of Kansas. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  40. ↑ Walnut Valley Festival
  41. ↑ Tangeman, Anne, "ACOUSTIC MUSIC FANS TO GATHER IN WINFIELD," September 11, 1997, Lawrence (Kansas) Journal World, retrieved April 6, 2017
  42. ↑ Lane, Ken "Pickers paradise: John McCutcheon," September, 2014, CurrentLand, Vol. 11 No. 4, retrieved April 6, 2017
  43. ↑ Gintowt, Richard, "'I can't ... I'm going to Winfield': Walnut Valley Festival hits 32 years with old faces, new pickers," September 17, 2003, Lawrence (Kansas) Journal World, retrieved April 6, 2017
  44. ↑ USD 465
  45. ↑ St. John's College Alumni Assn.
  46. ↑

Further reading[edit]

Template:See also2

See also: List of books about Cowley County, Kansas

External links[edit]

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