William Tyndale

{{Short description|English biblical scholar, translator, and reformer (1494–1536)}}
{{redirect|Tyndale|the English family|Tyndall|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = William Tyndale
| image              = File:Beza's Icones, contemporary portraits of reformers of religion and letters - William Tindale on Page 58.jpg
| caption            = 16th century engraving of William Tyndale, from [[Theodore Beza]]'s ''Icones''
| birth_date         = {{circa|1494}}
| birth_place        = Melksham Court, [[Stinchcombe]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date         = c. {{Death date and given age|df=yes|1536|10|6|42}}
| death_place        = near [[Vilvoorde]], [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Habsburg Netherlands]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_cause        = Strangulation prior to being burnt at the stake
| alma_mater         = [[Magdalen Hall, Oxford]]<br />[[University of Cambridge]]
| known_for          = [[Tyndale Bible]]
}}
 
'''William Tyndale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|n|d|əl}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Tyndale |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tyndale |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> sometimes spelled ''Tynsdale'', ''Tindall'', ''Tindill'', ''Tyndall''; {{circa|1494}} &ndash; {{circa|6 October 1536}}) was an English biblical scholar and linguist who became a leading figure in the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Reformation]] in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known as a translator of most of the [[Tyndale Bible|Bible into English]], and was influenced by the works of prominent [[Protestant Reformers]] such as [[Martin Luther]].{{sfn|Partridge|1973|pp=38–39, 52–52}}

Tyndale's translation was the first English Bible to draw directly from Hebrew and Greek texts to some extent, the first English translation to take advantage of the [[printing press]], the first of the new English Bibles of the Reformation, and the first English translation to use ''[[Jehovah]]'' ("Iehouah") as God's name as preferred by English Protestant Reformers.{{efn|name=Driver}} It was taken to be a direct challenge to the hegemony of the [[Catholic Church]] and of those laws of England maintaining the church's position. The work of Tyndale continued to play a key role in spreading Reformation ideas across the English-speaking world.

Tyndale's translations of Biblical books were re-used by subsequent English editions (often without his sectarian prefaces or annotations), including the [[Great Bible]] and the [[Bishops' Bible]], authorized by the [[Church of England]]. In 1611, after seven years of work, the 47 scholars who produced the [[King James Version]]<ref>'' King James Bible Preface''</ref> of the Bible drew extensively from Tyndale's original work and other translations that descended from his.{{sfn|Harding|2012|p=}} One estimate suggests that the New Testament in the King James Version is 83% Tyndale's words and the first half of the Old Testament 76%.{{sfn|Tadmor|2010|p=16}}{{sfn|Nielson|Skousen|1998}}

A copy of Tyndale's ''[[The Obedience of a Christian Man]]'' (1528), which some view as arguing for [[Caesaropapism]] (the idea that the monarch rather than the Pope should control a country's church), came into the hands of King [[Henry VIII]], providing a rationalisation for [[Church of England#Secession from Rome|breaking the Church in England away from the Catholic Church]] in 1534.{{sfn|Daniell|c. 2004}}{{Sfn|Daniell|1994|p={{Page needed |date=June 2014}}}} In 1530, Tyndale wrote ''The Practice of Prelates'', opposing Henry's plan to seek the annulment of [[Catherine of Aragon|his marriage]] on the grounds that it contravened scripture.{{sfn|Bourgoin|1998|p=373}}

Fleeing England, Tyndale sought refuge in the [[Flanders|Flemish]] territory of the Catholic [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. In 1535 Tyndale was arrested, and jailed in the castle of [[Vilvoorde]] (Filford) outside [[Brussels]] for over a year. In 1536 he was convicted of [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]] and executed by strangulation, after which his body was burnt at the stake.

In 2002, Tyndale was placed 26th in the BBC's poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].{{sfn|Parrill|Robison|2013|p=93}}<ref name=bbc.co.uk />

== Background ==
Tyndale lived and worked during the era of [[Renaissance humanism]] and the revival of [[Biblical scholarship]], which were both aided by both the [[Global spread of the printing press|Gutenberg Revolution]] and the ensuing [[democratization of knowledge|democratisation of knowledge]]; for example, the publication of [[Johann Reuchlin]]'s Hebrew grammar in 1506. Notably, [[Novum Instrumentum omne|Erasmus compiled, edited, and published the Koine Greek scriptures]] of the [[New Testament]] in 1516. [[Luther Bible|Luther's translation of the Christian Bible into German]] appeared between 1517 and 1522.

Partial [[Old English Bible translations|Old English translations]] had been made from the 7th century onwards, and by the 14th Century contemporary vernacular translations were available in most other major [[European languages]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2017|p=117}} However the religious foment and violent rebellion of the [[Lollards]] resulted in heresy being treated as sedition under [[De heretico comburendo|English law]], which bore the [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom#Before 1707|death penalty]].  Lollardy was associated by authorities with the possession and public readings of [[Wycliffe's Bible|Wycliffite Bibles]] in the newly emerged [[Middle English]]; manuscripts with Wycliffite material should be [[De heretico comburendo|destroyed]]; the possession of Wycliffite material could be used as [[Suppression of Heresy Act 1414|information in investigations and inquisitions]] though not used as a proof of heresy.

By the early 16th century, the Wycliffite translations were becoming less and less comprehensible as the English language changed from Middle English to [[Early Modern English]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Su Fang |title=Translation, Interpretation, and Heresy: The Wycliffite Bible, Tyndale's Bible, and the Contested Origin |journal=Studies in Philology |date=2001 |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=315–338 |jstor=4174704 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4174704 |issn=0039-3738}}</ref>{{rp|320}}  [[Classical Greek|Classical]] and [[Koine Greek]] texts became widely available to the European scholarly community for the first time in centuries, as it welcomed Greek-speaking scholars, philosophers, intellectuals, and the manuscripts they carried to [[Catholic Europe]] as refugees following the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453.

==Life==
[[File: Portrait of William Tyndale.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of William Tyndale (1836)]]
The Tyndale family also went by the name Hychyns (Hitchins), and it was as William Hychyns that Tyndale was enrolled at [[Magdalen Hall, Oxford]]. Tyndale's brother Edward was receiver to the lands of Lord Berkeley, as attested to in a letter by [[John Stokesley|Bishop Stokesley]] of London. {{sfn|Demaus|1886|p=21}}  William Tyndale's niece Margaret Tyndale was married to Protestant martyr [[Rowland Taylor]], burnt during the [[List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation|Marian Persecutions]].

Tyndale may have been born around 1494{{efn|Tyndale's birth was about 1494 according to History of the Revised Version in 1881.}} in Melksham Court, [[Stinchcombe]], a village near [[Dursley]], Gloucestershire.{{sfn|Daniell|2011}}  A conjecture is that Tyndale's family had moved to Gloucestershire at some point in the 15th century, probably as a result of the [[Wars of the Roses]]. The family may have originated from [[Northumberland]] via [[East Anglia]]. [[Tyndall|Tyndale]] is recorded in two Victorian genealogies<ref name=Nichol /><ref name=Burkes /> which claim he was the brother of Sir William Tyndale of Deane, Northumberland, and [[Hockwold cum Wilton|Hockwold]], [[Norfolk]], who was knighted at the marriage of [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]] to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. If this is true then Tyndale's family was thus descended from Baron Adam de Tyndale, a [[tenant-in-chief]] of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]].

===At Oxford===
Tyndale began a Bachelor of Arts degree at Magdalen Hall (later [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]) of Oxford University in 1506 and received his B.A. in 1512, the same year becoming a [[subdeacon]]. He was made [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] in July 1515 and was held to be a man of virtuous disposition, leading an unblemished life.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=11}} The M.A. allowed him to start studying [[theology]], but the official course did not include the systematic study of scripture. As Tyndale later complained:<ref>{{cite book |last=Tyndale |first=William |title=Expositions and Notes on Sundry Portions of the Holy Scriptures, Together with the Practice of Prelates |date=1849 |editor-first=Henry |editor-last=Walter |publisher= The [[Parker Society]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291}}</ref>

{{Blockquote |They have ordained that no man shall look on the Scripture until he is modeled in heathen learning eight or nine years and armed with false principles, with which he is clean shut out of the understanding of the Scripture.}}

He was a gifted linguist and became fluent over the years in [[French language|French]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], in addition to English.{{Sfn |Daniell |1994 |p=18}} Between 1517 and 1521, he went to the University of Cambridge. Erasmus had been the leading teacher of Greek there from August 1511 to January 1512, but not during Tyndale's time at the university.{{Sfn |Daniell |2001 |pp=49–50}}

[[File:Cuthbert Tunstall (1474–1559), Bishop of Durham (Auckland Castle).jpg|thumb|Cuthbert Tunstall (1474–1559), Bishop of Durham]]

Tyndale became chaplain at the home of Sir John Walsh at [[Little Sodbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]] and tutor to his children around 1521. His opinions proved controversial to fellow clergymen, and the next year he was summoned before John Bell, the Chancellor of the [[Anglican Diocese of Worcester|Diocese of Worcester]], although no formal charges were laid at the time.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=28}} After the meeting with Bell and other church leaders, Tyndale, according to [[John Foxe]], had an argument with a "learned but blasphemous clergyman", who allegedly asserted: "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's", to which Tyndale responded: "I defy the Pope and all his laws; and if God spares my life, ere many years, I will cause the boy that [[Plowboy trope|driveth the plow]] to know more of the Scriptures than thou dost!"{{sfn|Wansbrough|2017|p=126|loc = Ch.7 Tyndale}}{{sfn|Foxe|1926|loc=Ch. XII}}

Tyndale left for London in 1523 to seek sponsorship and permission to translate the Bible into English. He asked to join the household of London Bishop [[Cuthbert Tunstall]], a well-known classicist who had worked with [[Erasmus]], his friend, on the second edition of his [[Novum Instrumentum omne#Second edition|Latin/Greek New Testament]]. The bishop, however, declined to extend his patronage, telling Tyndale that his household was already full with scholars.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tyndale |first=William |contribution=Preface |title=Five bokes of Moses |year=1530}}.</ref> Tyndale preached and studied "at his book" in London for some time, relying on the help of cloth merchant [[Humphrey Monmouth]]. During this time, he lectured widely, including at [[St Dunstan-in-the-West]] at [[Fleet Street]] in London.

===In Europe===
[[File: Tyndale Bible - Gospel of John.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The beginning of the [[Gospel of John]], from Tyndale's 1525 translation of the New Testament.]]

Tyndale left England for continental Europe, perhaps at [[Hamburg]], in the spring of 1524, possibly traveling on to [[Wittenberg]]. There is an entry in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and this has been taken to be a Latinisation of "William Tyndale from England".{{sfn|Samworth|2010}} He began translating the New Testament at this time, possibly in Wittenberg, completing it in 1525 with assistance from [[Franciscans|Observant Friar]] William Roy.

[[File:Vertigo_Antwerpen_-1_entrance_room.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A former underground smuggler's cellar in Antwerp]]
In 1525 the publication of the work by Peter Quentell in [[Cologne]] was interrupted by the impact of anti-[[Lutheranism]]. A full edition of the New Testament was produced in 1526 by printer [[Peter Schöffer the Younger]] in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], a [[free imperial city]] then in the process of adopting Lutheranism.{{sfn|Cochlaeus|1549|p=134}} More copies were soon printed in [[Antwerp]]. It was smuggled from continental Europe into England and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] by putting pages in between other legal books.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} The [[Censorship of the Bible|translation was condemned]] in October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers, bought all the available copies, and had them burned in public.{{sfn|Ackroyd|1999|p=270}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/more.2008.45.3.9|title='Them that furiously burn all truth': The Impact of Bible-Burning on William Tyndale's Understanding of his Translation Project and Identity|last=Pardue|first=Bradly C.|journal=Moreana |date=Feb 2017|issue=3 |pages=147–160 |doi=10.3366/more.2008.45.3.9 }}</ref> Marius notes that the "spectacle of the scriptures being put to the torch... provoked controversy even amongst the faithful."{{sfn|Ackroyd|1999|p=270}} [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]] condemned Tyndale as a heretic, first stated in open court in January 1529.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=177}}

From an entry in [[George Spalatin]]'s diary for 11 August 1526, Tyndale remained at Worms for about a year. It is not clear exactly when he moved to Antwerp. Here he stayed at the house of [[Thomas Poyntz (merchant)|Thomas Poyntz]]. The [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] to Tyndale's translation of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and the title pages of several pamphlets from this time purported to have been printed by [[Hans Lufft]] at [[Marburg]], but this is a false address. Lufft, the printer of Luther's books, never had a printing press at Marburg.<ref>{{Citation |type=biography |language=de |contribution-url=https://sites.google.com/site/tyndaledeutsch/tyndale-biografie/antwerpen-hamburg-antwerpen |title=Tyndale |contribution=Antwerpen, Hamburg, Antwerpen |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090230/https://sites.google.com/site/tyndaledeutsch/tyndale-biografie/antwerpen-hamburg-antwerpen |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

Henry asked Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the [[War of the League of Cognac|Treaty of Cambrai]]; however, the emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition.{{efn| "Henry claimed that Tyndale was spreading sedition, but the Emperor expressed his doubts and argued that he must examine the case and discover proof of the English King's assertion before delivering the wanted man." {{sfn|Bellamy|1979|p=89}} }} In 1531 he asked [[Stephen Vaughan (merchant)|Stephen Vaughan]] to persuade Tyndale to retract his heretical opinions and return to England. Vaughan tried to persuade Tyndale, and forwarded copies of his books, but this did not satisfy the king.

Tyndale developed his case in ''An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue''.{{sfn|Tyndale|1850|p=}}

====Opposition to Henry VIII's annulment====
[[File: Bust Of William Tyndale.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpted Head of William Tyndale from [[St Dunstan-in-the-West]] Church, London]]
In 1530, from exile, he wrote ''The Practice of Prelates'', opposing Henry VIII's desire to secure the [[annulment]] of his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]] in favour of [[Anne Boleyn]], on the grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was a plot by [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]] to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of [[Pope Clement VII]]. {{sfn|Bourgoin|1998}}{{efn|"...English kings on one side and the wicked popes and English bishops on the other. Cardinal Wolsey embodies the culmination of centuries of conspiracy, and Tyndale's hatred of Wolsey is so nearly boundless that it seems pathological."{{sfn|Marius|1999|p=388}} }}

Historian Bruce Boehrer writes that for Tyndale the issue related to the perspicacity of literal scripture: "I suspect he (Tyndale) undercut the arguments of both Church and King because he found both to be based upon an objectionable premise: that the word of God should be subject to the final arbitrament of a single man."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boehrer |first1=Bruce |title=Tyndale's "The Practyse of Prelates": Reformation Doctrine and the Royal Supremacy |journal=Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme |date=1986 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |jstor=43444594 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43444594 |issn=0034-429X}}</ref>

====Betrayal and death====
Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips{{sfn|Edwards|1987}} to ducal authorities representing the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |contribution=Tyndale |contribution-url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/tyndale4.html |title=Bible researcher}}</ref> He was seized in [[Antwerp]] in 1535, and held in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) near [[Brussels]].{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}}

[[File:Ioan Latomus Francf Dec Theol et Hist (BM 1871,1209.5616).jpg|thumb|Latomus]]
Following the insurrections of the [[Albigensians]], the [[Lollards]], the [[Hussites]], the [[German Peasants' War]], the [[Münster rebellion|Münster Anabaptist rebellion]], etc., [[Heresy in Christianity#High Middle Ages (800–1299) and Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (1300–1520)|heresy]] was connected by states with [[sedition]] and possible [[regicide]]; it carried, at worst, the terrible death penalty of burning at the stake.  The Church could usually protect someone accused of heresy from being charged by the [[secular arm|state]], if that person satisfied the appointed theologian Inquisitor, in a formal process, that they did not (now) hold heretical views.

In Tyndale's case, he was held in prison for a year and a half: his Inquisitor, [[Latomus]] gave him the opportunity to write a book stating his views; Latomus wrote a book in response to convince him of his errors; Tyndale wrote two in reply; Latomus wrote two further books in response to Tyndale. Latomus' three books were subsequently published as one volume: in these it can be seen that the discussion on heresy revolves around the contents of three other books Tyndale had written on topics like justification by faith, free will, the denial of the soul, and so on. Latomus makes no mention of Bible translation; indeed, it seems that in prison, Tyndale was allowed to continue making translations from the Hebrew.<ref name=health>{{cite book | last =Juhász | first = Gergely |author2=Paul Arblaster | editor = Johan Leemans | title = More Than a Memory: The Discourse of Martyrdom and the Construction of Christian Identity in the History of Christianity | chapter = Can Translating the Bible Be Bad for Your Health?: William Tyndale and the Falsification of Memory | publisher = Peeters Publishers | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mfZlsUVYClwC | isbn = 90-429-1688-5}}</ref>  [[Thomas Cromwell]] was involved in some intercession or plans such as extradition.<ref name=Schofield>{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=John |title=The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7292-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0Q7AwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|220}}

[[File: Foxe's Book of Martyrs - Tyndale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tyndale, before being strangled and burned at the stake in [[Vilvoorde]], cries out, "Lord, open the King of England's eyes". [[Woodcut]] from [[John Foxe|Foxe's]] ''[[Book of Martyrs]]'' (1563) which is the earliest source of the quote.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rex |first1=Richard |title=The Religion of Henry Viii |journal=The Historical Journal |date=2014 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X13000368 |jstor=24528908 |s2cid=159664113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24528908 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>{{rp|32}}]]
When Tyndale could not be convinced to abjure, he was handed over to the Brabantine [[secular arm]] and tried on charges of [[Lutheran]] heresy in 1536. The charges did not mention Bible translation, which was not illegal in the Netherlands.<ref name="health"/>{{rp|317,321}}

He was found guilty by his own admission and condemned to be executed. Tyndale "was strangled to death{{efn|This was the custom in Flanders, a mercy. {{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=John |title=The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7292-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0Q7AwAAQBAJ |language=en}}{{rp|220}} }} while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned".{{sfn|Farris|2007|p=37}} His final words, spoken "at the stake with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported later as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes."{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1229.jsp VIII. 1229]}}{{sfn|Daniell|2001|p=383}} The traditional date of commemoration is 6 October, but records of Tyndale's imprisonment suggest that the actual date of his execution was some weeks earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyndale.org/TSJ/25/arblaster.html|title=An Error of Dates?|last=Arblaster|first=Paul|year=2002|access-date=7 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021257/http://www.tyndale.org/TSJ/25/arblaster.html|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Foxe gives 6 October as the date of commemoration (left-hand date column), but gives no date of death (right-hand date column).{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}} Biographer David Daniell states his date of death only as "one of the first days of October 1536".{{sfn|Daniell|2001|p=383}}

====Sequelae====
Within four years of Tyndale's death, a sequence of four [[Bible translations into English|English translations of the Bible]] were published in England at the king's behest, revising Tyndale's versions of the New Testament and Pentateuch with various objectionable features removed: [[Miles Coverdale]]'s, [[Matthew Bible|Thomas Matthew]]'s, [[Richard Taverner]]'s, and the [[Great Bible]].{{sfn|Hamlin|Jones|2010|p=336}}

==Theological views==
Tyndale was conjectured by Donald Smeeton to have come out of the [[Lollardy|Lollard]] tradition, which Smeeton argued was strong in Gloucestershire, but later scholars have cast doubt on these claims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rex |first=Richard |date=2003 |title=New Light on Tyndale and Lollardy |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/ref_2003_8_1_007 |journal=Reformation |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=143–171 |doi=10.1179/ref_2003_8_1_007 |issn=1357-4175}}</ref> Tyndale denounced the practice of [[Intercession of saints|prayer to saints]].{{sfn|McGoldrick|1979|p=}} He also rejected the view that the scriptures could be interpreted only by approved clergy.<ref>{{Wikiquote-inline|William Tyndale}}</ref> While his views were influenced by Luther, Tyndale also deliberately distanced himself from the German reformer on several key theological points, adopting a more symbolical interpretation of the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] in opposition to Luther's doctrine of the [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]].<ref>Tyndale, William, ''An Answer to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue: The Supper of the Lord After the True Meaning of John 6 and 1 Corinthians 11 and Wm. Tracie's Testament Expounded'', ed. Rev. Henry Walter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1850: 251–252. <https://archive.org/details/ananswertosirth00tyndgoog></ref>

{{blockquote|Tyndale was very much interested in what has become known as covenant theology ("''Seek therefore in the scripture, as thou readest it, chiefly and above all, the covenants made between God and us''"), and took what has come to be thought of as a Calvinist stance on many issues, including the atonement ("''Christ's blood only putteth away all the sin that ever was, is, or shall be, from them that are elect''").

His Reformation sacramentology will surprise some modern evangelicals, ("''the sacraments which Christ ordained preach God's word unto us, and therefore justify, and minister the Spirit to them that believe''").|source=Dr Lee Gatiss [https://leegatiss.wordpress.com/2015/09/07/the-works-of-william-tyndale/]}}

==Printed works==
{{See also|Tyndale Bible}}
Although best known for his translation of the Bible, Tyndale was also an active writer and translator. As well as his focus on how religion should be lived, he had a focus on political issues.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year Printed
! Name of Work
! Place of Publication
! Publisher
|-
| 1525
| The New Testament translation (incomplete)
| [[Cologne]]
|
|-
| 1526*
| The New Testament translation (first full printed edition in English)
| [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]
| [[Peter Schöffer the Younger]]
|-
| 1526
| ''A compendious introduction, prologue, or preface into the epistle of Paul to the Romans''
|
|
|-
| 1527
| ''The parable of the wicked mammon''
| [[Antwerp]]
|
|-
| 1528
| ''[[The Obedience of a Christen Man]]''<ref>{{Citation |last=Tyndale |first=William|url=http://www.godrules.net/library/tyndale/19tyndale7.htm |title=The Obedience of a Christian Man}}.</ref> (''and how Christen rulers ought to govern...'')
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1530*
| The five books of Moses [the Pentateuch] translation (each book with individual title page)
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1530
| ''The practice of prelates''
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1531
| ''The exposition of the first epistle of Saint John with a prologue before it''
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1531?
| The prophet Jonah translation
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1531
| ''An answer to Sir Thomas More's dialogue''
|
|
|-
| 1533?
| ''An exposition upon the. v. vi. vii. chapters of Mathew''
|
|
|-
| 1533
| [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]: ''[[Enchiridion militis Christiani]]'' translation
|
|
|-
|1533
|''The Souper of the Lorde''
|[[Nornburg]]
|[[Niclas Twonson]]
|-
| 1534
| The New Testament translation (thoroughly revised, with a second foreword against [[George Joye]]'s unauthorized changes in an edition of Tyndale's New Testament published earlier in the same year)
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Merten de Keyser]]
|-
| 1535
| ''The testament of master [[William Tracy (JP)|Wylliam Tracie]] esquire, expounded both by W. Tindall and J. Frith''
|
|
|-
| 1536?
| ''A pathway into the holy scripture''
|
|
|-
| 1537
| The [[Matthew Bible]], which is a Holy Scripture translation (Tyndale, Rogers, and Coverdale)
| [[Hamburg]]
| [[Richard Grafton]]
|-
| 1548?
| ''A brief declaration of the sacraments''
|
|
|-
| 1573
| The whole works of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, edited by John Foxe
|
|
|-
| 1848*
| ''Doctrinal Treatises and Introductions to Different Portions of the Holy Scriptures'', edited by [[Henry Walter (antiquary)|Henry Walter]].{{sfn|Cooper|1899|p=247}}
|
| [[Tindal, Frith, Barnes]]
|-
| 1849*
| ''Expositions and Notes on Sundry Portions of the Holy Scriptures Together with the Practice of Prelates'', edited by Henry Walter. {{sfn|Cooper|1899|p=247}}
|
|
|-
| 1850*
| ''An Answer to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and I Cor. XI., and William Tracy's Testament Expounded'', edited by Henry Walter. {{sfn|Cooper|1899|p=247}}
|
|
|-
| 1964*
| The Work of William Tyndale
|
|
|-
| 1989**
| Tyndale's New Testament
|
|
|-
| 1992**
| Tyndale's Old Testament
|
|
|-
| colspan=4 |
<nowiki>*</nowiki>These works were printed more than once, usually signifying a revision or reprint. However, the 1525 edition was printed as an incomplete quarto and was then reprinted in 1526 as a complete [[octavo]].

<nowiki>**</nowiki>These works were reprints of Tyndale's earlier translations revised for modern spelling.
|}

==Legacy==
{{lutheranism|expanded=translators}}

===Impact on English Bibles===
{{see also |Tyndale's Bible}}
The translators of the [[Revised Standard Version]] in the 1940s noted that Tyndale's translation, including the 1537 Matthew Bible, inspired the translations that followed: The Great Bible of 1539; the [[Geneva Bible]] of 1560; the [[Bishops' Bible]] of 1568; the [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] of 1582–1609; and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale".

[[George Steiner]] in his book on translation ''[[After Babel]]'' refers to "the influence of the genius of Tyndale, the greatest of English Bible translators."{{sfn|Steiner|1998|p=366}}

===Memorials===
[[File:Arduinen gedenkteken voor William Tyndale, Mechelsesteenweg, 1800 Vilvoorde.JPG|thumbnail|left|Memorial to William Tyndale in a Vilvoorde public garden]]

A memorial to Tyndale stands in Vilvoorde, Flanders, where he was executed. It was erected in 1913 by Friends of the Trinitarian Bible Society of London and the Belgian Bible Society.<ref>''Le Chrétien Belge'', 18 October 1913; 15 November 1913.</ref> There is also a small William Tyndale Museum in the town, attached to the Protestant church.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.williamtyndalemuseum.be/index.php/en/ | title=Museum | access-date=22 January 2016 | archive-date=31 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181132/http://www.williamtyndalemuseum.be/index.php/en/ | url-status=dead }}.</ref> A bronze statue by Sir [[Joseph Boehm]] commemorating the life and work of Tyndale was erected in Victoria Embankment Gardens on the [[Thames Embankment]], London, in 1884. It shows his right hand on an open Bible, which is itself resting on an early printing press. A life-sized bronze statue of a seated William Tyndale at work on his translation by [[Lawrence Holofcener]] (2000) was placed in the [[Millennium Square (Bristol)|Millennium Square, Bristol]], United Kingdom.

The [[Tyndale Monument]] was built in 1866 on a hill above his supposed birthplace, [[North Nibley]], Gloucestershire. A stained-glass window commemorating Tyndale was made in 1911 for the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] by [[James Powell and Sons]]. In 1994, after the Society had moved their offices from London to Swindon, the window was reinstalled in the chapel of [[Hertford College]] in Oxford. Tyndale was at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, which became Hertford College in 1874. The window depicts a full-length portrait of Tyndale, a cameo of a printing shop in action, some words of Tyndale, the opening words of Genesis in Hebrew, the opening words of John's Gospel in Greek, and the names of other pioneering Bible translators. The portrait is based on the oil painting that hangs in the college's dining hall. A stained glass window by [[Arnold Wathen Robinson|Arnold Robinson]] in [[Tyndale Baptist Church]], [[Bristol]], also commemorates the life of Tyndale.

Several colleges, schools and study centres have been named in his honour, including [[Tyndale House (Cambridge)]], [[Tyndale University]] (Toronto), the Tyndale-Carey Graduate School affiliated to the [[Bible College of New Zealand]], [[William Tyndale College]] (Farmington Hills, Michigan), and [[Tyndale Theological Seminary]] (Shreveport, Louisiana, and Fort Worth, Texas), the independent [[Tyndale Theological Seminary (Europe)|Tyndale Theological Seminary]]<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.tyndale-europe.edu/ | title=Tyndale Theological Seminary | place=[[Europe|EU]]}}.</ref> in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam, the Netherlands, [[Tyndale Christian School (South Australia)|Tyndale Christian School]] in South Australia and Tyndale Park Christian School<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.tyndalepark.school.nz/ |title=Tyndale park |publisher=School |place=[[New Zealand|NZ]]}}.</ref> in New Zealand. An American Christian publishing house, also called [[Tyndale House]], was named after Tyndale.
[[File:William Tyndale Victoria Embankment.jpg|thumb|Statue of William Tyndale]]
There is an Anglican communion setting in memoriam William Tyndale, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161011120645/https://sites.google.com/site/brightmorningstar624/home/tyndale-service The Tyndale Service],'' by David Mitchell.

===Liturgical commemoration===
By tradition Tyndale's death is commemorated on [[October 6|6 October]].{{sfn|Daniell|2011}} There are commemorations on this date in the [[List of Anglican Church calendars|church calendars]] of members of the [[Anglican Communion]], initially as one of the "days of optional devotion" in the American Book of Common Prayer (1979),{{sfn|Hatchett|1981|p=43, 76–77}} and a "black-letter day" in the [[Church of England]]'s Alternative Service Book.{{sfn|Draper|1982|p=}} [[Common Worship|The Common Worship]] that came into use in the [[Church of England]] in 2000 provides a collect proper to [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|6 October]] ([[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|Lesser Festival]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-04-09|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> beginning with the words:

{{Blockquote |Lord, give your people grace to hear and keep your word that, after the example of your servant William Tyndale, we may not only profess your gospel but also be ready to suffer and die for it, to the honor of your name;}}

Tyndale is honored in the [[Calendar of saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of saints]] of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] as a translator and martyr the same day.

==Personality and Character==
In his own words, Tyndale was "evil-favoured in this world, and without grace in the sight of men, speechless and rude, dull and slow-witted".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/englishbibleexte01eadi/page/114/mode/2up?view=theater Eadie, John, ''The English Bible'']</ref>{{rp|115}}

Tyndale wrote it had been his duty to translate the New Testament and reveals a confrontational style, saying, "In burning the New Testament they did none other thing than I looked for; no more shall they do, if they burn me also, if it be God's will it shall be so. Nevertheless, in translating the New Testament I did my duty..."<ref>"To the Reader", {{cite book |last1=Tyndale |first1=William |title=The Parable of Wicked Mammon |date=1528 |url=https://godrules.net/library/tyndale/19tyndale6.htm |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

His contemporary theological opponent [[Thomas More]], who never met Tyndale personally, charitably described Tyndale as "a man of sober and honest living who was well educated, well liked, and a good preacher."<ref name=martin>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Jan |title=William Tyndale, John Foxe, and the "Boy That Driveth the Plough" {{!}} Religious Studies Center |journal=Religious Educator |date=2016 |volume=17 |issue=2 |url=https://rsc.byu.edu/vol-17-no-2-2016/william-tyndale-john-foxe-boy-driveth-plough#_note-10}}</ref>

Tyndale fought with another reformer [[George Joye]] who wrote in 1535: "Let every man be ware how he medle with Tin[dale]," finding him disdainful, conceited, hypocritical and unwilling to have his Bible translations corrected.<ref name=martin/>

[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs|John Foxe]], writing in around 1562, considered Tyndale "simple and inexpert" in "the wily subtleties of this world."<ref>The Life and Story of the True Servant and Martyr of God, William Tyndale, Chapter XII, {{cite book |last1=Foxe |first1=John |title=Foxe's Book of Martyrs |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/f/foxe/martyrs/fox112.htm |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

The view of Tyndale given by a recent biography has been summarized as a "difficult, aggressive, unworldly and monomaniacal man."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicolson |first1=Adam |title=Heretic and hero |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/heretic-and-hero-6319821.html |website=Evening Standard |language=en |date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

Another modern biographer alludes to Tyndale's reputation as a "trouble-maker".{{sfn|Daniell|2001|p=85}}  The famous [[Plowboy trope|ploughboy]] story attributed to him takes place as a heated argument at a dinner party.

==Works about Tyndale==

The first biographical film about Tyndale, titled ''William Tindale'', was released in 1937.<ref>{{IMDb title|1166995| William Tindale (1937)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWQZOkwUQJo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/FWQZOkwUQJo| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=William Tindale - (1937)| website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Arnold Wathen Robinson]] depicted Tyndale's life in stained glass windows for the [[Tyndale Baptist Church]] ca. 1955. The 1975 novel ''The Hawk that Dare Not Hunt by Day'' by [[Scott O'Dell]] fictionalizes Tyndale and the smuggling of his Bible into England. The film ''God's Outlaw: The Story of William Tyndale'', was released in 1986. The 1998 film ''Stephen's Test of Faith'' includes a long scene with Tyndale, how he translated the Bible, and how he was put to death.<ref>{{IMDb title|0419166| Stephen's Test of Faith (1998)}}</ref>

A cartoon film about his life, titled ''Torchlighters: The William Tyndale Story'', was released ca. 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.torchlighters.org/episodes/index.php/news/coming-next/ |title=The William Tyndale Story |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222053128/http://www.torchlighters.org/episodes/index.php/news/coming-next/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> The documentary film, ''William Tyndale: Man with a Mission'', was released ca. 2005. The movie included an interview with [[David Daniell (author)|David Daniell]].{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} In 2007, the 2-hour Channel 4 documentary, ''The Bible Revolution'', presented by [[Rod Liddle]], details the roles of historically significant English Reformers [[John Wycliffe]], William Tyndale, and [[Thomas Cranmer]]. The "Battle for the Bible" (2007) episode of the [[PBS]] ''[[Secrets of the Dead]]'' series, narrated by [[Liev Schreiber]], features Tyndale's story and legacy and includes historical context. This film is an abbreviated and revised version of the PBS/Channel 4 version.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

He has also appeared as a character in two plays dealing with the King James Bible, Howard Brenton's ''[[Anne Boleyn (play)|Anne Boleyn]]'' (2010) and David Edgar's ''[[Written on the Heart]]'' (2011).

In 2011, [[BYUtv]] produced a documentary miniseries, ''Fires of Faith'', on the creation of the King James Bible, which focused heavily on Tyndale's life.{{sfn|Toone|2011}}<ref name=byutv.org /> In 2013, BBC Two aired a 60-minute documentary ''The Most Dangerous Man in Tudor England'', written and presented by [[Melvyn Bragg]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Melvyn Bragg|title=The Most Dangerous Man in Tudor England|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0185y5g|publisher=[[BBC Two]]|author1-link=Melvyn Bragg}}</ref>

Another known documentary is the film ''William Tyndale: His Life, His Legacy''.<ref>{{Cite AV media|medium =DVD|title=William Tyndale: His Life, His Legacy|asin=B000J3YOBO}}</ref>

==Tyndale's pronunciation==
Tyndale was writing at the beginning of the [[Early Modern English]] period. His pronunciation must have differed in its [[Phonological history of English|phonology]] from that of [[Shakespeare]] at the end of the period. In 2013 linguist [[David Crystal]] made a [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] and a [[sound recording]] of Tyndale's translation of the whole of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in what he believes to be the pronunciation of the day, using the term "original pronunciation". The recording has been published by [[The British Library]] on two compact discs with an introductory essay by Crystal.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tyndale |first=William |title=Bible, St Matthew's Gospel, read in the original pronunciation |editor-first=David |editor-last=Crystal |year=2013 |publisher=The British Library |id=NSACD 112-113 |isbn=978-0-7123-5127-0}}.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal |Christianity|Saints|Biography}}
*[[Luther Bible]]
*[[Textus Receptus]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=Driver|In the seventh paragraph of ''[http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible]'',  Sir [[Godfrey Rolles Driver|Godfry Driver]] wrote, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for [YHWH]. [...] The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."}}

}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{Citation |contribution-url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/william_tyndale |title=Historical Figures |contribution=William Tyndale |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 January 2014}}.</ref>

<ref name=Nichol>{{Citation |author-link=John Nichol (biographer)|author=John Nichol |title=Literary Anecdotes |volume=9 |contribution=Tindal genealogy}}.</ref>

<ref name=Burkes>{{Citation |title=Burke's Landed Gentry |edition=19th century |contribution=Tyndale of Haling|title-link=Burke's Landed Gentry }}</ref>

<ref name=byutv.org>{{citation |title=Fires of Faith: The Coming Forth of the King James Bible |url=http://byutv.org/show/123d4a82-3d47-488e-beda-2496a5a1ff2c |publisher=[[BYU Television]] }}</ref>

}}

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{{Refend}}

'''Attribution:'''
* {{Schaff-Herzog |first=JI |last=Mombert |url=http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc12/htm/ii.xv.x.htm |title=Tyndale, William|ref=none}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Arblaster |editor2-first=Gergely |editor2-last=Juhász |editor3-first=Guido |editor3-last=Latré |title=Tyndale's Testament |isbn=2-503-51411-1 |publisher=Brepols |year=2002}}
*{{Citation |last=Bridgman |first=Joan |title=Tyndale's New Testament |journal=Contemporary Review |year=2000 |volume=277 |number=1619 |pages=342–46 |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-69279075/tyndale-s-new-testament }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |last=Cahill |first=Elizabeth Kirkl |title=A bible for the plowboy |journal=Commonweal |volume=124 |number=7 |year=1997}}.
* {{Citation |last=Day |first=John T |year=1993 |contribution=Sixteenth-Century British Nondramatic Writers |title=Dictionary of Literary Biography |volume=1 |number=132 |pages=296–311}}
*{{cite book|last=Gillon|first=Campbell|title=Words to Trust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPNDp95VhrIC&pg=PA42|year=1991|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-389-20949-2}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tyndale.org/tsj22/hooker.html|title=Tyndale as Translator|last=Hooker|first=Morna|date=19 October 2000|website=The Tyndale Society|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118092912/http://www.tyndale.org/tsj22/hooker.html|archive-date=18 January 2018|access-date=2019-12-09}}
*{{cite book|last=McGrath|first=Alister E.|title=Christian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S36naYsQ4EcC|year=2000|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-21606-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Moo|first=Douglas J.|title=The Epistle to the Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2Eiottz75cC&pg=PA232|year=1996|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-2317-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Moynahan |first=Brian |year=2002 |title=William Tyndale: If God Spare my Life |url=https://archive.org/details/ifgodsparemylife0000moyn |url-access=registration |place=London |publisher=Abacus |isbn=0-349-11532-X }}
* {{Citation |first=John |last=Piper |publisher=Desiring God Ministries |title=Why William Tyndale Lived and Died |url=http://christianity.com/Christian%20Foundations/The%20Essentials/11576364/page1/ |access-date=1 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708151503/http://www.christianity.com/Christian%20Foundations/The%20Essentials/11576364/page1/ |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}.
* {{Citation |editor1-last=Reidhead |editor1-first=Julia |year=2006 |title=The Norton Anthology: English Literature |place=New York, NY |publisher=	W. W. Norton & Company |edition=8th |page=621}}
*{{cite book|last=Shaheen|first=Naseeb|title=Biblical References in Shakespeare's Plays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqhJRC2JEScC&pg=PA18|year=2011|publisher=University of Delaware|isbn=978-1-61149-373-3}}
* {{Citation |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Stapleton |editor-link=Michael Stapleton |title=The Cambridge Guide to English Literature |language=en |place=London |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 }}
* {{Citation |last=Teems |first=David |year=2012 |title=Tyndale: The Man Who Gave God An English Voice |publisher=Thomas Nelson}}
* {{Citation |last=Werrell |first=Ralph S. |year=2006 |title=The Theology of William Tyndale |isbn=0-227-67985-7 |publisher=James Clarke & Co |others=Dr. Rowan Williams, foreword}}
* {{Citation |date=20 December 2008 |title=William Tyndale: A hero for the information age |newspaper=The Economist|pages=101–3 |url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12792603 }}. The online version corrects the name of Tyndale's Antwerp landlord as "Thomas Pointz" vice the "Henry Pointz" indicated in the print.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Tyndale, William}}
* {{Find a Grave|id=5888281}}
* {{Citation | contribution-url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_bible/ | type=Documentary | contribution=Tyndale | title=Secrets of the Dead | publisher=PBS | access-date=18 September 2017 | archive-date=6 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606225457/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_bible/ | url-status=dead }}.
* {{Citation | url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/scripture/files/Bible_Content/English/Tyndale.bc/download | type=cleartext | last=Tyndale | first=William | title=Translation | publisher=Source forge | access-date=25 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522065645/http://sourceforge.net/projects/scripture/files/Bible_Content/English/Tyndale.bc/download | archive-date=22 May 2013 | url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation | url=https://familysearch.org/search/treeDetails/show?uri=http://tree.familysearch.org:8080/www-af-webservice/person/2041841/ | title=Family search}}.
* {{NPG name}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040722232619/http://www.tyndale.org/ The Tyndale Society].
* {{Gutenberg author | id=5675}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Tyndale}}
* {{Librivox author |id=8638}}
* [https://www.thematthewbible.com William Tyndale's Bible]
* https://tyndalebible.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416022436/https://tyndalebible.com/ |date=16 April 2021 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyndale, William}}
[[Category:1490s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1536 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Christian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:16th-century English clergy]]
[[Category:16th-century English Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:16th-century English translators]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:British translation scholars]]
[[Category:Christian humanists]]
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]
[[Category:English biblical scholars]]
[[Category:English people martyred elsewhere]]
[[Category:Executed people from Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]
[[Category:People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Katharine Lady Berkeley's School]]
[[Category:People executed for heresy]]
[[Category:People from Stroud District]]
[[Category:People from Vilvoorde]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into English]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]