War crime

{{short description|Individual act constituting a violation of the laws of war}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Crimes against humanity}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Malmedy Massacre.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|A U.S. soldier observing victims of the [[Malmedy massacre]] (17 December 1944), where 84 U.S. prisoners of war were murdered by the [[Waffen-SS]] in Belgium]]
{{war}}

A '''war crime''' is a violation of the [[laws of war]] that gives rise to individual [[criminal]] responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally [[killing civilians]] or intentionally killing [[prisoners of war]], [[torture]], taking [[hostage]]s, unnecessarily destroying civilian [[property]], deception by [[perfidy]], [[wartime sexual violence]], [[pillaging]], and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing [[mass killing]]s including [[genocide]] or [[ethnic cleansing]], the granting of [[no quarter]] despite surrender, the conscription of [[children in the military]] and flouting the legal [[Indiscriminate attack|distinctions]] of [[Proportionality (law)|proportionality]] and [[military necessity]].<ref name="Cassese">{{Cite book |last=Cassese |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Cassese |title=Cassese's International Criminal Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSPtqicFUcC |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=63–66 |isbn=978-0-19-969492-1 |access-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429140110/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSPtqicFUcC |archive-date=April 29, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the [[customary international law]] that applied to warfare between [[sovereign state]]s, such as the [[Lieber Code]] (1863) of the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] for international war.<ref name="Cassese"/> In the aftermath of the Second World War, the war-crime trials of the leaders of the [[Axis powers]] established the [[Nuremberg principles]] of law, such as that [[international criminal law]] defines what is a war crime. In 1949, the [[Geneva Conventions]] legally defined new war crimes and established that states could exercise [[universal jurisdiction]] over war criminals.<ref name="Cassese"/> In the late 20th century and early 21st century, [[international court]]s extrapolated and defined additional categories of war crimes applicable to a [[civil war]].<ref name="Cassese"/>

==History==
{{See also|List of war crimes}}
[[File:Chinese killed by Japanese Army in a ditch, Hsuchow.jpg|thumb|A ditch full of the bodies of Chinese civilians killed by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese soldiers]] in [[Suzhou]], China, 1938]]

===Early examples===
In 1474, the first trial for a war crime was that of [[Peter von Hagenbach]], realised by an [[ad hoc]] tribunal of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], for his [[command responsibility]] for the actions of his soldiers, because "he, as a knight, was deemed to have a duty to prevent" criminal behaviour by a military force. Despite having argued that he had obeyed [[superior orders]], von Hagenbach was convicted, [[Capital punishment|condemned to death]], and beheaded.<ref name="Greppi">[http://www.icrc.ch/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQ2X The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910200939/http://www.icrc.ch/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQ2X |date=10 September 2009 }} By Edoardo Greppi, Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Turin, Italy, International Committee of the Red Cross No. 835, pp. 531–553, 30 October 1999.</ref><ref name="Grant">[http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2006/spring/gallery.phpExhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403141758/http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2006/spring/gallery.phpExhibit |date=April 3, 2022 }} by Linda Grant, Harvard Law Bulletin.</ref>

===Hague Conventions===
{{Main|Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907}}

The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at [[The Hague]], Netherlands, in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the [[laws of war]] and war crimes in the nascent body of secular [[international law]].

===Lieber Code===
{{Main|Lieber Code}}

The Lieber Code was written early in the [[American Civil War]] and President [[Abraham Lincoln]] issued as General Order 100 on April 24, 1863, just months after the military [[execution]]s at [[Mankato, Minnesota]].  General Order 100, ''Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field'' (Lieber Code) was written by [[Francis Lieber|Franz Lieber]], a German [[lawyer]], political [[philosopher]], and veteran of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Lincoln made the Code [[military law]] for all [[Rules of war|wartime conduct]] of the [[Union Army]]. It defined [[command responsibility]] for war crimes and [[crimes against humanity]] as well as stated the military responsibilities of the Union soldier fighting the [[Confederate States of America]].<ref>{{cite book |year=1863 |title=Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field |author=Francis Lieber, LL.D. and revised by a Board of Officers |edition= 1st |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |publication-date=1863 |publication-place=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/governarmies00unitrich|access-date=23 August 2015 |via= Internet Archive}}</ref>

===Geneva Conventions===
{{Main|Geneva Conventions}}

The [[Geneva Conventions]] are four related treaties adopted and continuously expanded from 1864 to 1949 that represent a legal basis and framework for the conduct of war under international law. Every single member state of the United Nations has currently ratified the conventions, which are universally accepted as [[customary international law]], applicable to every situation of armed conflict in the world. The Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions adopted in 1977 containing the most pertinent, detailed and comprehensive protections of [[international humanitarian law]] for persons and objects in modern warfare are still not ratified by several states continuously engaged in armed conflicts, namely the United States, Israel, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, and others. Accordingly, states retain different codes and values about wartime conduct. Some signatories have routinely violated the Geneva Conventions in a way that either uses the ambiguities of law or political maneuvering to sidestep the laws' formalities and principles.

The first three conventions have been revised and expanded, with the fourth one added in 1949:
* The [[First Geneva Convention]] ''for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field'' was adopted in 1864 and then significantly revised and replaced by the 1906 version,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/INTRO/180?OpenDocument |title=Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906 |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |access-date=July 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210023/http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/INTRO/180?OpenDocument |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> the [[Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field (1929)|1929 version]], and later the First Geneva Convention of 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cil.nus.edu.sg/1949/1949-geneva-convention-i-for-the-amelioration-of-the-condition-of-the-wounded-and-sick-in-armed-forces-in-the-field/|title=1949 Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field – Centre for International Law|work=nus.edu.sg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221161712/http://cil.nus.edu.sg/1949/1949-geneva-convention-i-for-the-amelioration-of-the-condition-of-the-wounded-and-sick-in-armed-forces-in-the-field/|archive-date=February 21, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* The [[Second Geneva Convention]] ''for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea'' was adopted in 1906<ref>{{cite book |title=The International Committee of the Red Cross: A Neutral Humanitarian Actor |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00rief |url-access=limited |date=June 17, 2007 |author=David P. Forsythe |page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalcom00rief/page/n59 43] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-34151-6 }}</ref> and then significantly revised and replaced by the Second Geneva Convention of 1949.
* The [[Third Geneva Convention]] ''relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War'' [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|was adopted in 1929]] and then significantly revised and replaced by the Third Geneva Convention of 1949.
* The [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] ''relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War'' was first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention IV]].
[[File:Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa 12-6-2015-3.jpg|thumb|[[Human Rights Watch|HRW]] wrote that the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen]] that began on March 26, 2015, involved airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war.<ref>"[http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-watch-saudi-stikes-in-yemen-violated-international-law/a-18554746 Human Rights Watch: Saudi strikes in Yemen violated international law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722074552/http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-watch-saudi-stikes-in-yemen-violated-international-law/a-18554746 |date=July 22, 2015 }}". [[Deutsche Welle]]. June 30, 2015.</ref>]]
Two Additional Protocols were adopted in 1977 with the third one added in 2005, completing and updating the Geneva Conventions:
* [[Protocol I]] (1977) ''relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.''
* [[Protocol II]] (1977) ''relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.''
* [[Protocol III]] (2005) ''relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem.''

===Leipzig trials===
{{Main|Leipzig war crimes trials}}
Just after WWI, world governments started to try and systematically create a code for how war crimes would be defined. Their first outline of a law was "''Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field"''—also known as the "Lieber Code."<ref>{{Citation|last1=Day|first1=L. Edward|title=War Atrocities|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950619.n482|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc.|access-date=2021-10-12|last2=Vandiver|first2=Margaret|year=2003|doi=10.4135/9781412950619.n482|isbn=978-0761924371|archive-date=April 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403141742/https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/violentcrime/n482.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> A small number of German military personnel of the [[First World War]] were tried in 1921 by the German Supreme Court for alleged war crimes.

=== London Charter/Nuremberg trials 1945 ===
{{Main|London Charter of the International Military Tribunal|Nuremberg trials}}
The modern concept of war crime was further developed under the auspices of the [[Nuremberg trials]] based on the definition in the [[London Charter of the International Military Tribunal|London Charter]] that was published on August 8, 1945 (see [[Nuremberg principles]]). Along with war crimes the charter also defined [[Crime against peace|crimes against peace]] and [[crimes against humanity]], which are often committed during wars and in concert with war crimes.

=== International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946 ===
{{Main|International Military Tribunal for the Far East}}

Also known as the Tokyo Trial, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal or simply as the Tribunal, it was convened on May 3, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for three types of crimes: "Class A" (crimes against peace), "Class B" (war crimes), and "Class C" (crimes against humanity), committed during [[World War II]].

=== Formation of the International Criminal Court ===
[[File:My Lai massacre.jpg|thumb|Bodies of some of the hundreds of Vietnamese villagers who were killed by U.S. soldiers during the [[My Lai Massacre]]]]
On July 1, 2002, the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), a treaty-based court located in [[The Hague]], came into being for the prosecution of war crimes committed on or after that date.  Several nations, most notably the United States, China, Russia, and Israel, have criticized the court. The United States still participates as an observer. Article 12 of the [[Rome Statute]] provides jurisdiction over the citizens of non-contracting states if they are accused of committing crimes in the territory of one of the state parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998|url=http://legal.un.org/icc/STATUTE/99_corr/cstatute.htm|publisher=UN Treaty Organization|access-date=October 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm|archive-date=October 19, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The ICC only has jurisdiction over these crimes when they are "part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm |title=Rome Statute, Part II, Article 8 |publisher=[[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]] |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222329/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Prominent indictees==
{{Main|List of war crimes|List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court}}

===Heads of state and government===
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) 02.jpg|thumb|Former Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]] (left) and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] (right), wanted by the ICC for war crimes]]
[[File:Sahbag.jpg|thumb|190px|[[2013 Shahbag protests]] demanding the death penalty for the war criminals of the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]]]
To date, the present and former [[Head of State|heads of state]] and [[Head of Government|heads of government]] that have been charged with war crimes include:
* [[Russia]]n [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]], for his contribution in the [[Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|illegal abduction of children]] from [[Ukraine]] and deportation into Russia during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2023 |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin on war crime allegations |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/17/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-russias-putin-over-ukraine-crimes |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317161457/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/17/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-russias-putin-over-ukraine-crimes |url-status=live }}</ref>
* German [[Großadmiral]] and [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]] [[Karl Dönitz]] and Japanese [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Ministers]] and Generals [[Hideki Tōjō]] and [[Kuniaki Koiso]] in the aftermath of World War II.
* Former [[Republic of Serbia|Serbian]] [[President of Yugoslavia|President]] [[Slobodan Milošević]] was brought to trial charged with genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in three republics. This pertained to superior responsibility for the Bosnia and Croatia indictments, and individual responsibility for the Kosovo indictment. He was acquitted as he died in custody in 2006, before the trial ended.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8412 |title=Decision on Motion for Judgement of Acquittal in the Milosevic Case &#124; International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818013026/http://www.icty.org/en/sid/8412 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Former [[President of Liberia|Liberian President]] [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles G. Taylor]] was also brought to The Hague charged with war crimes; his trial stretched from 2007 to March 2011. He was convicted in April 2012 of aiding and abetting crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/03/2011311172946791811.html |title=Trial of Charles Taylor ends – Europe |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=May 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401072823/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/03/2011311172946791811.html |archive-date=April 1, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Liberia ex-leader Charles Taylor get 50 years in jail|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18259596|date=30 May 2012|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=March 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321111848/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18259596|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Former [[Politics of Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb President]] [[Radovan Karadžić]] was arrested in Belgrade on July 18, 2008, and brought before Belgrade's War Crimes Court a few days later. He was extradited to the Netherlands, and is currently in The Hague, in the custody of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]. The trial began in 2010. On March 24, 2016, he was found guilty of [[genocide]] in [[Srebrenica]], war crimes and [[crimes against humanity]], 10 of the 11 charges in total, and sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment.<ref name="nyt24-03-2016">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-verdict.html|title=Radovan Karadzic, a Bosnian Serb, Gets 40 Years Over Genocide and War Crimes|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 24, 2016|access-date=March 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324165509/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-verdict.html|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|last1=Simons|first1=Marlise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/24/europe/karadzic-war-crimes-verdict/index.html|title=Karadzic sentenced to 40 years for genocide|website=CNN|date=March 24, 2016|access-date=March 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326095221/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/24/europe/karadzic-war-crimes-verdict/index.html|archive-date=March 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He was sentenced to life on appeal.<ref name=washpost>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|title=UN appeals court increases Radovan Karadzic's sentence to life imprisonment|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2019-03-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322075741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Omar al-Bashir]], former head of state of [[Sudan]], is charged with three counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and other war crimes regarding the [[war in Darfur|war in the Darfur region of Sudan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Omar al-Bashir: Sudan's ex-president on trial for 1989 coup |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53474152 |work=BBC News |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201175119/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53474152 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan's Forces for Freedom and Change: 'Hand Al Bashir to ICC' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-s-forces-for-freedom-and-change-hand-al-bashir-to-icc |work=Radio Dabanga |language=en |access-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106211949/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-s-forces-for-freedom-and-change-hand-al-bashir-to-icc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Former [[Libyan]] leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] was indicted for allegedly ordering the killings of protesters and civilians and crimes against humanity, during the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], and [[Killing of Muammar Gaddafi|was killed]] in October 2011 before he could stand trial.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
* Former [[Peru]]vian [[President of Peru|President]] [[Alberto Fujimori]] was charged with several counts of human rights violations committed by his government and [[Grupo Colina|affiliated death squads]] during his regime.<ref name="Bloomberg2009">Emery, Alex. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aK7xJs5e8bss&refer=home Peru's Fujimori Found Guilty on Human Rights Charges], [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg News]], 7 April 2009. Accessed 7 April 2009.</ref><ref name="Reuters2">{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh Fujimori declared guilty of human rights abuses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051745/http://www.larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh |date=10 April 2009 }} (Spanish).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090407/wl_asia_afp/perutrialpoliticsrights6thlead_20090407170127|title=Peru court finds ex-president Fujimori guilty|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2009/04/08/fujimori_gets_25_years_on_conviction_in_human_rights_case 
|title=Fujimori gets 25 years on conviction in human rights case |work=Boston.com |date=8 April 2009|last1=Partlow |first1=Joshua }}</ref>

===Other===
* [[Yoshijirō Umezu]], general of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]
* [[Iwane Matsui]], general of  the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] who was known for his involvement in the [[Nanjing Massacre]] 
* [[Seishirō Itagaki]], [[Ministry of War of Japan|War minister]] of the [[Empire of Japan]]
* [[Hermann Göring]], Commander in Chief of the [[Luftwaffe]].
* [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] and [[Adolf Eichmann]], high-ranking members of the [[SS]].
* [[Wilhelm Keitel]], [[Generalfeldmarschall]], head of the {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]}}.
* [[Erich Raeder]], [[Großadmiral]], Commander in Chief of the [[Kriegsmarine]].
* [[Albert Speer]], Minister of Armaments and War Production in [[Nazi Germany]] 1942–45.
* [[William Calley]], former U.S. Army officer found guilty of murder for his role in the [[Mỹ Lai massacre]].
* [[Tikka Khan|General Tikka Khan]], aka "Butcher of Bengal" was a notorious Pakistan Army General known for his war crimes in Bangladesh during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) - Butcher of Bengal General Tikka Khan takes charge in East Pakistan - History of Bangladesh|url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/23-history-of-bangladesh/1971-muktijuddho/108-muktijuddho-bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-butcher-of-bengal-general-tikka-khan-takes-charge-in-east-pakistan-history-of-bangladesh|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Londoni|language=en-gb|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190031/http://www.londoni.co/index.php/23-history-of-bangladesh/1971-muktijuddho/108-muktijuddho-bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-butcher-of-bengal-general-tikka-khan-takes-charge-in-east-pakistan-history-of-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti]], more commonly known by his nickname "Chemical Ali", executed by post-Ba'athist Iraq for his leadership of the gassing of [[Kurd]]ish villages during the Iran-Iraq War; also governor of illegally occupied [[Kuwait]] during the [[First Gulf War]] 
* [[Ratko Mladić]], indicted for [[genocide]] amongst other violations of humanitarian law during the [[Bosnian War]]; he was captured in Serbia in May 2011 and was extradited to face trial in The Hague, wherein he was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13611645 |title=BBC News – Ratko Mladic trial: Charge sheet amended – Brammertz |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224211204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13611645 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]], guerrilla group which used to operate in Uganda.

==Definition==
[[File:Polish hostages preparing by Nazi Germans for mass execution 1940.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A picture taken by the [[Polish Underground]] of [[SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt|Nazi Secret Police]] rounding up Polish [[intelligentsia]] at [[Palmiry massacre|Palmiry]] near [[Warsaw]] in 1940 for mass execution (''[[AB-Aktion]]'')]]
War crimes are serious violations of the rules of customary and treaty law concerning [[international humanitarian law]], criminal offenses for which there is individual responsibility.<ref name="Shaw">{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=M.N|title=International Law|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89929-1|pages=433–434|url=http://www.cambridge.org/978052189929}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Colloquial definitions of ''war crime'' include violations of established protections of the ''laws of war'', but also include failures to adhere to norms of procedure and rules of battle, such as attacking those displaying a peaceful [[flag of truce]], or using that same flag as a ruse to mount an attack on enemy troops. The use of [[chemical weapon|chemical]] and [[Biological agent|biological weapons]] in warfare are also prohibited by [[List of chemical arms control agreements|numerous chemical arms control agreements]] and the [[Biological Weapons Convention]]. Wearing enemy uniforms or civilian clothes to infiltrate enemy lines for [[espionage]] or [[sabotage]] missions is a legitimate [[ruse of war]], though fighting in [[combat]] or [[assassinations|assassinating]] individuals behind enemy lines while so disguised is not, as it constitutes unlawful [[perfidy]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Smith | first = Michael | title = Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 2007 | location = New York, New York| isbn = 978-0-312-36272-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Delta Force: The Army's Elite Counterterrorist Unit | author = Beckwith, Charlie A. | author2 = Knox, Donald | publisher = Avon | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-380-80939-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/deltaforcearmyse00beck }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_us_rule65_sectioni| title = United States of America, Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy, Section I. Simulation of civilian status| publisher = [[International Red Cross]]| access-date = September 22, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926100939/http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_us_rule65_sectioni| archive-date = September 26, 2013| url-status = live| df = mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_us_rule62| title = United States of America, Practice Relating to Rule 62. Improper Use of Flags or Military Emblems, Insignia or Uniforms of the Adversary| publisher = [[International Red Cross]]| access-date = September 22, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926100942/http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_us_rule62| archive-date = September 26, 2013| url-status = live| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Attacking [[Paratrooper|enemy troops while they are being deployed by way of a parachute]] is not a war crime.<ref>{{cite web|website= [[Library of Congress]]|title= Military Legal Resources|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073825/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ |archive-date=December 18, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Protocol I, Article 42 of the [[Geneva Conventions]] explicitly forbids [[Attacks on parachutists|attacking parachutists who eject from disabled aircraft]] and surrendering parachutists once landed.<ref name="Protocol">''Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict'', International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland.[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/f6c8b9fee14a77fdc125641e0052b079 (Protocol I)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210124556/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/f6c8b9fee14a77fdc125641e0052b079 |date=December 10, 2008 }}</ref> Article 30 of the 1907 Hague Convention ''IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land'' explicitly forbids [[belligerent]]s to punish enemy spies without previous [[trial]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/1d1726425f6955aec125641e0038bfd6?OpenDocument |title=Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907. |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |access-date=July 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926100946/http://www.icrc.org/ihl/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/1d1726425f6955aec125641e0038bfd6?OpenDocument |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The rule of war, also known as the [[Law of Armed Conflict]], permits belligerents to engage in combat. A war crime occurs when superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering is inflicted upon an enemy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study. |journal= BMJ Open |year=2017 |pages=e014697 |volume=7 |issue= 7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697 |pmid=28835410 |pmc=5691184 | last1 = Smith | first1 = S | last2 = Devine | first2 = M | last3 = Taddeo | first3 = J | last4 = McAlister | first4 = VC}}</ref>

War crimes also include such acts as mistreatment of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] or [[civilians]]. War crimes are sometimes part of instances of [[mass murder]] and [[genocide]] though these crimes are more broadly covered under [[international humanitarian law]] described as [[crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]]. In 2008, the [[U.N. Security Council]] adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820|Resolution 1820]], which noted that "rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide"; see also [[wartime sexual violence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9364.doc.htm|title=Security Council Demands Immediate and Complete Halt to Acts of Sexual Violence|work=United Nations |access-date=June 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823231218/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9364.doc.htm|archive-date=August 23, 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2016, the [[International Criminal Court]] convicted someone of sexual violence for the first time; specifically, they added rape to a war crimes conviction of Congo Vice President [[Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/international-court-adds-rape-to-war-crimes-list-in-congo-conviction/2016/03/21/2e7f4320-ef72-11e5-85a6-2132cf446d0a_story.html|title=In historic ruling, international court cites rape in war crimes conviction of ex-Congo official|author=Kevin Sieff|date=March 21, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 22, 2016|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/international-court-adds-rape-to-war-crimes-list-in-congo-conviction/2016/03/21/2e7f4320-ef72-11e5-85a6-2132cf446d0a_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Soviet soldiers mass grave, German war prisoners concentration camp in Deblin, German-occupied Poland.jpg|thumb|A mass grave of [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet prisoners of war killed by Germans]] in [[Stalag 307]], [[Deblin]], [[German occupation of Poland|German-occupied Poland]]]]

War crimes also included deliberate attacks on [[citizens]] and [[property]] of [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral states]], such as the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. As the attack on Pearl Harbor happened while the U.S. and Japan were at peace and without a just cause for self-defense, the attack was declared by the [[Tokyo Trials]] to go beyond justification of [[military necessity]] and therefore constituted a war crime.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Responding to International Crime (International Studies in Human Rights) |author=Geoff Gilbert|date=September 30, 2006 |page=358 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-15276-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II |page=57 |author=Yuma Totani |date=April 1, 2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding International Law |pages=210–229|author-link1=Stephen McCaffrey |author=Stephen C. McCaffrey |date=September 22, 2004 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]}}</ref>

War crimes are significant in international humanitarian law<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=2083|title=The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419104833/http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=2083|archive-date=April 19, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> because it is an area where international tribunals such as the [[Nuremberg Trials]] and Tokyo Trials have been convened. Recent examples are the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] and the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]], which were established by the [[UN Security Council]] acting under Chapter VIII of the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]].

Under the [[Nuremberg Principles]], ''war crimes'' are different from [[crimes against peace]].  Crimes against peace include planning, preparing, initiating, or waging a [[war of aggression]], or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances.  Because the definition of a state of "war" may be debated, the term "war crime" itself has seen different usage under different systems of international and military law. It has some degree of application outside of what some may consider being a state of "war", but in areas where conflicts persist enough to constitute social instability.

The legalities of war have sometimes been accused of containing favoritism toward the winners ("[[Victor's justice]]"),<ref>{{cite book|last=Zolo|first=Danilo|title=Victors' Justice: From Nuremberg to Baghdad|publisher=Verso|date=November 2, 2009|isbn=978-1-84467-317-9|url=https://archive.org/details/victorsjusticefr00zolo}}</ref> as some controversies have not been ruled as war crimes. Some examples include the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' destruction of [[Axis Powers|Axis]] cities during [[World War II]], such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|firebombing of Dresden]], the [[Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)|''Operation Meetinghouse'' raid on Tokyo]] (the most destructive single bombing raid in history), and the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2009/11/03_tanaka_falk_lessons.php |title=The Atomic Bombing, The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal and the Shimoda Case: Lessons for Anti-Nuclear Legal Movements by Yuki Tanaka and Richard Falk |publisher=Wagingpeace.org |access-date=May 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318152421/http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2009/11/03_tanaka_falk_lessons.php |archive-date=March 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>  In regard to the [[strategic bombing during World War II]], there was no international treaty or instrument protecting a civilian population specifically from attack by aircraft,<ref name="Gomez">{{cite journal |title=The Law of Air Warfare |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |number=323 |pages=347–363 |date=June 30, 1998 |url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/57jpcl.htm |access-date=June 21, 2013 |author=Javier Guisández Gómez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403063004/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/57jpcl.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> therefore the aerial attacks on civilians were not officially war crimes. The Allies at the trials in [[Nuremberg]] and [[Tokyo]] never prosecuted the Germans, including [[Luftwaffe]] commander-in-chief [[Hermann Göring]], for the bombing raids on [[Bombing of Warsaw in World War II|Warsaw]], [[Rotterdam Blitz|Rotterdam]], and British cities during [[the Blitz]] as well as the [[indiscriminate attack]]s on Allied cities with [[V-1 flying bomb]]s and [[V-2 rocket]]s, nor the Japanese for the aerial attacks on crowded Chinese cities.<ref>{{cite book |title=Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II |year=2010 |page=167 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-84545-844-7 }}</ref>

Controversy arose when the Allies re-designated German [[POW]]s (under the protection of the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War]]) as [[Disarmed Enemy Forces]] (allegedly unprotected by the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War), many of which were then used for [[forced labor]] such as clearing [[Land mine|minefields]].<ref name="Modern History 1994 pp. 487">S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 66, No. 3. (Sep. 1994), pp. 487–520.</ref> By December 1945, six months after the war had ended, it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were still being killed or maimed each month in mine-clearing accidents.<ref name="Modern History 1994 pp. 487"/> The wording of the 1949 [[Third Geneva Convention]] was intentionally altered from that of the 1929 convention so that soldiers who "fall into the power" following surrender or mass capitulation of an enemy are now protected as well as those taken prisoner in the course of fighting.<ref>[[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232221/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com |date=April 4, 2013 }} [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590008?OpenDocument Article 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023025704/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590008?OpenDocument |date=October 23, 2013 }} "One category of military personnel which was refused the advantages of the Convention in the course of the Second World War comprised German and Japanese troops who fell into enemy hands on the capitulation of their countries in 1945 (6). The German capitulation was both political, involving the dissolution of the Government, and military, whereas the Japanese capitulation was the only military. Moreover, the situation was different since Germany was a party to the 1929 Convention and Japan was not. Nevertheless, the German and Japanese troops were considered as surrendered enemy personnel and were deprived of the protection provided by the 1929 Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War."</ref><ref>[[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232221/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com |date=April 4, 2013 }} [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590008?OpenDocument Article 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023025704/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590008?OpenDocument |date=October 23, 2013 }} "Under the present provision, the Convention applies to persons who "fall into the power" of the enemy. This term is also used in the opening sentence of Article 4, replacing the expression "captured" which was used in the 1929 Convention (Article 1). It indicates clearly that the treatment laid down by the Convention applies not only to military personnel taken prisoner in the course of fighting but also to those who fall into the hands of the adversary following surrender or mass capitulation."</ref>

=== United Nations ===
The [[United Nations]] defines war crimes as described in Article 8 of the [[Rome statute]], the treaty that established the International Criminal Court:<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect|url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml|access-date=2021-10-18|website=UN.org|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123050633/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|url=https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm|publisher=UN Treaty Organization|access-date=October 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm|archive-date=October 19, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
# Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention:
#:{{Ordered list |list_style_type=lower-alpha |Willful killing|Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments|Willfully causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or health|Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly|Compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power|Willfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial|Unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement|Taking of hostages}}
# Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict, within the established framework of international law...
# In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character, serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949...{{efn|applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature}}
# Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the established framework of international law...{{efn|applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature. It applies to armed conflicts that take place in the territory of a State when there is protracted armed conflict between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups}}
{{notelist}}

== Legality of civilian casualties ==
Under the [[law of armed conflict]] (LOAC), the death of non-combatants is not necessarily a violation; there are many things to take into account. Civilians ''cannot'' be made the object of an attack, but the death/injury of civilians while conducting an attack on a military objective are governed under principles such as of proportionality and [[military necessity]] and can be permissible. Military necessity "permits the destruction of life of&nbsp;... persons whose destruction is incidentally unavoidable by the armed conflicts of the war;&nbsp;... it does not permit the killing of innocent inhabitants for purposes of revenge or the satisfaction of a lust to kill. The destruction of property to be lawful must be imperatively demanded by the necessities of war."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council law no. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946-April, 1949.|last=Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945–1955: U.S. Zone)|date=1997|publisher=William S. Hein|isbn=1575882159|oclc=37718851}}</ref>

For example, conducting an operation on an ammunition depot or a terrorist training camp would not be prohibited because a farmer is plowing a field in the area; the farmer is not the object of attack and the operations would adhere to proportionality and military necessity. On the other hand, an extraordinary military advantage would be necessary to justify an operation posing risks of collateral death or injury to thousands of civilians. In "grayer" cases the legal question of whether the expected incidental harm is excessive may be very subjective. For this reason, States have chosen to apply a "clearly excessive" standard for determining whether a criminal violation has occurred.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Department of Defense law of war manual|publisher=United States Department of Defense Office of General Counsel|oclc=953877027}}</ref>

When there is no justification for military action, such as civilians being made the object of attack, a proportionality analysis is unnecessary to conclude that the attack is unlawful.

=== International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ===
For aerial strikes, pilots generally have to rely on information supplied by external sources (headquarters, ground troops) that a specific position is in fact a military target. In the case of former [[Yugoslavia]], [[NATO]] pilots hit a civilian object (the [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|Chinese embassy in Belgrade]]) that was of no military significance, but the pilots had no idea of determining it aside from their orders. The committee ruled that "the aircrew involved in the attack should not be assigned any responsibility for the fact they were given the wrong target and that it is inappropriate to attempt to assign criminal responsibility for the incident to senior leaders because they were provided with wrong information by officials of another agency".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal|title=Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|website=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|access-date=June 3, 2019|archive-date=March 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331233523/https://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal|url-status=live}}</ref> The report also notes that "Much of the material submitted to the OTP consisted of reports that civilians had been killed, often inviting the conclusion to be drawn that crimes had therefore been committed. Collateral casualties to civilians and collateral damage to civilian objects can occur for a variety of reasons."<ref name=":0" />

=== Rendulic Rule ===
The Rendulic Rule is a standard by which commanders are judged.

German General [[Lothar Rendulic]] was charged for ordering extensive destruction of civilian buildings and lands while retreating from a suspected enemy attack in what is called [[scorched earth]] policy for the military purpose of denying the use of ground for the enemy. The German troops retreating from Finnish Lapland believed Finland would be occupied by Soviet troops and destroyed many settlements while retreating to Norway under the command of Rendulic. He overestimated the perceived risk but argued that [[Hague IV Convention|Hague IV]] authorized the destruction because it was necessary to war. He was acquitted of that charge.

Under the "Rendulic Rule" persons must assess the military necessity of an action based on the information available to them at that time; they cannot be judged based on information that subsequently comes to light.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
{{Portal|Law|Politics|Genocide}}

===Country listings===
<!--♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦-->
{{Div col}}
* [[Allied war crimes during World War II]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|Bihari persecution]]
* [[British war crimes]]
* [[East Timor Genocide]]
* [[German war crimes]]
** [[Consequences of Nazism]]
** [[The Holocaust]]
** [[Myth of the clean Wehrmacht]]
** [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht]]
* [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]]
* [[Islamic State#Human rights abuse and war crime findings|Islamic State war crime findings]]
* [[Israeli war crimes]]
* [[Italian war crimes]]
* [[Japanese war crimes]]
* [[:Category:Korean War crimes|Korean War crimes]]
* [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir human rights abuses]]
* [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
* [[Soviet war crimes]]
** [[Russian war crimes]]
* [[United States Senate Committee on the Philippines]]
* [[United States war crimes]]
* [[Vietnam War#War crimes]]
{{Div col end}}

===Legal issues===
<!--♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦-->
{{Div col}}
* [[American Service-Members' Protection Act]]
* [[Command responsibility]]
* [[Law of war]]
* [[Metropolitan Police War Crimes Unit]]
* [[Rule of law]]
* [[Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)]]
* [[Russell Tribunal]]
* [[Special Court for Sierra Leone]]
* [[The International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq]]
* [[Universal jurisdiction]]
* [[War Crimes Law (Belgium)]]
* [[War Crimes Act 1991]]
* [[War Crimes Act of 1996]]
{{Div col end}}

===Miscellaneous===
<!--♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦-->
{{div col}}
* [[Chronicles of Terror]]
* [[Civilian internee]]
* [[Commando Order|Commando order]]
* [[Commissar Order|Commissar order]]
* [[Crime of aggression]]
* [[Doctors' trial|Doctors' Trial]]
* [[Forensic archaeology]]
* [[Human shield]]
* [[International Criminal Court investigations]]
* [[Katyn massacre]]
* [[List of denaturalized former citizens of the United States]], including those citizens who were denaturalized for concealing their involvement in war crimes in order to obtain [[American citizenship|that country's citizenship]]
* [[Looting]]
* [[Mass atrocity crimes]]
* [[Mass killing]]
* [[Military use of children]]
* [[Mukti Bahini]]
* [[Nazi human experimentation]]
* [[NKVD prisoner massacres]]
* [[No quarter]]
* [[Nuremberg Principles]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)]]
* [[Satellite Sentinel Project]]
* [[Srebrenica massacre]]
* [[State terrorism]]
* [[State-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Terror bombing]]
* [[Transitional justice]]
* [[Unlawful combatant]]
* [[War and genocide]]
* [[Wartime sexual violence]]
* [[Winter Soldier Investigation]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=war crime}}
* {{cite book |last=Cryer |first=Robert |title=An introduction to international criminal law and procedure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0-jFTnSy7kC|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87609-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dinstein |first=Yôrām |title=The conduct of hostilities under the law of international armed conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a88YJ7MuaMoC|access-date=November 14, 2010|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54227-2}}
* Hagopian, Patrick (2013). ''American Immunity: War Crimes and the Limits of International Law.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
* {{cite book |last1=Horvitz |first1=Leslie Alan |last2=Catherwood |first2=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes & Genocide |volume=2 |type=Hardcover |isbn=978-0-8160-8083-0 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |year=2011 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000horv }}  {{ISBN|0-8160-8083-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Malcolm N. |title=International law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF1TPgAACAAJ|access-date=November 14, 2010|date=November 24, 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72814-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Solis |first=Gary D. |title=The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKf0ocxEPAC&pg=PA213|access-date=November 14, 2010|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87088-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|War crimes}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary}}

*[http://abmm.org Australian Bunker And Military Museum - abmm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330053010/https://abmm.org/ |date=March 30, 2022 }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/|title=Amnesty International|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=July 29, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_international_criminal_jurisdiction/|title=International criminal jurisdiction|date=October 3, 2013|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/|title=Cambodia Tribunal Monitor|publisher=Northwestern University School of Law Center for International Human Rights and Documentation Center of Cambodia|access-date=December 17, 2008}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/quarter-giving-no.html|title=Quarter, Giving No|last=Burns|first=John|publisher=Crimes of War Project|date=January 30, 2008|access-date=December 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231051315/http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/quarter-giving-no.html|archive-date=December 31, 2008|df=mdy-all}}
*Human Rights First; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080114162221/http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/06221-etn-hrf-dic-rep-web.pdf Command's Responsibility: Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030617/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/ TheRule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050411125205/http://www.iraqispecialtribunal.org/en/home.htm Iraqi Special Tribunal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131207221121/http://www.crimesofwar.org/ Crimes of War Project]
*[https://www.un.org/law/icc/ Rome Treaty of the International Criminal Court]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184018/http://www.sc-sl.org/ Special Court for Sierra Leone]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/etimorindx.htm Ad-Hoc Court for East Timor]
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1435/conflict_war/war_criminals/ CBC Digital Archives -Fleeing Justice: War Criminals in Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083122/http://www.politicaanticrimen.com/sites/all/themes/bluemasters/pdfs/BJC_rjm.pdf A Criminological Analysis of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq By Ronald C. Kramer and Raymond J. Michalowski]
*[https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/july/investigating-human-rights Investigating Human Rights – Reaching Out to Diaspora Communities in U.S. for War Crimes Tips] ([[FBI]])
*[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/27 UK's Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act 1995] – which bans war crimes
{{War crimes|state=expanded}}{{International Criminal Law}}
{{Human rights}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:War Crime}}
[[Category:War crimes| ]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Crime by type]]
[[Category:International criminal law]]
[[Category:Law of war]]
[[Category:Violence against men]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]
[[Category:Warfare]]