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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Capital and largest city of Austria}} {{About|the capital of Austria}} {{Redirect|Wien||Wien (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Vienne (disambiguation)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{copyedit|date=April 2024}} {{Use American English|date=September 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Vienna | native_name = {{native name|de|Wien}}<br/>{{native name|bar|Wean}} | settlement_type = Capital city, [[Federal states of Austria|federal state]] and [[municipalities of Austria|municipality]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image |total_width = 305 |border = infobox |perrow = 1/3/3/3/1 |caption_align = center |image1 = Burgtheater Luftaufnahme 2, Wien.jpg |caption1 = [[Burgtheater]] and Vienna Skyline |image2 = Wien - Stephansdom (1).JPG |caption2 = [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|Stephansdom]] |image3 = Michaelertrakt (3).jpg |caption3 = [[Hofburg|Hofburg Michaelertrakt]] |image4 = 20180109 Vienna State Opera at blue hour 850 9387.jpg |caption4 = [[Vienna State Opera]] |image5 = Ayuntamiento de Viena - panoramio.jpg |caption5 = [[Vienna City Hall]] |image6 = Karlskirche Vienna, September 2016.jpg |caption6 = [[Karlskirche]] |image7 = Wien, Hofburg -- 2018 -- 3185.jpg |caption7 = [[Hofburg|Neue Hofburg]] |image8 = Wien - Schloss Belvedere, oberes (4).JPG |caption8 = [[Belvedere, Vienna|Upper Belvedere]] |image9 = 20160527 ViS 8143.jpg |caption9 = [[Musikverein]] |image10 = WLM - 2021 - Vienna - 01.jpg |caption10 = [[Peterskirche]] |image11 = Schoenbrunn philharmoniker 2012.jpg |caption11 = [[Schönbrunn Palace]] }} | image_flag = Flag of Vienna.svg | image_seal = Vienna seal 1926.svg | image_shield = Wien 3 Wappen.svg | shield_size = 80 | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria##Location within Europe | pushpin_map = Austria#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{Coord|48|12|30|N|16|22|21|E|type:adm1st_region:AT-9|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Austria | subdivision_type1 = [[Federal states of Austria|Federal state]] | subdivision_name1 = Vienna | governing_body = [[Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna|State and Municipality]] | leader_name = [[Michael Ludwig]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Vienna|Mayor and Governor]] | leader_party = [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]] | area_land_km2 = 395.25 | area_water_km2 = 19.39 | elevation_m = 151 ([[Lobau]]) – 542 ([[Hermannskogel]]) | elevation_ft = 495–1778 | area_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_footnotes}} | area_total_km2 = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_total_km2}} | population_as_of = {{Austria population Wikidata|}} | population = 2002821<ref name="Pop2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang |title=Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |language=de |trans-title=Population at beginning of year/quarter |publisher=[[Statistik Austria]] |date=8 November 2023 |accessdate=15 November 2023 }}</ref> | population_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|population_footnotes}} | population_density_km2 = 4326.1 | population_urban = 2223236 ("Kernzone")<ref name="stadtregionen.at h225">{{cite web | title=Bevölkerung Stadtregion Wien | website=stadtregionen.at | url=https://www.stadtregionen.at/wien/bev%C3%B6lkerung | language=de | access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> | population_metro = 2890577 | population_rank = [[List of European cities by population within city limits|10th]] in Europe<br/>[[List of cities and towns in Austria|1st]] in Austria | population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bamproject.eu/cities/vienna |title=Vienna – BAM – Becoming a Minority |author=Becoming a Minority Project |work=bamproject.eu |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821205648/https://www.bamproject.eu/cities/vienna |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_blank2 = {{ubl|46% Austrian|54% [[Demographics of Austria|Other]]}} | population_demonym = {{lang-de|link=no|Wiener (m), Wienerin (f)}}<br />''Viennese'' | iso_code = AT-9 | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Austria|W]] | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = {{unbulleted list|1xx0 (xx {{=}} district number)|1300 ([[Vienna International Airport|airport]])|1400 ([[United Nations Office at Vienna|United Nations]])|other 1yyy (postal boxes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.post.at/geschaeftlich_werben_produkte_und_services_adressen_postlexikon.php |title=Postlexikon |publisher=Post AG |year=2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040554/https://www.post.at/geschaeftlich_werben_produkte_und_services_adressen_postlexikon.php |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Austria|Vehicle registration]] | blank_info = W | demographics_type1 = GDP | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Basisdaten Bundesländer |url=http://wko.at/statistik/bundesland/basisdaten.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = City | demographics1_info1 = €101.960 billion (2021) | demographics1_title2 = Per capita | demographics1_info2 = €53,000 (2021) (2nd) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.947<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/AUT/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120423/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/AUT/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Austrian states by Human Development Index|1st of 9]] | blank3_name = Seats in the [[Federal Council (Austria)|Federal Council]] | blank3_info = {{Composition bar|11|61|hex=#000}} | blank_name_sec2 = [[GeoTLD]] | blank_info_sec2 = [[.wien]] | website = {{URL|wien.gv.at}} {{in lang|de}} | footnotes = <br /> {{designation list|embed=yes |designation1 = WHS |designation1_offname = Historic Centre of Vienna |designation1_date = 2001 (25th [[World Heritage Committee|session]]) |designation1_type = Cultural |designation1_criteria = ii, iv, vi |designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 1033] |designation1_free2name = UNESCO Region |designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] |designation1_free3name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]] |designation1_free3value = {{start date|2017}}–present<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1684/ |title=Historic Centre of Vienna inscribed on List of World Heritage in Danger |first=UNESCO World Heritage |last=Centre |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003182507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1684// |url-status=live }}</ref> }} | image_blank_emblem = Logo Stadt Wien 04-2019.svg | blank_emblem_type = Logo | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Reliefkarte Wien.png | map_alt = Map of Vienna | map_caption = Map of Vienna }} '''Vienna'''<ref>{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Vienna.ogg|v|i|ˈ|ɛ|n|ə}} {{respell|vee|EN|ə}};{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> ({{lang-de|link=no|Wien}} {{IPA|de|viːn||Wien1.ogg}}; {{lang-bar|Wean|label=[[Bavarian language|Austro-Bavarian]]}} {{IPA|bar|veɐ̯n|}}) is the capital, largest city, and one of [[Federal states of Austria|nine federal states]] of [[Austria]]. Vienna is Austria's [[List of cities and towns in Austria|most populous city]] and its [[primate city]], with about two million inhabitants<ref name="Pop2023" /><ref name="Statistik Austria-2022">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html |title=Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |trans-title=Population at the beginning of the year/quarter |work=[[Statistik Austria]] |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612161754/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (2.9 million within the [[metropolitan area]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124124910/https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> nearly one-third of the country's population), and its [[Culture of Austria|cultural]], [[Economy of Austria|economic]], and [[Politics of Austria|political]] center. It is the [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|fifth-largest]] city proper by population in the [[European Union]] and the largest of all [[List of cities and towns on Danube river|cities on the Danube river]] by population. The city lies on the eastern edge of the [[Vienna Woods]] (''Wienerwald'')—the northeasternmost foothills of the [[Alps]], that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria—at the transition to the [[Pannonian Basin]]. It sits on the [[Danube]], and is also traversed by the highly regulated [[Wienfluss]] (''Vienna River''). Vienna is completely surrounded by [[Lower Austria]], and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of [[Slovakia]] and its capital [[Bratislava]], 60 km (37 mi) northwest of [[Hungary]], and 60 km (37 mi) south of [[Moravia]] ([[Czech Republic]]). The once [[Celts|Celtic]] settlement of ''Vedunia'' was converted by the [[Roman people|Romans]] into the [[castrum]] and [[canaba]] ''[[Vindobona]]'' (province of [[Pannonia]]) in the 1st century, and was elevated to a [[municipium]] with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influece of the [[Lombards]] and later the [[Pannonian Avars]], when [[Slavs]] formed the majority of the region's population.{{efn|some Viennese boroughs have Slavic-derived names: [[Döbling]], [[Hietzing|Lainz]], [[Liesing]], [[Währing]]}} From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the [[Baiuvarii]]. In 976, the [[Babenbergs]] established the [[Margraviate of Austria]]. In 1221, Vienna was granted city rights by [[Leopold VI, Duke of Austria|Leopold VI]]. The reign of the [[Habsburgs]] started in 1278. In 1558, Vienna became the capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which it remained until 1806.{{efn|with one interruption between 1583 and 1612}} It was the capital of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1804 to 1867, and of the [[Cisleithania]]n part of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867 to 1918, and subsequently became the capital of Austria. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest [[German-speaking]] city in the world, and before the splitting of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in [[World War I]], the city had two million inhabitants.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/29/98276500.pdf "Vienna after the war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021436/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/29/98276500.pdf |date=15 February 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 December 1918 ([[PDF]])</ref> Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after [[Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720222437/http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 |title=Wien nun zweitgrößte deutschsprachige Stadt | touch.ots.at |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/ |title=Ergebnisse Zensus 2011 |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |language=de |archive-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031517/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vienna is host to many major [[international organization]]s, including the [[United Nations]], [[OPEC]] and the [[OSCE]]. In 2001, the city center was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of [[World Heritage in Danger]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610034833/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna has been called the "City of Music"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |title=Vienna – the City of Music – Vienna – Now or Never |publisher=Wien.info |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512202540/http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |url-status=live }}</ref> due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]], [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Johann Strauss I]] and [[Johann Strauss II]] lived and worked there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna's musical heritage - Mozart, Strauss, Haydn and Schubert |url=https://www.musicofvienna.com/musical-heritage.htm |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Music of Vienna |language=en}}</ref> It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of [[First Viennese School|Viennese Classicism]] through the early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref>[[BBC]] Documentary – Vienna – The City of Dreams</ref> The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century {{lang|de|[[Ringstraße]]}} lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102143945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Etymology== {{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: U–Z#V|Vindobona}} The place is mentioned as ''Οϋι[νδ]όβονα (Oui[nd]obona)'' in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, ''Geography'', II, 14, 3) ; ''Vindobona'' in the 3rd century (''Itinerarium Antonini Augusti'' 233, 8) ; ''Vindobona'' in the 4th century (''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'', V, 1) ; ''Vindomana'' ab. 400 (''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'', 145, 16) ; ''Vindomina, Vendomina'' in the 6th century ([[Jordanes]], ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum]]'', 50, 264). The English name ''Vienna'' is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name ''Wien'' comes from the name of the river ''Wien'', mentioned ''ad UUeniam'' in 881 (''Wenia-'' in modern writing).<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Csendes |contribution=Das Werden Wiens – Die siedlungsgeschichtlichen Grundlagen |language=de |editor1-last=Csendes |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-first=F. |editor2-last=Oppl |title=Wien – Geschichte einer Stadt von den Anfängen zur Ersten Türkenbelagerung |publisher=Böhlau |location=Vienna |year=2001 |pages=55–94, here p. 57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Pleyel |title=Das römische Österreich |publisher=Pichler |location=Vienna |year=2002 |isbn=3-85431-270-9 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Martin |editor-last1=Mosser |editor-first2=Karin |editor-last2=Fischer-Ausserer |title=Judenplatz. Die Kasernen des römischen Legionslagers |language=de |series=Wien Archäologisch |volume=5 |publisher=Stadtarchäologie Wien |location=Vienna |year=2008 |page=11}}</ref> The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction {{lang|la|[[Vindobona]]}}, probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, ''vindo-'', meaning "white" (Old Irish ''find'' "white", Welsh {{lang|cy|gwyn}} / ''gwenn'', Old Breton ''guinn'' "white, bright" > Breton ''gwenn'' "white"), and ''-bona'' "foundation, settlement, village",<ref>{{cite web |title=Vienna |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Vienna&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922014129/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Vienna&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Delamarre">[[Xavier Delamarre]], ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental'', éditions Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 82-319-320</ref> related to Old Irish ''bun'' "base, foundation" and Welsh ''bon'', same meaning.<ref name="Delamarre"/> The Celtic word ''vindos'' may reflect a widespread prehistorical [[Fionn mac Cumhaill#Etymology|cult of Vindos]], a Celtic [[deity]] who survives in [[Irish mythology]] as the warrior and [[Oracle|seer]] Fionn mac Cumhaill.<ref>Mac Cana, Proinsias. "Fianaigecht in the Pre-Norman Period". In: ''Béaloideas'' 54/55 (1986): 76. {{doi|10.2307/20522282}}. {{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20522282 |jstor=20522282 |title=Fianaigecht in the Pre-Norman Period |last1=Mac Cana |first1=Proinsias |journal=Béaloideas |year=1986 |volume=54/55 |pages=75–99 |doi=10.2307/20522282 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221322/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20522282 |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>FitzPatrick, Elizabeth; Hennessy, Ronan (2017). "Finn's Seat: topographies of power and royal marchlands of Gaelic polities in medieval Ireland". In: ''Landscape History'', 38:2, 31. {{doi|10.1080/01433768.2017.1394062}}</ref> A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] names of the city ({{lang|cs|Vídeň}}, {{lang|sk|Viedeň}}, {{lang|pl|Wiedeń}} and {{lang|uk|Відень}} respectively) and in that of the city's district [[Wieden]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Johanna |last=Haberl |title=Favianis, Vindobona und Wien, eine archäologisch-historische Illustration zur Vita S. Severini des Eugippius |language=de |publisher=Brill Academic |location=Leiden |year=1976 |isbn=90-04-04548-1 |page=125}}</ref> The name of the city in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ({{lang|hu|Bécs}}), [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] ({{lang-hbs-Latn-Cyrl|Beč|Беч|label=none}}) and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ({{lang|ota|بچ|}}, ''Beç'') has a different, probably [[Slavic peoples|Slavonic]] origin, and originally referred to an [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] fort in the area.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Vienna |volume=28 |page=52 }}</ref> [[Slovene language|Slovene]] speakers call the city {{lang|sl|Dunaj}}, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river [[Danube]], on which the city stands. == History== {{Main|History of Vienna}} {{For timeline}} === Early history=== Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when [[Celts]] settled the site on the Danube.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vienna – History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/History |access-date=12 November 2021 |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628234651/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/History |url-status=live }}</ref> In 15 BC, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] fortified the frontier city they called [[Vindobona]] to guard the empire against [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] to the north. [[File:Canabae legionis Vindobona.jpg|thumb|Overview of the Roman legion settlement [[Vindobona]] in the center of today's Vienna]] Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk [[Coloman of Stockerau|Saint Colman]] (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and [[Saint Fergil]] (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great [[Schottenstift]] monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks. In 976, [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I of Babenberg]] became count of the [[Bavarian Ostmark|Eastern March]], a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. This initial district grew into the [[List of rulers of Austria|duchy of Austria]]. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, [[Henry II, Duke of Austria]] moved the Babenberg family residence from [[Klosterneuburg]] in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lingelbach |first=William E. |title=The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |location=New York |year=1913 |pages=91–92 |asin=B000L3E368}}</ref> In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the [[Habsburg dynasty]]. It eventually grew to become the ''de facto'' capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. [[Hungary]] occupied the city between 1485 and 1490. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|siege of Vienna]] and the 1683 [[Battle of Vienna]]. The [[Great Plague of Vienna]] ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.<ref> {{cite book |last=Spielman |first=John Philip |title=The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740 |publisher=Purdue University Press |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |year=1993 |isbn=1-55753-021-1 |page=141}} </ref> === Austrian Empire and the early 20th century=== [[File:Canaletto (I) 058.jpg|thumb|''Vienna from Belvedere'' by [[Bernardo Bellotto]], 1758]] In 1804, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Vienna became the capital of the newly formed [[Austrian Empire]]. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|1848]], which were suppressed. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Vienna remained the capital of what became the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the [[First Viennese School]] (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied. [[File:Rudolf von Alt-Opera Crossroads in Vienna.jpg|thumb|Vienna's {{lang|de|Ringstraße}} and the State Opera in around 1870]] During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the [[bastion]]s and [[glacis]] into the {{lang|de|[[Ringstraße]]}}, a new [[boulevard]] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after [[World War I]], Vienna became capital of the [[Republic of German-Austria]], and then in 1919 of the [[First Republic of Austria]]. From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of [[modernism]]. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]], [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]] and [[Richard Strauss]]. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the [[Vienna Secession]] movement in art, the [[Second Viennese School]], the architecture of [[Adolf Loos]], the philosophy of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], and the [[Vienna Circle]]. ===Red Vienna=== [[Image:Döbling (Wien) - Karl-Marx-Hof.JPG|thumb|220px|The [[Karl-Marx-Hof]] remains symbolic for ''Red Vienna'']] The city of Vienna became the center of [[socialist]] politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as "[[Red Vienna]]" (''Das rote Wien''). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment.<ref>{{cite book | author1= Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher= Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=71 |isbn= 9780300266535 }}</ref> Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and ruled the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. [[Jakob Reumann]] was appointed by the city council as city mayor.<ref>{{cite book | author1= Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher= Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=77 |isbn= 9780300266535 }}</ref> The theoretical foundations of so-called [[Austromarxism]] were established by [[Otto Bauer]], [[Karl Renner]], and [[Max Adler (Marxist)|Max Adler]].<ref>{{cite book | author1= Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher= Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=78 |isbn= 9780300266535 }}</ref> In the [[Austrian Civil War]] of 1934 Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] sent the [[Austrian Armed Forces]] to shell civilian housing such as the [[Karl Marx-Hof]] occupied by the [[Republikanischer Schutzbund]] (''socialist militia''). === Anschluss and World War II=== {{Main|Anschluss}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-028-14, Anschluss Österreich.jpg|thumb|Crowds greet [[Adolf Hitler]] as he rides in an open car through Vienna in March 1938.]] In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born [[German Chancellor]] [[Adolf Hitler]] spoke to the [[Austrian Germans]] from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the [[Hofburg Imperial Palace|Hofburg]] at the [[Heldenplatz]]. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |title=Vienna Skewered as a Nazi-Era Pillager of Its Jews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=11 May 2017 |date=7 March 2002 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702054818/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Expulsion, Deportation to concentration camps and mass murder – History of the Jews in Vienna From racist mania to genocide |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=wien.gv.at |quote=The entry of Hitler's army into Austria in March 1938 triggered unprecedented suffering and hardship for Vienna's Jews. Grave acts of violence against the Jewish population began to proliferate. |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320223715/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1938 (after the [[Anschluss]]) and the end of the [[Second World War]] in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to [[Berlin]], because Austria ceased to exist and became part of [[Nazi Germany]]. During the November pogroms on 9 November 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. [[Adolf Eichmann]] held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |title=DÖW – Erkennen – Ausstellung – 1938 – Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden |website=www.doew.at |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103854/https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |title=Jüdische Gemeinde – Wien (Österreich) |website=www.xn—jdische-gemeinden-22b.de |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035119/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |title=Jewish Vienna |website=www.wien.gv.at |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619120020/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |title=Hitlers willige Vasallen |newspaper=Die Zeit |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505105703/https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |url-status=live |last1=Riedl |first1=Joachim }}</ref> Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around [[Heinrich Maier]], which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, [[V-2 rocket]]s, Peenemünde, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft. The information was important to [[Operation Crossbow]] and [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]], both preliminary missions for [[Operation Overlord]]. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna.<ref>Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 35.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dday-overlord.com/en/d-day/preliminary-operations/crossbow |title=Operation Crossbow – Preliminary missions for the Operation Overlord |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220112540/http://www.dday-overlord.com/en/d-day/preliminary-operations/crossbow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p. 163.</ref><ref>Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.</ref> The group around the later executed [[Karl Burian]] even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.<ref>Karl Glanz "Die Sozialdemokratie", 2020, pp 28.</ref> On 2 April 1945, the [[Soviet Red Army]] launched the [[Vienna Offensive]] against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the [[SS]] and [[Wehrmacht]], crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/archiv/139520-Der-Kampf-um-Wien-im-April-1945.html |title="Operation Radetzky" verhinderte das Ärgste – Der Kampf um Wien im April 1945 |first=Friedrich |last=Weissensteiner |website=Archiv |date=26 March 2005 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421144903/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/archiv/139520-Der-Kampf-um-Wien-im-April-1945.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=The Soviet Occupation of Austria |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/soviet-occupation-of-austria |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2007 |title=The Soviet occupation of Austria, 1945–1955 |url=https://www.eurozine.com/the-soviet-occupation-of-austria-1945-1955/ |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=www.eurozine.com}}</ref> when Austria regained full sovereignty. === Four-power Vienna=== {{further|Allied-occupied Austria}} [[File:Wien Besatzungszonen.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Occupation zones in Vienna, 1945–55]] After the war, Vienna was part of [[Allied-occupied Austria|Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria]] until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an [[Allied Commission]]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an ''international zone'' in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a ''de facto'' day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rMlnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna ''Austria: Facts and Figures''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025172400/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMlnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna&dq=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim5rzos-7KAhXCJJoKHRBNBNsQ6AEIMzAA |date=25 October 2022 }}, Federal Press Service, 1973, page 34</ref> The [[Berlin Blockade]] of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] by MP [[Anthony Nutting]], who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."<ref>{{cite web |title=HC Deb 30 June 1948 vol 452 cc2213-49 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1948/jun/30/germany#column_2238 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035208/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1948/jun/30/germany#column_2238 |date=30 June 1948 |url-status=live }}</ref> There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The [[Potsdam Agreement]] included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern bloc]]s. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the [[Cold War]] in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938. Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of [[West Berlin]] in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the [[Austrian State Treaty]], agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of [[NATO]] and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and [[West Germany]]. The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for [[Graham Greene]]'s screenplay for the film ''[[The Third Man]]'' (1949). The films [[theme music]] was composed and performed by Viennese musician [[Anton Karas]] using a [[Zither]]. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 [[Philip Kerr]] novel, ''[[A German Requiem (novel)|A German Requiem]]''. === Austrian State Treaty and afterwards=== [[File:Graben, szemben a Pestisoszlop. Fortepan 58901.jpg|thumb|[[Graben, Vienna|Graben]] in 1966]] The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the [[Austrian State Treaty]] was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the [[Vienna State Opera|State Opera]] and the [[Burgtheater]], both on the {{lang|de|Ringstraße|italic=no}}, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither [[NATO]] nor the [[Soviet bloc]], and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed [[1995 enlargement of the European Union|entry into the European Union in 1995]]. In the 1970s, [[Chancellor of Austria|Austrian Chancellor]] [[Bruno Kreisky]] inaugurated the [[Vienna International Center]], a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations ([[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna]] and [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]), the [[Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]], the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], the [[OPEC|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]], and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]. == Demographics== {{Historical populations |1637|60,000 |1683|90,000 |1710|113,800 |1754|175,460 |1783|247,753 |1793|271,800 |1830|401,200 |1840|469,400 |1850|551,300 |1857|683,000 |1869|900,998 |1880|1,162,591 |1890|1,430,213 |1900|1,769,137 |1910|2,083,630 |1916|2,239,000 |1923|1,918,720 |1934|1,935,881 |1939|1,770,938 |1951|1,616,125 |1961|1,627,566 |1971|1,619,885 |1981|1,535,145 |1990|1,492,636 |2000|1,548,537 |2005|1,632,569 |2010|1,689,995 |2015|1,797,337 |2020|1,911,728 |2023|2,002,821 |footnote=2023 data<ref name="Pop2023" /> }} [[File:Vienna population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Vienna population pyramid in 2022]] {|class="wikitable floatright" |+ Significant foreign resident groups<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien 2019 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2019 |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=67 |page=69 |date=November 2019 |publisher=Stadt Wien (City of Vienna) |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701040527/https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=67 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! Country of birth||Population as of<br />31 December 2022 |- |{{flag|Serbia}}||88,715 |- |{{flag|Turkey}}||65,650 |- |{{flag|Germany}}||60,513 |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||50,036 |- |{{flag|Poland}}||48,741 |- |{{flag|Syria}}||40,054 |- |{{flag|Romania}}||39,327 |- |{{flag|Ukraine}}||34,285 |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}}||25,084 |- |{{flag|Hungary}}||24,145 |- |} Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of [[Austria-Hungary]] (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third [[List of cities proper by population|largest city]] in Europe after London and Paris.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frommer's Vienna & the Danube Valley |last=Porter |first=Darwin |author2=Prince, Danforth |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-49488-2 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6jLTn7cN3oC&pg=PA16}}</ref> Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest [[Czechs|Czech]] population in the world (after [[Prague]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |title=Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna |publisher=Wieninternational.at |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221406/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> After World War I, many [[Czechs in Vienna|Czechs]] and [[Hungarians in Vienna|Hungarians]] returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916. Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 [[Jews in Vienna|Jews]] were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |title=Vienna |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113005420/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf |title=Bevölkerung 2001 nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113171636/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.com/sr/be%C4%8D-bo%C5%BEi%C4%87-na-gastarbajterski-na%C4%8Din/a-5096611?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |title=Beč: Božić na gastarbajterski način | Evropa | Deutsche Welle | 7 January 2010 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705002924/http://www.dw.com/sr/be%C4%8D-bo%C5%BEi%C4%87-na-gastarbajterski-na%C4%8Din/a-5096611?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |url-status=live }}</ref> the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were [[Turkey|Turks]] (39,000; 2.5%), [[Poland|Poles]] (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%). {{As of|2012}}, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.<ref name="Statistik Austria-2022" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |title=Vienna in figures 2012, Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic history, Labour and Statistics Responsible for the contents: Gustav Lebhart, page 6 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018165619/http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |title=Vienna in figures |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501085024/http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> According to [[UN-Habitat]], Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/1052216_Data%20tables.pdf |publisher=UN-Habitat |title=City population by country |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925074331/http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/1052216_Data%20tables.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Population by migration background (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migrationshintergrund |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/migration-und-einbuergerung/migrationshintergrund |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=STATISTIK AUSTRIA |language=de-AT}}</ref> !Background !Nos. |- |Native born |style="text-align:right;"|970,900 |- |1st generation migration background |style="text-align:right;"|739,500 |- |2nd generation migration background |style="text-align:right;"|242,900 |- !Total !1,953,300 |} === Religion=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Vienna (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |title=Mehr orthodoxe Christen, Muslime und Konfessionslose in Wien |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723125449/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |url-status=live }}</ref> |label2 = [[Catholic Church in Austria|Catholic Church]] |value2 = 32 |color2 = #2243B6 |label3 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Austria|Eastern Orthodoxy]] |value3 = 11 |color3 = Orchid |label4 = [[Islam in Austria|Islam]] |value4 = 15 |color4 = Green |label5 = Other |value5 = 8 |color5 = WhiteSmoke |label1 = Unaffiliated |value1 = 34 |color1 = Yellow }} According to the 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian - among them 31,8% Catholic, 11,2% Eastern Orthodox and 3,7% Protestant (mostly Lutheran) -, while 34.1% were of no religion, 14.8% were Muslim, and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KLIMONT |first=Jeannette |date=5 May 2022 |title=Religionszugehörigkeit 2021: drei Viertel bekennen sich zu einer Religion |url=https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdf |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Statistik Austria}}</ref> One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ikg-wien.at/en/about-the-jewish-community-of-vienna |title=About the Jewish Community of Vienna |language=en |access-date=14 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514134526/https://www.ikg-wien.at/en/about-the-jewish-community-of-vienna }}</ref><ref name="Vienna Direct d705">{{cite web | title=Synagogues in Vienna | website=Vienna Direct | url=https://www.viennadirect.com/living/synagogues.php | access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions.<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien 2019 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2019 |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=172 |page=174 |date=November 2019 |language=de |publisher=Magistrat der Stadt Wienn – Stadt Wien Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Statistik |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701040527/https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=172 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A study conducted by the [[Vienna Institute of Demography]] estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Anne |last1=Goujon |first2=Claudia |last2=Reiter |first3=Michaela |last3=Potančoková |title=Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers 13/2018 – Religious Affiliations in Austria at the Provincial Level: Estimates for Vorarlberg, 2001–2018 |url=https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/IMG/Publications/Working_Papers/WP2018_13.pdf#page=19 |pages=18–19 |publisher=[[Vienna Institute of Demography]] – [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehr orthodoxe Christen, Muslime und Konfessionslose in Wien |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723125449/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The European capital where there are more Muslim than Catholic children in state primary schools |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/muslim-catholic-children-viennas-state-primary-schools-102432801.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=uk.news.yahoo.com |date=27 September 2017 |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106154721/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/muslim-catholic-children-viennas-state-primary-schools-102432801.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2017 |title='Islamic' kindergartens: Vienna's Muslim preschools cause a stir in Austria |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-kindergartens-vienna-s-muslim-preschools-cause-a-stir-in-austria/story-oVNNlceakLKR4iNAf9NvnI.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106154720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-kindergartens-vienna-s-muslim-preschools-cause-a-stir-in-austria/story-oVNNlceakLKR4iNAf9NvnI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna]], in which is also vested the exempt [[Ordinariate]] for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its [[Archbishop of Vienna|Archbishop]] is [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Christoph Schönborn]]. Many [[Catholic Church]]es in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]] (''Stephansdom''), [[Karlskirche]], [[Peterskirche, Vienna|Peterskirche]] and the [[Votive Church, Vienna|Votivkirche]]. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist [[Peace Pagoda]], built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [[Nipponzan Myohoji]]. == Geography == [[File:Vienna by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite photo|Satellite image]] of Vienna by [[Sentinel-2]] in 2018]] Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the [[Alps]] in the [[Vienna Basin]]. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's [[inner city]], was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from {{cvt|151|to|542|m|ft|0}}. The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area. === Climate === {{too many charts|section|date=March 2024}} Vienna has a borderline [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') and [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''), with some parts of the urban core being warm enough for a [[humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') classification. The city has warm, showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between {{cvt|25|to|27|C|F}} and a record maximum exceeding {{cvt|38|°C|0}}. Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around {{cvt|600|mm|1}} annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ({{cvt|700|to|800|mm|0}} annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ({{cvt|500|to|550|mm|0}} annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria. {{Weather box|location= Vienna ([[Hohe Warte (Vienna)|Hohe Warte]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1775–present |metric first= Y |single line= Y |Jan record high C = 18.7 |Feb record high C = 20.6 |Mar record high C = 25.5 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 34.0 |Jun record high C = 36.5 |Jul record high C = 39.5<!--See info here: https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ Moreover, in all of Austria were never ever reached 41 degrees, absolute highest registered temperature in the history of Austria is just 40.2 degrees (Bad Deutsch Altenburg, always in 2013)--> |Aug record high C = 38.4 |Sep record high C = 34.0 |Oct record high C = 27.8 |Nov record high C = 21.7 |Dec record high C = 18.6 |year record high C = 39.5 |Jan high C = 3.5 |Feb high C = 6.5 |Mar high C = 10.7 |Apr high C = 17.2 |May high C = 20.7 |Jun high C = 25.1 |Jul high C = 26.4 |Aug high C = 26.1 |Sep high C = 21.1 |Oct high C = 14.3 |Nov high C = 8.8 |Dec high C = 4.0 |year high C = 15.4 |Jan mean C = 1.1 |Feb mean C = 2.8 |Mar mean C = 6.9 |Apr mean C = 11.9 |May mean C = 16.3 |Jun mean C = 20.0 |Jul mean C = 21.9 |Aug mean C = 21.6 |Sep mean C = 16.6 |Oct mean C = 11.2 |Nov mean C = 6.2 |Dec mean C = 1.8 |year mean C = 11.5 |Jan low C = -1.3 |Feb low C = -0.5 |Mar low C = 2.6 |Apr low C = 6.7 |May low C = 10.7 |Jun low C = 14.7 |Jul low C = 15.9 |Aug low C = 15.6 |Sep low C = 12.0 |Oct low C = 7.3 |Nov low C = 3.7 |Dec low C = -0.4 |year low C = 7.2 |Jan record low C = -23.8 |Feb record low C = -26.0 |Mar record low C = -16.3 |Apr record low C = -8.1 |May record low C = -1.8 |Jun record low C = 3.2 |Jul record low C = 6.9 |Aug record low C = 6.5 |Sep record low C = -0.6 |Oct record low C = -9.1 |Nov record low C = -14.3 |Dec record low C = -20.7 |year record low C = -26.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 42.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 38.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 51.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 41.8 |May precipitation mm = 78.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 70.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 77.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 69.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 64.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 46.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 46.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 46.8 |year precipitation mm = 673.1 |Jan snow cm = 15.9 |Feb snow cm = 13.6 |Mar snow cm = 5.2 |Apr snow cm = 1.1 |May snow cm = 0.0 |Jun snow cm = 0.0 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.0 |Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 0.4 |Nov snow cm = 3.2 |Dec snow cm = 10.8 |year snow cm = |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 8.7 |Feb precipitation days = 7.1 |Mar precipitation days = 8.7 |Apr precipitation days = 6.5 |May precipitation days = 9.4 |Jun precipitation days = 8.4 |Jul precipitation days = 8.9 |Aug precipitation days = 7.9 |Sep precipitation days = 7.4 |Oct precipitation days = 7.2 |Nov precipitation days = 7.6 |Dec precipitation days = 8.6 |year precipitation days = 96.4 |unit snow days = 1.0 cm |Jan snow days = 11.4 |Feb snow days = 8.8 |Mar snow days = 3.4 |Apr snow days = 0.3 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.1 |Nov snow days = 1.6 |Dec snow days = 6.2 |year snow days = 31.8 |time day= 14:00 |Jan humidity = 73.4 |Feb humidity = 64.9 |Mar humidity = 57.7 |Apr humidity = 51.6 |May humidity = 54.6 |Jun humidity = 54.4 |Jul humidity = 53.3 |Aug humidity = 52.8 |Sep humidity = 58.4 |Oct humidity = 66.2 |Nov humidity = 74.3 |Dec humidity = 76.6 |year humidity = 61.5 |Jan sun = 70.2 |Feb sun = 104.9 |Mar sun = 155.1 |Apr sun = 216.5 |May sun = 248.3 |Jun sun = 260.5 |Jul sun = 273.6 |Aug sun = 266.3 |Sep sun = 191.7 |Oct sun = 129.9 |Nov sun = 67.7 |Dec sun = 57.1 |year sun = 2041.8 |Jan percentsun = 26.4 |Feb percentsun = 37.5 |Mar percentsun = 43.0 |Apr percentsun = 54.1 |May percentsun = 54.4 |Jun percentsun = 56.3 |Jul percentsun = 58.6 |Aug percentsun = 62.1 |Sep percentsun = 52.2 |Oct percentsun = 40.0 |Nov percentsun = 25.1 |Dec percentsun = 22.6 |year percentsun = 44.4 |source 1 = [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics]]<ref name="Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics"> {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200319/https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url=https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |title=Klimamittelwerte 1991–2020 |publisher=Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics |language=de |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> |source 2= Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=299 |title=Station Vienne |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224012427/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=299 |url-status=live }}</ref> wien.orf.at<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ |title=Hitzerekord: 39,5 Grad in Wien |publisher=wien.orf.at |access-date=21 October 2019 |language=de |date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022001407/https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location= Vienna ([[Innere Stadt]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020 |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan record high C = 19.5 |Feb record high C = 20.0 |Mar record high C = 25.4 |Apr record high C = 31.2 |May record high C = 34.1 |Jun record high C = 37.7 |Jul record high C = 38.4 |Aug record high C = 39.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 28.5 |Nov record high C = 21.3 |Dec record high C = 16.4 |year record high C = 39.5 |Jan high C = 4.2 |Feb high C = 7.0 |Mar high C = 11.0 |Apr high C = 17.4 |May high C = 21.1 |Jun high C = 25.7 |Jul high C = 26.9 |Aug high C = 26.6 |Sep high C = 21.6 |Oct high C = 15.0 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 4.7 |year high C = 15.9 |Jan mean C = 2.1 |Feb mean C = 3.8 |Mar mean C = 7.7 |Apr mean C = 13.0 |May mean C = 17.3 |Jun mean C = 21.0 |Jul mean C = 23.0 |Aug mean C = 22.8 |Sep mean C = 17.7 |Oct mean C = 12.3 |Nov mean C = 7.2 |Dec mean C = 2.8 |year mean C = 12.6 |Jan low C = -0.1 |Feb low C = 1.1 |Mar low C = 4.0 |Apr low C = 8.6 |May low C = 12.3 |Jun low C = 16.4 |Jul low C = 17.7 |Aug low C = 17.5 |Sep low C = 13.8 |Oct low C = 8.9 |Nov low C = 5.0 |Dec low C = 0.7 |year low C = 8.8 |Jan record low C = -17.6 |Feb record low C = -16.4 |Mar record low C = -11.0 |Apr record low C = -2.4 |May record low C = 3.0 |Jun record low C = 6.8 |Jul record low C = 10.9 |Aug record low C = 10.1 |Sep record low C = 5.1 |Oct record low C = -2.1 |Nov record low C = -7.0 |Dec record low C = -15.4 |year record low C = -17.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 37.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 33.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 46.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 39.6 |May precipitation mm = 78.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 82.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 80.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 47.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 42.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 39.9 |year precipitation mm = 669.2 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.5 |Feb precipitation days = 6.3 |Mar precipitation days = 7.7 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 9.3 |Jun precipitation days = 9.0 |Jul precipitation days = 8.9 |Aug precipitation days = 8.0 |Sep precipitation days = 7.2 |Oct precipitation days = 7.0 |Nov precipitation days = 6.9 |Dec precipitation days = 7.7 |year precipitation days = 91.9 |time day= 14:00 |Jan humidity = 75.0 |Feb humidity = 67.6 |Mar humidity = 62.1 |Apr humidity = 53.9 |May humidity = 54.3 |Jun humidity = 56.9 |Jul humidity = 54.4 |Aug humidity = 54.4 |Sep humidity = 61.0 |Oct humidity = 64.9 |Nov humidity = 74.9 |Dec humidity = 78.4 |year humidity = 63.2 |Jan sun = 70.4 |Feb sun = 103.7 |Mar sun = 154.9 |Apr sun = 216.6 |May sun = 248.5 |Jun sun = 259.1 |Jul sun = 273.3 |Aug sun = 266.3 |Sep sun = 194.0 |Oct sun = 133.3 |Nov sun = 70.7 |Dec sun = 57.1 |year sun = 2047.9 |Jan percentsun = 26.7 |Feb percentsun = 37.1 |Mar percentsun = 42.8 |Apr percentsun = 53.8 |May percentsun = 53.9 |Jun percentsun = 55.2 |Jul percentsun = 57.9 |Aug percentsun = 61.7 |Sep percentsun = 52.6 |Oct percentsun = 40.9 |Nov percentsun = 26.4 |Dec percentsun = 23.0 |year percentsun = 44.3 |source 1= [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics]]<ref name="Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm |title=Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Wien-Innere-Stadt |language=de |publisher=Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012234750/http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |date= February 2015}} {{Weather box |collapsed = Y |location= Vienna ([[Hohe Warte (Vienna)|Hohe Warte]]) 1961–1990{{efn-lr|Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time}} |metric first= Y |single line= Y <!-- Average monthly absolute maximum temperatures (that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. --> | Jan avg record high C = 10.2 | Feb avg record high C = 11.9 | Mar avg record high C = 19.6 | Apr avg record high C = 23.5 | May avg record high C = 26.6 | Jun avg record high C = 30.1 | Jul avg record high C = 31.8 | Aug avg record high C = 31.5 | Sep avg record high C = 27.6 | Oct avg record high C = 21.6 | Nov avg record high C = 16.0 | Dec avg record high C =11.3 | Jan high C =2.9 | Feb high C =5.1 | Mar high C =10.3 | Apr high C =15.2 | May high C =20.5 | Jun high C =23.4 | Jul high C =25.6 | Aug high C =25.4 | Sep high C =20.3 | Oct high C =14.2 | Nov high C =7.5 | Dec high C =4.0 | year high C = | Jan mean C =-0.6 | Feb mean C =1.6 | Mar mean C =5.8 | Apr mean C =10.5 | May mean C =15.1 | Jun mean C =18.2 | Jul mean C =20.1 | Aug mean C =19.7 | Sep mean C =16.0 | Oct mean C =10.6 | Nov mean C =5.1 | Dec mean C =1.2 | year mean C =10.3 | Jan low C =-2.0 | Feb low C =-0.9 | Mar low C =2.4 | Apr low C =5.8 | May low C =10.5 | Jun low C =13.5 | Jul low C =15.4 | Aug low C =15.3 | Sep low C =11.7 | Oct low C =7.0 | Nov low C =2.4 | Dec low C =-0.5 | year low C =6.7 <!-- Average monthly absolute minimum temperatures (that is, on average, the lowest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. --> | Jan avg record low C = -10.2 | Feb avg record low C = -8.3 | Mar avg record low C = -4.8 | Apr avg record low C = 0.0 | May avg record low C = 4.2 | Jun avg record low C = 8.0 | Jul avg record low C = 10.3 | Aug avg record low C = 9.6 | Sep avg record low C = 5.9 | Oct avg record low C = 0.3 | Nov avg record low C = -3.8 | Dec avg record low C = -9.1 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm =38.0 | Feb precipitation mm =42.0 | Mar precipitation mm =41.0 | Apr precipitation mm =51.0 | May precipitation mm =61.0 | Jun precipitation mm =74.0 | Jul precipitation mm =63.0 | Aug precipitation mm =58.0 | Sep precipitation mm =45.0 | Oct precipitation mm =41.0 | Nov precipitation mm =50.0 | Dec precipitation mm =43.0 | year precipitation mm = | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | precip days colour = | Jan precipitation days =8 | Feb precipitation days =8 | Mar precipitation days =8 | Apr precipitation days =8 | May precipitation days =9 | Jun precipitation days =9 | Jul precipitation days =9 | Aug precipitation days =8 | Sep precipitation days =6 | Oct precipitation days =6 | Nov precipitation days =8 | Dec precipitation days =8 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity =79 | Feb humidity =76 | Mar humidity =69 | Apr humidity =64 | May humidity =66 | Jun humidity =66 | Jul humidity =64 | Aug humidity =68 | Sep humidity =74 | Oct humidity =78 | Nov humidity =80 | Dec humidity =80 | year humidity = | Jan afthumidity =73 | Feb afthumidity =68 | Mar afthumidity =57 | Apr afthumidity =51 | May afthumidity =53 | Jun afthumidity =55 | Jul afthumidity =52 | Aug afthumidity =53 | Sep afthumidity =58 | Oct afthumidity =64 | Nov afthumidity =72 | Dec afthumidity =75 | year afthumidity = | Jan dew point C =-3.5 | Feb dew point C =-2.3 | Mar dew point C =-0.2 | Apr dew point C =3.1 | May dew point C =8.2 | Jun dew point C =11.4 | Jul dew point C =12.6 | Aug dew point C =12.7 | Sep dew point C =10.4 | Oct dew point C =6.3 | Nov dew point C =1.5 | Dec dew point C =-1.8 | Jan sun =56 | Feb sun =78 | Mar sun =126 | Apr sun =170 | May sun =221 | Jun sun =223 | Jul sun =246 | Aug sun =228 | Sep sun =171 | Oct sun =137 | Nov sun =63 | Dec sun =52 | year sun = |source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_110350_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Wien-Hohe Warte / Österreich |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |no-pp=y |language=German }}</ref> |source 2 = [[NOAA]](mean monthly max/min-Sun-Dew Point)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/OS/11035.TXT |title=Wien - Hohe Warte Climate Normals for 1961-1990 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration |no-pp=y}}</ref> }} {{notelist-lr}} == Districts and enlargement== {{Main|Districts of Vienna}} [[File:Vienna, administrative divisions - Nmbrs.svg|thumb|Map of the districts of Vienna with numbers]] === Districts === {| class="wikitable sortable" !No. !District !class="unsortable" | Coat of<br>arms !Area<br>(km<sup>2</sup>) !Population<br>(2023) !Density<br>per km<sup>2</sup> !class="unsortable" | Map |- |1 |[[Innere Stadt]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Innere Stadt, Wappen.svg|40px|Innere Stadt]] |2.869 |16,620 |5,791 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (1).svg|120x120px]] |- |2 |[[Leopoldstadt]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Leopoldstadt, Wappen.svg|40px|Leopoldstadt]] |19.242 |108,269 |5,627 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (2).svg|120x120px]] |- |3 |[[Landstraße]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Landstraße, Wappen.svg|40px|Landstraße]] |7.403 |96,756 |13,075 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (3).svg|120x120px]] |- |4 |[[Wieden]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Wieden, Wappen.svg|40px|Wieden]] |1.776 |33,633 |18,895 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (4).svg|120x120px]] |- |5 |[[Margareten]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Margareten, Wappen.svg|40px|Margareten]] |2.012 |55,018 |27,372 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (5).svg|120x120px]] |- |6 |[[Mariahilf]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Mariahilf, Wappen.svg|40px|Mariahilf]] |1.455 |31,423 |21,523 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (6).svg|120x120px]] |- |7 |[[Neubau]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Neubau, Wappen.svg|40px|Neubau]] |1.608 |31,581 |19,616 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (7).svg|120x120px]] |- |8 |[[Josefstadt]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Josefstadt, Wappen.svg|40px|Josefstadt]] |1.090 |24,674 |22,637 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (8).svg|120x120px]] |- |9 |[[Alsergrund]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Alsergrund, Wappen.svg|40px|Alsergrund]] |2.976 |42,206 |14,211 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (9).svg|120x120px]] |- |10 |[[Favoriten]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Favoriten, Wappen.svg|40px|Favoriten]] |31.823 |218,415 |6,862 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (10).svg|120x120px]] |- |11 |[[Simmering (Vienna)|Simmering]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Simmering, Wappen.svg|40px|Simmering]] |23.256 |109,038 |4,688 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (11).svg|120x120px]] |- |12 |[[Meidling]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Meidling, Wappen.svg|40px|Meidling]] |8.103 |100,281 |12,380 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (12).svg|120x120px]] |- |13 |[[Hietzing]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Hietzing, Wappen.svg|40px|Hietzing]] |37.713 |55,568 |1,473 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (13).svg|120x120px]] |- |14 |[[Penzing (Vienna)|Penzing]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Penzing, Wappen.svg|40px|Penzing]] |33.760 |96,828 |2,868 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (14).svg|120x120px]] |- |15 |[[Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus, Wappen.svg|40px|Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus]] |3.918 |76,109 |19,416 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (15).svg|120x120px]] |- |16 |[[Ottakring]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Ottakring, Wappen.svg|40px|Ottakring]] |8.673 |102,444 |11,816 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (16).svg|120x120px]] |- |17 |[[Hernals]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Hernals, Wappen.svg|40px|Hernals]] |11.396 |56,033 |4,919 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (17).svg|120x120px]] |- |18 |[[Währing]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Währing, Wappen.svg|40px|Währing]] |6.347 |51,559 |8,120 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (18).svg|120x120px]] |- |19 |[[Döbling]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Döbling, Wappen.svg|40px|Döbling]] |24.944 |75,517 |3,028 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (19).svg|120x120px]] |- |20 |[[Brigittenau]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Brigittenau, Wappen.svg|40px|Brigittenau]] |5.710 |85,690 |15,007 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (20).svg|120x120px]] |- |21 |[[Floridsdorf]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Floridsdorf, Wappen.svg|40px|Floridsdorf]] |44.443 |183,895 |4,138 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (21).svg|120x120px]] |- |22 |[[Donaustadt]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Donaustadt, Wappen.svg|40px|Donaustadt]] |102.299 |212,658 |2,079 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (22).svg|120x120px]] |- |23 |[[Liesing]] | style=text-align:center | [[File:Wien - Bezirk Liesing, Wappen.svg|40px|Liesing]] |32.061 |117,882 |3,677 |[[File:Vienna subdivisions (23).svg|120x120px]] |} Vienna is composed of 23 districts (''Bezirke''). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision. District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat). [[File:Opera-Vienna-Austria-2005.jpg|thumb|left|Albertina Terrace in the Innere Stadt]] === Enlargement === The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's [[Innere Stadt]], was a fortress surrounded by fields to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages,<ref>[[Felix Czeike]]: ''Historisches Lexikon Wien'', volume 5, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1997, {{ISBN|3-218-00547-7}}, p. 289</ref> called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857,<ref>Decision of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published in the official newspaper ''Wiener Zeitung'' on 25 December 1857, p. 1</ref> making it possible for the city center to expand. In their place, a broad boulevard called the {{lang|de|[[Vienna Ring Road|Ringstraße]]|italic=no}} was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the [[Vienna City Hall|Rathaus]] (town hall), the [[Burgtheater]], the [[University of Vienna|University]], the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Parliament]], the twin museums of [[Natural History Museum, Vienna|natural history]] and [[Kunsthistorisches Museum|fine art]], and the [[Vienna State Opera|Staatsoper]]. It is also the location of New Wing of the [[Hofburg]], the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|Stephansdom]] is located at the center of the city, on [[Stephansplatz, Vienna|Stephansplatz]]. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works. [[File:Ringlinien08.JPG|thumb|right|The Ring Road (Ringstraße) with a historical tram]] From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called ''[[Linienwall]]'' at which a [[Road toll (historical)|road toll]] called the ''[[Liniengeld]]'' was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a [[ring road]] called [[Gürtel, Vienna|Gürtel]] was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892<ref name="Czeike">Czeike, volume 5, p. 290</ref> and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894.<ref>Czeike, volume 4, Vienna 1995, {{ISBN|3-218-00546-9}}, p. 69</ref> In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district. From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the eastern bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding [[Lower Austria]] in 1954.<ref name="Czeike" /> Since then Vienna has had 23 districts. Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The [[Innere Stadt]] is situated away from the main flow of the [[Danube]], but is bounded by the ''[[Donaukanal]]'' ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city. == Politics== ===Political history=== [[File:Sitzungssaal des Abgeordnetenhauses, Parlament, Wien.jpg|thumb|The Debating Chamber of the former House of Deputies of Austria in the [[Austrian Parliament Building|Parliament]]]] In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Christian Social Party]]. In particular, long-term mayor [[Karl Lueger]] was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the ''Reichsrat'', in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For [[Adolf Hitler]], who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use [[antisemitism]] in politics. Vienna is today considered the center of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]] (SPÖ). During the period of the [[First Austrian Republic|First Republic]] (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "[[Red Vienna]]" (''Rotes Wien''). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the ''Nationalrat'', in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party. The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the [[Austrofascism|Austrofascist]] and later by the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] authorities. The current mayor of Vienna is [[Michael Ludwig (politician)|Michael Ludwig]] of the SPÖ. The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The ''[[Gemeindebau]]ten'' are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the [[Second World War]] on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. The social housing in Vienna provides living for more than 500,000 people.<ref>[https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/municipal-housing-in-vienna.html City of Vienna]</ref> ===Government=== {{Main|Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna}} [[File:Rathaus Wien Stiege 2.JPG|thumb|right|Interior of Vienna's historical [[Vienna City Hall|Rathaus]], the seat of the city's mayor]] Since Vienna obtained [[Federal states of Austria|federal state]] (''Bundesland'') status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament ([[Landtag]]), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the ''[[Landeshauptmann]]'' (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (''[[:de:Magistrat der Stadt Wien]]'') and the state government (''Landesregierung''). The city is administered by a multitude of departments (''Magistratsabteilungen''), politically supervised by ''Amtsführende Stadträte'' (members of the city government/parliament leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices). Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna. In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the [[Freedom Party of Austria]] (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the [[The Greens – The Green Alternative|Green Party]] – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orf.at/stories/2025548/ |title=Pakt unterzeichnet: Rot-Grün in Wien nun offiziell – news.ORF.at |publisher=Orf.at |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=18 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118193210/http://www.orf.at/stories/2025548 |url-status=live }}</ref> This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election. Following the 2020 election, the SPÖ forged a coalition with [[NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum]].<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3189988/ ''Koalition SPÖ-NEOS in Wien wird präsentiert''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629032831/https://orf.at/stories/3189988/ |date=29 June 2022 }} orf.at (in German). 16 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</ref> == Economy== [[File:Messe Wien 01.jpg|thumb|Messe Wien Congress Center]] [[File:Wien - Austria Center.JPG|thumb|Austria Center Vienna (ACV)]] Vienna generates 28.6% of Austria's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP). The service sector dominates Vienna's economy. The average unemployment rate in Vienna is 4.9% and the private service sector provides 75% of all jobs.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book| author1= Leo van den Berg | author2= Erik Braun |title= Growth Clusters in European Metropolitan Cities |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year= 2017 |page= |isbn= 9781351739665 }}</ref> The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/#slide21 |title=The 25 Most Economically Powerful Cities in the World |newspaper=Bloomberg |publisher=The Atlantic CityLab |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/#slide21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315 |title=Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City |newspaper=Bloomberg |publisher=The Atlantic CityLab |date=3 March 2015 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627222624/http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the top 500 Austrian firms measured by [[revenue|turnover]] 203 are headquartered in Vienna.<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/> The number of international businesses in Vienna is growing. In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/betriebe/ansiedlungsrekord.html |title=Wieder Rekordergebnis bei Betriebsansiedlungen |publisher=Vienna City Administration |language=de |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822210628/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/betriebe/ansiedlungsrekord.html |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the [[fall of the Iron Curtain]] in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe. 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Henkel]], [[Baxalta]] and [[Siemens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investinaustria.at/en/downloads/brochures/headquarters-2015.pdf |title=Headquarters Location Austria |publisher=Austrian Business Agency |date=December 2014 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232322/http://investinaustria.at/en/downloads/brochures/headquarters-2015.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wko.at/statistik/jahrbuch/ng-bundeslaender.pdf |title=Unternehmensgründungen nach Bundesländern |publisher=Austrian Chamber of Commerce |language=de |date=July 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201217/http://wko.at/statistik/jahrbuch/ng-bundeslaender.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/wirtschaft/volkswirtschaft/ |title=Volkswirtschaft – Statistiken |publisher=Vienna City Administration |language=de |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905185013/https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/wirtschaft/volkswirtschaft/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at [[Hofburg Palace]]. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/competition/start-up-city.html |title=Vienna among top ten start-up cities worldwide |publisher=Vienna City Administration |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601212424/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/competition/start-up-city.html |archive-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pioneers.io/festival2015 |title=Pioneers Festival |publisher=JFDI GmbH |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015202655/http://pioneers.io/festival2015/ |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tech.co/top-startup-cities-where-entrepreneurs-want-to-meet-up-2015-02 |title=Top 10 Startup Cities Where Entrepreneurs Want to Meet Up |publisher=Tech.Co |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930061348/http://tech.co/top-startup-cities-where-entrepreneurs-want-to-meet-up-2015-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. ===Research and development=== A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, [[biotechnology]] and [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical companies]] with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lisavienna.at/life-sciences-in-vienna/interesting-facts/ |title=Interesting Facts |website=LISAvienna – life science austria |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103130446/https://www.lisavienna.at/life-sciences-in-vienna/interesting-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lifescienceaustria.at/ |title=Home- LISA: Advancing Austrian life science at the heart of Europe |website=LISA: Advancing Austrian life science |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103130446/https://www.lifescienceaustria.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=February 2022}} Vienna is home to global players like [[Boehringer Ingelheim]], [[Octapharma]], [[Ottobock]] and [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lisavienna.at/fileadmin/user_upload/LISAvienna/Downloads/LISAvienna_Highlights_Spring_and_Summer_2019.pdf |title=Vienna Highlights Spring & Summer 2019 |last=LISAvienna |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113213/https://www.lisavienna.at/fileadmin/user_upload/LISAvienna/Downloads/LISAvienna_Highlights_Spring_and_Summer_2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |title=Why Vienna Is The Best Place To Start A Business |last=Coleman |first=Alison |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113211/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |title=Focusing on Life Sciences in Vienna |last1=Halwachs |first1=Peter |date=Spring 2019 |work=European Biotechnology |access-date=10 October 2019 |last2=Sarx |first2=Johannes |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113211/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna also houses the headquarters of the [[Central European Diabetes Association]], a cooperative international medical research association. To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian [[Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs]] and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lisavienna.at/ |title=LISAvienna – Connecting Life Sciences |website=LISAvienna – life science austria |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224173832/https://www.lisavienna.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the [[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna|University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)]], the [[Austrian Institute of Technology]], the [[University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna|University of Veterinary Medicine]], the [[AKH Vienna]] with the [[Medical University Vienna|MedUni Vienna]] and the [[Vienna Biocenter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lisavienna.at/sites/default/files/vienna-life-science-report_2013-14_web.pdf |title=Vienna Life Science Report |publisher=LISA vienna |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070806/http://lisavienna.at/sites/default/files/vienna-life-science-report_2013-14_web.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Central European University]], a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=CEU Receives Austrian Accreditation |url=https://www.ceu.edu/article/2019-07-13/ceu-receives-austrian-accreditation |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816065750/https://www.ceu.edu/article/2019-07-13/ceu-receives-austrian-accreditation |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Information technologies=== The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in [[Helsinki]], [[Milan]] or [[Munich]] and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are [[Kapsch]], [[Beko]] Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts [[Frequentis]], [[Cisco Systems]] Austria, [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Microsoft]] Austria, [[IBM]] Austria and [[Samsung Electronics]] Austria.<ref name="Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistic-2015">{{cite book |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/vienna-digital-city-en.pdf |title=Vienna Digital City |publisher=Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistic |date=March 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |isbn=9783901945175 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081223/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/vienna-digital-city-en.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KMU Forschung Austria and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft-2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/ikt.pdf |title=IKT Standort Wien im Vergleich Endbericht |language=de |publisher=KMU Forschung Austria and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft |date=December 2007 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101559/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/ikt.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The US technology corporation [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] runs its ''Entrepreneurs in Residence'' program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://viennabusinessagency.at/news/zweite-runde-fuer-cisco-start-up-programm-16/ |title=International start-ups in Vienna |publisher=Vienna Business Agency |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216070054/https://viennabusinessagency.at/news/zweite-runde-fuer-cisco-start-up-programm-16/ |archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eir.cisco.com/program/ |title=Cisco Entrepreneurs in Residence |publisher=Cisco Systems |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009045605/https://eir.cisco.com/program/ |archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> The British company [[UBM plc|UBM]] has rated Vienna one of the ''Top 10 Internet Cities'' worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=525595 |title=Discover the World's Greatest Internet Cities |publisher=UBM LLC |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905052917/http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=525595 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Conferences=== In 2022 the [[International Congress and Convention Association|International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA)]] ranked Vienna 1st in the world for association meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=The welcome return of the ICCA Country – and City – Rankings for 2022 |url=https://www.iccaworld.org/news/post/the-welcome-return-of-the-icca-country-and-city-rankings-for-2022/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=www.iccaworld.org |language=en-us}}</ref> The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna takes fifth place in global UIA congress statistics |url=https://www.vienna.convention.at/en/press/news-en/uia-2019-platz-5-362238 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Vienna Convention Bureau |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622090022/https://www.vienna.convention.at/en/press/news-en/uia-2019-platz-5-362238 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the [[United Nations Office at Vienna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acv.at/index.en.html |title=Austria Center Vienna |publisher=Austria Center Vienna |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204202737/https://www.acv.at/index.en.html |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people). ===Tourism=== There were 17.3 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2023. The top ten incoming markets in 2023 were [[Germany]], the rest of [[Austria]], the [[United States]], [[Italy]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Poland]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankünfte & Nächtigungen 2023 |url=https://b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/daten/ankuenfte-naechtigungen-2023-444984 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=b2b.wien.info |language=de}}</ref> ==Rankings== In a 2005 study of 127 [[Global city|world cities]], the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranked the city first (tied with [[Vancouver]] and San Francisco) for the [[world's most livable cities]]. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind [[Melbourne]].<ref>*{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-5 |title=The world's most 'liveable' cities 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815022607/http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-5 |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Liveability_rankings_2014.pdf |title=The world's most 'liveable' cities 2014 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329023803/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Liveability_rankings_2014.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2012 |title=The world's most 'liveable' cities 2012 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825031414/http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2012 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |url=https://www.imercer.com/uploads/GM/qol2015/g3971qol2015/index.html |title=Quality of living – location reports |website=www.imercer.com |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609094129/https://www.imercer.com/uploads/GM/qol2015/g3971qol2015/index.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2014 |title=2014 Quality of Living survey | publisher=mercer.com |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311092558/http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2014 |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |title=Mercer press release: Quality of Living global city rankings—2009 |url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1345570 |access-date=2 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123180912/http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1345570 |archive-date=23 January 2011 }} *{{cite web |title=Mercer Quality of Life Worldwide City Rankings, 2010 from resourceshelf.com |url=http://web.resourceshelf.com/go/resourceblog/58958 |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204162010/http://web.resourceshelf.com/go/resourceblog/58958 |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living |title=Mercer's Survey 2011 |date=29 November 2011 |publisher= Mercer consulting firm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502132638/http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 |archive-date=2 May 2014 }} *{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/business/global-city-quality-life/index.html |title=What city has world's best quality of life? |date=4 December 2012 |newspaper=CNN |author=Inocencio, Ramy |access-date=4 December 2012 |archive-date=4 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204214252/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/business/global-city-quality-life/index.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/western-european-cities-top-quality-of-living-ranking-mercer.html |title=Mercer Quality of Living Ranking 2016 | publisher=mercer.com |access-date=22 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111223355/http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/western-european-cities-top-quality-of-living-ranking-mercer.html |archive-date=11 November 2016 }}</ref> Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monocle |title=Quality of Live Survey 2015 |url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/ |publisher=Monocle |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814223203/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Monocle (2007 magazine)|Monocle's]] 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010).<ref>*{{cite web |title=Quality of Life Survey 2012 |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/The-Monocle-Quality-of-Life-Survey-2012/ |publisher=Monocle |access-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804104927/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/The-Monocle-Quality-of-Life-Survey-2012/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 }} *{{cite web |title=Monocle's top 25 cities for 2011, on businessinsider.com | publisher=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/monocle-quality-of-life-2011-6?op=1 |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117125006/http://www.businessinsider.com/monocle-quality-of-life-2011-6?op=1 |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |title=Monocle's 2011 "Quality of Life" summary |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/Most-liveable-city-Helsinki/ |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117043952/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/Most-liveable-city-Helsinki/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/08-Vienna/ |title=08 Vienna |publisher=Monocle.com |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507163534/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/08-Vienna/ |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]] classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012–2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3387 |title=State of the World's Cities 2012/2013 |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031056/http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3387 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/city-rankings-2007/4997 |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings: Innovation Cities Program |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=2007 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035058/http://www.innovation-cities.com/city-rankings-2007/4997 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2008/4998 |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings: Innovation Cities Program |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=2008 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035107/http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2008/4998 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2014-global/8889 |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings: Innovation Cities Program |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=2014 |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918111642/http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2014-global/8889 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/vienna-world%E2%80%99s-number-one-congress-destination-en |title=Vienna is the world's number one congress destination |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=1 June 2011 |access-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821222439/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/vienna-world%E2%80%99s-number-one-congress-destination-en |archive-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/daten/naechtigungen-2016 |title=Vienna Tourist Board: Arrivals & bednights 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213628/https://b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/daten/naechtigungen-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna was ranked top in the ''2019 Quality of Living Ranking'' by the international [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer Consulting Group]] for the tenth consecutive year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2019-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=Vienna Tops Mercer's 21st Quality of Living Ranking |publisher=Mercer |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504230740/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2019-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2015 liveability report by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] as well as in the ''Quality of Life Survey 2015'' of London-based [[Monocle (media company)|''Monocle magazine'']] Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-5 |title=The world's most liveable cities |newspaper=The Economist |date=18 August 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815022607/http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/ |title=The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2015 |publisher=Monocle |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814223203/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|The United Nations Human Settlements Programme ''UN-Habitat'']] has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report ''State of the World Cities 2012/2013''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/745habitat.pdf |title=state of the world's cities |publisher=UN Habitat |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419040414/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/745habitat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the [[Reputation Institute]], Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reputationinstitute.com/thought-leadership/city-reptrak |title=Most Reputable Cities in the World |publisher=Reputation Institute |date=2014 |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001911/http://www.reputationinstitute.com/thought-leadership/city-reptrak |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> The ''Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies'' ranked Vienna 14th of their [[Global city#Global Power City Index|Global Power City Index 2023]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2018.shtml |title=Global Power City Index 2018 |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235130/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/2018.shtml |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Urban planning== Vienna regularly hosts [[urban planning]] conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/19728 |title=Vienna knows how |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915154650/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/19728 |archive-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The highest [[wooden skyscraper]] in the world, "HoHo Wien", was built within 3 years, starting in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/wohnen-arbeiten/holzhochhaus.html |title=Weltweit erstes 24-stöckiges Holzhochhaus in Aspern Seestadt |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526045203/https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/wohnen-arbeiten/holzhochhaus.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years a [[syndicate]] housing movement has established itself in Vienna, [[Linz]], [[Salzburg]], and [[Innsbruck]].<ref>{{cite book | editor1= M. Reza Shirazi | editor2= Ramin Keivani |title=Urban Social Sustainability: Theory, Policy and Practice |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |page= |isbn= 9781351631525 }}</ref> In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.<ref name="Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistic-2015"/><ref name="KMU Forschung Austria and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft-2007"/> [[File:Wien Hbf 2023 07.jpg|thumb|The Hauptbahnhof ]] === Vienna Central Station === The new Vienna Central Station (''Hauptbahnhof'') was opened in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/wien-hauptbahnhof-officially-inaugurated.html |title=Wien Hauptbahnhof officially inaugurated |last=UK |first=DVV Media |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120150649/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/wien-hauptbahnhof-officially-inaugurated.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants. In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with {{cvt|550000|m²|-3}} office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/transportation-urbanplanning/central-station.html |title=Central Station |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827232335/http://www.wien.gv.at/english/transportation-urbanplanning/central-station.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://derstandard.at/2000006691407/Der-Wiener-Hauptbahnhof-ist-eroeffnet-zumindest-offiziell |title=Der Wiener Hauptbahnhof ist eröffnet, zumindest offiziell |publisher=[[Der Standard]] |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805043718/http://derstandard.at/2000006691407/Der-Wiener-Hauptbahnhof-ist-eroeffnet-zumindest-offiziell |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oebb-immobilien.at/de/Presse/Publikationen/Projektentwicklungsfolder/2014_08_Projekt_Hauptbahnhof.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054859/http://www.oebb-immobilien.at/de/Presse/Publikationen/Projektentwicklungsfolder/2014_08_Projekt_Hauptbahnhof.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Moving Vienna Main Railway Station |publisher=ÖBB |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> ===Smart City Wien=== The mayor of Vienna announced the ''Smart City Wien'' initiative in March 2011 after the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund decided to fund a project under the same heading. The Vienna city administration engaged with a broad range of stakeholders and published the ''Smart City Wien action plan''.<ref>{{cite book | editor1= Andrew McMeekin | editor2= Frank Boons |title=Handbook of Sustainable Innovation |publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2019 |page=276 |isbn=9781788112574 }}</ref> [[File:Seestadt juli15.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Seestadt Aspern]] ====Seestadt Aspern==== ''[[Seestadt Aspern]]'' in Vienna's [[Donaustadt]] district is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/projekt/index.html |title=Das Projekt – aspern Seestadt |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073236/https://www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/projekt/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2709761/ |title=Seestadt Aspern: "Täglich etwas Neues" |date=9 May 2015 |publisher=ORF |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727005813/http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2709761/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Culture == === Music, theater, and opera === {{See also|Music of Vienna|Music of Austria}} [[File:Vienna - Johann Strauss Monument in Stadt Park - 4572.jpg|thumb|Monument of [[Johann Strauss II]] at [[Stadtpark, Vienna]]]] Famous composers including [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Robert Stolz]], and [[Arnold Schoenberg]] have worked in Vienna. [[File:Burgtheater, Viena, Austria, 2020-01-31, DD 36.jpg|thumb|The Burgtheater on the Ring]] Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The [[Burgtheater]] is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the [[Akademietheater]]. The [[Volkstheater, Vienna|Volkstheater Wien]] and the [[Theater in der Josefstadt]] also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or [[cabaret]]. Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the [[Theater an der Wien]], the [[Vienna State Opera|Staatsoper]] and the [[Vienna Volksoper|Volksoper]], the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese [[operetta]]. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the [[Musikverein|Wiener Musikverein]], home of the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "[[Vienna New Year's Concert|New Year's Day Concert]]", as well as the [[Konzerthaus, Vienna|Wiener Konzerthaus]], home of the internationally renowned [[Vienna Symphony]]. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Johann Strauss I]], and [[Johann Strauss II]]. Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was ''[[Elisabeth (musical)|Elisabeth]]'', which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The [[Wiener Taschenoper]] is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The [[Haus der Musik]] ("house of music") opened in the year 2000. The [[Wienerlied]] is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wvlw.at/ |title=Wiener Volksliederwerk, ''Zum Wienerlied'' |publisher=Wvlw.at |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405231214/http://www.wvlw.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple popular songs have been written about Vienna, such as [[Vienna (Billy Joel song)|''Vienna'' (1977)]] by [[Billy Joel]], [[Vienna (Ultravox song)|''Vienna'' (1981)]] by [[Ultravox]], and ''[[Vienna Calling]]'' by [[Falco (musician)|Falco]]. The [[Vienna's English Theatre]] (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe. === Musicians from Vienna === [[File:Wien - Mozartdenkmal (1).JPG|thumb|The [[Mozart Monument, Vienna|Mozart Monument]] in the Burggarten]] Notable musicians born in Vienna include [[Louie Austen]], [[Alban Berg]], [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], [[Fritz Kreisler]], [[Joseph Lanner]], [[Arnold Schoenberg|Arnold Schönberg]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Johann Strauss I]], [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Anton Webern]], and [[Joe Zawinul]]. Famous musicians who moved to Vienna to work were [[Kurt Adler]], [[Johann Joseph Fux]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Ferdinand Ries]], [[Johann Sedlatzek]], [[Antonio Salieri]], [[Carl Czerny]], [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Franz von Suppé]], [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Gustav Mahler]] and [[Rainhard Fendrich]]. === Cinema === [[File:Burg Kino Vienna.jpg|thumb|The entrance to the Burg Kino on the Ring. ]] Films set in Vienna include [[Amadeus (film)|''Amadeus'']], ''[[Before Sunrise]]'', ''[[The Third Man]]'', ''[[The Living Daylights]]'' and ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]].'' Notable actors born in Vienna include [[Hedy Lamarr]], [[Christoph Waltz]], [[John Banner]], [[Christiane Hörbiger]], [[Eric Pohlmann]], [[Boris Kodjoe]], [[Christine Buchegger]], [[Mischa Hausserman]], [[Senta Berger]] and [[Christine Ostermayer]]. Vienna has many cinemas, such as the ''Apollo Kino'' and ''[[Cineplexx Cinemas|Cineplexx Donauzentrum]]'', as well as many English-language cinemas, including the ''Haydn Kino'', ''Artis International'' and the ''Burg Kino''. The ''Burg Kino'' is known for showing ''The Third Man'', which is set in Vienna, three times a week. === Notable writers from Vienna === Notable writers from Vienna include [[Karl Leopold von Möller]], [[Carl Julius Haidvogel]], and [[Stefan Zweig]]. Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include [[Franz Kafka]], [[Arthur Schnitzler]], [[Elias Canetti]], [[Ingeborg Bachmann]], [[Robert Musil]], [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]], [[Ernst von Feuchtersleben]], [[Thomas Bernhard]] and [[Elfriede Jelinek]]. === Museums === [[File:Vienna - View of Maria Theresien-Platz and the Kunsthistorisches Museum - 6291.jpg|thumb|Kunsthistorisches Museum on Maria-Theresien-Platz]] The majority of museums in Vienna are located in an area on the border of Innere Stadt and Neubau in the center of the city, from the museums inside the Hofburg to the Museumsquartier, with the twin Naturhistorisches and Kunsthistorisches Museum in between. The [[Hofburg Palace|Hofburg]] is the location of the [[Imperial Treasury, Vienna|Imperial Treasury]] (''Schatzkammer''), which holds imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]]) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. The [[Weltmuseum Wien]], an anthropological museum, houses many ethnographic objects from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania. The [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] and the [[Naturhistorisches Museum]] are two identical buildings which were built in the late 19th century on behalf of [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Emperor Franz Joseph I]]. The former features paintings from artists such as [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio|Caravaggio]], [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Raphael]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Titian]] and [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer]]. The latter has got 30 million objects in its collection, of which 100,000 are on display. A notable exhibit is the [[Venus of Willendorf]], a 25,000 year old statue found in Austria. [[File:Museumsquartier courtyard.jpg|thumb|The courtyard of the Museumsquartier]] Many museums are located in the [[MuseumsQuartier]] (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the [[MUMOK]], the [[Leopold Museum]], which featuers many paintingsby [[Egon Schiele]], as well as works of the [[Vienna Secession]], Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism) and the [[Architekturzentrum Wien]] (museum of architecture). There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the [[Albertina, Vienna|Albertina]], the [[Heeresgeschichtliches Museum|Museum of Military History]], the [[Technisches Museum Wien|Technical Museum]], the [[Museum of Art Fakes]], the [[KunstHausWien]], [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna|Museum of Applied Arts]], the [[Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)|Sigmund Freud Museum]], and the [[Mozarthaus Vienna]]. The [[Vienna Museum]] showcases the history of Vienna. The [[Jewish Museum Vienna]] was founded 1896 and is the oldest of its kind. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's [[Liechtenstein Museum|largest private art collections]], especially strong in the [[Baroque]]. The [[Belvedere (palace)|Belvedere]], built under [[Prince Eugene of Savoy|Prince Eugene]], has [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|a gallery]] containing paintings by [[Gustav Klimt]], [[Egon Schiele]], and sculptures by [[Franz Xaver Messerschmidt]]. === Architecture === [[File:Otto Wagner Pavillon - Karlsplatz.jpg|thumb|The Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station in Art Nouveau style]] A variety of architectural styles have been preserved in Vienna, including [[Romanesque architecture]] and [[Baroque architecture]]. [[Art Nouveau]] has left many architectural traces in Vienna. The [[Secession Building, Vienna|Secession building]], [[Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station]], and the [[Kirche am Steinhof]] by [[Otto Wagner]] rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. The [[Wiener Moderne]] shunned the use of extraneous adornment. The architect [[Adolf Loos]] is responsible for the [[Looshaus]] (1909), the Kärntner Bar (1908), and the [[Steiner House]] (1910). The [[Hundertwasserhaus]] by [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]], designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular [[tourist attraction]]s. [[File:Gasometer wien.jpg|thumb|Gasometer in Simmering]] In the 1990s a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around [[Donaustadt]] and [[Wienerberg]]. Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old [[Gasometer, Vienna|Gasometer]] in 2001. The [[DC Towers]] are located on the Northern bank of the Danube and were completed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |title=Vienna's 10 tallest skyscrapers |publisher=Skyscraperpicture.com |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130015638/http://skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |archive-date=30 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217064200/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |title=Millennium Tower | Buildings |location=Vienna / |publisher=Emporis |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> === Ball dances === The first [[Ball (dance event)|balls]] in Vienna were held in the 18th century. The ball season runs during [[Carnival]] from 11 November to [[Shrove Tuesday]]. Many balls are held in the [[Hofburg]], [[Vienna City Hall|Rathaus]] and [[Musikverein]]. Guests adhere to a strict dress code, men wear [[Black tie|black]] or [[white tie]] while women wear a [[ball gown]]. Debutants of the ball wear white.<ref name="Vienna Tourist Board">{{cite web |url=http://b2b.wien.info/media/files-b2b/artikel-db-baelle-en.doc |title=Balls in Vienna |author=Vienna Tourist Board |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093826/http://b2b.wien.info/media/files-b2b/artikel-db-baelle-en.doc |archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> The balls are opened with dances, traditionally including a Viennese waltz, at around 22:00, and closed at aboout 05:00 the next morning. Food served at the balls include sausages with bread or [[Goulash|Gulaschsoups]]. Notable Viennese balls include the [[Vienna Opera Ball]], the [[Vienna Ball of Sciences]], the Wiener Akademikerball and the Hofburg SIlvesterball. The Wiener Akademikerball in the Hofburg has attracted lots of controversy for being a gathering for [[Far-right politics|far-right]] politicians and groups. The ball is hosted by the [[Freedom Party of Austria|FPÖ]], the right-wing populist party of Austria and has attracted multiple right wing and far-right personalities, such as [[Martin Sellner]] and [[Marine Le Pen|Marie Le Pen]]. Since 2008, there have been annual demonstrations by various organizations against the ball. Former leader of the FPÖ [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] compared the [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] protesters to a [[Nazism|Nazi]] mob, claiming the ball goers were "new [[The Holocaust|Jews]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=6 February 2012 |title=Austria far right leader hurt by "new Jews" comment |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE8150UF/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=24 January 2014 |title=Protesters arrested at right-wing party's Vienna ball |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/vienna-ball-right/protesters-arrested-at-right-wing-partys-vienna-ball-idUKL5N0KY3E820140124/}}</ref> === Language === Vienna is part of the [[Austro-Bavarian]] language area, in particular [[Central Bavarian]] (''Mittelbairisch'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiesinger |first1=Peter |title=Strukturelle historische Dialektologie des Deutschen |date=2017 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=9783487421995 |page=50 }}</ref> The Viennese dialect takes many loanword from languages of the former Habsburg Monarchy, especially Czech. The dialect differs from the west of Austria in its pronunciation and grammar. Features typical of Viennese German include [[Monophthongization]], the transformation of a [[Diphthongs|diphthong]] into a [[Monophthong|monophtong]] (German ''heiß'' (hot) into Viennese ''haas'') and the lengthening of vowels (''Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa'' (Standard German ''Hörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war''): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who it was?"). Speakers of the dialect tend to avoid the [[Genitive case|genetiv case]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phonetics and Phonology of the Viennese Dialect |url=https://www.oeaw.ac.at/isf/forschung/projekte/phonetik/abgeschlossene-projekte/phonetics-and-phonology-of-the-viennese-dialect |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.oeaw.ac.at}}</ref> == LGBT == Vienna is considered the center of [[LGBT]] life in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=For LGBT |url=https://www.wien.info/en/all-of-vienna/gay-lesbian |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=vienna.info |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813190713/https://www.wien.info/en/all-of-vienna/gay-lesbian |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has an action plan against queerphobic discrimination and, since 1998, has an anti-discrimination unit within the city's administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viennese Antidiscrimination Unit for Lesbian, Gay and Transgender Issues |url=https://rm.coe.int/1680488fd3 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807161020/https://rm.coe.int/1680488fd3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has several cafés, bars and clubs frequented by LGBT people. Among the most prominent is [[Café Savoy]], which is a traditional coffee house built in 1896. In 2015, the city introduced traffic lights with same-sex couples before hosting the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] that year, which attracted media attention internationally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vienna's traffic lights are now gay-themed |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/viennas-traffic-lights-are-now-gay-themed/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306052500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/viennas-traffic-lights-are-now-gay-themed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Every year in June, [[Vienna Pride]] is organized. In 2019, when the pride parade was also hosting [[Europride]], it attracted 500.000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=red |first=wien ORF at/Agenturen |date=15 June 2019 |title=Halbe Million bei Regenbogenparade |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3000508/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=wien.ORF.at |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020137/https://wien.orf.at/stories/3000508/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Education == === Universities === [[File:Friedrich von Schiller.JPG|thumb|270x270px|[[Friedrich Schiller]] statue in front of the Academy of Fine Arts]] [[File:University Vienna Oct. 2006 002.jpg|thumb|270x270px|University of Vienna]] [[File:Uni vetmed wien.jpg|thumb|270x270px|University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna]] *[[Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]] *[[Central European University]] *[[Diplomatic Academy of Vienna]] *[[Medical University of Vienna]] *[[PEF Private University of Management Vienna]] *[[University of Applied Arts Vienna]] *[[University of Applied Sciences Campus Vienna]] *[[University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna]] *[[University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna]] *[[University of Vienna]] *[[Vienna University of Economics and Business]] *[[University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna|University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna]] *[[University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien]] *[[TU Wien]] *[[Webster Vienna Private University]] *[[Sigmund Freud Private University]] *[[International Anti-Corruption Academy]] === International schools === *Amadeus International School Vienna *[[American International School Vienna]] *[[Danube International School Vienna]] *[[International Christian School of Vienna]] *[[Japanese International School in Vienna]] *[[Lauder Business School]] *[[Lycée Français de Vienne]] *[[SAE Institute|SAE Vienna]] *[[Vienna International School]] == Parks and gardens == [[File:Liliputbahn autune.JPG|thumb|right|Locomotive D4 of [[Prater Liliputbahn]]]] The [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]] is a park on the southeastern outer border of the Ringstraße. The park covers an area of about 28 acres and is split in half by the [[Wien (river)|Wien river]]. It contains monuments to various Viennese artists, most notably the [[gilded]] [[bronze]] [[monument]] of [[Johann Strauß II]].<ref name="The Prater: amusement park">{{Cite web |title=The Prater: amusement park |url=https://www.visitingvienna.com/entertainment/wurstelprater-amusement-park/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.visitingvienna.com}}</ref> The [[Prater]] is a large public park in [[Leopoldstadt]]. Within the park is the [[Wurstelprater]] (which is commonly referred to as just “the Prater”), a public amusement park which contains the [[Wiener Riesenrad]], a 64.75 metre tall [[Ferris wheel|Ferris Wheel]], as well as various rides, roller coasters, carousels and a [[Madame Tussauds Vienna|Madame Tussauds]].<ref name="The Prater: amusement park"/> The rest of the park is covered in by the forest. The ''Hauptallee'', a wide, car-free alley lined with [[Aesculus|horse chestnut trees]], runs through the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ktv_creitmayr |title=Grüner Prater |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/parks/anlagen/prater.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de}}</ref> [[Eliud Kipchoge]] broke the marathon distance record on this road in the [[Ineos 1:59 Challenge|INEOS 1:59 Challenge]] in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2019 |title=Eliud Kipchoge breaks two-hour marathon mark by 20 seconds |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/50025543 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Prater also is home to the [[Prater Liliputbahn|Liliputbahn]], a railway line primarily used by tourists, and a planetarium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilis Welt – Vergnügungsbetriebe seit 1928 |url=https://www.liliswelt.at/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna Planetarium |url=https://www.wien.info/en/see-do/sights-from-a-to-z/planetarium-355388 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=vienna.info |language=en}}</ref> It was the location of the [[1873 Vienna World's Fair]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1873 Vienna |url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1873-vienna |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.bie-paris.org}}</ref> In 1931, the [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]], formerly known as the Praterstadion, was opened in the Prater.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=Ernst-Happel-Stadion - Sportstätte der Stadt Wien |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/sportamt/sportstaetten/stadien/happel.htm |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616063204/http://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/sportamt/sportstaetten/stadien/happel.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreef |first=Wojciech |date=14 September 2017 |title=Ernst Happel Stadion - Vienna - The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/ernsthappel/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=nl}}</ref> [[File:Donaupark Donauturm.JPG|thumb|The Donauturm in the Donaupark]] [[File:Wien 22 Lobau a.jpg|thumb|An entrance to the Lobau by [[Essling]]]]The Donaupark is a 63 hectare sized park in Kaisermühlen, [[Donaustadt]], between the [[New Danube|Neue Donau]] and the Alte Donau, next to the [[Vienna International Centre]]. The park features the [[Donauturm]], the [[List of tallest structures in Austria|tallest structure in Austria]] at 252 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ktv_wwalter |title=Donaupark |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/parks/donaupark.html |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en}}</ref> The [[Lobau]], a [[floodplain]] in the southeast of the city, is a part of the wider [[Danube-Auen National Park]]. It is used for recreation and has many [[Naturism|nudist]] areas. It is home to multiple [[species]] of animals:<ref>{{Cite web |last=m53bum |title=Geschützte Tierarten in der Lobau |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/wald/erholung/nationalpark/lebensraum/tiere.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de}}</ref> * [[Mammal]]s: [[beaver]]s, [[deer]], [[European hare]]s, [[Eurasian water shrew]]s * [[Reptile]]s: [[European pond turtle]]s * [[Amphibian]]s: [[European tree frog]]s, [[European fire-bellied toad]] * [[Fish]]: [[Pigo]], [[Rhodeus]] * [[Bird]]s: [[Grey heron]]s, [[Cormorant]]s, [[Common kingfisher]]s, [[White-tailed eagle]]s The grounds of the imperial [[Schönbrunn Palace]] contain an 18th-century park which includes the [[Schönbrunn Zoo]], which was founded in 1752, making it the world's oldest zoo still in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=The Oldest Zoos in the World You Can Still Visit Today - tiqets.com |url=https://www.tiqets.com/blog/oldest-zoos-in-the-world/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The zoo is one of the few to house [[giant panda]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A trip to Schönbrunn Zoo – Vienna Zoo |url=https://www.zoovienna.at/en/zoo-and-visitors/trip-schonbrunn-zoo/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.zoovienna.at |language=en}}</ref> The park also features the [[Palmenhaus Schönbrunn]], a large [[greenhouse]] with around 4,500 plant species. The [[Donauinsel]], part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a {{cvt|21.1|km|1}} long [[artificial island]] between the [[Danube]] and [[New Danube]] dedicated to leisure activities. It was constructed from 1972 to 1988 as a measure for [[Flood control|flood protection]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ktv_wwalter |title=Danube Island |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/waterbodies/danube-island/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en}}</ref> Every year the island hosts the ''[[Donauinselfest]]'', the largest open-air [[music festival]] in the world with approximately 3 million attendees over three days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Music festivals: What's the world's biggest? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44697302 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The festival is organised by the [[SPÖ Vienna|SPÖ Wien]] and is free to enter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen |url=https://donauinselfest.at/willkommen/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Donauinselfest 2023 vom 23. – 25. Juni 2023 |language=de}}</ref> == Danube == Vienna is the [[List of cities and towns on the Danube river|largest city]] on the [[Danube]], which runs from the south-east to the north. In Vienna, the river is split into 4 parts: * The main Danube is the widest of these and is used primarily for shipping. * The [[New Danube|Neue Donau]] (New Danube), a side channel on the east of the river, was built in 1972 for flood protection measures, separated from the Danube by the man-made Donauinsel. It runs for about 21 kilometers. The river is slower than the main Danube and can be used for watersports such as [[swimming]], [[rowing]] or [[sailing]]. Motorboats are forbidden on this part of the river. * The Alte Donau (Old Danube) is an oxbow lake to the east of the New Danube, which cuts off Kaisermühlen from the rest of the city. The lake is the hub for swimmers in Vienna, with piers and beaches being freely available to visitors. [[Motorboat|Motorboats]] and [[Pedalo|pedalos]] are permitted on the lake and can be rented from nearby vendors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entspannen an der Wiener Donau |url=https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/wasser-in-wien/entspannen-an-der-wiener-donau-345184 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=wien.info |language=de}}</ref> * The [[Donaukanal]] splits off and rejoins the Danube close to the border of the city. Unlike the main river, it flows through the city center. The water itself is used mostly by boats, while the paths on both sides of the Donaukanal are regularly used by [[Jogging|joggers]], [[Cycling|cyclists]] and [[Roller skating|skaters]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-30 |title=Donaukanal |url=https://archive.today/20121230080933/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.d/d687058.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=m53bum |title=Lebens- und Erholungsraum Donaukanal |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/gewaesser/donaukanal/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de}}</ref> {{Gallery | title = | align =center | footer = | style = | state = | height = | width = | perrow = | mode =packed | whitebg = | noborder = | captionstyle = | File:Wien - Neue Donau.JPG |The New Danube in the front, the main Danube in the back. | alt1= |File:Alte Donau Wien DonauCity.jpg |The Old Danube with the Danube City in the background | alt2= |File:Schwedenbrücke Donaukanal Wien 2012 04.jpg |The Donaukanal by Schwedenplatz at night }} == Sport == === Football === [[File:Vienna allianz stadion.jpg|thumb|Allianz Stadion, home of Rapid Wien]] Austria's capital is home to numerous [[Association football|football]] [[Football team|clubs]]. The two biggest teams are [[FK Austria Wien]] (21 [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] titles and record 27-time [[Austrian Cup|cup winners]]), who play at the [[Franz Horr Stadium|Generali Arena]] in Favoriten, and [[SK Rapid Wien]] (record 32 [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] titles), who play at the [[Allianz Stadion]] in Penzing. The oldest team in Austria, [[First Vienna FC]], and [[Floridsdorfer AC]] both play in the [[2. Liga (Austria)|2. Liga]], and the football teamof the [[Wiener Sport-Club]], one of the oldest [[Sports club|athletics clubs]] in the country, play in the [[Austrian Regionalliga East]], the third division. The [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]] is the [[List of football stadiums in Austria|largest stadium in Austria]] with 50,865 seats and is the home stadium of the [[Austria national football team]]. It has hosted multiple [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/Champions League]] finals ([[1964 European Cup final|1963–64]], [[1987 European Cup final|1986–87]], [[1990 European Cup final|1989–90]], [[1995 UEFA Champions League final|1994–95]]), as well as seven games at the [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008 Euros]], including the [[UEFA Euro 2008 final|final]], which saw a [[Spain national football team|Spanish]] 1–0 victory over [[Germany national football team|Germany]]. [[File:Ernst-happel-stadion vienna.jpg|thumb|Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater|left]] === Other sports === Other [[sports club]]s include the [[Vienna Vikings|Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna]] ([[American football]]), who won the [[Eurobowl]] title 4 times in a row between 2004 and 2007 and had a perfect season in 2013. The [[Hotvolleys Vienna|Aon Hotvolleys Vienna]] ([[volleyball]]), the Vienna Wanderers ([[baseball]]), who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the [[Vienna Capitals]] ([[ice hockey]]). Vienna was also where the [[European Handball Federation|European Handball Federation (EHF)]] was founded. There are also three [[Rugby union|rugby]] clubs in the city; [[Vienna Celtic RFC|Vienna Celtic]], the oldest rugby club in Austria, [[RC Donau]], and Stade Viennois The [[Vienna Open]] tennis tournament has taken place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the [[Wiener Stadthalle]].[[File:Vienna City Marathon 2015 - Reichsbrücke (1).JPG|thumb|[[Vienna City Marathon]] in 2015]] Vienna hosts many different sporting events including the [[Vienna City Marathon]], which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and typically takes place in May. Austria hosted the [[2005 IIHF World Championship|2005 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship]], with the games taking place either in the Wiener Stadhalle or the [[OlympiaWorld Innsbruck]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2020 |title=2005 IIHF World Championship |url=http://webarchive.iihf.com/Hydra/Tournaments_05/output/ws/hydra.iihf.com/IIHF_Core/jsp/content/web_output/index.jsp@compId=1000000009 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903103758/http://webarchive.iihf.com/Hydra/Tournaments_05/output/ws/hydra.iihf.com/IIHF_Core/jsp/content/web_output/index.jsp@compId=1000000009 |archive-date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> Vienna also hosted the [[2023 FIBA 3x3 World Cup|2023 3x3 Basketball World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comité |first=Österreichisches Olympisches |title=Nach der Heim-EM ist vor der Heim-WM |url=https://www.olympia.at/news/nach-der-heim-em-ist-vor-der-heim-wm/33932 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Österreichisches Olympisches Comité |language=de}}</ref> == Culinary specialities== === Food === [[File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg|alt=A Wiener schnitzel at a restaurant|thumb|A Wiener schnitzel]]Vienna is well known for [[Wiener schnitzel]], a cutlet of [[veal]] ''(Kalbsschnitzel)'' (sometimes also made with pork (''Schweinsschnitzel'') or chicken (''Hühnerschnitzel'')) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in [[clarified butter]]. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves [[Viennese cuisine]] and can be eaten hot or cold. It is usually served in many cozy cafeterias in the old town evoking all the history behind the Empire city. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include ''[[Tafelspitz]]'' (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with ''Geröstete Erdäpfel'' (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, ''Apfelkren'' (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and ''Schnittlauchsauce'' (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread). Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include ''[[Apple strudel|Apfelstrudel]]'' (hot apple strudel), ''[[Milk-cream strudel|Milchrahmstrudel]]'' (milk-cream strudel), ''[[Palatschinke]]n'' (sweet pancakes), and ''Knödel'' (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (''[[Marillenknödel]]''). [[Sachertorte]], a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the [[Hotel Sacher|Sacher Hotel]], is worldfamous.[[File:Sachertorte DSC03027.JPG|thumb|right|Sachertorte]] In winter, small street stands sell traditional ''[[Chestnut|Maroni]]'' (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters. Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (''[[Würstelstand]]'') throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as ''[[Frankfurter Würstchen|Wiener]]'' (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a ''Frankfurter'' in Vienna. Other popular sausages are ''Burenwurst'' (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), ''[[Käsekrainer]]'' (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and ''[[Bratwurst]]'' (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy). Vienna ranked 10th in vegan friendly European cities in a study by Alternative Traveler.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alternativetravelers.com/vegan-friendly-cities-in-europe/ |title=Top 10 Vegan-Friendly Cities in Europe in 2020 |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525171749/https://www.alternativetravelers.com/vegan-friendly-cities-in-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Naschmarkt]]'' is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, and meat. === Drinks === [[File:Ottakringer Helles in a hotel room.jpg|alt=A yellow can of Ottakringer Helles|thumb|A can of Ottakringer Helles]] Vienna, along with [[Barcelona]], [[Bratislava]], [[Canberra]], [[Cape Town]], Paris, Prague, [[Santiago]] and [[Warsaw]], is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.austria.info/uk/things-to-do/food-and-drink/wine/vienna-the-wine-capital |title=Vienna: The Wine Capital |website=www.austria.info |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230111323/https://www.austria.info/uk/things-to-do/food-and-drink/wine/vienna-the-wine-capital |url-status=live }}</ref> The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as [[Heuriger]]. The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The [[Grüner Veltliner]], a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |title=Gruner Veltliner Wine |publisher=Wine-Searcher |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165955/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna wine: Gemischter Satz |url=https://www.wien.info/en/shopping-wining-dining/wine/gemischter-satz-awarded-346738 |website=Wien.info |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153753/https://www.wien.info/en/shopping-wining-dining/wine/gemischter-satz-awarded-346738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, [[Ottakringer]], and more than ten [[Vienna microbreweries|microbreweries]]. Ottakringers most popular drink is the ''Ottakringer Helles'', a [[beer]] with an [[Alcohol by volume|alcohol content]] of 5.2%. A "''Beisl''" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many. Local soft drinks such as [[Almdudler]] are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing them on the top spots alongside American counterparts such as [[Coca-Cola]] in terms of market share. Other popular drinks are the [[Spezi]], a mix between cola and orange lemonade, and [[Frucade]], a German carbonated orange drink. === Viennese cafés === [[Image:Hietzing (Wien) - Café Dommayer.JPG|thumb|The Café Dommayer]]The [[Viennese coffee house]] (''Kaffeehaus'') dates back to the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Vienna [[intelligentsia]] treated Viennese cafés like a living room.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Rick Rodgers |title=Kaffeehaus |publisher= Echo Point Books |year=2020 |page= |isbn=9781635619683 }}</ref> The first Viennese café was opened in 1685 by Armenian businessman Johannes Diodato. Café culture flourished in Vienna in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Alysa Levene |title=Cake: A Slice of History |publisher=Headline |year=2016 |page= |isbn=9781472226839 }}</ref> Notable patrons included political figures [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Josip Broz Tito]], who all lived in Vienna in 1913, as well as scientists, writers and artists such as [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[Egon Schiele]] and [[Gustav Klimt]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2013 |title=1913: When Hitler, Trotsky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21859771 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Notable coffee houses include: * [[Café Central]]: frequented by Hitler, Stalin, Tito, Trotsky and Zweig * [[Café Landtmann]]: frequented by Freud * Café Sacher: part of the [[Hotel Sacher]] === Heuriger === [[File:Wien Heurigen-Lokal 2014 1.jpg|alt=A Heuriger in Grinzing|thumb|Typical Heuriger in Grinzing]] Vienna is one of the few major cities with its own [[wine-growing region]]. This [[wine]] is sold in taverns, so-called ''[[Heuriger]]'', by the local winemakers during the growing season. The wine is often served as a [[Schorle]], a mix of wine and [[carbonated water]]. The meals are simple and homemade, usually consisting of fresh bread, typically [[Kaiser roll|semmels]], with local [[coldcuts]] and cheese, or [[Liptauer|Liptauer spread]]. The Heurigers are especially numerous in the areas of [[Döbling]] ([[Grinzing]], [[Neustift am Walde]], [[Nussdorf, Vienna|Nußdorf]], [[Salmannsdorf]], [[Sievering]]), [[Floridsdorf]] (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), [[Liesing]] ([[Mauer, Vienna|Mauer]]) and [[Favoriten]] (Oberlaa).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Heuriger Vienna: An epic guide to the wine taverns of Vienna — |url=https://austrianadaptation.com/blog/the-best-heuriger-vienna-an-epic-guide-to-the-wine-taverns-of-vienna |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Austrian Adaptation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tourist attractions== {{main|Tourist attractions in Vienna}} [[File: Wien Votivkirche Südseite 01.jpg|thumb| The [[Votivkirche, Vienna|Votivkirche]] on the Ring]] Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the [[Hofburg Imperial Palace]] and [[Schönbrunn Palace]] and the [[Wiener Riesenrad]] in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the [[Burgtheater]], the [[Vienna State Opera]], the [[Lipizzan]]er horses at the [[Spanish Riding School]], and the [[Vienna Boys' Choir]]. There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |page=10 |title=Vienna in figures: Special Issue for the EU Presidency 2006 |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216024130/http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> The most popular ones are [[Albertina, Vienna|Albertina]], [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]] and [[Leopold Museum]] in the [[Museumsquartier]], the twin ''[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]]'' and ''[[Naturhistorisches Museum]]'', and the [[Technisches Museum Wien]], each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/vienna-must-dos/ |title=Top 30 Sights, Museums, Exhibition Halls 2005 |date=30 January 2010 |publisher=Vienna Tourist Board |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007170827/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/vienna-must-dos |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] various residences and grave at [[Zentralfriedhof]] (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many [[Celebrity|famous people]], such as Johann Strauss I and II and [[Kurt Waldheim]]. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at [[St. Marx Cemetery]] (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]], the [[Church of the Teutonic Order, Vienna|Deutschordenskirche]], the [[Jesuit Church, Vienna|Jesuitenkirche]], the [[Karlskirche]], the [[Peterskirche]], [[Maria am Gestade]], the [[Minoritenkirche (Vienna)|Minoritenkirche]], the [[Ruprechtskirche]], the [[Schottenkirche, Vienna|Schottenkirche]], [[St. Ulrich, Vienna|St. Ulrich]] and the [[Votive Church, Vienna|Votivkirche]]. Modern attractions include the [[Hundertwasserhaus]], the [[Vienna International Centre|United Nations headquarters]] and the view from the [[Donauturm]]. == Transport== {{Main|Transport in Vienna}} === Public transport === Vienna has an extensive public transportation network. It consists predominantly of the [[Wiener Linien]] network (subway, tram and bus lines) and the [[Vienna S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] lines belonging to the [[ÖBB|Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB)]]. As of 2023, 32% of the population of the city uses public transit as their main mode of transit. <ref name="Anteil-Radfahrer">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Anteil der Radfahrer in Wien steigt |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3250117/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> ==== U-Bahn ==== [[File:U-Bahnnetz Wien 2019.png|thumb|Vienna U-Bahn network]]The [[Vienna U-Bahn|Vienna metro system]] consists of five lines ([[U1 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U1]], [[U2 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U2]], [[U3 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U3]], [[U4 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U4]], [[U6 (Vienna U-Bahn)|U6]]) with the [[Vienna U-Bahn#Missing U5|U5]] currently being built. The metro currently serves [[List of Vienna U-Bahn stations|109 stations]] and covers a distance of 83.1 kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U-Bahn |url=https://www.wien.info/de/reiseinfos/verkehr/ubahn-362202 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.info |language=de}}</ref> [[File:Donaustadtbrücke rigardate de la stacio Donaumarina.jpg|thumb|The U2 crossing the Danube]] The services run from 05:00 to about 01:00 with intervals of two to five minutes during the day and up to eight minutes after 20:00. On Friday and Saturday evenings and on evenings before a public holiday they operate a 24-hour service at 15-minute intervals. {| class="wikitable" ! Line ! Colour ! Route ! Length ! Stations |- | {{ric|Wiener Linien|U1}} | Red | {{stl|Wiener Linien|Oberlaa}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Leopoldau}} | 19.2 km (11.9 mi) | 24 |- | {{ric|Wiener Linien|U2}} | Purple | {{stl|Wiener Linien|Schottentor}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Seestadt}} | 16.7 km (10.4 mi) | 20 |- | {{ric|Wiener Linien|U3}} | Orange | {{stl|Wiener Linien|Ottakring}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Simmering}} | 13.5 km (8.4 mi) | 21 |- | {{ric|Wiener Linien|U4}} | Green | {{stl|Wiener Linien|Hütteldorf}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Heiligenstadt}} | 16.5 km (10.3 mi) | 20 |- | {{ric|Wiener Linien|U6}} | Brown | {{stl|Wiener Linien|Siebenhirten}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Floridsdorf}} | 17.4 km (10.8 mi) | 24 |} [[File:57A Anschützgasse.jpg|thumb|The 57a bus at the Anschützgasse stop]] ==== Buses ==== Buses were first introduced to the city in 1907. Currently, 117 bus lines operate in Vienna during the day. 47 of these are run by the Wiener Linien, who also set the routes and timetables, the rest by subcontractors such as ''Dr. Richard'', ''Gschwindl'' and ''Blaguss''. The Wiener Linien also operate 20 night buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Städtischer Autobus |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/St%C3%A4dtischer_Autobus |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at}}</ref> [[File:62 Wolkersbergenstraße.jpg|thumb|The 62 tram, an A<sub>1</sub> model, in Hietzing ]] ==== Trams ==== The [[Trams in Vienna|Viennese tram network]] has existed since 1865; the first line was electrified in 1897. There are currently 28 lines with 1071 stops that operate on a network of 176,9 km. The trams move at about 15 km/h. The fleet consists of both [[high-floor]] and [[Low-floor tram|low-floor]] vehicles, however the high-floor models, which are not air-conditioned, are in the process of being replaced by more modern, accessible trams. The modern models are air-conditioned and suitable for disabled users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadtverkehrs-Geschichte Wien {{!}} Wiener Tramwaymuseum |url=https://tram.at/stadtverkehrsgeschichte-wien/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=WTM - Sonderfahrten mit historischen Straßenbahnen |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Straßenbahn |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at}}</ref> ==== Trains ==== The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station [[Wien Hauptbahnhof|Vienna Hauptbahnhof]] with other European cities, including [[Bratislava]], [[Budapest]], [[Ljubljana]], [[Munich]], [[Prague]], [[Venice]], [[Wrocław]], [[Warsaw]], [[Zagreb]], and [[Zürich]]. Other train stations include: * [[Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof]], the starting point of the [[Franz-Josefs-Bahn]] * [[Wien Hütteldorf railway station|Wien Hütteldorf]] on the [[West railway (Austria)|Western railway]] * [[Wien Meidling railway station|Wien Meidling]] on the [[South railway (Austria)|Southern railway]]. This is Vienna's most frequented transit station. * [[Wien Mitte railway station|Wien Mitte]] (Landstraße) on the S-Bahn line; it is the closest railway station to the centre of the city. * [[Wien Praterstern railway station|Wien Praterstern]] (Formerly known as Wien Nord or Wien Nord-Praterstern) on the [[North railway (Austria)|Northern railway]] * [[Wien Westbahnhof]], starting point of the [[West railway (Austria)|Western railway]] === Cycling === [[File:Citybike Vienna, Schönbrunner Brücke.jpg|thumb|Citybikes in Vienna]] The cycling network in the city spans 1.721 kilometres, however, this figure counts bidirectional [[Bike path|bike paths]] twice and includes on-road cycle-lanes which are also shared with motor vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radfahren in Wien |url=https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/sport/radfahren |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.info |language=de}}</ref> The network is constantly being expanded and upgraded, especially in the outer areas, such as Donaustadt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radwegoffensive: Ausbau des Radverkehrsnetzes 2023 |url=https://www.fahrradwien.at/radwegoffensive-2023/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=Fahrrad Wien |language=de-DE}}</ref> Bike use in the city has been rising, from just 3% in 1993 to 10% in 2023.<ref name="Anteil-Radfahrer" /> The city operates a [[bicycle-sharing system]], ''WienMobil Radverleih'', with 3000 bikes at 185 station, available at all times. The bikes are 7-[[Bicycle gearing|speed]] [[Utility bicycle|city bikes]] with an adjustable saddel. == Airport == [[File:2011-06-14 10-23-56 Austria Niederösterreich Fischamend Markt.jpg|Vienna International Airport|thumb]] Vienna is served by [[Vienna International Airport]], located 18 km southeast of the city center next to the town of [[Schwechat]]. The airport handled approximately 29.5 million passengers in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Viennaairport - Press Releases & News |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/en/company/press__news/press_releases__news_1 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=www.viennaairport.com |language=en}}</ref> Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers. Another possibility is to use [[Bratislava Airport]], Slovakia, located approximately 60 km away. == Viennese people== {{Main|List of people from Vienna}} == International relations== === International organizations in Vienna=== [[File:Vereinte Nationen in Wien.jpg|thumb|UN complex in Vienna, with the Austria Center Vienna in front, taken from the [[Donauturm|Danube Tower]] in the nearby Donaupark before the extensive building work]]Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA), the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO), the [[UNODC|United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC), the [[OPEC|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC), the [[OFID|OPEC Fund for International Development]] (OFID), the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization|Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] (CTBTO), the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOOSA) and the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York City, [[Geneva]], and [[Nairobi]]. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the [[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law]]'s secretariat ([[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law|UNCITRAL]]). In conjunction, the [[University of Vienna]] annually hosts the prestigious [[Willem C. Vis Moot]], an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world. Diplomatic meetings were often held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in multiple documents bearing the name [[Vienna Convention (disambiguation)|Vienna Convention]] or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]], as well as the 1990 [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] on Iran's nuclear program as well as the [[Vienna peace talks for Syria]]. === Charitable organizations in Vienna=== Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of [[SOS Children's Villages]], founded by [[Hermann Gmeiner]] in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include [[Help Afghan School Children Organization]] (HASCO). ===International city cooperations=== The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any [[Sister city|twin town]] agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.<ref>{{cite web |title=City-to-city cooperation |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> {{colbegin}} *[[Ankara]], Turkey *[[Belgrade]], Serbia *[[Bratislava]], Slovakia *[[Brno]], Czech Republic *[[Budapest]], Hungary *[[Hamburg]], Germany *[[Kraków]], Poland *[[Ljubljana]], Slovenia *[[Paris]], France *[[Prague]], Czech Republic *[[Vancouver]], Canada *[[Zagreb]], Croatia *[[Zürich]], Switzerland {{colend}} ===District to district partnerships=== In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 August 2020 |title=City-to-city cooperation |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html#district |website=City of Vienna |archive-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209170615/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html#district |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also== {{Div col|rules=yes}} *{{Lang|de|[[Donauinselfest]]|italic=no}} *[[List of honorary citizens of Vienna]] *[[List of restaurants in Vienna]] *[[List of Viennese]] *[[List of World Heritage Sites in Austria]] *[[List of cities and towns on Danube river]] *[[OPENCities]] *[[Outline of Vienna]] *[[Vienna Biennale]] *[[Vienna Porcelain Manufactory]] *[[Viennese German]] *[[Water supply in Vienna]] {{div col end}} == References== {{Reflist}} {{Notelist}} == Further reading== *[[Martina Pippal|Pippal, M.]]: ''A Short History of Art in Vienna'', Munich: C.H. Beck 2000, {{ISBN|978-3-406-46789-9}}, provides a concise overview. *[[Robert von Dassanowsky|Dassanowsky, Robert]] ed.: "World Film Locations: Vienna", London: Intellect/Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-84150-569-5}}. International films about Vienna or Austria shot on location throughout cinema history. == External links== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=Vienna|Vienna}} === Official websites=== *[http://www.wien.gv.at/english/ Wien.gv.at] – Official site of the municipality, with interactive map. *[http://www.wien.info/ Wien.info] – Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060113060112/http://www.vho.at/embassy.en.html List of Embassies in Vienna] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150120161457/https://www.wien.gv.at/politik/international/strategie/mycentrope.html Information about Vienna and Centrope countries] *[http://geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/ Geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at] – Vienna History Wiki operated by the city of Vienna === History of Vienna=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222843/http://postrealism.com/vienna.htm Hundreds of articles on historical buildings of Vienna: Churches, Palaces, Art, Culture and History of Vienna] *[http://www.battlefieldsww2.com/viennagb.html German flaktowers in Vienna] *[http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Wien History of the Coat of Arms of Vienna and all (former) districts and municipalities] === Further information on Vienna=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100107022631/http://www.wien.city-map.at/ Vienna Information] Sorted by categories. Choose from 5 Languages *[https://www.vienna-unwrapped.com/ Vienna insider travel guide] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100517122057/http://www.concertvienna.com/ Events in Vienna] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150524063058/http://www.mycentrope.com/de/home/tag/wien Events and useful information from Vienna] *[http://www.whenwherewh.at/ WhenWhereWh.at] *English Guide to Events and Contemporary Culture in Vienna <!--TEMPLATES--> {{S-start}} {{S-bef|before=[[Stuttgart]], [[West Germany]] (1961)}} {{S-ttl|title=[[World Gymnaestrada]] host city|years=1965}} {{S-aft|after=[[Basel]], [[Switzerland]] (1969)}} {{S-end}} {{navboxes|title=Articles related to Vienna|list= {{Navboxes |title= Vienna in Austria |list= {{Principal cities of Austria}} {{States of Austria}} {{Austrian Seats}} {{World Heritage Sites in Austria}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Vienna in the European Union |list= {{List of European capitals by region}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} }} {{Districts of Vienna}} {{Danube}} }} {{Portal bar|Europe|Austria|European Union}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vienna| Vienna]] <!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Austrian state capitals]] [[Category:Capitals in Europe]] [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]] [[Category:Populated places on the Danube]] [[Category:States of Austria]] [[Category:Turkish communities outside Turkey]] [[Category:Wine regions of Austria]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Austria]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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