Traditional black gospel

{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Traditional Black gospel
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Negro spirituals|Spirituals]]|[[blues]]|[[hymn|Christian hymns]]}}
| cultural_origins  = Late 19th century, African Americans
| instruments       = '''Early:'''<br/>Vocals<br/>'''Contemporary:'''<br/>{{hlist|Vocals|piano|guitar|[[bass (instrument)|bass]]|drums|[[Hammond Organ]]}}
| derivatives       = {{hlist|[[Rhythm and blues]]|[[Soul music|soul]]}}
| subgenrelist      =
| subgenres         =
| fusiongenres      =
| regional_scenes   =
| other_topics      = {{hlist|[[Gospel music]]|[[jubilee quartets]]|[[Gospel choirs|mass choirs]]}}
}}
'''Traditional black gospel'''<ref name=":0" /> is music that is written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding [[Black church|African American Christian]] life, as well as (in terms of the varying music styles) to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music. It is a form of [[Christian music]] and a subgenre of [[black gospel music]].

Like other forms of music, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. It is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. However, a common theme as with most Christian music is praise, worship or thanks to God and Christ.<ref name=":0">New World Encyclopedia, ''Gospel Music'', Dec 23 2013</ref>

Traditional gospel music was popular in the mid-20th century.  It is the primary source for [[urban contemporary gospel]] and [[Christian hip hop]], which rose in popularity during the late 20th century and early 21st century.

==Origins and development==
The origins of gospel music are during American slavery, when enslaved Africans were introduced to the Christian religion and converted in large numbers. Remnants of different African cultures were combined with Western Christianity, with one result being the emergence of the [[spiritual (music)|spiritual]]. Jubilee songs and sorrow songs were two type of spirituals that emerged during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Some spirituals were also used to pass on hidden messages; for example, when [[Harriet Tubman]] was nearby, slaves would sing "Go Down, Moses" to signify that a 'deliverer' was nearby. At this time, the term "gospel songs" referred to evangelical hymns sung by Protestant (Congregational and Methodist) Christians, especially those with a [[missionary]] theme. Gospel composers included writers like [[Ira D. Sankey]] and Mason Lowry, and Charles B. Tindell. Hymns, Protestant gospel songs, and spirituals make up the basic source of modern Black gospel.

* The Library of Congress has recordings of Negro Spirituals
1. https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-11026/  Song - Go down Moses

2. https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-68748/  Song - Deep river

3. https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-67451/  Song - Golden slippers

4. https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-187640/  Song - Steal away

* The Library of Congress has recordings of African Americans singing Black Gospel
1. https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000061/  Song - Oh Jonah

2. https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000059/  Song - We Are Americans, Praise the Lord

3. https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000114/  Song - Lead Me to That Rock

4. https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000050/  Song - Death Come a-Knockin

===Original music (1920s&ndash;1940s)===
What most African Americans would identify today as "gospel" began in the early 20th century. The gospel music that [[Thomas A. Dorsey]], [[Sallie Martin]], [[Willie Mae Ford Smith]] and other pioneers popularized had its roots in the [[blues]] as well as in the more freewheeling forms of religious devotion of "Sanctified" or "[[Holiness movement|Holiness]]" churches&mdash;sometimes called "holy rollers" by other denominations &mdash; who encouraged individual church members to "testify", speaking or singing spontaneously about their faith and experience of the [[Holy Ghost]] and "[[Get Happy (gospel music)|Getting Happy]]", sometimes while dancing in celebration.<ref>New World Encyclopedia. "Urban Gospel" Dec 23 2013</ref> In the 1920s Sanctified artists, such as [[Arizona Dranes]], many of whom were also traveling preachers, started making records in a style that melded traditional religious themes with barrelhouse, [[blues]] and [[boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]] techniques and brought [[jazz]] instruments, such as drums and horns, into the church.

Thomas Dorsey stretched the boundaries in his day to create great gospel music, choirs, and quartets. Talented vocalists have been singing these songs far beyond Dorsey's expectations.

Dorsey, who had once composed for and played piano behind [[blues]] giants [[Tampa Red]], [[Ma Rainey]] and [[Bessie Smith]], worked hard to develop this new music, organizing an annual convention for gospel artists, touring with Martin to sell sheet music and gradually overcoming the resistance of more conservative churches to what many of them considered sinful, worldly music. Combining the sixteen bar structure and blues modes and rhythms with religious lyrics, Dorsey's compositions opened up possibilities for innovative singers such as [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] to apply their very individual talents to his songs, while inspiring church members to "shout" &mdash; either to call out catch phrases or to add musical lines of their own in response to the singers.

This looser style affected other Black religious musical styles as well. The most popular groups in the 1930s were male quartets or small groups such as [[The Golden Gate Quartet]], who sang, usually unaccompanied, in [[Jubilee quartets|jubilee]] style, mixing careful harmonies, melodious singing, playful syncopation and sophisticated arrangements to produce a fresh, experimental style far removed from the more somber hymn-singing. These groups also absorbed popular sounds from pop groups such as [[The Mills Brothers]] and produced songs that mixed conventional religious themes, humor and social and political commentary. They began to show more and more influence from gospel as they incorporated the new music into their repertoire.

In the 1930s gospel music of the civil rights movement was referred to as ''the Black gospel period'' because this was the most prosperous era for gospel music. The message of many of the civil rights activists was supported by the message gospel music was putting forth.

===Golden age (1940s&ndash;1950s)===
The new gospel music composed by Dorsey and others proved very important among quartets, who began turning in a new direction. Groups such as [[the Dixie Hummingbirds]], [[Pilgrim Travelers]], [[Soul Stirrers]], [[Swan Silvertones]], [[Sensational Nightingales]] and [[Five Blind Boys of Mississippi]] introduced even more stylistic freedom to the close harmonies of jubilee style, adding [[ad lib]]s and using repeated short phrases in the background to maintain a rhythmic base for the innovations of the lead singers. Melodically, gospel songs from this era were more diatonic and conjunct. As "the spirit leads the vocalist" the melodies would become more chromatic and disjunct, evoking pure spiritual emotion that was congruent with the accompanying body or musicians.<ref>Boyer, H: "Gospel Music", page 35. Music Educators Journal, 1978.</ref>

Individual singers also stood out more as jubilee turned to "hard gospel" and as soloists began to shout more and more, often in falsettos anchored by a prominent bass. Quartet singers combined both individual virtuoso performances and innovative harmonic and rhythmic invention&mdash;what Ira Tucker Sr. and [[Paul Owens (gospel singer)|Paul Owens]] of the Hummingbirds called "trickeration"&mdash;that amplified both the emotional and musical intensity of their songs.

By the 1940s, gospel music had expanded to members of all denominations prompting Black gospel artists to begin tours and becoming full-time musicians. In this venture [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] became a pioneer, initially selling millions of records with her ability to drive audiences into hysteria by sliding and bending her pitch as well as accompanying herself on steel guitar.<ref>Boyer, H: "Gospel Music", page 38. Music Educators Journal, 1978.</ref> In contrast, [[Mahalia Jackson]] used her dusky contralto voice to develop her gospel ballads as well as favouring a more joyful approach to singing the [[gospel]]. [[W. Herbert Brewster]] wrote "[[Move on Up a Little Higher]]" Jackson's first hit.

At the same time that quartet groups were reaching their zenith in the 1940s and 1950s, a number of women singers were achieving stardom. Some, such as Mahalia Jackson and [[Bessie Griffin]], were primarily soloists, while others, such as [[Clara Ward]], [[Albertina Walker]], [[The Caravans]], [[The Davis Sisters]] and [[Dorothy Love Coates]], sang in small groups. While some groups, such as The Ward Singers, employed the sort of theatrics and daring group dynamics that male quartet groups used, for the most part women gospel singers relied instead on overpowering technique and dramatic personal witness to establish themselves.

[[Roberta Martin]] in Chicago stood apart from other women gospel singers in many respects. She led groups that featured both men and women singers, employed an understated style that did not stress individual virtuosity, and sponsored a number of individual artists, such as [[James Cleveland]], who went on to change the face of gospel in the decades that followed.

=== The 1960s&ndash;1980s ===
Gospel started to break way from the traditional church setting, choirs, and just singing hymns. There were more solo artists that emerged during these decades, and during this period marked the end of the heyday of traditional gospel, making way for [[Urban contemporary gospel|contemporary gospel]].

==Influence==
Gospel artists, who had been influenced by pop music trends for years, had a major influence on early [[rhythm and blues]] artists, particularly the "bird groups" such as [[the Orioles]], [[the Ravens]] and [[the Flamingos]], who applied gospel quartets' [[a cappella]] techniques to pop songs in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s. These groups based their music on sounds they had been singing in church and were now releasing gospel-styled reworking of songs for a secular audience.<ref>Handyside, Chris, A History of American Music : Soul and R&B, Heinemann Raintree Library, p. 8</ref> The influence of gospel was apparent in new versions of pop standards or new songs in a pop style.<ref>Campbell, Michael, Popular Music in America, Schirmer Cengage Learning, 2013, p. 185</ref>
[[Elvis Presley]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] and [[Little Richard]] were rock 'n' roll pioneers with a religious background. Like other artists, these pioneers were stylistically influenced by gospel and it contributed to their music. Elvis was successful in performing his gospel favorites, "Why me Lord", ''[[How Great Thou Art (hymn)|How Great Thou Art]],'' and "You'll never walk alone". For all of his success as a rock 'n' roll singer, he only received awards for his gospel recordings.<ref>Thurber, Cheryl, Elvis and Gospel Music, The Gospel Music Magazine, 1988</ref>

Individual gospel artists, such as [[Sam Cooke]], a former member of the [[Soul Stirrers]], and secular artists who borrowed heavily from gospel, such as [[Ray Charles]], [[James Brown (musician)|James Brown]], [[James Booker]] and [[Jackie Wilson]], had an even greater impact later in the 1950s, helping to create [[soul music]] by bringing even more gospel inspired harmonies and traditions from rhythm and blues.<ref>PBS.org, 20th Century Music, Public Broadcasting Service</ref><ref>Handyside, Chris, A History of American Music : Soul and R&B, Heinemann Raintree Library, p.10</ref>
Many of the most prominent soul artists, such as [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Otis Redding]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Wilson Pickett]] and [[Al Green]], had roots in the church and gospel music and brought with them much of the vocal styles of artists such as Clara Ward and [[Julius Cheeks]]. The underlying virtues of soul/R&B music taken from gospel, is the direct emotional delivery, truth to a spirit and the feeling within a song transmitted to the listener.<ref>"Soul Music's History, soulmusichistory.net</ref>  During the 1970s, artists like [[Edwin Hawkins]] with the 1969 hit "[[Oh Happy Day]]", and [[Andraé Crouch]]'s hit "Take me Back" were big inspirations on gospel music and crossover successes. Both Hawkins and Crouch incorporated secular music styles into gospel, shaping modern contemporary christian music today.<ref>McNeil, W.K., "Encyclopedia of American gospel music", Routledge, 2010</ref>

Secular songwriters often appropriated gospel songs, such as the Pilgrim Travelers' song "I've Got A New Home", or the [[Doc Pomus]] song [[Ray Charles]] turned into a hit "[[Lonely Avenue]]", or "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)|Stand By Me]]", which [[Ben E. King]] and [[Leiber and Stoller]] adapted from a well-known gospel song, or [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[Can I Get a Witness]]", which reworks traditional gospel catchphrases. In other cases secular musicians did the opposite, attaching phrases and titles from the gospel tradition to secular songs to create soul hits such as "[[Come See About Me]]" for [[The Supremes]] and "99½ Won't Do" for [[Wilson Pickett]].

When roots music (which including spirituals) became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, a combination of the powerful rhythm and timbres found in spirituals and "hard gospel" combined with the instrumentation and lyrical content of R&B and country contributed to various forms of rock music.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Gospel music articles}}
*[[List of gospel musicians]]

'''General:'''
* [[Black church]]
*[[Soul music]]
*[[R&B]]
*[[rock 'n' roll]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Relevant literature==
*Marovich, Robert. 2015. ''A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music.'' Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
*McNeil, W.K. 2010. ''Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music.'' New York: Routledge.
*Zolten, Jerry. 2003. ''Great God A'Mighty! The Dixie Hummingbirds: Celebrating the Rise of Soul Gospel Music.'' New York City, New York: Oxford University Press.

== External links==
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*[https://www.floridamemory.com/discover/audio/playlists/playlist3.php ''Shall We Gather at the River'', a collection of African American Christian music; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida]
*[https://www.baylor.edu/library/index.php?id=984639 ''Black Gospel Music Preservation Project'', Baylor University's catalog and collection of music from the Black gospel music tradition]

{{Christian music articles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Traditional Black Gospel}}
[[Category:Gospel music genres]]
[[Category:African-American Christianity]]
[[Category:African-American music]]

[[sh:Urbani suvremeni gospel]]