The Reverend

{{Short description|Christian religious honorific style}}
{{Redirect|Reverend||Reverend (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Rev.}}
{{More citations needed |date=May 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
[[File:John Wesley. Stipple engraving by R. Hancock, 1790, after J. Wellcome V0006246EL.jpg|thumb|Profile of [[John Wesley]], a major religious leader of the 18th century. He is styled ''The Revᵈ.'', an abbreviation of "The Reverend".]]

'''The Reverend''' is an [[honorific]] [[style (form of address)|style]] given before the names of certain Christian [[clergy]] and [[Minister of religion|minister]]s. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. ''The Reverend'' is correctly called a ''style'', but is sometimes referred to as a [[title]], form of address, or title of respect.<ref name = "ldoceonline">{{cite web | url = http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/Reverend | title = Reverend | type = definition | publisher = Longman | work = LDoceOnline English Dictionary | edition = online | access-date = 24 October 2012 | archive-date = 29 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173531/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/Reverend | url-status = live }}</ref> The style is also sometimes used by leaders in other religions such as [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref>[https://tricycle.org/author/reverend-earl-ikeda/ "Reverend Earl Ikeda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229065352/https://tricycle.org/author/reverend-earl-ikeda/ |date=29 December 2021 }}, ''Tricycle: The Buddhist Review'' website.</ref>

The term is an [[anglicisation]] of the Latin ''reverendus'', the style originally used in Latin documents in medieval Europe. It is the gerundive or future passive participle of the verb ''revereri'' ("to respect; to revere"), meaning "[one who is] to be revered/must be respected". ''The Reverend'' is therefore equivalent to ''The Honourable'' or ''The Venerable''. It is paired with a modifier or noun for some offices in some religious traditions: [[Lutheran]] archbishops, [[Anglican]] archbishops, and most [[Catholic]] bishops are usually styled ''The Most Reverend''<ref name=C/> (''reverendissimus''); other Lutheran bishops, Anglican bishops, and Catholic bishops are styled ''The Right Reverend''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lutheran Witness, Volumes 9-11 |date=1890 |publisher=C.A. Frank |page=67 |language=en}}</ref>

With Christian clergy, the forms ''His Reverence'' and ''Her Reverence'' are also sometimes used, along with their parallel in direct address, ''Your Reverence''.<ref name="OED2017"/> The abbreviation ''HR'' is sometimes used.<ref name="OED2017">{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reverence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015256/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reverence|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2018|title=His/Your Reverence|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|language=en|access-date=17 December 2017|quote=1.2His/Your Reverence A title or form of address to a member of the clergy, especially a priest in Ireland. 'I regret, Your Reverence, that I cannot come to meet you.'}}</ref>

== Usage ==
In traditional and formal English usage it is still considered incorrect to drop the definite article, ''the'', before ''Reverend''. In practice, however, ''the'' is often not used in both written and spoken English. When the style is used within a sentence, ''the'' is correctly in lower-case.<ref>{{Citation | title = The Chicago Manual of Style | edition = 16th | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 2010}}</ref> The usual abbreviations for ''Reverend'' are ''Rev.'', ''Revd'' and ''Rev'd''.
 
''The Reverend'' is traditionally used as an adjectival form with first names (or initials) and surname (e.g. ''The Reverend John Smith'' or ''The Reverend J. F. Smith''); ''The Reverend Father Smith'' or ''The Reverend Mr Smith'' are correct though now old-fashioned uses. Use of the prefix with the surname alone (''The Reverend Smith'') is considered a [[solecism]] in traditional usage: it would be as irregular as calling the person in question "The Well-Respected Smith". In some countries, especially Britain, Anglican clergy are acceptably addressed by the title of their office, such as ''[[Vicar]]'', ''[[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]]'', or ''[[Archdeacon]]''.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been increasingly common for ''reverend'' to be used as a noun and for clergy to be referred to as being either ''a reverend'' or ''the reverend'' (''I talked to the reverend about the wedding service.'') or to be addressed as ''Reverend'' or, for example, ''Reverend Smith'' or ''the Reverend Smith''. This has traditionally been considered grammatically incorrect on the basis that it is equivalent to referring to a judge as being ''an honourable'' or an adult man as being ''a mister''.<ref>{{Citation | title = The New Fowler's Modern English Usage | editor-first = RW | editor-last = Burchfield | publisher = Clarendon | place = Oxford | year = 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://library.thinkquest.org/10679/english/eng_abb.html | title = Information Internet: English Grammar, Abbreviations | publisher = Think quest | access-date = 24 October 2012 | archive-date = 21 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021044051/http://library.thinkquest.org/10679/english/eng_abb.html | url-status = live }}</ref> It is likewise incorrect to form the plural ''Reverends''.  Some dictionaries,<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861701835/Reverend.html | contribution = Reverend | title = Encarta | publisher = MSN | type = online dictionary | access-date = 6 February 2009 | archive-date = 15 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215002506/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861701835/Reverend.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> however, do place the noun rather than the adjective as the word's principal form, owing to an increasing use of the word as a noun among people with no religious background or knowledge of traditional styles of ecclesiastical address. When several clergy are referred to, they are often styled individually (e.g. ''The Reverend John Smith and the Reverend Henry Brown''); but in a list of clergy, ''The Revv'' is sometimes put before the list of names, especially in the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive-uat.catholicherald.co.uk/article/6th-june-1947/7/ecclesiastical-and-other-information|title=Ecclesiastical and other information|publisher=The Catholic Herald|date=6 June 1947|access-date=13 October 2018|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053023/http://archive-uat.catholicherald.co.uk/article/6th-june-1947/7/ecclesiastical-and-other-information|url-status=live}}</ref>

Male Catholic priests are sometimes addressed as ''Father'' or, for example, as ''Father John'' or ''Father Smith''. However, in official correspondence, such priests are not normally referred to as ''Father John'', ''Father Smith'', or ''Father John Smith'', but as ''The Reverend John Smith''. ''Father'' as an informal title is used for Catholic, Orthodox and [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]] priests and for many priests of the Anglican and Lutheran churches. Some female Anglican or Old Catholic priests use the style ''The Reverend Mother'' and are addressed as ''Mother''.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In a unique case, ''Reverend'' was used to refer to a church consistory, a local administrative body. "Reverend Coetus" and "Reverend Assembly" were used to refer to the entire body of local officials during the transformation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the mid-18th century.<ref name="Thompson1882">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Henry Post |title=History of the Reformed Church, at Readington, N. J. 1719-1881,|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreforme00thom|year=1882|publisher=Board of publication of the Reformed church in America|doi=10.7282/T33F4QN7|isbn=1131003942}}</ref>

==Variations==
{{Main|Ecclesiastical titles and styles}}
''The Reverend'' may be modified to reflect ecclesiastical standing and rank. Modifications vary across religious traditions and countries. Some common examples are:

===Christianity===
====Catholic====
{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}
* [[Nun|Religious sisters]] may be styled as ''Reverend Sister'' (in writing), though this is more common in Italy than in, for example, the United States. They may be addressed as ''Sister'' (in writing or in speaking).
* [[Deacons]] are addressed as
** ''The Reverend Deacon'' (in writing), or ''Father Deacon'' (in writing or speaking), or simply ''Deacon'' (in speaking), if ordained permanently to the diaconate.
*** ''The Reverend Mister'' (in writing) may be used for seminarians who are ordained to the diaconate, before being ordained presbyters; ''Deacon'' (in speaking); nearly never ''Father Deacon'' when referring to a [[Latin Church]] deacon in English.
* [[Priest]]s, whether [[Secular clergy|secular]], in an order of [[Canons Regular|canons regular]], a [[monastic orders|monastic]] or a [[mendicant order]], or [[Clerics Regular|clerics regular]]  ''The Reverend'' or ''The Reverend Father'' (in writing).
** [[Protonotary apostolic|Protonotaries Apostolic]], [[Honorary Prelate|Prelates of Honor]] and [[chaplain of His Holiness|Chaplains of His Holiness]]: ''The Reverend [[Monsignor]]'' (in writing).
** Priests with various grades of jurisdiction above pastor (e.g., [[vicars general]], [[judicial vicar]]s, [[ecclesiastical judge]]s, [[episcopal vicar]]s, [[Provincial superior|provincials]] of religious orders of priests, rectors or presidents of colleges and universities, [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]]s of monasteries, [[Dean (religion)|dean]]s, [[vicars forane]], [[archpriests]]): ''The Very Reverend'' (in writing).
* [[Abbot]]s of monasteries: ''The Right Reverend'' (in writing).
* [[Abbess]]es of convents: ''The Reverend Mother Superior'', with their convent's name following (e.g., ''The Reverend Mother Superior of the Poor Clares of Boston'' in written form, while being referred to simply as ''Mother Superior'' in speech).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.catholictradition.org/Saints/forms-address.htm |title= Catholic Forms of Address |publisher= Catholic tradition |access-date= 24 October 2012 |archive-date= 29 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121029134518/http://www.catholictradition.org/Saints/forms-address.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>
* [[Bishop]]s and [[archbishop]]s: ''The Most Reverend''.
** In some countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], such as the United Kingdom (but not in Northern Ireland), only archbishops are styled ''The Most Reverend'' (and addressed as "Your Grace") and other bishops are styled ''The Right Reverend''.
* [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] are styled as ''His Eminence'' 
* [[Patriarchs]] as ''His Beatitude''
* Patriarchs of Eastern-rite Catholic churches (those in full communion with Rome) who are made Cardinals are titled ''His Beatitude and Eminence''
* The Catholic [[Pope]] and other Eastern-rite Catholic or Orthodox leaders with the title Pope as ''His Holiness''<ref name=C>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/how-to-address-church-officials.html |title="How to Address Church Officials", ''Catholic Education Resource Center'' website. |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233344/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/how-to-address-church-officials.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

None of the clergy are usually addressed in speech as ''Reverend'' or ''The Reverend'' alone. Generally, ''Father'' is acceptable for all three orders of clergy, though in some countries this is customary for priests only. Deacons may be addressed as ''Deacon'', honorary prelates as ''Monsignor''; bishops and archbishops as ''Your Excellency'' (or ''Your Grace'' in Commonwealth countries), or, in informal settings, as ''Bishop'', ''Archbishop'', etc.

====Eastern Orthodox====
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2013}}
* A deacon is often styled as ''The Reverend Deacon'' (or [[Hierodeacon]], [[Archdeacon]], [[Protodeacon]], according to ecclesiastical elevation), while in spoken use the title ''Father'' is used (sometimes ''Father Deacon'').
* A married priest is ''The Reverend Father''; a monastic priest is ''The Reverend [[Hieromonk]]''; a [[protopresbyter]] is ''The Very Reverend Father''; and an [[archimandrite]] is either ''The Very Reverend Father'' (Greek practice) or ''The Right Reverend Father'' (Russian practice). All may be simply addressed as ''Father''.
* [[Abbot]]s and [[abbess]]es are styled ''The Very Reverend Abbot/Abbess'' and are addressed as ''Father'' and ''Mother'' respectively.
* A bishop is referred to as ''The Right Reverend Bishop''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goarch.org/-/forms-of-addresses-and-salutations-for-orthodox-clergy |title=Forms of Addresses and Salutations for Orthodox Clergy |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155535/https://www.goarch.org/-/forms-of-addresses-and-salutations-for-orthodox-clergy |url-status=live }}</ref> and addressed as ''Your Grace'' (or ''Your Excellency'').
* An archbishop or metropolitan, whether or not he is the head of an [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] or [[autonomous]] church, is styled ''The Most Reverend Archbishop/Metropolitan'' and addressed as ''Your Eminence''.
* Heads of autocephalous and autonomous churches with the title Patriarch are styled differently, according to the customs of their respective churches, usually ''Beatitude'' but sometimes ''Holiness'' and exceptionally ''All-Holiness''.

====Protestant====

=====Anglican=====
* [[Deacons]] are styled as ''The Reverend'', ''The Reverend Deacon'', or ''The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.crockford.org.uk/faq/how-to-address-the-clergy |title="How to address the clergy", ''Crockford's Clerical Directory'' website. |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917031523/https://www.crockford.org.uk/faq/how-to-address-the-clergy |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Priest]]s are usually styled as ''The Reverend'', ''The Reverend Father/Mother'' (even if not a [[Religious (Catholicism)|religious]]) or ''The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss''.
* Heads of some women's [[religious order]]s are styled as ''The Reverend Mother'' (even if not ordained).
* [[Canon (priest)|Canon]]s are usually styled as ''The Reverend Canon'' (sometimes abbreviated as "Cn").
* [[Dean (religion)|Dean]]s are usually styled as ''[[The Very Reverend]]''.
* [[Archdeacon]]s are usually styled as ''[[Venerable|The Venerable]]'' (abbreviated as "The Ven").
* [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior]]s of monasteries may be styled as ''[[The Very Reverend]]''.
* [[Abbot]]s of monasteries may be styled as ''[[The Right Reverend]]''.<ref>{{Citation | title = Contact us | url = http://www.altonabbey.org.uk/contact-us | publisher = Alton Abbey | place = UK | access-date = 7 September 2011 | archive-date = 10 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111110120622/http://www.altonabbey.org.uk/contact-us | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Bishop]]s are styled as ''[[The Right Reverend]]'' and, traditionally, ''[[Lord#Ecclesiastical|His Lordship]]'' if a male diocesan bishop (or ''His/Her Grace'' in the United States).<ref name="Nathan1927">{{cite book|last=Nathan|first=George Jean|title=The American Mercury, Volume 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B74OAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 December 2017|year=1927|publisher=Knopf|language=en|page=186|quote=When traveling in England they are customarily addressed as "My Lord" or "Your Lordship" and thus put on the same footing as the Bishops of the Established Church of that country, who, when sojourning in America, are properly so addressed. Similarly, a visiting Anglican Archbishop is "Your Grace." He is introduced as "The Most Reverend, His Grace, the Archbishop of York."}}</ref>
* [[Archbishop]]s and [[primate (bishop)|primate]]s and (for historical reasons) the [[Bishop of Meath and Kildare]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ireland.anglican.org/information/dioceses/68|title=The Church of Ireland|website=www.ireland.anglican.org|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013085210/http://www.ireland.anglican.org/information/dioceses/68|url-status=live}}</ref> are styled as ''[[The Most Reverend]]''.
* Some archbishops, such as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], are also styled ''[[Grace (style)|His/Her Grace]]''.

=====Baptist=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
Among [[Southern Baptist]]s in the United States, [[pastor]]s are often referred to in written communication and formal address as ''Reverend''. However,  Southern Baptist pastors are often  orally addressed as either ''Brother'' (e.g., ''Brother Smith'', as New Testament writers describe Christians as being brothers and sisters in Christ) or ''Pastor'' (as in ''Pastor Smith'' or simply ''Pastor'' without the pastor's last name).

Many African American Baptists use "Reverend" informally and formally, however correctly ''The Reverend John Smith'' or ''The Reverend Mary Smith''.

Members of the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention]] usually refer to their pastors as ''The Reverend''.

=====Lutheran=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
* Deacons: Commonly styled ''Deacon'' and their last name (such as Deacon Smith)
*Pastors: ''The Reverend'' is usually written, but the person is commonly orally addressed as ''Pastor Smith'' or "Pastor John"; the latter frequently used by members of their congregation.
* Priests:{{NoteTag|In most European Lutheran churches (as well as some in America) most clergy are called ''priests'' rather than the American tradition of ''pastors''.}}  The formal style for a priest is either ''The Reverend'' or ''The Very Reverend'', but for male priests the title ''Father'' and the person's last name are frequently used (such as Father Smith).
* Bishops are styled as ''The Right Reverend''.
** In America the style ''The Reverend Bishop'' or simply ''Bishop'' and the person's last name are more frequently used.
* Archbishops are styled as ''The Most Reverend''.

=====Methodist=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
In some Methodist churches, especially in the United States, ordained and licensed ministers are usually addressed as ''Reverend'', unless they hold a doctorate in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as ''The Reverend Doctor''. In informal situations ''Reverend'' is used. ''The Reverend'', however, is used in more formal or in written communication, along with ''His/Her Reverence'' or ''Your Reverence''. ''Brother'' or ''Sister'' is used in some places, although these are formally used to address members of Methodist religious orders, such as the [[Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery]]. Use of these forms of address differs depending on the location of the church or [[Annual conferences within Methodism|annual conference]].

In British Methodism, ordained ministers can be either presbyters (ministers of word and sacrament) or deacons (ministers of witness and service). Presbyters are addressed as ''The Revd'' (with given name and surname) or as Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms with surname alone.

The [[United Methodist Church]] in the United States often addresses its ministers as ''Reverend'' (e.g., ''Reverend Smith''). ''The Reverend'', however, is still used in more formal or official written communication.

=====Presbyterian=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
Church ministers are styled ''The Reverend''. The [[Moderator of the General Assembly|moderators of the General Assemblies]] of the [[Church of Scotland]], the [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]], the [[Presbyterian Church of Australia]], and the [[United Church of Canada]], when ordained clergy, are styled ''The Right Reverend'' during their year of service and ''The Very Reverend'' afterwards. Moderators of the General Assembly of the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] are styled simply ''The Reverend''. By tradition in the Church of Scotland, the ministers of [[St Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh (also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh) and [[Paisley Abbey]] are styled ''The Very Reverend''.  In Presbyterian courts where elders hold equal status with ministers it is correct to refer to ministers by their title (Mr, Mrs, Dr, Prof etc.).

=====Restoration Movement=====
Like some other groups that assert the lack of clerical titles within the church as narrated in the New Testament, congregations in the [[Restoration Movement]] (i.e., influenced by [[Barton Warren Stone]] and [[Alexander Campbell (clergyman)|Alexander Campbell]]), often disdain use of ''The Reverend'' and instead use the more generalized designation ''Brother''. The practice is universal within the [[Churches of Christ]] and prevalent in the [[Christian Churches and Churches of Christ]] but has become uncommon in the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Disciples of Christ]], which use ''The Reverend'' for ordained ministers.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Frank S | last1 = Mead | first2 = Samuel S | last2 = Hill | first3 = Craig D | last3 = Atwood | title = Handbook of denominations in the United States | edition = 12th | place = Nashville | publisher = Abingdon | year = 2005 | ISBN = 0-687-05784-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | editor1-first = Douglas A | editor1-last = Foster | editor1-link = Douglas A. Foster | editor2-first = Paul M | editor2-last = Blowers | editor3-first = Anthony L | editor3-last = Dunnavant | editor4-first = D Newell |display-editors = 3 | editor4-last = Williams | title = Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = William B Eerdmans | year = 2004 | ISBN = 0-8028-3898-7}}</ref>

=====Community of Christ=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
Internally, members of the priesthood do not use ''The Reverend'' as a style, but are generally known as "brother" or "sister" or by their specific priesthood office ("deacon", "teacher" or "priest" are often appended after the person's name, instead of, for example, "Deacon John Adams" or "Deacon Adams", and generally only in written form; in contrast, elders, bishops, evangelists, apostles, etc. are often, for example, known as "Bishop John Smith" or "Bishop Smith").  Any member of the priesthood who presides over a congregation can, and often is, known as "pastor" or (if an elder), "presiding elder".   Such use might only be in reference to occupying that position ("she is the pastor") as opposed to being used as a style ("Pastor Jane").  Priesthood members presiding over multiple congregations or various church councils are often termed "president".  Externally, in ecumenical settings, ''The Reverend'' is sometimes used.

=====Nondenominational=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
In some countries, including the United States, the title ''[[Pastor]]'' (such as ''Pastor Smith'' in more formal address or ''Pastor John'' in less formal) is often used in many nondenominational Christian traditions rather than ''The Reverend'' or ''Reverend''.

===Judaism===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
The primary Jewish religious leader is a [[rabbi]], which denotes that they have received rabbinical ordination (''[[semicha]]''). They are addressed as ''Rabbi'' or ''Rabbi Surname'' or (especially in [[Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrachi]]) as [[Hakham]].

The use of the Christian terms "Reverend" and "minister" for the rabbi of a congregation was common in [[Classical Reform Judaism]] and in the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially if the rabbi had attended a Western-style seminary or university rather than a traditional [[yeshiva]].

Some small communities without a rabbi may be led by a ''[[hazzan]]'' (cantor), who is addressed (in English) as "Reverend". For this reason, and because ''hazzanim'' are often recognized as clergy by secular authorities for purposes such as registering marriages; other hazzanim may be addressed as Reverend, although Cantor is more common.

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Reverend}}
{{portal |Christianity}} 
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Reverend |short=x}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reverend}}
[[Category:Ecclesiastical styles]]
[[Category:Christian clergy]]