The Bronx Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Borough in New York City}} {{Redirect|Bronx||Bronx (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English|date=July 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->| name = The Bronx | other_name = Bronx County, New York | settlement_type = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough]] and [[List of counties in New York|county]] | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | motto = ''Ne cede malis'' – "Yield Not to Evil"<br />(lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things") <!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = Co-op City Hutch River.jpg | alt1 = Co-op City, as seen from the east, sits along the Hutchinson River. | caption1 = [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]], as seen from the east, sits along the [[Hutchinson River]]. | image2 = Yankee Stadium overhead 2010.jpg | alt2 = Yankee Stadium | caption2 = [[Yankee Stadium]] | image3 = Bronx Zoo 001.jpg | alt3 = Bronx Zoo | caption3 = [[Bronx Zoo]] | image4 = Bronx Museum Art jeh.JPG | alt4 = Bronx Museum of the Arts | caption4 = [[Bronx Museum of the Arts]] | image5 = Bronx Borough Hall.jpg | alt5 = Bronx Borough Hall | caption5 = [[Bronx Borough Hall|Borough Hall]] }} | imagesize = 300px | image_flag = Flag of Bronx County, New York.svg | image_seal = Seal of the Bronx.svg | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|fill=#ffffff|fill-opacity=0|stroke-width=3}} | map_caption = Map outlining the Bronx | image_map1 = Map of New York highlighting Bronx County.svg | map_caption1 = Location of the Bronx in [[New York (state)|New York state]] | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|New York}} | subdivision_type2 = [[County]] | subdivision_name2 = Bronx (coterminous) | subdivision_type3 = City | subdivision_name3 = [[New York City]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->| parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_type = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough of New York City]] | leader_title = [[Borough President]] | leader_name = [[Vanessa Gibson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />– ''(Borough of the Bronx)'' | leader_title1 = [[District attorney|District Attorney]] <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = [[Darcel Clark]] (D)<br />– ''(Bronx County)'' | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1639 | named_for = [[Jonas Bronck]] <!-- Area --------------------->| unit_pref = imperial | area_total_sq_mi = 57 | area_land_sq_mi = 42.2 | area_water_sq_mi = 15 | area_water_percent = 27 <!-- Elevation -------------------------->| elevation_footnotes = http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7110 "Bronx High Point" at Peakbagger.com | elevation_max_ft = 280 | elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2020 | population_total = 1,472,654<ref name=2020CensusMap>{{cite web |url=https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7 |title=2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 34918 | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Bronxite<ref>Moynihan, Colin. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html "F.Y.I."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"</ref> <!-- GDP ----------->| demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf |title = Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022|publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] }}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = US$43.675 billion (2022) <!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] | utc_offset = –05:00 | timezone_DST = EDT | utc_offset_DST = –04:00 | coordinates = {{Coord|40|50|14|N|73|53|10|W|region:US-NY|display=title,inline}} | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] prefix | postal_code = 104 | area_codes = [[Area codes 718, 347, and 929|718/347/929]], [[Area code 917|917]] | website = {{Official URL}} | flag_size = 125px }} '''The Bronx''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|ə|_|b|ɹ|ɒ|ŋ|k|s}}) is a [[Boroughs of New York City|borough]] of [[New York City]], coextensive with '''Bronx County''', in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]. It is south of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]; north and east of the New York City borough of [[Manhattan]], across the [[Harlem River]]; and north of the New York City borough of [[Queens]], across the [[East River]]. The Bronx has a land area of {{convert|42|sqmi|km2|0}} and a population of 1,472,654 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name=2020CensusMap/> If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the [[List of United States cities by population|ninth-most-populous in the U.S.]] Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest [[population density]].<ref name="density">New York State Department of Health, [http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2010/table02.htm ''Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010''], retrieved on August 8, 2015.</ref> The population density of the Bronx was {{Convert|32,718.7|PD/sqmi}} in 2022, the third-highest population density of any county in the United States, behind [[Manhattan]] and [[Brooklyn]].<ref name=CensusDensity2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 30, 2023.</ref> It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the [[List of majority-Hispanic or Latino counties in the United States|only majority-Hispanic county]] in the [[Northeastern United States]] and the [[List of Majority-Hispanic or Latino Counties in the U.S.|fourth-most-populous nationwide]].<ref name="2020Hispanic">{{cite web |title=P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=P2%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO,%20AND%20NOT%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20BY%20RACE&g=0100000US%240500000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2&hidePreview=true |website=2020 Census |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 10, 2021 }}</ref> The Bronx is divided by the [[Bronx River]] into a hillier section in the [[West Bronx|west]], and a flatter [[East Bronx|eastern]] section. East and west street names are divided by [[Jerome Avenue]]. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.<ref name="ultan" /> Bronx County was separated from New York County (modern-day Manhattan) in 1914.<ref name="courtstart">On the start of business for Bronx County: [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/03/100295000.pdf Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 3, 1914 ([[PDF]] retrieved on June 26, 2008): :"Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..." :"Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..." :"There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed." :"Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."</ref> About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,<ref name="blooming"/> including [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[Van Cortlandt Park]], [[Pelham Bay Park]], the [[New York Botanical Garden]], and the [[Bronx Zoo]] in the borough's north and center. The [[Thain Family Forest]] at the New York Botanical Garden is thousands of years old and is New York City's largest remaining tract of the original forest that once covered the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Conde|first=Ed García|date=July 31, 2017|title=12 Bronx Facts You Probably Didn't Know|url=https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2017/07/31/12-bronx-facts-you-probably-didnt-know/|access-date=September 28, 2020|website=Welcome2TheBronx™|language=en-US}}</ref> These open spaces are primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The word "Bronx" originated with [[Swedes|Swedish]]-born (or [[Faroe Islands|Faroese]]-born) [[Jonas Bronck]], who established the first European settlement in the area as part of the [[New Netherland]] colony in 1639.<ref name=Faroeislands>{{cite book |last= Wylie |first= Jonathon |title= The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History |publisher= University of Kentucky Press |year= 1987 |page= 209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7kmEYtkttx4C |isbn= 978-0-8131-1578-8 |quote= Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.}}</ref><ref>* {{cite web |title= Jonas Bronx |work= Bronx Notables |publisher= Bronx Historical Society |url= http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html |access-date= January 20, 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163707/http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html|archive-date=May 9, 2008}} * {{cite journal |last= van Laer |first= A. J. F. | title = Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674 |journal= The American Historical Review |place= Chicago |publisher= The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association |date= October 1916 |volume= 22|number=1|pages= 164–166 |jstor= 1836219 |doi=10.1086/ahr/22.1.164|id= ... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...}} * {{cite book |last1= Burrows |first1= Edwin G. |last2= Wallace |first2= Mike (Michael L.) |title= Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898 |place= Oxford, New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1999 |volume= 1 |pages= 30–37 |isbn= 0-19-511634-8 |quote= ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...}}</ref><ref name="Van Rensselaer 1909 161">{{cite book |last= Van Rensselaer |first= Mariana Griswold |title= History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century |place= New York |publisher= The Macmillan Company |year= 1909 |volume= 1 |page= 161 |oclc= 649654938 }}</ref> European settlers displaced the native [[Lenape]] after 1643. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from European countries particularly [[Irish Americans|Ireland]], [[German Americans|Germany]], [[Italian Americans|Italy]], and [[Eastern Europe]], and later from the [[Caribbean]] region (particularly [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rico]], [[Trinidadian Americans|Trinidad]], [[Haitian Americans|Haiti]], [[Guyanese Americans|Guyana]], [[Jamaican Americans|Jamaica]], [[Barbadian Americans|Barbados]], and the [[Dominican Americans|Dominican Republic]]), and immigrants from [[West Africa]] (particularly from [[Ghanaian Americans|Ghana]] and [[Nigerian Americans|Nigeria]]), [[African American]] migrants from the [[Southern United States]], [[Panamanian Americans|Panamanians]], [[Honduran Americans|Hondurans]], and [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]].<ref>Braver (1998)</ref> The Bronx contains the poorest [[Congressional districts of the United States|congressional district in the United States]], [[New York's 15th congressional district|New York's 15th]]. There are, however, some upper-income, as well as middle-income neighborhoods such as [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]], [[Fieldston, Bronx|Fieldston]], [[Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx|Spuyten Duyvil]], [[Schuylerville, Bronx|Schuylerville]], [[Pelham Bay, Bronx|Pelham Bay]], [[Pelham Gardens, Bronx|Pelham Gardens]], [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]], and [[Country Club, Bronx|Country Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frac.org/maps/acs-poverty/tables/tab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html|title=datatables|website=www.frac.org|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Barone">''[[The Almanac of American Politics]] 2008'', edited by [[Michael Barone (pundit)|Michael Barone]] with [[Richard E. Cohen]] and Grant Ujifusa, [[National Journal]] Group, [[Washington, D.C.]], 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-89234-117-7}} (paperback) or {{ISBN|978-0-89234-116-0}} (hardback), chapter on New York state</ref><ref name="Stat Abst">[[U.S. Census Bureau]], ''[[Statistical Abstract of the United States]]: 2003'', Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000</ref> Parts of the Bronx saw a steep decline in population, livable housing, and quality of life starting from the mid-to-late 1960s, continuing throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, ultimately culminating in a wave of [[arson]] in the late 1970s, a period when [[hip hop music]] evolved.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ruth Blatt|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2014/04/10/what-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship/|title=Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=November 25, 2019}}</ref> The [[South Bronx]], in particular, experienced severe [[urban decay]]. The borough began experiencing new population growth starting in the late 1990s and continuing to the present day.<ref>See the "Historical Populations" table in [[#Before 1914|History]] above and its sources.</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} =={{anchor|Etymology}}Etymology and naming== ===Early names=== [[File:Bronx1867.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Map of southern Westchester County in 1867. This, along with the southern part of the former Town of [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], became the Bronx.]] The Bronx was called ''{{lang|umu|Rananchqua}}''<ref name="NYPL">{{cite web |url=http://www.nypl.org/branch/bronx/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=765&template=brnxnm |title=Bronx History: What's in a Name? |publisher=[[New York Public Library]] |access-date=March 15, 2008 |quote=The Native Americans called the land ''Rananchqua'', but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as ''Broncksland''.}}</ref> by the native [[Siwanoy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=13121 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |title=Harding Park |access-date=March 15, 2008}}</ref> band of [[Lenape]] (also known historically as ''the Delawares''), while other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] knew the Bronx as ''Keskeskeck''.<ref name="ellis-p55">{{cite book |title=The Epic of New York City |author=Ellis, Edward Robb |publisher=Old Town Books |year=1966 |page=55 |isbn=0-7867-1436-0}}</ref> It was divided by the Aquahung River (now known in English as the [[Bronx River]]). The Bronx was named after [[Jonas Bronck]] ({{Circa|1600–1643}}), a European settler whose precise origins are disputed. Documents indicate he was a Swedish-born immigrant from [[Komstad|Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish]], in [[Småland]], Sweden, who arrived in [[New Netherland]] during the spring of 1639.<ref name="Van Rensselaer 1909 161" /><ref name="Hansen 1950">{{cite book |title=North of Manhattan |first=Harry |last=Hansen |publisher=Hastings House |year=1950 |oclc=542679}}, excerpted at [http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=van Laer |first=A. J. F. |title=Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |location=Chicago |publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association |year=1916 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=164–166 |jstor=1836219 |quote=... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ... |doi=10.2307/1836219}}</ref><ref name=Burrows>{{cite book |last1=Burrows |first1=Edwin G. |last2=Wallace |first2=Mike (Michael L.) |title=Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898 |location=Oxford, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |volume=1 |pages=30–37 |isbn=0-19-511634-8 |quote=…many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The first Bronxite |journal=The Advocate |publisher=Bronx County Bar Association |year=1977 |quote=It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany. |page=59 |volume=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo6mAAAAIAAJ&q=Jonas+Bronck+Frisia}}</ref><ref>Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.</ref> Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the present-day Bronx and built a farm named "Emmaus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in [[Mott Haven, Bronx|Mott Haven]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html|title=The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective|website=Bronxmall.com|access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> He leased land from the [[Dutch West India Company]] on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement of [[History of Harlem#1637–1866|New Haarlem]] (on [[Manhattan Island]]), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated {{convert|500|acre|ha}} between the [[Harlem River]] and the Aquahung, which became known as ''Bronck's River'' or ''the [[Bronx River|Bronx]] [River]''. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as ''Bronck's Land''.<ref name="Hansen 1950"/> The American poet [[William Bronk]] was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother, but most probably a nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm |title=Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman |work=uiuc.edu |access-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705052453/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of New York City's Department of Records, who helped organize a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=A Bronck in the Bronx Gives a Swedish Town a Reason to Cheer|first=Sam|last=Roberts|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 19, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ===Use of definite article=== The Bronx is referred to with the [[Article (grammar)|definite article]] as "the Bronx" or "The Bronx", both legally and colloquially.<ref>See, for example, [http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp New York City Administrative Code §2–202] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010445/http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref><ref>See, for example, [http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/ references on the New York City website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528085450/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/ |date=May 28, 2007 }}</ref> The "County of the Bronx" also takes "the" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, like the coextensive "Borough of the Bronx". The [[United States Postal Service]] uses "Bronx, NY" for mailing addresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/welcome.jsp |title=ZIP Code Lookup |publisher=[[United States Postal Service]] |quote=Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as ''the'') to improve automated scanning of addresses.}}</ref> The region was apparently named after the [[Bronx River]] and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx", created in 1874 out of part of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", created in 1898, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1895. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.<ref>Clarke, Erin [http://www.ny1.com/nyc/bronx/news/2015/06/7/what-s-in-a-name--how--the--bronx-got-the--the-.html "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'"], ''NY1'', June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016.</ref><ref>Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", ''Journal of the North Central Name Society'', Fall 1987.</ref> A time-worn story purportedly explaining the use of the definite article in the borough's name says it stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.<ref>Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209041431/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_1_54/ai_81775371 "Notes & Asides"], ''[[National Review]]'', January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008.</ref> The capitalization of the borough's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in some official references. The definite article is capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=3. Capitalization Rules|website=gpo.gov|publisher=United States Government Publishing Office|page=29|access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Bronx Borough Historian [[Lloyd Ultan (historian)|Lloyd Ultan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan Marks 15 Years in Office |url=http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/2011/10/26/bronx-borough-historian-lloyd-ultan-marks-15-years-in-office/ |website=The Office of The Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. |access-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref> [[The Bronx County Historical Society]], and the Bronx-based organization Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, arguing the definite article is part of the proper name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/l-why-the-bronx-865793.html|title=Why The Bronx?|date=May 9, 1993|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Slattery|first1=Denis|title=Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-residents-feeling-capital-article-1.1799794|website=nydailynews.com|date=May 20, 2014 |publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in the Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island{{'"}}.<ref name=":0" /> ==History== {{For timeline}} [[File:History of Bronx borough, city of New York; (IA historyofbronxbo00comf).pdf|page=9|upright=0.7|thumb|right|The first published book of Bronx history: ''History of Bronx Borough, City of New York'' by Randall Comfort|link=File:History_of_Bronx_borough,_city_of_New_York;_(IA_historyofbronxbo00comf).pdf%3Fpage=9]] European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], but it was ceded to [[Manhattan|New York County]] in two major parts ([[West Bronx]], 1874 and [[East Bronx]], 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the [[Lenape]]'s [[Lenapehoking]] territory inhabited by [[Siwanoy]] of the [[Wappinger]] Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands. ===Before 1914=== {{See also|List of former municipalities in New York City}} The Bronx's development is directly connected to its strategic location between [[New England]] and New York ([[Manhattan]]). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] reached the [[Spuyten Duyvil Creek]], was a possession of [[Frederick Philipse]], lord of [[Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site|Philipse Manor]].<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12"/> Local farmers on both sides of the creek resented the tolls, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them in building a free bridge across the Harlem River.<ref name=Fordam>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html |title=Dyckman House – History |work=fordham.edu |access-date=July 30, 2014 |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014214304/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[American Revolutionary War]], the King's Bridge toll was abolished.<ref name="Jenkins1912">{{cite book |author=Stephen Jenkins |title=The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9nIC6Lva5sC&pg=PA177 |access-date=January 2, 2017 |year=1912 |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |pages=177–208}}</ref><ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12">{{cite web |title=Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] |access-date=January 2, 2017 |date=June 30, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211054643/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], one of the 12 original counties of the English [[Province of New York]]. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns in [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], [[Eastchester (town), New York|Eastchester]], and [[Pelham, New York|Pelham]]. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of [[Morrisania, Bronx|Morrisania]] was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of [[Kingsbridge, Bronx|Kingsbridge]] was established within the former borders of the town of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]], and [[Woodlawn Heights, Bronx|Woodlawn Heights]], and included [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]]. Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author [[Willa Cather]], tobacco merchant [[Pierre Lorillard IV|Pierre Lorillard]], and inventor [[Jordan L. Mott]], who established [[Mott Haven]] to house the workers at his iron works.<ref>For Jordan L. Mott: * {{cite book|author=John Thomas Scharf|title=History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgVAAAAYAAJ|year=1886|publisher=L. E. Preston & Company|pages=830–832}} * {{cite book|first1=Edwin |last1=Troxell Freedley|first2=Edward |last2=Young|title=A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mugJAAAAIAAJ|year=1868|publisher=E. Young|pages=576–578}}</ref> The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.<ref name="thorne">{{cite book|author1=Thorne, Kathryn Ford|editor=Long, John H.|title=New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1993 |pages=33, 118–133 <!-- "P. 033" was cited in error? --> |isbn=0-13-051962-6}}</ref><ref>New York. ''Laws of New York''. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928.</ref> The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island]]. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and parts of Eastchester and Pelham.<ref name="ultan"/><ref name="thorne"/><ref>Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', Yale 1995</ref><ref>New York. ''Laws of New York''. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948.</ref><ref name=NYT1973>Peck, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/02/archives/in-the-bronx-the-gentry-live-on-the-gentry-live-on.html "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895.</ref> The nautical community of [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]]<!---what on earth is a "nautical community"??---> voted to join the city in 1896.<ref>[https://www.cityisland.com/history.html History of City Island], CityIsland.com. Accessed January 2, 2024. "In 1896, residents of City Island voted to detach themselves from Westchester County and to become part of New York City proper."</ref> Following these two annexations, the Bronx's territory had moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already included Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City. On January 1, 1898, the consolidated [[City of Greater New York|City of New York]] was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct [[Borough (New York City)|boroughs]]. However, it remained part of New York County until Bronx County was created in 1914.<ref>Macy, Harry Jr. [https://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/blog/five-borough-city-old-cities-towns-and-villages-came-together-form-greater-new-york "Before the Five-borough City: The Old Cities, Towns, and Villages That Came Together to Form 'Greater New York'"], [[New York Genealogical and Biographical Society]], January 11, 2021. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The present City of New York, consisting of five boroughs, came into existence on January 1, 1898.... In 1914, The Bronx became a separate county of the same name."</ref> On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in previous decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.<ref name="thorne"/><ref>New York. ''Laws of New York''. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352.</ref> Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day that [[John P. Mitchel]] started work as [[Mayor of New York City]]).<ref name="courtstart" /> [[Marble Hill, Manhattan]], was now connected to the Bronx by filling in the former waterway, but it is not part of the borough or county.<ref name=NYT1993>Steinhauer, Jennifer. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/nyregion/fyi-123693.html "F.Y.I."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 10, 1993. Accessed August 23, 2021. "Marble Hill's Exile Q. Why is there a small piece of Manhattan in the Bronx?. ... A. Marble Hill was originally attached to the northern part of Manhattan, but was severed in 1895 when the city deepened and straightened the waterway that connected the Hudson River to what was known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Dutch for 'in Spite of the Devil', thought to be a reference to the trouble it took to cross it). ... Around 1914, Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and the area became physically a part of the Bronx, but it remained politically part of Manhattan."</ref> ===After 1914=== The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The [[Great Depression]] and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx changed during 1950–1985 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty in some areas. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.<ref name="Olmsted 1989; Olmsted 1998"/> ====New York City expands==== [[File:Bronx 1900.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]] and [[161st Street (Bronx)|161st Street]] as they appeared around 1900]] [[File:Simpson Street Station.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)|Simpson Street]] elevated station was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.]] The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, with small farms supplying the city markets. In the late 19th century, however, it grew into a railroad suburb. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.<ref name="Olmsted 1989; Olmsted 1998">Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998)</ref> The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of [[piano]] manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.<ref name="Piano Workers May Strike">{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Piano Workers May Strike |date=August 29, 1919 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> At the end of [[World War I]], the Bronx hosted the rather small [[Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries|1918 World's Fair]] at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.<ref name="ultan">[[Lloyd Ultan (historian)|Lloyd Ultan]], [http://www.bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58 "History of the Bronx River"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619231425/http://bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58 |date=June 19, 2019 }} Paper presented to the [[Bronx River Alliance]], November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This {{frac|2|1|2}} hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the [[Bronx River]].</ref><ref>[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher Gray]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/realestate/streetscapes-the-new-york-coliseum-from-auditorium-to-bus-garage-to.html "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', Real Estate section, March 22, 1992. Accessed January 2, 2024</ref> The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the [[New York City Subway]] contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction.<ref>Tarver, Denton. [https://cooperatornews.com/article/the-new-bronx "The New Bronx A Quick History of the Iconic Borough"], ''Cooperator News'', April 2007. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The urbanization of the Bronx truly began with the entrance of the subway into the area in 1904. As the rapid transit came in spurts: 1905, 1910, 1918, and 1920, the subway and elevated train access to Manhattan caused the population of the Bronx to surge, as these rail lines built their tracks into the still-green fields and meadows."</ref> Among these groups, many [[Irish Americans]], [[Italian Americans]], and especially [[Jewish Americans]] settled here. In addition, [[French American|French]], [[German Americans|German]], [[Polish American|Polish]], and other immigrants moved into the borough. As evidence of the change in population, by 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in the Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),<ref>''[[The World Almanac and Book of Facts]], 1943'', page 494, citing the [[American Jewish Committee]] and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the [[Synagogue Council of America]]</ref> while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many [[synagogue]]s still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.<ref name="Remembrance">Seymour J. Perlin, [http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ic/bronxsyn/survey.html "Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx"] (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites.</ref> ====Change==== [[rum-running|Bootleggers]] and gangs were active in the Bronx during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] (1920–1933). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BNew York – The Bronx |url=https://chsserver01.org/jwalker012017/Q3/Assignment00CSC2/bronx.html |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=chsserver01.org}}</ref> Police Commissioner Richard Enright said that speakeasies provided a place for "the vicious elements, bootleggers, gamblers and their friends in all walks of life" to cooperate and to "evade the law, escape punishment for their crimes, [and] to deter the police from doing their duty".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/prohibition|title = Prohibition|publisher=NYC Department of Records & Information Services|date=March 8, 2019|access-date=May 23, 2023|website=[[Government of New York City]]}}</ref> Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to [[White flight|relocate]] from the borough's southwestern neighborhoods. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]]) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]], built to house middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today [[Demographics of the Bronx|are in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bronx |url=https://chsserver01.org/jmora012017/Q3/Assignment001csc/thebronx.html |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=chsserver01.org}}</ref> From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the [[quality of life]] changed for some Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that [[Robert Moses]]' [[Cross Bronx Expressway]] destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in [[Robert Caro]]'s biography ''[[The Power Broker]]''.<ref>{{Cite Power Broker}}</ref> Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of [[high-rise]] [[Public housing#United States|housing projects]], particularly in the [[South Bronx]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/ |title=The South Bronx |publisher=American Realities |access-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812035736/http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as [[mortgage loan]]s or insurance policies—a process known as [[redlining]]. Others have suggested a "[[planned shrinkage]]" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.<ref>Roderick Wallace (October 1988). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168963/ "A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage', contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx"]. ''Environmental Research'', Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref><ref>Roderick Wallace (1990). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2244222/ "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx"], ''Social Science & Medicine'', Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813. Retrieved July 18, 2022. "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability."</ref><ref>Issues such as [[redlining]], hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] activists known as the [[Young Lords]]. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the [[Black Panthers]], to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to [https://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf "''¡Palante Siempre Palante!'' The Young Lords"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326014741/http://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, a "point of view" documentary on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].</ref> There was also much debate as to whether [[rent control]] laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<!-- User-generated sources such as (in this case) forum posts are generally not acceptable as sources; see [[WP:RS]]. Cite a reputable secondary source instead. <ref>For an example of this argument, as well as of several others mentioned here, see [https://city-data.com/forum/new-york-city/257896-when-bronx-burning-6.html "When the Bronx was burning"], ''City-data'' forum (blog), 2007, where rubygreta writes: {{quote|Rent control destroyed the Bronx, especially starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when oil prices rose through the roof, and heavily subsidized Coop City opened in the East Bronx. Essentially, tenants never moved out of their apartments because they had below-market rents thanks to rent control. The apartments deteriorated and common areas deteriorated because the landlords had no cash-flow. And no cash flow meant that they could not get mortgages for major repairs such as boilers, roofs and window replacement.}}</ref> --> In the 1970s, parts of the Bronx were plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of this event was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was easier for them to get insurance money than to try to refurbish a dilapidated building or sell a building in a severely distressed area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615050753/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |title=Arson for Hate and Profit |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 31, 1977 |access-date=March 14, 2008}}</ref> The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.<ref name="Gonzalez 2004">Gonzalez (2004)</ref> There were cases where tenants set fire to the building they lived in so they could qualify for emergency relocations by city social service agencies to better residences, sometimes being relocated to other parts of the city. Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to arson and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the Bronx was considered the most blighted urban area in the country, particularly the South Bronx which experienced a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many of the burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by new housing units.<ref name="Gonzalez 2004" /> In May 1984, [[New York Supreme Court]] justice [[Peter J. McQuillan]] ruled that [[Marble Hill, Manhattan]], was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)<ref>Chambers, Marcia. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/nyregion/judge-s-ruling-revives-dispute-on-marble-hill.html "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."</ref> and the matter was definitively settled later that year when the [[New York Legislature]] overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.<ref name="Bloom 1995">{{cite web | last=Bloom | first=Jennifer Kingson | title=If Your Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; A Bit of Manhattan in the Bronx | website=The New York Times | date=July 23, 1995 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/23/realestate/if-your-thinking-of-living-in-marble-hill-a-bit-of-manhattan-in-the-bronx.html | access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/nyregion/bill-would-clarify-marble-hill-s-status.html "Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."</ref><ref>[https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-first-department/2007/2007-09955.html ''Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth.''], Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."</ref> ===Revitalization=== [[File:Melrosebx1.JPG|thumb|[[Row houses]] on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has since seen revitalization.|alt=four-story houses along a city street]] Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/realestate/perspectives-the-10-year-housing-plan-issues-for-the-90-s-management-and-costs.html "Perspectives: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 7, 1990. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref><ref>[http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/hpd_1004_ryzin.pdf "Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan]. ''Housing Policy Debate'', Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999.</ref> and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating [[affordable housing]]. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons<ref>[http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY "Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191424/http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf |date=August 19, 2008 }}. Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies. ''Sustainability in Action'', 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008</ref><ref>David Gonzalez, [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/19/obituaries/19garcia.html "Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008</ref><ref>Meera Subramanian, [http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html "Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135846/http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html |date=August 21, 2008 }}, ''Portfolio'', November 8, 2005, [[New York University]] Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008</ref> began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.<ref>{{cite news | last=Powell | first=Michael | title=How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground | department=City Room | newspaper = The New York Times | date=July 27, 2011 | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/how-the-south-bronxs-ruins-became-fertile-ground/ | access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> The [[IRT White Plains Road Line]] ({{NYCS trains|White Plains}}) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as [[Marshalls]], [[Staples Inc.|Staples]], and [[Target Corporation|Target]] opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html "Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724203846/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html |date=July 24, 2008 }}, ''[[New York Daily News]]'', September 10, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm "Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast"], June 15, 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212357/http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm |date=January 9, 2009 }}. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12."</ref><ref>[http://www.hispanicmpr.com/2007/12/11/new-bank-targets-latinos-in-south-bronx/ "New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx"] December 11, 2007</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2022}}<ref>On June 30, 2005, there were 129 federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more densely populated area). [[U.S. Census Bureau]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102191509/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cc07_tabB11.xls "Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services"], ''City and County Data Book'', 2007. For 1997 and 2007, [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]], [http://www4.fdic.gov/SOD/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3 "Summary of Deposits; summary tables"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218061429/http://www2.fdic.gov/sod/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3 |date=December 18, 2008 }}. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008.</ref> [[File:The Bronx - All-America City sign - panoramio.jpg|The Bronx – All-America City sign|alt=The Bronx – All-America City sign|thumb]] In 1997, the Bronx was designated an ''[[All America City]]'' by the [[National Civic League]], acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.<ref>{{cite news | last=Smalls | first=F. Romall | title=The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City | website=The New York Times | date=July 20, 1997 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/20/nyregion/the-bronx-is-named-an-all-america-city.html | access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."<ref name="thonx">{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Timothy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/nyregion/27bronx.html |title=Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 27, 2006 |access-date=March 14, 2008}}</ref> The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm |title=Bx is Booming |work=[[New York Post]] |first=Tom |last=Topousis |date=July 23, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111114655/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm |archive-date=January 11, 2009 }}</ref> In addition there came a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaysen|first1=Rhonda|title=The South Bronx Beckons|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/realestate/the-south-bronx-beckons.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Several boutique and chain hotels opened in the 2010s in the [[South Bronx]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Slattery|first1=Denis|title=The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-booming-boutique-luxury-hotels-article-1.1937956|newspaper=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]|location=New York City|date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> New developments are underway. The Bronx General Post Office<ref>[http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm "NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073444/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm |date=June 6, 2011 }}. [[United States Postal Service]]. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref><ref>"[https://archive.today/20120715092933/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33768?p=1&s=ny&service_name=post_office&z=10451 "Post Office Location – BRONX GPO"]. [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref> on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anthony|first1=Madeline|title=Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion|publisher=Bronx Times Reporter|date=March 18–24, 2016|page=28}}</ref> The [[Kingsbridge Armory]], often cited as the largest armory in the world, is currently slated for redevelopment. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[Concourse Yard]] adjacent to [[Lehman College]]. The construction would permit approximately {{convert|2,000,000|ft2|m2}} of development and would cost {{US$|350–500 million}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wirsing|first1=Robert|title=Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site|publisher=Bronx Times Reporter|date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, overcrowding, and substandard housing conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-has-highest-crime-rate-nyc-what-do-locals-want-next-mayor-do-about-it |title=The Bronx Has The Highest Crime Rate In NYC. What Do Locals Want The Next Mayor To Do About It? |work=The Gothamist |last=Cruz |first=David |date=June 17, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Epi Data Brief: Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths in New York City in 2020 |date=November 2021 |number=129 |publisher=New York City Health |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gothamist.com/news/fatal-fire-bronx-tragedy-rooted-past |title=Fatal Fire In The Bronx: Tragedy Rooted In The Past |work=The Gothamist |last=Venugopal |first=Arun |date=January 19, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Seiden |first=Aidan |url=https://www.amny.com/news/report-finds-the-bronx-was-the-coldest-borough-with-several-heat-complaints-this-winter/ |title=Report finds the Bronx was the coldest borough with several heat complaints this winter | amNewYork |publisher=Amny.com |date=January 25, 2022 |accessdate=February 4, 2022}}</ref> The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Sisk |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/south-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344 |title=South Bronx is poorest district in nation, U.S. Census Bureau finds: 38% live below poverty line |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/09/30/the-poorest-congressional-district-in-america-right-here-in-new-york-city/ |title=The Poorest Congressional District in America? Right Here, in New York City |work=The Village Voice |date= September 30, 2010|access-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of New York City}} [[File:New York City location Bronx.svg|thumb|Location of the Bronx (red) within New York City]] ===Location and physical features=== {{See also|List of smaller islands in New York City}} According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], Bronx County has a total area of {{convert|57|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|42|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|15|sqmi}} (27%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519062322/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 3, 2015 |date=August 22, 2012 |title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}</ref> {{anchor|Fordham gneiss}}The Bronx is New York City's northernmost borough, New York State's southernmost mainland county and the only part of New York City that is almost entirely on the North American mainland, unlike the other four boroughs that are either islands or located on islands.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> The [[bedrock]] of the [[West Bronx]] is primarily ''Fordham [[gneiss]]'', a high-grade heavily banded [[metamorphic rock]] containing significant amounts of [[feldspar|pink feldspar]].<ref>The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." {{cite concrete|page=42, n1}}</ref> Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of [[Inwood marble]] there as well as in [[Inwood, Manhattan]], and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. The [[Hudson River]] separates the Bronx on the west from [[Alpine, New Jersey|Alpine]], [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]] and [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]]; the [[Harlem River]] separates it from the island of [[Manhattan]] to the southwest; the [[East River]] separates it from [[Queens]] to the southeast; and to the east, [[Long Island Sound]] separates it from [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] communities of [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], [[Mount Vernon, New York|Mount Vernon]], [[Pelham Manor, New York|Pelham Manor]] and [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]]. There is also a short southern land boundary with [[Marble Hill, Manhattan|Marble Hill]] in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the [[Spuyten Duyvil Creek]]; Marble Hill's postal [[ZIP code]], telephonic [[area codes]] and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.<ref name=NYT1993/>[[File:New York aerial night 2018e.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Bronx from the east at night|left]] The [[Bronx River]] flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely [[freshwater]] river in New York City.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Berger |title=Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=July 21, 2010}}</ref> It separates the West Bronx from the schist of the [[East Bronx]]. A smaller river, the [[Hutchinson River]] (named after the religious leader [[Anne Hutchinson]], killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into [[Eastchester Bay]]. The Bronx also includes several small islands in the [[East River]] and [[Long Island Sound]], such as [[City Island, New York|City Island]] and [[Hart Island (New York)|Hart Island]]. [[Rikers Island]] in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx. The Bronx's highest elevation at {{convert|280|ft|m|0}} is in the northwest corner, west of [[Van Cortlandt Park]] and in the Chapel Farm area near the [[Riverdale Country School]].<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7110 Bronx High Point] and [http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=33535 Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008] at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008</ref> The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once [[salt marsh]]: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and [[Throggs Neck]]. Further up the coastline, [[Rodman's Neck]] lies between [[Pelham Bay Park]] in the northeast and [[City Island, New York|City Island]]. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for {{convert|75|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref>[http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm Waterfront Development Initiative] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919220603/http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm |date=September 19, 2008 }}, Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008</ref> ===Parks and open space=== {{See also|Category:Parks in the Bronx}} [[File:Bronx transit and landmarks in 1896 (NY Times) - re-tinted.png|thumb|410px| An 1896 '' [[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. [[Marble Hill, Manhattan|Marble Hill]] is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. [[Van Cortlandt Park|Van Cortlandt]], [[Pelham Bay Park|Pelham Bay]] and [[Crotona Park]]s are light green, as is [[Bronx Park]] (now home to the [[New York Botanical Garden]] and [[Bronx Zoo]]), [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built [[Jerome Park Reservoir]] light blue, St. John's College (now [[Fordham University]]) violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York red.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1896/05/17/archives/future-of-new-wards-newyorks-possession-in-westchester-county.html "Future Of New Wards; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing; Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15. Accessed August 23, 2021. This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed.</ref>]] {|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right; font-size:88%; width:auto; background:honeydew" |- ! colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88"| Sample of open spaces and parks in the Bronx |- ! Acquired ! Name ! acres ! sq. mi. ! hectares |- | 1863||[[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]]||400||0.6||162 |- | rowspan="5"|1888||[[Pelham Bay Park]]||2,772||4.3||1,122 |- | [[Van Cortlandt Park]]||1,146||1.8||464 |- | [[Bronx Park]]||718||1.1||291 |- | [[Crotona Park]]||128||0.2||52 |- | [[St. Mary's Park (Bronx)|St. Mary's Park]]||35||0.05||14 |- | 1890||[[Jerome Park Reservoir]]||94||0.15||38 |- | 1897||[[St. James Park (Bronx)|St. James Park]]||11||0.02||4.6 |- | 1899||[[Macombs Dam Park]] †||28||0.04||12 |- | 1909||[[Henry Hudson Park]]||9||0.01||4 |- | rowspan="2"|1937||[[Ferry Point Park]]||414||0.65||168 |- | [[Soundview Park (Bronx)|Soundview Park]]||196||0.31||79 |- | 1962||[[Wave Hill]]||21||0.03||8.5 |- style="background:#e8f8a5;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|''Land area of the Bronx in 2000''||''26,897''||''42.0''||''10,885'' |- style="background:#d5f5f5;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|''Water area''||''9,855''||''15.4''||''3,988'' |- style="background:#ccee88;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|''Total area''<ref name="GR1"/>||''36,752''||''57.4''||''14,873'' |- | colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88;"|† ''closed in 2007 to build a new park & [[Yankee Stadium]]''<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/press_releases/press_releases.php?id=19967 Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment ''On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park''], Press Release, November 1, 2007, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] retrieved on July 19, 2008</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="background:#88ff88;"|''Main source:'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20140702121744/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/your_park.html New York City Department of Parks & Recreation] |} Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States in 2022 (after [[Manhattan]] and [[Brooklyn]]),<ref name=CensusDensity2022/> {{convert|7000|acre|km2}} of the Bronx—about one fifth of the Bronx's area, and one quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.<ref name="blooming">[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming!] by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The [[Associated Press]] (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203753/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx |date=May 1, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/nyregion/bronx-parks-nyc.html What Is New York's Greenest Borough? Probably Not the One You Think.] by David Gonzales of ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 5, 2022</ref> The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to [[John Mullaly]]. [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], located on {{Convert|400|acres}} and one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the [[Bronx River]] near [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]]. It opened in 1863, in what was then the town of Yonkers, at the time a rural area. Since the first burial in 1865, more than 300,000 people have been interred there.<ref>[https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/sites/woodlawn.html Woodlawn Cemetery], [[Lehman College]]. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Woodlawn Cemetery, first called Wood-Lawn, is located at the northern border of the Bronx. In 1863 Reverend Absalom Peters and the cemetery trustees bought 313 acres (now 400 acres) of farmland for a rural cemetery which New Yorkers could reach by a special Harlem River Railroad train. The first burial to take place at Wood-Lawn was in 1865 and since then it has become the final resting place of more than 300,000 people."</ref> The borough's northern side includes the largest park in New York City—[[Pelham Bay Park]], which includes [[Orchard Beach, New York|Orchard Beach]]—and the third-largest, [[Van Cortlandt Park]], which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/VanCortlandtPark|title=Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks|website=Nycgovparks.org|access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref> Also in the northern Bronx, [[Wave Hill (New York)|Wave Hill]], the former estate of [[George Walbridge Perkins|George W. Perkins]]—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the [[New Jersey Palisades]] from a promontory on the [[Hudson River|Hudson]] in [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]]. Nearer the borough's center, and along the [[Bronx River]], is [[Bronx Park]]; its northern end houses the [[New York Botanical Gardens]], which preserve the last patch of the original [[Tsuga|hemlock]] forest that once covered the county, and its southern end the [[Bronx Zoo]], the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.<ref name="fordzoo"/> In 1904 the Chestnut Blight pathogen (''[[Cryphonectria parasitica]]'') was found for the first time outside of [[Asia]], here, at the Bronx Zoo.<ref name="VanDerPlank" /> Over the next 40 years it spread throughout [[eastern North America]] and killed back essentially every American Chestnut (''[[Castanea dentata]]''), causing ecological and economic devastation.<ref name="VanDerPlank">{{cite journal | year=1965 | publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (AAAS) | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | issn=0036-8075 | volume=147 | issue=3654 | last=Van der Plank | first=J. E. | title=Dynamics of Epidemics of Plant Disease | doi=10.1126/science.147.3654.120 | pages=120–124| pmid=17790685 | bibcode=1965Sci...147..120V | s2cid=220109549 }}</ref> Just south of [[Van Cortlandt Park]] is the [[Jerome Park Reservoir]], surrounded by {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the [[Bedford Park, Bronx|Bedford Park]] neighborhood; the [[reservoir]] was built in the 1890s on the site of the former [[Jerome Park Racetrack]].<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11042 Jerome Park] ([[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]], retrieved on July 12, 2008).</ref> Further south is [[Crotona Park]], home to a {{convert|3.3|acre|ha|adj=on}} lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.<ref>[http://nycgovparks.org/parks/crotonapark Crotona Park] [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]], retrieved on July 20, 2008</ref> The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.<ref>Article on the Bronx by [[Gary Hermalyn]] and Lloyd Ultan in ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'' (1995 – see [[#Further reading|Further reading]] for bibliographic details)</ref> Some of the acquired land was set aside for the [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]] and [[Pelham Parkway]], the first of a series of [[boulevard]]s and [[parkway]]s ([[thoroughfare]]s lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the [[Bronx River Parkway]], which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, [[Mosholu Parkway]] and the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]]. In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a [[Croton Water Filtration Plant|water filtration plant]] under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the [[Bronx River]]'s banks and restoring them to a natural state.<ref>[http://nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html Bronx Parks for the 21st Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231525/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html |date=June 17, 2008 }}, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]], retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx.</ref> ===Adjacent counties=== The Bronx adjoins:<ref>[http://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/803841/touches.html Areas touching Bronx County], MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016.</ref> * [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] – north * [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] – southeast (across the [[East River]]) * [[Queens|Queens County (Queens)]] – south (across the East River) * [[Manhattan|New York County (Manhattan)]] – southwest * [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] – west (across the [[Hudson River]]) ==Divisions of the Bronx== ===Regional divisions=== [[File:Aerial_view_of_the_Bronx,_Harlem_River,_Harlem,_Hudson_River,_George_Washington_Bridge,_2008-05-10.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the Bronx, [[Harlem River]], [[Harlem]], [[Hudson River]] and [[George Washington Bridge]]]] There are two primary systems for dividing the Bronx into regions, which do not necessarily agree with one another. One system is based on the [[Bronx River]], while the other strictly separates [[South Bronx]] from the rest of the borough. The [[Bronx River]] divides the borough nearly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the western lobe and the newer, more suburban coastal sections in the eastern lobe. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River.{{cn|date=September 2023}} In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.{{cn|date=September 2023}} * '''[[West Bronx]]''': all parts of the Bronx west of the '''Bronx River''' (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west." As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)<ref name="geo">{{cite web|title=Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps|date=February 24, 2012 |url=http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> * '''[[East Bronx]]''': all parts of the Bronx east of the '''Bronx River''' (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)<ref name="geo"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Geography & Neighborhoods|url=http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography|accessdate=October 30, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227053358/http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography|archivedate=December 27, 2015}}</ref> Under this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions: * '''Northwest Bronx''': the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River * '''Southwest Bronx''': the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River * '''Northeast Bronx''': the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River * '''Southeast Bronx''': the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections: * '''[[North Bronx]]''': all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx * '''[[South Bronx]]''': the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx. === Neighborhoods === {{See also|List of Bronx neighborhoods|Bronx Community Board|Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York}} The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. Even city officials do not necessarily agree. In a 2006 article for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Manny Fernandez described the disagreement: <blockquote>According to a [[New York City Department of City Planning|Department of City Planning]] map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher [[Hagstrom]] identifies 69. The borough president, [[Adolfo Carrión Jr.]], says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the [[Bronx Community Board|borough's community boards]], names 68.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/16/nyregion/16bronx.html As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines] by Manny Fernandez, ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008</ref></blockquote> Major neighborhoods of the Bronx include the following. === East Bronx === {{Main|East Bronx}} ([[Bronx Community Board|Bronx Community District]]s 9 ''[south central]'', 10 ''[east]'', 11 ''[east central]'' and 12 ''[north central]'')<ref>Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from [http://www.bronxmall.com/commboards/index.html Bronx Community Boards] at the Bronx Mall web-site, and [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml New York: a City of Neighborhoods] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915134408/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml |date=September 15, 2012 }}, [[New York City Department of City Planning]], both retrieved on August 5, 2008</ref> [[File:Co-op City Hutch River.jpg|thumb|The neighborhood of [[Co-op City]] is the largest cooperative housing development in the world.]] East of the [[Bronx River]], the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and [[Throgs Neck]]. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: [[Pelham Bay Park]] along the [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]]-Bronx border. Neighborhoods include: [[Clason's Point, Bronx|Clason's Point]], [[Harding Park, Bronx|Harding Park]], [[Soundview, Bronx|Soundview]], [[Castle Hill, Bronx|Castle Hill]], [[Parkchester, Bronx|Parkchester]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 9|Community District 9]])''; [[Throggs Neck]], [[Country Club, Bronx|Country Club]], [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]], [[Pelham Bay]], [[Edgewater Park (Bronx)|Edgewater Park]], [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 10|Community District 10]])''; [[Westchester Square, Bronx|Westchester Square]], [[Van Nest]], [[Pelham Parkway, Bronx|Pelham Parkway]], [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 11|Community District 11]])''; [[Williamsbridge, Bronx|Williamsbridge]], [[Eastchester, Bronx|Eastchester]], [[Baychester, Bronx|Baychester]], [[Edenwald, Bronx|Edenwald]] and [[Wakefield, Bronx|Wakefield]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 12|Community District 12]])''. ==== City Island and Hart Island ==== {{Main|City Island, Bronx|Hart Island (Bronx)}} [[File:CityIsland.jpg|thumb|A sunken boat off the shore of [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]]]] ([[Bronx Community Board|Bronx Community District]] 10) City Island is east of [[Pelham Bay Park]] in [[Long Island Sound]] and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.<ref>{{cite news | last=Fischler | first=Marcelle Sussman | title=City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx |work=The New York Times | date=September 13, 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/realestate/city-island-a-quainter-side-of-the-bronx.html | access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to [[Rodman's Neck]] on the mainland by the [[City Island Bridge]]. East of City Island is [[Hart Island (New York)|Hart Island]], which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's [[potter's field]] for unclaimed bodies.<ref>{{cite web | last=Walshe | first=Sadhbh | title='Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves |work=[[The Guardian]]| date=June 3, 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/03/hart-island-new-york-city-mass-burial-graves | access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> === West Bronx === {{Main|West Bronx}} [[File:Grand Conc 165 jeh.JPG|thumb|[[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]] at East 165th Street in 2008]] ([[Bronx Community Board|Bronx Community District]]s 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest) The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] and [[Fieldston, Bronx|Fieldston]].<ref>[http://fpoa.info/images/FPOA_APPROVED_BY-LAWS.doc Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202132/http://fpoa.info/images/FPOA_APPROVED_BY-LAWS.doc |date=July 21, 2011 }}, by the FPOA, September 17, 2006</ref> It includes New York City's third-largest park: [[Van Cortlandt Park]] along the Westchester-Bronx border. The [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]], a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south. ==== Northwestern Bronx ==== ([[Bronx Community Board|Bronx Community District]]s 7 ''[between the [[Bronx River|Bronx]] and [[Harlem River]]s]'' and 8 ''[facing the [[Hudson River]]]'' – plus part of Board 12) Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, [[Bedford Park, Bronx|Bedford Park]], [[Norwood, Bronx|Norwood]], [[Kingsbridge Heights]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 7|Community District 7]])'', [[Kingsbridge, Bronx|Kingsbridge]], [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 8|Community District 8]])'', and [[Woodlawn Heights, Bronx|Woodlawn Heights]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 12|Community District 12]])''. ([[Marble Hill, Manhattan]] is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community District 8.) ==== South Bronx ==== {{Main|South Bronx}}[[File:Morrisheightsbx.JPG|thumb|left|[[Morris Heights, Bronx|Morris Heights]], a Bronx neighborhood of over 45,000]]([[Bronx Community Board|Bronx Community District]]s 1 to 6 plus part of CD 7—''progressing northwards, CDs 2, 3 and 6 border the [[Bronx River]] from its mouth to [[Bronx Park]], while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the [[Harlem River]]'') Like other [[neighborhoods in New York City]], the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, [[Fordham Road]] was often used as a northern limit. The [[Bronx River]] more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the [[Bronx County Courthouse]], Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as [[Yankee Stadium]]. The [[Cross Bronx Expressway]] bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas. Neighborhoods include: [[The Hub, Bronx|The Hub]] (a retail district at [[Third Avenue]] and East 149th Street), [[Port Morris, Bronx|Port Morris]], [[Mott Haven, Bronx|Mott Haven]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 1|Community District 1]])'', [[Melrose, Bronx|Melrose]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 1|Community District 1]] & [[Bronx Community Board 3|Community District 3]])'', [[Morrisania]], [[East Morrisania, Bronx|East Morrisania]] [also known as Crotona Park East] ''([[Bronx Community Board 3|Community District 3]])'', [[Hunts Point, Bronx|Hunts Point]], [[Longwood, Bronx|Longwood]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 2|Community District 2]])'', [[Highbridge, Bronx|Highbridge]], [[Concourse, Bronx|Concourse]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 4|Community District 4]])'', [[West Farms, Bronx|West Farms]], [[Belmont, Bronx|Belmont]], [[East Tremont, Bronx|East Tremont]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 6|Community District 6]])'', [[Tremont, Bronx|Tremont]], [[Morris Heights, Bronx|Morris Heights]] ''([[Bronx Community Board 5|Community District 5]])'', [[University Heights, Bronx|University Heights]]. ''([[Bronx Community Board 5|Community District 5]] & [[Bronx Community Board 7|Community District 7]])''. ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of the Bronx}} {{US Census population | 1790 = 1781 | 1800 = 1755 | 1810 = 2267 | 1820 = 2782 | 1830 = 3023 | 1840 = 5346 | 1850 = 8032 | 1860 = 23593 | 1870 = 37393 | 1880 = 51980 | 1890 = 88908 | 1900 = 200507 | 1910 = 430980 | 1920 = 732016 | 1930 = 1265258 | 1940 = 1394711 | 1950 = 1451277 | 1960 = 1424815 | 1970 = 1471701 | 1980 = 1168972 | 1990 = 1203789 | 2000 = 1332650 | 2010 = 1385108 | 2020 = 1472654 | footnote = ''Sources:'' 1790–1990;<ref>(1) ''Population 1790–1960:'' ''[[The World Almanac and Book of Facts]]'' 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York.<br />(2) ''Population 1790–1990:'' Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', edited by [[Kenneth T. Jackson]] ([[Yale University Press]], 1995 {{ISBN|0-300-05536-6}}), citing the [[United States Census Bureau]]<br />''N.B.'', Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County.<br />(3) ''Population 1920–1990:'' [https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ny190090.txt Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census], [[United States Census Bureau]], [[Washington, D.C.]] 20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008.</ref> }} {{NYC boroughs}} ===Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration=== {{See also|List of people from the Bronx}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Race !2021<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Bronx County, New York |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bronxcountynewyork/PST045222#PST045222 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |language=en}}</ref> !2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Bronx%20borough,%20Bronx%20County,%20New%20York&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1|title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)|website=U.S. Census Bureau|language=en|access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref> !2010<ref name="GR2"/> !1990<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Population Division Working Paper – Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990 – U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 16, 2019 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html }}</ref> !1970<ref name=":1" /> !1950<ref name=":1" /> |- |[[White Americans|White]] |14.3% |14.1% |27.9% |35.7% |73.4% |93.1% |- |—Non-Hispanic |9.0% |8.9% |10.9% |22.6% |N/A |N/A |- |[[African Americans|Black or African American]] |33.8% |33.1% |36.5% |37.3% |24.3% |6.7% |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) |56.4% |54.8% |53.5% |43.5% |27.7%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> |N/A |- |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] |4.7% |4.7% |3.6% |3% |0.5% |0.1% |- |[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] |3.8% |13.0% |5.3% |N/A |N/A |N/A |} [[File:Ethnic Origins in the Bronx.png|thumb|330x330px|Ethnic origins in the Bronx]] ====2018 estimates==== The borough's most populous racial group, white, declined from 99.3% in 1920 to 14.9% in 2018.<ref name=":1" /> The Bronx has 532,487 housing units, with a median value of $371,800, and with an owner-occupancy rate of 19.7%, the lowest of the five boroughs. There are 495,356 households, with 2.85 persons per household. 59.3% of residents speak a language besides English at home, the highest rate of the five boroughs. In the Bronx, the population is 7.2% under 5, 17.6% 6–18, 62.4% 19–64, and 12.8% over 65. 52.9% of the population is female. 35.3% of residents are foreign born. The per capita income is $19,721, while the median household income is $36,593, both being the lowest of the five boroughs. 27.9% of residents live below the poverty line, the highest of the five boroughs. ====2010 census==== According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic), and 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic). As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke [[English language|English]], 2.48% (31,361) [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], 0.91% (11,455) [[French language|French]], 0.90% (11,355) [[Italian language|Italian]], 0.87% (10,946) [[Indo-Aryan languages|various Indic languages]], 0.70% (8,836) [[Indo-European languages|other Indo-European languages]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |title=Bronx County, New York |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 10, 2013 }}</ref> A [[Garifuna language|Garifuna]]-speaking community from [[Honduras]] and [[Guatemala]] also makes the Bronx its home.<ref>{{cite news |last=Claudio Torrens |title=Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier |work=The San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=February 10, 2013 |date=May 28, 2011 |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/}}</ref> [[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- New York City (5559914315).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <span style="color:#f00;">'''White'''</span>, <span style="color:#00f;">'''Black'''</span>, <span style="color:#00ff80">'''Asian'''</span>, <span style="color:#ff8000">'''Hispanic'''</span>, or '''Other''' (yellow)]] ====2009 community survey==== {{more citations needed section|date=June 2021}} The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] majority,<ref name = quickfacts-census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountybronxboroughnewyork,kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork,newyorkcountymanhattanboroughnewyork,queenscountyqueensboroughnewyork,richmondcountystatenislandboroughnewyork/PST045218|date=2019|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 28, 2020|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts}}</ref> many of whom are [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Ricans]] and [[Dominican American|Dominicans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statisticalatlas.com/county/New-York/Bronx-County/National-Origin|date=2018 |title=National Origin in Bronx County, New York (County) |website=Statistical Atlas|access-date=April 28, 2020}}</ref> According to the 2009 American Community Survey, [[Black Americans]] were the second largest [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|racial/ethnic]] group in the Bronx. Black people of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Black people of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 Black people resided in the borough, of whom 87% were non-Hispanic. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as Sub-Saharan African in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=TheBronxDaily |last2=Bronck |first2=Jonas |date=October 12, 2010 |title=Census 2010 {{!}} The Bronx Daily {{!}} Bronx.com |url=https://bronx.com/census-2010/,%20https://bronx.com/census-2010/ |access-date=September 18, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed [[African American]] and [[European Americans|European American]] heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed [[Indigenous people of North America|Native American]] and European heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed [[Asian American|Asian]] and European heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.<ref name=":3" /> Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and proportion of white residents. As of 2009, [[White Americans]] of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, or 320,640 people. [[Non-Hispanic White]] people accounted for one-eighth of the population (12.1%, or 168,570 12.1%). This is in contrast to a century ago, when almost all Bronx residents were white (99.3% in 1920). That share fell to about one-third by 1980 (34.4%).<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=May 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> As of 2009, [[White Americans]] of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, but counting [[non-Hispanic White]] people the proportion was under one-eighth (12.1%). The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. [[Italian American|People of Italian descent]] numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. [[Irish American|People of Irish descent]] numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. [[German Americans]] and [[Polish Americans]] made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The Bronx has the largest [[Albanian Americans|Albanian]] community in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bronxink.org/2011/12/15/21004-little-albania/|title="Little Albania" in the Bronx}}</ref> As of 2018, non-Hispanic White people account for about one in seven residents (14.9% in 2018).<ref name=":1" /> ====Older estimates==== The [[1930 United States Census|Census of 1930]] counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).<ref name="census browser">[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html Historical Census Browser] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815235059/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html |date=August 15, 2007 }} [[University of Virginia]], Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing."</ref> <div align="center"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:90%; fontsize:90%" |- ! colspan="6" | Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000 |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="3" style="background:#ffff88;" |'''[[1930 United States Census]]'''<ref name="census browser" />|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#88ffff;" |'''[[2000 United States Census]]'''<ref name="Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-state=qt&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP15&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP22&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=402&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22], [[U.S. Census Bureau]], retrieved on August 10, 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20200212042639/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-state=qt&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP15&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP22&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=402&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref> |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="width:40%; text-align:center;" |'''Total population of the Bronx''' | style="width:5%;" |'''1,265,258''' | style="width:5%;" | | style="text-align:center; width:30%; background:#cff;" |'''Total population of the Bronx''' | style="width:5%; background:#cff;" |'''1,332,650''' | style="width:5%; background:#cff;" | |- | || || || style="text-align:center; background:#eff;" |'''''All born abroad or overseas'''''<sup>‡</sup>|| style="background:#eff;" |'''524,410'''|| style="background:#eff;" |'''''39.4%''''' |- | || || || style="text-align:left;" |[[Puerto Rico]]||126,649||''9.5%'' |- style="background:#ffe;" | style="text-align:center;" |'''''Foreign-born Whites'''''||'''477,342'''||'''''37.7%'''''|| style="text-align:center; background:#eff;" | '''''All foreign-born''''' || style="background:#eff;" |'''385,827'''|| style="background:#eff;" |'''''29.0%''''' |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[White Americans|White persons]] born in [[Russia]]||135,210||''10.7%''|| align="left" |[[Dominican Republic]]||124,032||''9.3%'' |- | style="text-align:left;" |White persons born in [[Italy]]||67,732||''5.4%''|| align="left" |[[Jamaica]]||51,120||''3.8%'' |- | style="text-align:left;" |White persons born in [[Poland]]||55,969||''4.4%''|| align="left" |[[Mexico]]||20,962||''1.6%'' |- | style="text-align:left;" |White persons born in [[Germany]]||43,349||''3.4%''|| align="left" |[[Guyana]]||14,868||''1.1%'' |- | style="text-align:left;" |White persons born in the [[Irish Free State]] <sup>†</sup>||34,538||''2.7%''|| align="left" |[[Ecuador]]||14,800||''1.1%'' |- | Other foreign birthplaces of Whites||140,544||''11.1%''||Other foreign birthplaces||160,045 ||''12.0%'' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="3" style="background:#ffe;" |<small>† now the [[Republic of Ireland]]</small>|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#eff;" |<small> ‡ beyond the [[U.S. state|50 states]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]</small> |} </div> {{Clear}} ===Population and housing=== [[File:Bronxpoverty.JPG|thumb|'''Poverty concentrations''' within the Bronx, by Census Tract]] As of the 2010 Census, there were 1,385,108 people living in the Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000. As of the [[United States Census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title= Census.gov }}</ref> of 2000, there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was {{convert|31,709.3|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|inhabitants |inhabitants}}. There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of {{convert|11,674.8|/mi2|/km2}}.<ref name="GR2" /> Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36005.html |access-date=February 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233637/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36005.html |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> There were 463,212 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.<ref name="GR2" /> The age distribution of the population in the Bronx were as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.<ref name="GR2" /> ===Individual and household income=== {{update|section|date=April 2017}} The 1999 [[median income]] for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median family income was $30,682. Men had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for women. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. More than half of the neighborhoods in the Bronx are high poverty or extreme poverty areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://furmancenter.org/thestoop/entry/focus-on-poverty |title=Focus on Poverty in New York City |work=The Stoop |date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/news/Furman-Center-2017-New-York-City-housing-report-concentrated-poverty |title=Furman Center releases report highlighting spatially concentrated poverty in New York City | NYU School of Law |publisher=Law.nyu.edu |date=June 20, 2017 |accessdate=February 4, 2022}}</ref> From 2015 Census data, the [[median income]] for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. [[Per capita income]] in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the [[median income]] for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 U.S. Census: Selected Economic Characteristics, 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html |archive-date=May 29, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – Place 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 26, 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==Culture and institutions== {{See also|Culture of New York City|Music of New York City|List of people from the Bronx|List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York}}The Bronx's recognition as an important center of [[African-American culture]] has led [[Fordham University]] to establish the Bronx African-American History Project (BAAHP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Bronx African American History Project |url=http://www.fordham.edu/academics/programs_at_fordham_/bronx_african_americ/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706225306/http://www.fordham.edu/Academics/Programs_at_Fordham_/Bronx_African_Americ/index.asp |archive-date=July 6, 2008 |access-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref> === Music === [[File:Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg|thumb|[[DJ Kool Herc]] in 1999]] The Bronx has had a long association with music. In the early 19th century, it was a center for the evolution of [[Latin jazz]].{{Cn|date=September 2023}} The [[Bronx Opera]] was founded in the 1960s.{{Cn|date=September 2023}} In the 1970s, The Bronx was strongly associated with the development of [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] music. One of the genre's pioneers, [[DJ Kool Herc]], held parties in the community room of an apartment building at 1520 [[Sedgwick Avenue]], where he experimented with [[Turntablism|turntablist]] techniques such as [[DJ mix|mixing]] and [[scratching]] of [[funk]] records, as well as [[rapping]] during extended instrumentals.<ref>David Gonzalez, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008</ref><ref>Jennifer Lee, [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/tenants-might-buy-the-birthplace-of-hip-hop "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008</ref><ref name="PBS">Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", ''[[History Detectives]]'', Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at [https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/611_hiphop.html PBS official website]. Accessed February 24, 2009.</ref> Other significant Bronx DJs from this period include [[Grandmaster Flash]] and [[Afrika Bambaataa]].{{Cn|date=September 2023}}. In addition, [[The Bronx]] was important for drill culture by raising rappers such as [[Kay Flock]], [[Sha EK]] and many others. ===Sports=== [[File:New Yankee Stadium.JPG|thumb|New [[Yankee Stadium]] at 161st and River Avenue]] The Bronx is the home of the [[New York Yankees]], nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers", of [[Major League Baseball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/yankees|title=The Official website of the New York Yankees|website=Yankees.com|publisher=[[MLB Advanced Media]]|access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref> The original [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home the first of their 27 [[World Series]] championships; with seating for 58,000 in three decks, it was the largest MLB statdium of its day.<ref>Perry, Dayn. [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/old-yankee-stadiums-rise-and-fall-complete-story-of-the-house-that-ruth-built-100-years-after-its-opening/ "Old Yankee Stadium's rise and fall: Complete story of 'The House that Ruth Built' 100 years after its opening"], [[CBS Sports]], April 18, 2023. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Spring 1923 After just 284 working days, construction on the massive Yankee Stadium is completed. In terms of its breadth, it is a first in baseball. It is the first baseball stadium with three decks and an electronic scoreboard. It's also the first major-league playing field to be encircled by a running path, which will later become MLB's first warning track. The seating capacity of 58,000 puts Yankee Stadium far above its peers of the day."</ref> With the famous façade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including [[Babe Ruth]], [[Lou Gehrig]], [[Joe DiMaggio]], [[Whitey Ford]], [[Yogi Berra]], [[Mickey Mantle]], [[Reggie Jackson]], [[Thurman Munson]], [[Don Mattingly]], [[Derek Jeter]] and [[Mariano Rivera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/yankees/history/timeline-1900s|title=Yankees Timeline – 1900s |website=New York Yankees |publisher=MLB.com |access-date=January 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127121436/https://www.mlb.com/yankees/history/timeline-1900s |archive-date= Jan 27, 2022 }}</ref> The original stadium was the scene of [[Lou Gehrig]]'s Farewell Speech in 1939, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, and Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. The Stadium was the former home of the [[New York Giants]] of the [[National Football League]] from 1956 to 1973. It would be renovated during the Yankees' 1974 and 1975 seasons, while they played at [[Shea Stadium]] in [[Queens (borough)|Queens]], then the home stadium of the [[New York Mets]]; the refurbished Yankee Stadium opened in 1976, and saw its first three seasons end in World Series appearances (a loss in 1976, and wins in 1977 and 1978). The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a new [[Yankee Stadium]] in which the team started play in 2009. It is north-northeast of the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of [[Macombs Dam Park]].<ref>"[https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/arch/buildings/Yannkee_Sta.html Yankee Stadium]", [[Lehman College]] Art Gallery. Accessed January 2, 2024. "2009's Yankee Stadium has been built on public parkland in adjoining Macombs Dam Park, and again supported by the City, at an estimated cost of 450 million dollars. (With a total price of 1.3 billion dollars, the new stadium is the second most expensive in the world.)"</ref> The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of [[New York City FC]] of [[Major League Soccer]], who began play in 2015.<ref>[https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-city-fc-announce-yankee-stadium-be-home-field-2015-season "New York City FC announce Yankee Stadium to be home field for 2015 season"], [[Major League Soccer]], April 21, 2014. Accessed January 2, 2024. "New York City FC will play their inaugural season in Major League Soccer at Yankee Stadium, the club announced on Monday at a press conference at the stadium."</ref> The Yankees won 26 World Series titles while playing at the first Yankee Stadium; they added a 27th in 2009 at the end of their first season in their current home.<ref>[https://www.si.com/mlb/2013/10/15/new-york-yankees-27-world-championships#gid=ci0255c77ff0012781&pid=1923 "New York Yankees 27 World Championships"], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', October 15, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2024. "It was only fitting that the Yankees christened their new stadium with their 27th World Series title."</ref> ===Off-Off-Broadway=== {{Main|Off-Off-Broadway}} The Bronx is home to several [[Off-Off-Broadway]] theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The [[Pregones Theater]], which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However, rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area. ===Arts=== The [[Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance]], founded in 1998 by [[Arthur Aviles]] and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The academy was formerly in the [[American Bank Note Company Building]] before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baadbronx.org/about.html|title=About|website=BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827043233/http://www.baadbronx.org/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Bronx Museum of the Arts]], founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and {{convert|11000|sqft|m2|-2}} of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent an expansion designed by the architectural firm [[Arquitectonica]] that would double the museum's size to {{convert|33000|sqft}}.<ref>[https://www.archpaper.com/2006/10/new-and-improved-bronx-museum/ "New and Improved Bronx Museum"], ''[[The Architect's Newspaper]]'', October 20, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "One of the first and most notable additions is a $19 million expansion of the Bronx Museum of Art, designed by Bernardo Fort-Brescia and his firm Arquitectonica. Rising three towering stories above the busy street, the northern wing of the museum is the first phase of a project that will literally unfold to the corner, eventually replacing the squat former-synagogue the museum has occupied since 1982. It adds 16,700 square feet to an existing 33,000."</ref> The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "[[Heinrich Heine]] Memorial", better known as the [[Lorelei Fountain]]. After Heine's German birthplace of [[Düsseldorf]] had rejected, allegedly for [[antisemitic]] motives, a centennial monument to the radical [[German-Jewish]] poet (1797–1856), his incensed [[German-American]] admirers, including [[Carl Schurz]], started a movement to place one instead in [[Midtown Manhattan]], at [[Fifth Avenue]] and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.<ref name="GrayNYT2007">Christopher Gray, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008.. See also [http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/J_kilmer_pk.htm Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306134446/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html |date=March 6, 2014 }}, from [[Lehman College]] {{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html |title=Sturm und Drang over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=November 26, 2007 |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306134446/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html |url-status=bot: unknown |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher }}</ref> In 1899, the memorial by [[Ernst Gustav Herter]] was placed in [[Joyce Kilmer Park]], near the [[Yankee Stadium]]. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse. ===Maritime heritage=== [[File:Bronx Zoo - NY - USA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Bronx Zoo]] is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.]] The [[peninsula]]r borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways. The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect [[C. B. J. Snyder]]. The state's [[SUNY Maritime College|Maritime College]] in [[Fort Schuyler]] (on the southeastern shore) houses the [[Maritime Industry Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunymaritime.edu/Maritime%20Museum/index.aspx |title=Maritime Industry Museum |access-date=August 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725015411/http://www.sunymaritime.edu/Maritime%20Museum/index.aspx |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref> In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as [[Sculling|"Scullers' Row"]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/harlemrivercr.org/hrcr |title=Home|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bronxriver.org/puma/images/usersubmitted/greenway_plan/ |title=Bronx River Ecological Restoration and Management Plan |website=broxriver.org |date=August 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814050737/http://www.bronxriver.org/puma/images/usersubmitted/greenway_plan/ |archive-date=August 14, 2008}}</ref> a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. [[Canoeing]] and [[kayaking]] on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the [[New York Botanical Gardens]], its neighbor, the [[Bronx Zoo]], and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bronxriverart.org |title=Welcome |publisher=Bronx River Art Center}}</ref> ===Community celebrations=== "Bronx Week", traditionally held in May, began as a one-day celebration. Begun by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball", was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend|last=Mitchell|first=Alex|date=May 11, 2018|work=Bronx Times Reporter|page=42}}</ref> Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bronx.news12.com/story/36331929/ferragosto-festival-brings-lively-celebration-of-italian-culture|title=Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture|date=September 10, 2017|publisher=News12:The Bronx}}</ref> [[Hunts Point, Bronx|Hunts Point]] hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/fish-parade-returns-bronx-article-1.1836592|title=There's something fishy going on in the Bronx|last=Slattery|first=Denis|date=June 19, 2014|work=The New York Daily News}}</ref> [[Edgewater Park (Bronx)|Edgewater Park]] hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/47/47-a-ragamuffin-2017-11-24-bx.html|title=Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade|last=Wirsing|first=Robert|date=November 24, 2017|work=The Bronx Times}}</ref> There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/45/45-vetsroundup-2017-11-10-bx.html|title=Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th|last=Rocchio|first=Patrick|date=November 11, 2017|work=The Bronx Times}}</ref> Albanian Independence Day is also observed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/local-albanians-celebrate-homeland-independence-article-1.1208296|title=In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule|last=Samuels|first=Tanyanika|date=November 27, 2012|work=New York Daily News }}</ref> There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bronx.news12.com/story/36004425/thousands-turn-out-for-parade-celebrating-dominican-pride|title=Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride|date=July 30, 2017|publisher=News12:The Bronx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/40/40-columbus-2017-10-06-bx.html|title=Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday|last=Rocchio|first=Patrick|date=October 6, 2017|work=The Bronx Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bronxbuzz.nyc/east-bronx-neighborhoods---east-bronx-news-cms-1459|title=Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck|date=March 12, 2018|work=Bronx Buzz NYC}}</ref> ===Press and broadcasting=== The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios. ====Newspapers==== The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx Daily, ''The [[Bronx News]]'',<ref>[http://www.bxnews.net/ bxnews.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610160535/http://www.bxnews.net/ |date=June 10, 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Parkchester]] News'', ''City News'', ''The [[Norwood News]]'', ''The [[Riverdale Press]]'', ''[[Riverdale Review]]'', ''The [[Bronx Times Reporter]]'', and ''[[Co-op City]] Times''. Four non-profit news outlets, ''[[Norwood News]]'', ''Mount Hope Monitor'', ''[[Mott Haven Herald]]'' and ''The [[Hunts Point, Bronx|Hunts Point]] Express'' serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of ''The Riverdale Press'', Bernard Stein, won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing]] for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the [[Bronx High School of Science]] in 1959.) The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, ''[[The Bronx Home News]]'', which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the ''[[New York Post]]'' in 1948. It became a special section of the ''Post'', sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view. ====Radio and television==== One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is [[WFUV]], a [[National Public Radio]]-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from [[Fordham University]]'s Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna was relocated to the top an apartment building owned by [[Montefiore Medical Center]], which expanded the reach of the station's signal.<ref>Ramirez, Anthony. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/29/nyregion/radio-tower-in-bronx-falls-botanical-garden-hears-it-happily.html "Radio Tower in Bronx Falls; Botanical Garden Hears It, Happily"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 29, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "Under the 2002 deal, the Fordham tower was to come down, ridding the blight for the botanical garden, and a new Fordham radio antenna, for WFUV-FM (90.7), was to be built atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore. The elevation and the location of the Montefiore building, a mile from the old site, mean that the Fordham radio signal can reach far more listeners than the old one could."</ref> The City of New York has an official television station run by [[NYC Media]] and broadcasting from [[Bronx Community College]], and [[Cablevision]] operates [[News 12 Networks|News 12 The Bronx]], both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. [[Co-op City]] was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond [[Manhattan]], to have its own [[cable television]] provider. The local [[public-access television]] station [[BronxNet]] originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides [[government-access television]] (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.<ref>Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed [[Audio Interchange File Format|AIFF]] format) from ''[http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm Bronx Music Vol.1]'', an out-of-press [[compact disc]] of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813130030/http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm |date=August 13, 2007 }}</ref> ==Economy== {{See also|Economy of New York City}} Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include: * [[Bay Plaza Shopping Center]] * [[Bronx Terminal Market]] * [[Hunts Point Cooperative Market]] ===Shopping districts=== [[File:The Hub - East 149th Street, The Bronx.jpg|thumb|[[The Hub, Bronx|The Hub]] on [[Third Avenue]]]] [[File:BTM 149 jeh.jpg|thumb|Renovated Prow Building, part of the original [[Bronx Terminal Market]]]] Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include [[Fordham Road]], [[Bay Plaza Shopping Center|Bay Plaza]] in [[Co-op City]], [[The Hub, Bronx|The Hub]], the [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]]/[[Kingsbridge, Bronx|Kingsbridge]] shopping center, and [[Bruckner Boulevard]]. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, [[White Plains Road]], [[Jerome Avenue]], [[Southern Boulevard (Bronx)|Southern Boulevard]], and [[Broadway (Bronx)|Broadway]]. The [[Bronx Terminal Market]] contains several [[big-box store]]s, which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium. The Bronx has three primary shopping centers: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in [[The Hub, Bronx|The Hub]], is the retail heart of the [[South Bronx]], where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106082418/http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html|url-status= dead|title=The Hub|archive-date=January 6, 2010}}</ref> It is primarily inside the neighborhood of [[Melrose, Bronx|Melrose]] but also lines the northern border of [[Mott Haven, Bronx|Mott Haven]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515092129/http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm|url-status= dead|title=Bronx Neighborhood Histories|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to [[Broadway (Bronx)|the real Broadway]] in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112071728/http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php|url-status= dead|title=Bronx Hub revival gathers steam|archive-date=November 12, 2007}}</ref> It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature [[Times Square]], a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sorkinstudio.com/Bronx%20Hub.htm|title=Michael Sorkin Studio|publisher=Michael Sorkin Studio|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801123524/http://www.sorkinstudio.com/Bronx%20Hub.htm|archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref> The Hub is part of [[Bronx Community Board 1]]. The [[Bronx Terminal Market]], in the [[West Bronx]], formerly known as Gateway Center, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a {{convert|17|acre|0}} site that formerly held a wholesale fruit and vegetable market also named Bronx Terminal Market as well as the former [[Bronx House of Detention]], south of [[Yankee Stadium]]. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center's design has earned it a [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] "Silver" designation.<ref>"Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides"</ref> {{clear}} ==Government and politics== ===Local government=== {{Main|Government of New York City}} Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" [[Mayor–council government|mayor–council system]] has governed the Bronx. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx. {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;" |- ! colspan="3" style="background:violet; " | Borough Presidents of the Bronx |- ! Name !! Party !! Term † |- style="background:#def;" | [[Louis F. Haffen]] ||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||1898 – Aug. 1909 |- style="background:#def;" | [[John F. Murray (politician)|John F. Murray]] ||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||Aug. 1909–1910 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Cyrus C. Miller]] ||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||1910–1914 |- style="background:#ffe2e2;" | |[[Douglas Mathewson]]||[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-<br />Fusion||1914–1918 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Henry Bruckner]] ||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||1918–1934 |- style="background:#def;" | [[James J. Lyons]] ||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||1934–1962 |- style="background:#ffe2e2;" | [[Joseph F. Periconi]] ||[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-<br />[[Liberal Party of New York|Liberal]]||1962–1966 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Herman Badillo]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|| 1966–1970 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Robert Abrams]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|| 1970–1979 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Stanley Simon]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||1979 – April 1987 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Fernando Ferrer]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||April 1987 – 2002 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Adolfo Carrión, Jr.]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||2002 – March 2009 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Rubén Díaz, Jr.]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||May 2009 – 2021 |- style="background:#def;" | [[Vanessa Gibson]]||[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]||2022 – |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |† Terms begin and end in January<br />where the month is not specified. |} The office of [[Borough President]] was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the [[New York City Board of Estimate]], which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that [[Brooklyn]], the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than [[Staten Island]], the least populous borough, a violation of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment's]] [[Equal Protection Clause]] pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.<ref name="law.cornell.edu">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0489_0688_ZS.html Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris], accessed June 12, 2006</ref> Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the [[New York City Council|City Council]], the New York state government, and corporations. Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was [[Adolfo Carrión Jr.]], elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the [[White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy]]. His successor, Democratic [[New York State Assembly]] member [[Rubén Díaz Jr.|Rubén Díaz, Jr.]] — after winning a special election on April 21, 2009, by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,<ref name="nytimes.com">Trymaine Lee, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/nyregion/22bronx.html "Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009</ref><ref name="vote.nyc.ny.us">The Board of Elections in the City of New York, [http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2009/BronxBoroPresident_4_21_09/BronxBoroPresident-Recap.pdf Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025650/http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2009/BronxBoroPresident_4_21_09/BronxBoroPresident-Recap.pdf |date=July 25, 2011 }} ([[PDF]] with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009</ref> — became Borough President on May 1, 2009. In 2021, Rubén Díaz's Democratic successor, [[Vanessa Gibson]] was elected (to begin serving in 2022) with 79.9% of the vote against 13.4% for Janell King (Republican) and 6.5% for Sammy Ravelo (Conservative). All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the [[Democratic Party (U.S.)|Democratic Party]] (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new [[Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Calder |first=Rich |date=May 8, 2017 |title="City backtracks on promise to replace Yankee Stadium parkland" |work=New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2017/05/08/city-backtracks-on-promise-to-build-affordable-housing-units/ |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> Since its separation from [[New York County]] on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system<ref name="courtstart" /> and [[District attorney|District Attorney]], the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. [[Darcel D. Clark]] has been the [[Bronx County District Attorney]] since 2016. Her predecessor was [[Robert T. Johnson (lawyer)|Robert T. Johnson]], the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.<ref>Mueller, Benjamin. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/nyregion/robert-johnson-bronx-district-attorney-says-he-wants-to-become-a-state-judge.html "Robert Johnson, Bronx District Attorney, Says He Wants to Become a State Judge"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 18, 2015. Accessed May 14, 2021. "With the backing of Democratic leaders, Mr. Johnson won a contested election in 1988 to become the first black district attorney in the state."</ref> The Bronx also has twelve [[Community boards of the Bronx|Community Boards]], appointed bodies that advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions. ===Politics=== {{PresHead|place=Bronx County, New York|source1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref>|source2=<ref name="NYCBOEPOTUS">{{cite web|url=https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html|title=Board of Elections in the City of New York 2020 Election Night Results President/Vice President|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162601/https://web.enrboenyc.us/CD23464ADI0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|source3=<ref name="NYSBOEPOTUS">{{cite web|url=https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/|title=New York State Board of Elections, 2020 General Election Night Results|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120174014/https://nyenr.elections.ny.gov/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|source4=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vote.nyc/page/election-results-summary|title = Election Results Summary | NYC Board of Elections}}</ref>}} <!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|67,740|355,374|3,579|New York}} {{PresRow|2016|Democratic|37,797|353,646|8,079|New York}} {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|29,967|339,211|1,760|New York}} {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|41,683|338,261|1,378|New York}} {{PresRow|2004|Democratic|56,701|283,994|2,284|New York}} {{PresRow|2000|Democratic|36,245|265,801|6,017|New York}} {{PresRow|1996|Democratic|30,435|248,276|10,639|New York}} {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|63,310|225,038|17,112|New York}} {{PresRow|1988|Democratic|76,043|218,245|3,793|New York}} {{PresRow|1984|Democratic|109,308|223,112|1,263|New York}} {{PresRow|1980|Democratic|86,843|181,090|14,914|New York}} {{PresRow|1976|Democratic|96,842|238,786|1,763|New York}} {{PresRow|1972|Democratic|196,754|243,345|1,075|New York}} {{PresRow|1968|Democratic|142,314|277,385|24,818|New York}} {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|135,780|403,014|800|New York}} {{PresRow|1960|Democratic|182,393|389,818|2,071|New York}} {{PresRow|1956|Democratic|257,382|343,823|0|New York}} {{PresRow|1952|Democratic|241,898|392,477|13,420|New York}} {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|173,044|337,129|112,182|New York}} {{PresRow|1944|Democratic|211,158|450,525|3,352|New York}} {{PresRow|1940|Democratic|198,293|418,931|6,980|New York}} {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|93,151|419,625|16,042|New York}} {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|76,587|281,330|42,002|New York}} {{PresRow|1928|Democratic|98,636|232,766|12,545|New York}} {{PresRow|1924|Republican|79,583|72,840|64,234|New York}} {{PresRow|1920|Republican|106,050|45,741|35,538|New York}} {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|40,938|47,870|7,396|New York}} |} After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican [[Warren G. Harding]] in [[1920 United States presidential election in New York|1920]], but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor [[Calvin Coolidge]] in [[1924 United States presidential election in New York|1924]] (Coolidge 79,562; [[John W. Davis]], Dem., 72,834; [[Robert M. La Follette, Sr.|Robert La Follette]], 62,202 equally divided between the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1924)|Progressive]] and [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] lines). Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for president, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful [[Al Smith]] in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. [[Thomas E. Dewey]] won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. [[Harry Truman]], the winning Democrat, and 17% for [[Henry A. Wallace]] of the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1948)|Progressives]]. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, [[Charles Evans Hughes]], had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s 49.8% and Socialist candidate [[Allan Benson]]'s 7.3%.)<ref>''[[The World Almanac and Book of Facts]]'' for 1929 & 1957; ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', edited by [[Kenneth T. Jackson]] ([[Yale University Press]] and the [[New-York Historical Society]], [[New Haven, Connecticut]], 1995 {{ISBN|0-300-05536-6}}), article on "government and politics"</ref> ===Federal Representatives=== As of 2023, four Democrats represented the Bronx in the [[United States House of Representatives]]: <ref name="govtrack.us 2018">{{cite web | title=New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps | website=GovTrack.us | date=May 21, 2018 | url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives | access-date=December 29, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030025/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives | archive-date=December 30, 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Adriano Espaillat]] (first elected in 2016) represents [[New York's 13th congressional district]], which includes the Bronx neighborhoods of [[Bedford Park, Bronx|Bedford Park]], [[Jerome Park, Bronx|Jerome Park]], [[Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx|Kingsbridge Heights]], [[Norwood, Bronx|Norwood]], and parts of [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]], [[Kingsbridge, Bronx|Kingsbridge]], [[Morris Heights, Bronx|Morris Heights]], and [[University Heights, Bronx|University Heights]], as well as portion of Manhattan. * [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] (first elected in 2018) represents [[New York's 14th congressional district]], which includes the neighborhoods of [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]], [[Country Club, Bronx|Country Club]], [[Van Nest, Bronx|Van Nest]], [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]], [[Parkchester, Bronx|Parkchester]], [[Pelham Bay, Bronx|Pelham Bay]], [[Schuylerville, Bronx|Schuylerville]], and [[Throgs Neck, Bronx|Throggs Neck]], as well as a portion of Queens. * [[Ritchie Torres]] (first elected in 2020) represents [[New York's 15th congressional district]], which includes [[West Bronx]] and [[South Bronx]]. * [[Jamaal Bowman]] (first elected in 2020) represents [[New York's 16th congressional district]], which includes the neighborhoods of [[Wakefield, Bronx|Wakefield]], as well as a portion of Westchester County. ===Elections for Mayor of New York=== The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in [[New York City mayoral elections|elections for Mayor]]. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was [[Fiorello La Guardia]] in 1933, 1937, and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the [[American Labor Party]] line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).<ref>(The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough)</ref> The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors [[Rudy Giuliani]] in 1997 and [[Michael Bloomberg]] in 2005. The anti-war [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] campaign of [[Morris Hillquit]] in the [[1917 New York City mayoral election|1917 mayoral election]] won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor [[John Purroy Mitchel]], who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.<ref>To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see [[New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted]].</ref> {| border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" "border="2" cellpadding="3"; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" | colspan="8" style="background:#d5d5d5;" | {{center|'''The Bronx County vote for Mayor since 1953'''}} |- style="text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ff7;" ! style="text-align:center; background:#ffd588;" |Year ! style="text-align:center; background:#e5e5e5;" |Candidate carrying<br />the Bronx ! style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" |Elected Mayor |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2021 New York City mayoral election|2021]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Eric Adams]],<br />D|| style="background:#edffff;" |[[Eric Adams]],<br />D |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2017 New York City mayoral election|2017]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Bill de Blasio]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]] || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Bill de Blasio]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]] |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2013 New York City mayoral election|2013]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Bill de Blasio]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]] || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Bill de Blasio]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]] |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2009 New York City mayoral election|2009]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Bill Thompson (New York politician)|Bill Thompson]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]]|| style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[Michael Bloomberg]],<br />R–[[Independence Party of New York|Indep'ce]]/Jobs & Educ'n |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2005 New York City mayoral election|2005]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Fernando Ferrer]], D || style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[Michael Bloomberg]], R/Lib-[[Independence Party of New York|Indep'ce]] |- | style="background:#ffd588;" |[[2001 New York City mayoral election|2001]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Mark Green (New York politician)|Mark Green]],<br />D-[[Working Families Party|Working Families]]|| style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[Michael Bloomberg]],<br />R-[[Independence Party of New York|Independence]] |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1997 New York City mayoral election|1997]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Ruth Messinger]], D|| style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[Rudy Giuliani]], R-Liberal |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1993 New York City mayoral election|1993]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[David Dinkins]], D || style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[Rudy Giuliani]], R-Liberal |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1989 New York City mayoral election|1989]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[David Dinkins]], D || style="background:#edffff;" |[[David Dinkins]], D |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1985 New York City mayoral election|1985]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Ed Koch]], D-Indep.|| style="background:#edffff;" |[[Ed Koch]], D-Independent |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1981 New York City mayoral election|1981]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Ed Koch]], D-R || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Ed Koch]], D-R |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1977 New York City mayoral election|1977]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Ed Koch]], D|| style="background:#edffff;" |[[Ed Koch]], D |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1973 New York City mayoral election|1973]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Abraham Beame]], D || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Abraham Beame]], D |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1969 New York City mayoral election|1969]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Mario Procaccino]],<br />D-Nonpartisan-Civil Svce Ind. || style="background:#fefeea;" |[[John Lindsay]], Liberal |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1965 New York City mayoral election|1965]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Abraham Beame]],<br />D-Civil Service Fusion || style="background:#fff3f3;" |[[John Lindsay]],<br />R-Liberal-Independent Citizens |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1961 New York City mayoral election|1961]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]],<br />D-Liberal-Brotherhood || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]],<br />D-Liberal-Brotherhood |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1957 New York City mayoral election|1957]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]],<br />D-Liberal-[[Electoral fusion (New York)|Fusion]]|| style="background:#edffff;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]],<br />D-Liberal-[[Electoral fusion (New York)|Fusion]] |- | style="background:#ffd588;" | [[1953 New York City mayoral election|1953]]|| style="background:#def;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]], D || style="background:#edffff;" |[[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]], D |} * For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see [[New York City mayoral elections]]. ==Education== {{See also|Education in New York City|List of public elementary schools in New York City|Category:Charter schools in New York (state)}} Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The [[New York City Department of Education]] manages the borough's public noncharter schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 census – school district reference map: Bronx County, NY |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005.pdf |accessdate=2022-07-22 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}} – [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over three years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).<ref name="quicktable">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York], [[United States Census Bureau]], retrieved August 22, 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20200212043728/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref> There are also several public [[charter schools]]. Private schools range from elite [[independent school]]s to religiously affiliated [[parochial schools#United States|schools]] run by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] and Jewish organizations. A small portion of land between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the county boundaries; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to [[Pelham Union Free School District]] schools, including [[Pelham Memorial High School]], since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.<ref name="gross19970506">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 6, 1997 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |author=Gross, Jane |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717200357/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |archive-date=July 17, 2016 }} ()</ref> ===Educational attainment=== In 2000, according to the [[United States Census]], out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were ''[NY]'' 79.1% & 27.4% and ''[US]'' 80.4% & 24.4%.)<ref>[[U.S. Census Bureau]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080422014749/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/ccdbstcounty.html ''County and City Data Book:2007''], Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics</ref> ===High schools=== {{See also|List of high schools in New York City#Bronx}} [[File:BronxScience.jpg|thumb|[[The Bronx High School of Science]]]] In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.<ref name="quicktable" /> Many public [[High school (North America)|high schools]] are in the borough including the elite [[Bronx High School of Science]], [[Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music]], [[DeWitt Clinton High School]], [[High School for Violin and Dance]], [[Bronx Leadership Academy 2]], [[Bronx International High School]], the [[School for Excellence]], the [[Morris Academy for Collaborative Study]], Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, [[Herbert H. Lehman High School]] and [[High School of American Studies at Lehman College|High School of American Studies]]. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: [[Ethical Culture Fieldston School|Fieldston]], [[Horace Mann School|Horace Mann]], and [[Riverdale Country School]]. High schools linked to the [[Catholic Church]] include: [[St. Raymond Academy for Girls]], [[All Hallows High School]], [[Fordham Preparatory School]], [[Monsignor Scanlan High School]], [[St. Raymond High School for Boys]], [[Cardinal Hayes High School]], [[Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City)|Cardinal Spellman High School]], [[Academy of Mount St. Ursula High School|The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula]], [[Aquinas High School (New York City)|Aquinas High School]], [[Preston High School (New York City)|Preston High School]], [[St. Catharine Academy]], [[Mount Saint Michael Academy]], and [[St. Barnabas High School]]. The [[SAR Academy]] and [[SAR High School]] are [[Modern Orthodox]] Jewish [[Yeshiva]] coeducational day schools in [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]], with roots in Manhattan's [[Lower East Side]]. In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include [[John F. Kennedy High School (Bronx, New York)|John F. Kennedy]], [[James Monroe High School (New York)|James Monroe]], [[William Howard Taft High School (New York City)|Taft]], [[Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)|Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Adlai E. Stevenson High School (New York City)|Adlai Stevenson]], [[Evander Childs High School|Evander Childs]], [[Christopher Columbus High School (Bronx, New York)|Christopher Columbus]], [[Morris High School (Bronx, New York)|Morris]], [[Walton High School (New York City)|Walton]], and South Bronx High Schools. [[File:Fordham University Keating Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Fordham University]]'s Keating Hall]] ===Colleges and universities=== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in New York City}} In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.<ref name="quicktable" /> Several colleges and universities are in the Bronx. [[Fordham University]] was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the [[Archdiocese of New York|Diocese of New York]] as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the [[Northeastern United States|northeast]]. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its [[Jesuit]] heritage. The {{convert|85|acre|m2|adj=on}} Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are in Manhattan and Westchester County).<ref name="fordzoo">In September 2008, [[Fordham University]] and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the [[Bronx Zoo]], will begin a joint program leading to a [[Master of Science]] degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12).</ref> Three campuses of the [[City University of New York]] are in the Bronx: [[Hostos Community College]], [[Bronx Community College]] (occupying the former [[University Heights, Bronx|University Heights]] Campus of [[New York University]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Chronopoulos |first=Themis |title="Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24. |url=http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html |access-date=October 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031124152/http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html |archive-date=October 31, 2014 }}</ref> and Herbert H. [[Lehman College]] (formerly the uptown campus of [[Hunter College]]), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The [[College of Mount Saint Vincent]] is a Catholic liberal arts college in [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] under the direction of the [[Sisters of Charity of New York]]. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the [[Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)|Academy for Jewish Religion]], a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school. [[Manhattan College]] is a Catholic college in [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering. [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], part of the [[Montefiore Medical Center]], is in [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]]. The coeducational and non-sectarian [[Mercy College (New York)|Mercy College]]—with its main campus in [[Dobbs Ferry, New York|Dobbs Ferry]]—has a Bronx campus near [[Westchester Square, Bronx|Westchester Square]]. The [[State University of New York Maritime College]] in [[Fort Schuyler]] ([[Throggs Neck]])—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the [[Maritime Industry Museum]]. (Directly across [[Long Island Sound]] is [[Kings Point, New York|Kings Point]], Long Island, home of the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck|author=Gary M. Stern|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=March 17, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In addition, the private, proprietary [[Monroe College]], focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 and now has a campus in [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]] (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]] neighborhood.<ref>[http://www.monroecollege.edu/aboutmonroe/monroeshistory Monroe College history] (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008.</ref> ==Transportation== {{See also|Transportation in New York City}} ===Roads and streets=== [[File:Bronx-Whitestone Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge]]]] ====Surface streets==== The Bronx [[street grid]] is irregular. Like the northernmost part of [[upper Manhattan]], the [[West Bronx]]'s hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside. The [[East Bronx]] is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the [[Wakefield, Bronx|Wakefield]] neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield. Three major north–south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: [[Third Avenue]], [[Park Avenue]], and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. Other major north–south roads include the [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]], [[Jerome Avenue]], [[Sedgwick Avenue]], [[Webster Avenue]], and [[White Plains Road]]. Major east-west thoroughfares include [[Mosholu Parkway]], [[Gun Hill Road (Bronx)|Gun Hill Road]], [[Fordham Road]], [[Pelham Parkway]], and Tremont Avenue. Most east–west streets are prefixed with either ''East'' or ''West'', to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses [[Fifth Avenue]] as the dividing line).<ref>[http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/ "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"], [[WNET]], February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off."</ref> The historic [[Boston Post Road]], part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting [[Boston]] with other northeastern cities, runs east–west in some places, and sometimes northeast–southwest. [[Mosholu Parkway|Mosholu]] and [[Pelham Parkway]]s, with [[Bronx Park]] between them, [[Van Cortlandt Park]] to the west and [[Pelham Bay Park]] to the east, are also linked by [[bridle path]]s. As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.<ref>[http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Bronx_factsheet.pdf Bronx factsheet], Tri‐State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016.</ref> ====Highways==== Several major [[limited access]] highways traverse the Bronx. These include: * the [[Bronx River Parkway]] * the [[Bruckner Expressway]] ([[Interstate 278|I-278]]/[[Interstate 95 in New York|I-95]]) * the [[Cross Bronx Expressway]] ([[Interstate 95 in New York|I-95]]/[[Interstate 295 (New York)|I-295]]) * the [[New England Thruway]] ([[Interstate 95 in New York|I-95]]) * the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]] ([[New York State Route 9A|NY-9A]]) * the [[Hutchinson River Parkway]] * the [[Major Deegan Expressway]] ([[Interstate 87 (New York)|I-87]]) ====Bridges and tunnels==== [[File:Aerial View of the Throgs Neck Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|An aerial view of the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]]]] Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to [[Queens]]. These are, from west to east: ''To Manhattan:'' the [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]], the [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], the [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], the [[University Heights Bridge]], the [[Washington Bridge]], the [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], the [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], the [[Concourse Tunnel]], the [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], the [[145th Street Bridge]], the [[149th Street Tunnel]], the [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], the [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], the [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], the [[Third Avenue Bridge (Manhattan)|Third Avenue Bridge]] (southbound traffic only), and the [[Willis Avenue Bridge]] (northbound traffic only). ''To both Manhattan and Queens:'' the [[Robert F. Kennedy Bridge]], formerly known as the Triborough Bridge. ''To Queens:'' the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge]] and the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]]. ===Mass transit=== [[File:Middletown Road (IRT Pelham Line) by David Shankbone copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Middletown Road (IRT Pelham Line)|Middletown Road]] subway station on the {{NYCS trains|Pelham north}}]]The Bronx is served by seven [[New York City Subway]] services along six physical lines, with [[List of New York City Subway stations in the Bronx|70 stations in the Bronx]]:<ref>{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> * [[IND Concourse Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Concourse}}) * [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) * [[IRT Dyre Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Dyre}}) * [[IRT Jerome Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Jerome}}) * [[IRT Pelham Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Pelham}}) * [[IRT White Plains Road Line]] ({{NYCS trains|White Plains}}) There are also many [[MTA Regional Bus Operations]] bus routes in the Bronx. This includes [[List of bus routes in the Bronx|local and express routes]] as well as [[Bee-Line Bus System]] routes.<ref>{{Cite NYC bus map|Bx}}</ref> Two [[Metro-North Railroad]] commuter rail lines (the [[Harlem Line]] and the [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson Line]]) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. ([[Marble Hill (Metro-North station)|Marble Hill]], between the [[Spuyten Duyvil (Metro-North station)|Spuyten Duyvil]] and [[University Heights (Metro-North station)|University Heights]] stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, some trains serving the [[New Haven Line]] stop at [[Fordham (Metro-North station)|Fordham Plaza]]. As part of [[Penn Station Access]], the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve [[Hunts Point, Bronx|Hunts Point]], [[Parkchester, Bronx|Parkchester]], [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]], and [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2016/05/25/mta-budget-for-four-new-east-bronx-metro-north-stations-finally-approved/|title=MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved|date=May 25, 2016|work=Welcome2TheBronx|access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, [[NYC Ferry]]'s Soundview line opened, connecting the [[Soundview, Bronx|Soundview]] landing in [[Clason Point|Clason Point Park]] to three [[East River]] locations in Manhattan. On December 28, 2021; the Throgs Neck Ferry landing at Ferry Point Park in [[Throgs Neck, Bronx|Throgs Neck]] was opened providing an additional stop on the Soundview line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/874-21/mayor-de-blasio-opening-new-nyc-ferry-landing-throgs-neck-bronx#/0 |title=Mayor de Blasio Announces Opening of new NYC Ferry Landing in Throgs Neck, the Bronx | City of New York |publisher=.nyc.gov |date=December 28, 2021 |accessdate=February 4, 2022}}</ref> The ferry is operated by [[Hornblower Cruises]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=SV Ferry Launched|last=Roccio|first=Patrick|date=August 17–23, 2018|work=Bronx Times Reporter}}</ref> ==Climate== {{Weather box | location = The Bronx | single line = Y | Jan high F = 39.7 | Feb high F = 42.6 | Mar high F = 50.3 | Apr high F = 61.4 | May high F = 72.3 | Jun high F = 80.9 | Jul high F = 86.1 | Aug high F = 84.1 | Sep high F = 77.1 | Oct high F = 65.8 | Nov high F = 54.1 | Dec high F = 44.8 | year high F = 63.3 | Jan low F = 27.3 | Feb low F = 28.7 | Mar low F = 34.6 | Apr low F = 44.4 | May low F = 54.6 | Jun low F = 64.3 | Jul low F = 70.6 | Aug low F = 69.1 | Sep low F = 62.1 | Oct low F = 50.7 | Nov low F = 41.3 | Dec low F = 33.1 | year low F = 48.4 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation inch = 3.74 | Feb precipitation inch = 3.19 | Mar precipitation inch = 4.37 | Apr precipitation inch = 3.95 | May precipitation inch = 4.06 | Jun precipitation inch = 4.55 | Jul precipitation inch = 4.37 | Aug precipitation inch = 4.82 | Sep precipitation inch = 4.55 | Oct precipitation inch = 4.13 | Nov precipitation inch = 3.45 | Dec precipitation inch = 4.67 | year precipitation inch = 49.85 | Jan snow inch = 8.4 | Feb snow inch = 8.9 | Mar snow inch = 4.3 | Apr snow inch = 0.5 | May snow inch = 0 | Jun snow inch = 0 | Jul snow inch = 0 | Aug snow inch = 0 | Sep snow inch = 0 | Oct snow inch = 0 | Nov snow inch = 0.4 | Dec snow inch = 4.1 | year snow inch = 26.6 | source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&station=USC00300961 |title = NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = August 12, 2021}}</ref> }} ==In popular culture== ===Film and television=== {{See also|List of films set in New York City|List of television shows set in New York City}} ====Mid-20th century==== Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. ''[[From This Day Forward]]'' (1946), set in [[Highbridge, Bronx|Highbridge]], occasionally delved into Bronx life. The most notable examinations of working class Bronx life were [[Paddy Chayefsky]]'s [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning ''[[Marty (film)|Marty]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Chronopoulos |first=Themis |title="Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59. |url=http://themis.slass.org/marty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181558/http://themis.slass.org/marty.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> and his 1956 film ''[[The Catered Affair]].'' Other films that portrayed life in the Bronx are: the 1993 [[Robert De Niro]]/[[Chazz Palminteri]] film, ''[[A Bronx Tale]]'', [[Spike Lee]]'s 1999 movie ''[[Summer of Sam]]'', which focused on an [[Italian-American]] Bronx community in the 1970s, 1994's ''[[I Like It Like That (film)|I Like It Like That]]'' which takes place in the predominantly [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] neighborhood of the South Bronx, and ''Doughboys'', the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts. The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "[[Bronx cheer (gesture)|Bronx cheer]]", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by [[New York Yankees]] fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the [[Spike Jones]] and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 [[Disney]] [[animated film]] of the [[Der Fuehrer's Face|same name]]), repeatedly lambasting [[Adolf Hitler]] with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Hinkley |title=Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=March 3, 2004 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408091714/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html |archive-date=April 8, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633240/m1/|title=Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #5|first=John|last=Gilliland|date=April 14, 1972|website=UNT Digital Library}}</ref> ====Symbolism==== Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both an editorial in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and a [[BBC]] [[documentary film]].<ref>O'Connor, John J. [https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/13/archives/tv-cbs-on-cia-and-bbcs-bronx-is-burning.html "TV: CBS on C.I.A., and BBC's ''Bronx is Burning''"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 13, 1975. Accessed March 10, 2023. "This Sunday at 9 P.M., WNEW/Channel 5 will offer an hour‐long documentary called ''The Bronx is Burning.'' Documenting the daily routines of Engine. Company 82 in the South Bronx, the program captures some of the peculiar ingredients that constitute 'perhaps the toughest square mile in the city.'""</ref> The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the [[1977 World Series]], when a fire broke out near [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] as the team was playing the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer [[Howard Cosell]] [[The Bronx Is Burning#Summary|is wrongly remembered to have said something like]], "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City often point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahler |first=Jonathan |title=Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning |url=https://archive.org/details/ladiesgentlemenb00mahl |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=0-312-42430-2}}</ref> A feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagán called ''Bronx Burning'' chronicled what led up to the many arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.<ref>Conde, Ed Garcia. [https://welcome2thebronx.com/2014/05/06/bronx-burning-a-documentary-by-edwin-pagan/ "''Bronx Burning'': A Documentary By Edwin Pagán"], Welcome2TheBronx, May 6, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2023. "Edwin Pagán, a "New York-based filmmaker, Photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and cultural activist," will begin filming Bronx Burning this June and is seeking individuals who lived those terrible years of our borough and have any personal, unique, or little known stories they'd like to share."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html |title=Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations |publisher=Bronx Council on the Arts |work=E-News Update |date=January 2006 |access-date=December 27, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626082500/http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html |archive-date=June 26, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel ''The Wanderers'' by Bronx native [[Richard Price (writer)|Richard Price]] and the [[The Wanderers (1979 film)|1979 movie of the same name]]. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film ''[[The Warriors (film)|The Warriors]]'', the eponymous gang go to a meeting in [[Van Cortlandt Park]] in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn]]. ''[[A Bronx Tale]]'' (1993) depicts gang activities in the [[Belmont, Bronx|Belmont]] "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name [[Gun Hill Road (Bronx)|Gun Hill Road]]). This theme lends itself to the title of ''[[The Bronx Is Burning]]'', an eight-part [[ESPN]] TV mini-series (2007) about the [[New York Yankees]]' drive to winning baseball's [[1977 World Series]]. The TV series emphasizes the team's boisterous nature, led by manager [[Billy Martin]], catcher [[Thurman Munson]] and outfielder [[Reggie Jackson]], as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of [[Ed Koch]] as mayor. The 1981 film ''[[Fort Apache, The Bronx]]'' is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film ''[[Wolfen (film)|Wolfen]]'' making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. ''[[Knights of the South Bronx]]'', a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film ''[[Fuga dal Bronx]]'', also known as ''Bronx Warriors 2'' and ''Escape 2000'', an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in [[Queens]], substituting as the Bronx. ''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]'', filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 [[Jackie Chan]] [[kung-fu]] film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. ''[[Last Bronx]]'', a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. The 2016 [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Get Down]]'' is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/aug/15/baz-luhrmann-get-down-tv-review-netflix "''The Get Down'' review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York"] by Sam Wollaston, ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 15, 2016</ref> ===Literature=== {{See also|List of books set in New York City}} ====Books==== The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in [[Herman Wouk]]'s [[City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder]] (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. [[Kate Simon]]'s ''Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood'' (1982) is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near [[Arthur Avenue]] and [[Tremont Avenue]].<ref>Kate Simon, ''Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood.'' New York: Harper Colophon, 1983.</ref> In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),<ref>''[[The Threepenny Review]]'', [http://www.threepennyreview.com/tocs/109_sp07.html Volume 109, Spring 2007]</ref> a woman who grew up in the iconic [[Lewis Morris]] Building returns to the [[Morrisania]] neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in [[Avery Corman]]'s book ''The Old Neighborhood'' (1980),<ref>[[Avery Corman]], ''The Old Neighborhood'', [[Simon & Schuster]], 1980; {{ISBN|0-671-41475-5}}</ref> an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood ([[Fordham Road]] and the [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]]), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people. By contrast, [[Tom Wolfe]]'s ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities|Bonfire of the Vanities]]'' (1987)<ref>Tom Wolfe, ''The Bonfire of the Vanities'', [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] 1987 (hardback) {{ISBN|978-0-374-11535-7}}, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) {{ISBN|978-0-312-42757-3}}</ref> portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the [[Bruckner Expressway]] in the [[South Bronx]] and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of ''The Bonfire of the Vanities'' is as out of style as [[Tom Wolfe]]'s wardrobe."<ref>Anne Barnard, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/nyregion/10bonfire.html Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008</ref> [[Don DeLillo]]'s ''[[Underworld (DeLillo novel)|Underworld]]'' (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the area from the 1950s onward.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=September 16, 1997|title='Underworld': Of America as a Splendid Junk Heap|work=The New York Times|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/14/daily/underworld-book-review.html}}</ref> ====Poetry==== In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest [[couplet]]s: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">The Bronx? No Thonx : [[Ogden Nash]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 1931</poem> Nash repented 33 years after his [[calumny]], penning the following poem to the dean of faculty at [[Bronx Community College]] in 1964:<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/27/archives/contrite-poet-gives-a-cheer-for-bronx-on-golden-jubilee.html |title=Contrite Poet Gives A Cheer for Bronx On Golden Jubilee |date=May 27, 1964}}</ref> <poem style="margin-left: 2em;"> I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them. Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"<ref name="thonx" /></poem> In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published ''Bronx Trilogy''—consisting of ''the shoe shine parlor poems et al.'', ''concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx'', and ''from the banks of brook avenue''. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. [[DeWitt Clinton High School]], [[St. Mary's Park (Bronx)|St. Mary's Park]], and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wr-rodriguez/banks-brook-avenue/|title=From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez |website=Kirkusreviews.com|access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref> Nash's couplet "The Bronx? No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in ''Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough'', edited by Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from [[Allen Ginsberg]]'s ''[[Kaddish (poem)|Kaddish]]'', as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as [[Sandra María Esteves]], [[Milton Kessler]], Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and [[Terence Winch|Terence Wynch]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Ultan | first1=Lloyd | author1-link=Lloyd Ultan (historian) | last2=Unger | first2=Barbara | title=Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough | publisher=Rutgers University Press | series=Rivergate Regionals Collection | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8135-3862-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2i8HAAACAAJ | access-date=August 2, 2017 }}</ref> "Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.<ref>{{cite book | last=Tokarczyk | first=M.M. | author-link=Michelle Tokarczyk | title=Bronx Migrations | publisher=Cherry Castle Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-692-73765-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPO7DAEACAAJ | access-date=January 11, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Daniels|first=Jim|url=https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md.|journal=Journal of Working-Class Studies|volume=1|issue=1|date=December 2016}}</ref> ====Bronx Memoir Project==== ''[[Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1]]'' is a published [[anthology]] by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.<ref name="NYDNI">{{cite web|title = A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough|url = http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/trio-bronx-tomes-tales-borough-article-1.2057670|website = NY Daily News| date=December 28, 2014 |access-date = January 24, 2016}}</ref> The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the [[Bronx Council on the Arts]] and other [[cultural institution]]s, including the Bronx [[Documentary film|Documentary]] Center, the [[Bronx Library Center]], the (Edgar Allan) [[Poe Park Visitor Center]], Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]].<ref name="HP">{{cite web|title = Writing to Heal in the Bronx|url = https://huffingtonpost.com/charlie-vazquez/writing-to-heal-in-the-br_b_7485218.html|website = The Huffington Post|date = June 2, 2015|access-date = January 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="AT">{{cite web|title = Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY|url = http://www.americantowns.com/ny/bronx/news/bronx-council-on-the-arts-receives-national-endowment-for-the-arts-grant-for-the-bronx-memoir-project-15548834|website = www.americantowns.com|access-date = January 24, 2016}}</ref> The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.<ref name="HP" /> ===Songs=== {{see also|List of songs about New York City}} * "[[Jenny from the Block]]" (2002) by [[Jennifer Lopez]],<ref>This Is Me... Then (liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2003.</ref><ref>Cartlidge, Cherese (2012). Jennifer Lopez. Lucent Books. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-1-4205-0755-3}}. Jennifer Lynn Lopez's parents, David and Guadalupe, were both born in Ponce, the second-largest city in Puerto Rico.</ref> from the album ''[[This Is Me... Then|This is me...Then]]'' is about the South Bronx, where Lopez grew up.<ref>"Jennifer Lopez: Actress, Reality Television Star, Dancer, Singer (1969–)"</ref> * In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'' (1995),<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', edited by [[Kenneth T. Jackson]] ([[Yale University Press]] and the [[New-York Historical Society]], New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 {{ISBN|0-300-05536-6}}), pages 1091–1095</ref> only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), by [[William LeBaron]] & [[Victor Jacobi]]; "Bronx Express" (1922), by [[Henry Creamer]], Ossip Dymow & [[Turner Layton]]; "The [[Tremont Avenue]]<!--intentional disambiguation--> Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), by [[Jerry Livingston]] & Mark David; and "I Love the [[New York Yankees]]" (1987), by Paula Lindstrom. === Theater === [[Clifford Odets]]'s play [[Awake and Sing!|Awake and Sing]] is set in 1933 in the Bronx. The play, first produced at the [[Belasco Theater]] in 1935, concerns a poor family living in small quarters, the struggles of the controlling parents and the aspirations of their children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clifford Odets {{!}} American dramatist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clifford-Odets|access-date=October 7, 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[René Marqués]] [[La Carreta|The Oxcart]] (1959), concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to the Bronx for a better life.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gussow|first=Mel|author-link=Mel Gussow|title=Theater: The Oxcart|work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[A Bronx Tale (play)|A Bronx Tale]] is an autobiographical [[one-man show]] written and performed by [[Chazz Palminteri]]. It is a coming-of-age story set in the Bronx. It premiered in Los Angeles in the 1980s and then played on Off-Broadway. After a film version involving Palminteri and Robert De Niro, Palminteri performed his one-man show on Broadway and on tour in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title='A Bronx Tale: The Musical': Theater Review {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-bronx-tale-musical-theater-1159895|access-date=October 7, 2020|website=www.hollywoodreporter.com|date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|New York City}} * [[Bronx Borough Hall]] * [[Bronx court system delays]] * [[List of counties in New York]] * [[List of people from the Bronx]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx]] * [[Wildlife in the Bronx]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ===Further reading=== {{See also|Timeline of the Bronx#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of the Bronx}} ====General==== * {{cite journal | last1 = Baver | first1 = Sherrie L | year = 1988 | title = Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community | journal = Bronx County Historical Society Journal | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 1–9 }} * Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. 1996. "CCRP in the South Bronx." Planners' Casebook, Winter. * Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir." Barricade Books (2014) * Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59. * Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24. * de Kadt, Maarten. ''The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History.'' The History Press (2011) * DiBrino, Nicholas. ''The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family'' (1977) * Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', ([[Yale University Press]] and the [[New-York Historical Society]], (1995) {{ISBN|0-300-05536-6}}), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. * McNamara, John ''History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names'' (1993) {{ISBN|0-941980-16-2}} * McNamara, John ''McNamara's Old Bronx'' (1989) {{ISBN|0-941980-25-1}} * Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas ''Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx'' (2011) * Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. ''Throggs Neck Memories'' (1993) * Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. ''Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay'' (1998) * Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. ''Throggs Neck'' (1983), pictorial * Twomey, Bill. ''Images of America Series: East Bronx'' (1999) * Twomey, Bill. ''Images of America Series: South Bronx'' (2002) * Twomey, Bill. ''The Bronx in Bits and Pieces'' (2007) ====Bronx history==== * Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. ''Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898'' (1999) * {{cite journal | last1 = Baver | first1 = Sherrie L | year = 1988 | title = Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community | journal = Bronx County Historical Society Journal | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 1–9 }} * Federal Writers' Project. ''New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond'' (1939) [https://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626095909/http://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond |date=June 26, 2012 }} * Fitzpatrick Benedict. ''The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927'' (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens * Gonzalez, Evelyn. ''The Bronx''. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 {{ISBN|0-231-12114-8}}), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx [https://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626091726/http://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx |date=June 26, 2012 }} * Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", ''Bronx County Historical Society Journal'' 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99 * Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", ''Bronx County Historical Society Journal'', 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18. * Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', (Yale University Press and the [[New-York Historical Society]], (1995) {{ISBN|0-300-05536-6}}), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. * Jonnes, Jull. ''South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City'' (2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626005424/http://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City |date=June 26, 2012 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/nyregion/20bronx.html Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium] by [[David Gonzalez (journalist)|David Gonzales]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', <small>published and retrieved on September 19, 2008</small> * {{cite journal | last1 = Olmsted | first1 = Robert A | year = 1989 | title = A History of Transportation in the Bronx | journal = Bronx County Historical Society Journal | volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 68–91 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Olmsted | first1 = Robert A | year = 1998 | title = Transportation Made the Bronx | journal = Bronx County Historical Society Journal | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 166–180 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Purnell | first1 = Brian | year = 2009 | title = Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973) | journal = Afro-Americans in New York Life and History | volume = 33 | pages = 47–78 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Purnell | first1 = Brian | last2 = LaBennett | first2 = Oneka | year = 2009 | title = The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities | journal = Afro-Americans in New York Life and History | volume = 33 | pages = 7–23 }} * Rodríguez, Clara E. ''Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A'' (1991) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605102857/http://www.questia.com/read/43049095?title=Puerto%20Ricans%3A%20Born%20in%20the%20U.S.A online edition] * Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. ''The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975'' (1999) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2982 online review], nostalgia * [[Lloyd Ultan (historian)|Ultan, Lloyd]]. ''The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx'' (2009), popular general history * Ultan, Lloyd. ''The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696'' (1994) * Ultan, Lloyd. ''The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950)'' (1979), heavily illustrated * Ultan, Lloyd. ''The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900'' (2000), popular * Ultan, Lloyd. ''The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925'' (1985), popular * Ultan, Lloyd. ''The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965'' (1992), heavily illustrated popular history ==External links== {{Sister project links|commons=Category:The Bronx, New York City|voy=Bronx|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bronx, The}} * [http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/ Bronx Borough President's Office] * {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City/The_Bronx|Bronx County}} ===Newspapers=== * [http://www.bxtimes.com/ The Bronx Times Reporter] * [https://bronx.com/ The Bronx Daily] * [http://www.innercitypress.org/bxreport.html Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151025032510/http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/ The Hunts Point Express] * [http://www.motthavenherald.com/ The Mott Haven Herald] * [http://www.norwoodnews.org/The Norwood News] * [http://www.riverdalepress.com/ The Riverdale Press] ===Associations=== * [http://bronxriver.org/ The Bronx River Alliance] * [http://www.bceq.org/ Bronx Council for Environmental Quality] * [http://www.throggsneckmerchants.com/ Throggs Neck Merchant Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120708113524/http://www.thebronxmarket.com/ The Bronx Market] * [http://www.sobro.org/ The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050545/http://nybronx.org/ Bronx County, NY Website ] ===History=== * [http://www.cityislandmuseum.org/ City Island Nautical Museum] * [http://www.bronxnyc.com/ East Bronx History Forum] * [http://www.kingsbridgehistoricalsociety.org/KHS/Home.html Kingsbridge Historical Society] * [http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/ Museum of Bronx History] * [http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/ The Bronx County Historical Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040825075222/http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/ancmag/762.asp The Bronx: A Swedish Connection] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruhKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA700 Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918], retrieved on July 24, 2008 * [http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx] by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008 * [http://www.forgotten-ny.com/ Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City] {{Geographic location |Centre = Bronx County, New York |North = [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] |Northeast = |East = [[Eastchester Bay]] |Southeast = |South = [[Queens|Queens County<br />(Queens)]] |Southwest = [[Manhattan|New York County<br />(Manhattan)]] |West = [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] |Northwest = }} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Bronx}} {{New York City}} {{New York metropolitan area}} {{New York}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bronx, The}} [[Category:The Bronx| ]] [[Category:Boroughs of New York City]] [[Category:County seats in New York (state)]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in New York (state)]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1898]] [[Category:1898 establishments in New York City]] [[Category:Majority-minority counties in New York]] [[Category:Hispanic and Latino American culture in New York (state)]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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