Template: Germanic languages Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Navbox with collapsible groups |name = Germanic languages |title = [[Germanic languages]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |above = According to contemporary [[Germanic philology|philology]] |selected = {{{expanded|}}} |group1 = [[West Germanic languages|West]] |abbr1 = West |state1 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] |list1 = * [[English language|English]] ** [[Dialects of English|dialects]] ** ''[[Old English]]'' ** ''[[Middle English]]'' ** ''[[Modern English]]'' *** ''[[Early Modern English]]'' * ''Irish Middle English'' ** ''[[Fingallian]]'' ** ''[[Kildare Poems#Linguistic features|Kildare]]'' ** ''[[Yola dialect|Yola]]'' * [[Scots language|Scots]] ** ''[[Early Scots]]'' ** ''[[Middle Scots]]'' |group2 = [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] |list2 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Historical forms |list1 = * ''[[Old Frisian]]'' * ''[[Middle Frisian]]'' |group2 = [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]] |list2 = * Ems ** [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] * ''Weser'' ** ''[[Wangerooge Frisian]]'' ** ''[[Wursten Frisian]]'' |group3 = [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] |list3 = * Insular ** ''[[Eiderstedt Frisian|Eiderstedt]]'' ** FöhrâAmrum *** [[Föhr North Frisian|Föhr]] *** [[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum]] ** [[Heligoland Frisian|Heligolandic]] ** [[Sylt North Frisian|Sylt]] * Mainland ** [[Bökingharde North Frisian|Bökingharde]] *** Mooring ** [[Halligen Frisian|Halligen]] ** [[Goesharde Frisian|Goesharde]] *** Northern *** Central *** ''Southern'' ** [[Karrharde Frisian|Karrharde]] ** ''[[Strand Frisian|Strand]]'' ** [[Wiedingharde Frisian|Wiedingharde]] |group4 = [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]] |list4 = * [[Hindeloopen Frisian|Hindeloopen]] * [[Schiermonnikoog Frisian|Schiermonnikoog]] * WestlauwersâTerschellings ** [[West Frisian language|Mainland West Frisian]] *** Clay Frisian *** Wood Frisian **** [[Westereendersk]] ** [[Terschelling Frisian|Terschelling]] }} }} |group2 = [[Low German]] |list2 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Historical forms |list1 = * ''[[Old Saxon]]'' * ''[[Middle Low German]]'' |group2 = [[West Low German]] |list2 = * [[Dutch Low Saxon]] ** [[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]] ** [[Tweants dialect|Tweants]] ** [[Gronings dialect|Gronings]] ** [[DrĂšents dialects|DrĂšents]] ** Gelders-Overijssels *** [[Achterhooks]] *** [[Sallaans dialect|Sallaans]] ** [[Urkers dialect|Urkers]] ** [[Veluws dialect|Veluws]] * [[Northern Low Saxon]] ** [[East Frisian Low Saxon]] * [[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]] * [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]] |group3 = [[East Low German]] |list3 = * [[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch]] * [[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]] * [[Central Pomeranian]] * [[East Pomeranian]] * [[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]] ** [[Plautdietsch|Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German]] }} |group3 = [[Low Franconian]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Historical forms |list1 = *'' [[Frankish language|Frankish]]'' *'' [[Old Dutch]]'' *'' [[Middle Dutch]]'' |group2 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s |list2 = * [[Dutch language|Dutch]] * [[Afrikaans]] ([[Kaaps]]) |group3 = West Low Franconian |list3 = * [[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]] ** [[Hollandic dialect|Hollandic]] ** [[Kleverlandish]] * [[West Flemish]] ** [[French Flemish]] * [[Zeelandic]] * [[East Flemish]] * [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] * [[Surinamese Dutch]] * [[Jersey Dutch language|Jersey Dutch]] * ''[[Mohawk Dutch]]'' * [[Stadsfries dialects|Stadsfries]]/[[Bildts]]/[[Amelands]]/[[Midslands]] |group4 = East Low Franconian |list4 = * [[Limburgish]] ** [[Southeast Limburgish dialect|Southeast Limburgish]] |group5 = Cover groups |list5 = * [[Meuse-Rhenish]] }} |group4 = [[High German languages|High German]] |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Historical forms |list1 = * ''[[Old High German]]'' * ''[[Middle High German]]'' * ''[[New High German]]'' ** ''[[Early New High German]]'' |group2 = [[Standard German]] |list2 = * [[German Standard German]] * [[Austrian German|Austrian Standard German]] * [[Swiss Standard German]] |group3 = Non-[[Standard language|standard variant]]s<br/> and [[Creole language|creoles]] |list3 = * [[Namibian German]] ** [[Namibian Black German]] * [[Berlin German|Berlinerisch]] * [[Unserdeutsch]] * [[Barossa German]] * [[Rotwelsch]] ** [[Lotegorisch]] * [[Yenish language|Yenish]] * [[Yiddish]] ** [[Yiddish dialects#Eastern Yiddish|Eastern]] ** [[Yiddish dialects#Western Yiddish|Western]] ** [[History of the Jews in Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"|Scots Yiddish]] ** ''[[Klezmer-loshn]]'' ** [[Lachoudisch]] |group4 = [[Central German]] |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[West Central German]] |list1 = * [[Central Franconian languages|Central Franconian]] ** [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] *** [[Colognian]] ** [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] *** [[Luxembourgish]] *** [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]] *** [[HunsrĂŒckisch dialect|HunsrĂŒckisch]] **** [[Hunsrik]] * [[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhine Franconian]] ** [[Lorraine Franconian]] ** [[Palatine German language|Palatine]] *** [[Volga Germans#Language|Volga German]] *** [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]] * [[Hessian dialects|Hessian]] ** [[Central Hessian]] * [[Amana German]] |group2 = [[East Central German]] |list2 = * [[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]] * [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] * [[Erzgebirgisch]] * [[Lusatian dialects|Lusatian]] * [[Silesian German]] * [[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]] * [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]] * [[Alzenau dialect|Halcnovian]] }} |group5 = [[Upper German]] |list5 = * [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] in the broad sense ** [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]] *** [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] *** [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Coloniero]] ** [[High Alemannic German|High Alemannic]] *** [[Swiss German]] ** [[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]] *** [[Walser German|Walser German]] ** [[Swabian German|Swabian]] * [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] ** [[Northern Bavarian]] ** [[Central Bavarian]] *** [[Viennese German]] ** [[Southern Bavarian]] *** [[South Tyrolean dialect|South Tyrolean]] *** [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]] *** [[MĂČcheno language|MĂČcheno]] *** [[Hutterite German]] *** [[Gottscheerish]] * [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]] * [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]] ** [[Vogtlandian]] * ''[[Lombardic language|Langobardic]]'' }} }} |group2 = [[North Germanic languages|North]] and [[East Germanic languages|East]] |abbr2 = North and East |state2 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> |list2 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[North Germanic languages|North]] |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Historical forms |list1 = * ''[[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]]'' * ''[[Old Norse]]'' ** ''Old West Norse'' ** ''Old East Norse'' ** ''[[Old Gutnish]]'' |group2 = West |list2 = * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ** [[Bergensk]] ** [[Kebabnorsk]] ** [[SognamĂ„l dialect|SognamĂ„l]] ** [[TrĂžndersk]] ** [[HallingmĂ„l-Valdris|Valdris]] ** [[Vestlandsk]] ** [[VikvĂŠrsk]] ** [[BokmĂ„l]] (written) ** [[Nynorsk]] (written) ** ''[[Old Norwegian]]'' ** ''[[Middle Norwegian]]'' * [[Faroese language|Faroese]] * [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ** ''[[Old Norse#Old Icelandic|Old Icelandic]]'' ** ''[[History of Icelandic#Middle Icelandic (1350â1550)|Middle Icelandic]]'' * ''[[Greenlandic Norse]]'' * ''[[Norn language|Norn]]'' |group3 = East |list3 = * [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ** [[Swedish dialects]] ** [[Rinkeby Swedish|Rinkebysvenska]] * [[Danish language|Danish]] ** [[Danish dialects]] ** [[Insular Danish]] ** [[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]] *** [[South Jutlandic]] ** [[East Danish]] *** [[Bornholm dialect|Bornholmsk]] *** [[Scanian dialect|Scanian]] ** [[Southern Schleswig Danish]] ** [[GĂžtudanskt accent|GĂžtudanskt]] ** [[Perkerdansk]] ** ''[[History of Danish|Old Danish]]'' ** ''[[History of Danish|Middle Danish]]'' * [[Dalecarlian language|Dalecarlian]] ** [[Elfdalian]] |group4 = |list4 = *Gutnish ** [[Gutnish language|Mainland Gutnish]] ** [[FĂ„römĂ„l dialect|FĂ„rö Gutnish]] }} |group2 = ''[[East Germanic languages|East]]'' |list2 = * ''[[Gothic language|Gothic]]'' (''[[Crimean Gothic]]'') * ''[[Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]]'' * ''[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]]'' }} |group3 = [[Germanic philology|Philology]] |abbr3 = philology |state3 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> |list3 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Friedrich Maurer (linguist)|Language subgroups]] |list1 = * [[North Germanic languages|North]] * [[East Germanic languages|East]] * [[West Germanic languages|West]] ** [[Elbe Germanic|Elbe (Irminonic)]] ** [[Weser-Rhine Germanic|Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)]] ** [[North Sea Germanic|North Sea (Ingvaeonic)]] * ''[[Northwest Germanic|Northwest]]'' * ''[[Gotho-Nordic]]'' * ''[[South Germanic|South]]'' |group2 = Reconstructed |list2 = * [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] * [[Proto-Germanic grammar]] * [[Germanic parent language]] * [[Ancient Belgian language]] |group3 = Diachronic features |list3 = * [[Grimm's law]] * [[Verner's law]] * [[Holtzmann's law]] * [[Sievers's law]] * [[Kluge's law]] * [[Germanic substrate hypothesis]] * [[West Germanic gemination]] * [[High German consonant shift]] * [[Germanic a-mutation]] * [[Germanic umlaut]] * [[Germanic spirant law]] * [[Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law]] * [[Great Vowel Shift]] |group4 = Synchronic features |list4 = * [[Germanic verb]] * [[Germanic strong verb]] * [[Germanic weak verb]] * [[Germanic verb#Preterite-presents|Preterite-present verb]] * [[Grammatischer Wechsel]] * [[Indo-European ablaut]] }} |below = * ''Italics'' indicate [[language death|extinct language]]s * Languages between parentheses are [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the language on their left. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page