Televangelism Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Use of radio and television to preach religion}} <!--{{Multiple issues| {{original research|date=May 2014}} {{more citations needed|date=May 2014}} }}-->{{About|the use of radio and television to preach religion|the Ethel Cain song|Preacher's Daughter}} [[File:Joel Osteen Preaching (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Joel Osteen]], a prominent televangelist]] '''Televangelism''' (a [[back-formation]] from '''televangelist''', itself a [[portmanteau]] of "[[television]]" and "[[evangelism|evangelist]]"), also sometimes called '''radio evangelism''' or '''teleministry''', is the use of media, specifically [[radio]] and [[television]], to preach religion, and most prominently [[Christianity]]. Televangelists are either official or self-proclaimed [[minister (Christianity)|ministers]] who devote a large portion of their ministry to television [[broadcast]]ing. Some televangelists are also regular [[pastor]]s or ministers in their own places of worship (often a [[megachurch]]), but the majority of their followers come from TV and radio audiences. Others do not have a conventional congregation, and work primarily through television. The term is also used derisively by critics as an insinuation of aggrandizement by such ministers. Televangelism began as a uniquely American phenomenon, resulting from a [[Television in the United States|largely deregulated media]] where access to [[television network]]s and [[cable TV]] is open to virtually anyone who can afford it, combined with a [[Christianity in the United States|large Christian population]] that is able to provide the necessary funding. It became especially popular among [[Evangelical Protestant]] audiences, whether independent or organized around Christian denominations. However, the increasing globalisation of broadcasting has enabled some American televangelists to reach a wider audience through international broadcast networks, including some that are specifically Christian in nature. Some countries have a more regulated media with either general restrictions on access or specific rules regarding religious broadcasting. In such countries, religious programming is typically produced by TV companies (sometimes as a regulatory or public service requirement) rather than private [[interest group]]s. ==Terminology== The word ''televangelism'' is a [[portmanteau]] of [[television]] and [[evangelism]] and it was coined in 1958 as the title of a television miniseries by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]].<ref>Denis J. Bekkering, "From 'Televangelist' to 'Intervangelist': The Emergence of the Streaming Video Preacher." ''The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture'' 23, no.2 (2011), 101–117.</ref> [[Jeffrey K. Hadden]] and Charles E. Swann have been credited with popularising the word in their 1981 survey ''Prime Time Preachers: The Rising Power of Televangelism''.<ref>Jeffrey K. Hadden and Charles E. Swann, ''Prime Time Preachers: The Rising Power of Televangelism''. Addison-Wesley, 1981. {{ISBN|978-0201038859}}.</ref> However, the term ''televangelist'' was employed by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine already in 1952, when telegenic Roman Catholic Bishop [[Fulton Sheen]] was referred to as the "first televangelist".<ref>"Bishop Fulton Sheen: The First 'Televangelist'", ''Time Magazine'', Monday, April 14, 1952</ref> == History == ===Radio=== [[Image:S Parkes Cadman.jpg|thumb|upright|[[S. Parkes Cadman]], one of the first ministers to use radio, beginning in 1923]] Christianity has always emphasized [[Good News (Christianity)|preaching the gospel]] to the whole world, taking as inspiration the [[Great Commission]]. Historically, this was achieved by sending [[Christian missionaries|missionaries]], beginning with the [[Dispersion of the Apostles]], and later, after the invention of the [[printing press]], included the distribution of [[Bibles]] and [[religious tracts]]. Some Christians realized that the rapid uptake of [[radio]] beginning in the 1920s, provided a powerful new tool for this task, and they were amongst the first producers of [[radio programming]]. Radio broadcasts were seen as a complementary activity to traditional missionaries, enabling vast numbers to be reached at relatively low cost, but also enabling Christianity to be preached in countries where this was illegal and missionaries were banned. The aim of Christian radio was to both convert people to Christianity and to provide teaching and support to believers. These activities continue today, particularly in the developing world. [[Shortwave]] radio stations with a Christian format broadcast worldwide, such as [[HCJB]] in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]], [[Family Radio]]'s [[WYFR]], and the [[Bible Broadcasting Network|Bible Broadcasting Network (BBN)]], among others. One of the first ministers to use radio extensively was [[S. Parkes Cadman]], beginning in 1923.<ref>{{cite news|title=S. Parkes Cadman dies in coma at 71|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 12, 1936|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/07/13/93523247.pdf|access-date=2009-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Radio Religion|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] | date=January 21, 1946 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,934406,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125035819/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,934406,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 25, 2008 | access-date=2007-12-16 }}</ref> In 1923, [[Calvary Baptist Church (Manhattan, New York)|Calvary Baptist Church]] in [[New York City]] was the first church to operate its own radio station.<ref>Jaker, Bill; Sulek, Frank and Kanze, Peterr. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0qr_W5B1SAQC&dq=Manhattan+%22Calvary+Baptist+Church%22&pg=PA168 ''The airwaves of New York: illustrated histories of 156 AM stations in the Metropolitan Area, 1921-1996''] Page 168. WQAO went on the air 1923. WQAO went on the air 1923. One of the earliest religious broadcasters in New York. Retrieved November 20, 2009.</ref>"Tell It From Calvary" is a radio show that the church still produces weekly; it's heard on WMCA AM570.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to WMCA 570 AM & 102.3 FM - New York {{!}} The Mission WMCA - New York, NY|url=https://wmca.com/programguidedaily?dayOfWeek=Sunday&timeFilter=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529232304/https://wmca.com/programguidedaily?dayOfWeek=Sunday&timeFilter=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-05-29|date=2020-05-29|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> By 1928, Cadman had a weekly Sunday afternoon radio broadcast on the [[NBC]] radio network, his powerful oratory reaching a nationwide audience of five million persons.<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Air Worship | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] | date= February 9, 1931 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741032,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215030056/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741032,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 15, 2008 | access-date=2007-12-19 }}</ref> [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] was another pioneering tent-revivalist who soon turned to radio to reach a larger audience. Radio eventually gave her nationwide notoriety in the 1920s and 1930s, and she even built one of the earliest [[Pentecostal]] [[megachurches]]. In the [[United States|U.S.]], the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s saw a resurgence of [[revival meeting|revival-tent]] [[preacher|preaching]] in the [[Midwest]] and [[U.S. Southern states|South]], as itinerant traveling preachers drove from town to town, living off [[donation]]s. Several preachers began radio shows as a result of their popularity. In the 1930s, a famous radio evangelist of the period was [[Roman Catholic]] priest Father [[Charles Coughlin]], whose strongly [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] radio programs reached millions of listeners. Other early Christian radio programs broadcast nationwide in the U.S. beginning in the 1920s–1930s, include (years of radio broadcast shown): [[Bob Jones, Sr.]] (1927–1962), [[Ralph Washington Sockman|Ralph W. Sockman]] (1928–1962), [[G. E. Lowman]] (1930–1965), ''[[Music and the Spoken Word]]'' (1929–present), ''[[The Lutheran Hour]]'' (1930–present), and [[Charles E. Fuller (Baptist minister)|Charles E. Fuller]] (1937–1968).<ref> {{cite web | title = Billy Graham Center archives | publisher = [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] | url = http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/100.htm | access-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas H. O'Connor |title=Baltimore Broadcasting from A to Z |year=1985 |publisher=O'Connor Communications |location=Baltimore, Maryland |author-link=Thomas H. O'Connor }}</ref> ''Time'' magazine reported in 1946 that Rev. Ralph Sockman's ''National Radio Pulpit'' on [[NBC]] received 4,000 letters weekly and Roman Catholic archbishop [[Fulton J. Sheen]] received between 3,000 and 6,000 letters weekly. The total radio audience for radio ministers in the U.S. that year was estimated to be 10 million listeners.<ref>{{cite magazine |access-date=2007-12-16|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,934406,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125035819/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,934406,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 25, 2008|title=Radio Religion|date=January 21, 1946|magazine=Time Magazine}}</ref> An association of American [[Evangelical Protestant]] religious broadcasters, the [[National Religious Broadcasters]], was founded in 1944.<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Phillip Charles Lucas, Jon R. Stone, ''Prime-time Religion: An Encyclopedia of Religious Broadcasting'', Oryx Press, USA, 1997, p. 383</ref> ===Television=== [[File:Bishop Fulton J. Sheen 1956.JPG|thumb|[[Archbishop Fulton Sheen]], the first televangelist.]] [[File:Pat Robertson Paparazzo Photography.jpg|thumb|[[Pat Robertson]], founder of the [[Christian Broadcasting Network]].]] [[File:Graham at NRB 1977.jpg|thumb|right|Evangelist [[Billy Graham]] speaks at the NRB convention, 1977]] Although [[television]] also began in the 1930s, it was not used for religious purposes until the early 1950s. [[Jack Wyrtzen]] and [[Percy Crawford]] switched to TV broadcasting in the Spring of 1949. Another television preacher of note was [[Fulton J. Sheen]], who successfully switched to television in 1951 after two decades of popular radio broadcasts and whom ''Time'' called "the first 'televangelist'".<ref name="time19520414">{{cite news|title=Bishop Fulton Sheen|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,857161,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825222406/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,857161,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 25, 2013|access-date=2011-01-21|newspaper=Time|date=1952-04-14}}</ref> Sheen would win numerous [[Emmy Awards]] for his program that ran from the early 1950s, until the late 1960s. In 1951, producer Dick Ross and [[Baptist]] evangelist [[Billy Graham]] founded the film production company [[World Wide Pictures]], which would make videos of his preaching and Christian films. <ref> John Lyden, ''The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film'', Taylor & Francis, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2009, p. 82 </ref> [[Image:Joel Osteen Preaching At Lakewood Church.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Televangelist [[Joel Osteen]] at [[Lakewood Church]], a [[megachurch]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]]] After years of radio broadcasting in 1952 [[Rex Humbard]] became the first to have a weekly church service broadcast on television. By 1980, the Rex Humbard programs spanned the globe across 695 stations in 91 languages and to date the largest coverage of any evangelistic program. [[Oral Roberts]]'s broadcast by 1957 reached 80% of the possible television audience through 135 of the possible 500 stations.<ref>David E. Harrell Jr. "Healers and Televengelists After World War II in Vinson Synan," ''The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal'' (Nashville: Nelson, 2001) 331</ref> In Uruguay, [[Channel 4 (Uruguay)|Channel 4]] airs the Roman Catholic Church mass since 1961.<ref>[https://icm.org.uy/icmtv-produce-la-misa-canal-4/ ICMtv produce la Misa de Canal 4] - Iglesia Católica Montevideo, 21 September 2017</ref> [[Christian Broadcasting Network]], the first Christian channel, was founded in 1961, by [[Baptist]] Pastor [[Pat Robertson]].<ref>Randall Herbert Balmer, ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition'', Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 157</ref> Its show ''[[The 700 Club]]'', is one of the oldest on the American television scene and was broadcast in 39 languages in 138 countries in 2016.<ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''[[Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States]], Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 469</ref> The 1960s and early 1970s, saw television replace radio as the primary home entertainment medium, but also corresponded with a further rise in [[Evangelical Christianity]], particularly through the international television and radio ministry of [[Billy Graham (evangelist)|Billy Graham]]. Many well-known televangelists began during this period, most notably [[Oral Roberts]], [[Jimmy Swaggart]], [[Jim and Tammy Faye Ministries|Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker]], [[Jerry Falwell]], and Pat Robertson. Most developed their own media networks, news exposure, and political influence. In the 21st century, some televised church services continue to attract large audiences. In the US, there are [[Joel Osteen]], [[Joyce Meyer]] and [[T. D. Jakes]].<ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 2275-2276</ref> In Nigeria, there are [[Enoch Adeboye]] and [[Chris Oyakhilome]].<ref>P. Thomas, P. Lee, '' Global and Local Televangelism'', Springer, USA, 2012, p. 182</ref> [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]] is the world's largest religious television network.<ref name = WashPost2013-12-02>{{cite news|title=Paul Crouch dies at 79; founder of the Trinity Broadcasting Network|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/paul-crouch-dies-at-79-founder-of-the-trinity-broadcasting-network/2013/12/02/68e1856e-5b6d-11e3-a66d-156b463c78aa_story.html|author=Elaine Woo|date=December 2, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|quote=He bought more television stations, then piled on cable channels and eventually satellites until he had built the world's largest Christian television system...|access-date=July 6, 2014}}</ref> == Controversies and criticism == Televangelists frequently draw criticism from other Christian ministers. For example, preacher [[John F. MacArthur|John MacArthur]] published a number of articles in December 2009 that were highly critical of some televangelists. {{blockquote|text=Someone needs to say this plainly: The faith healers and health-and-wealth preachers who dominate religious television are shameless frauds. Their message is not the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. There is nothing spiritual or miraculous about their on-stage chicanery. It is all a devious ruse designed to take advantage of desperate people. They are not Godly ministers but greedy impostors who corrupt the Word of God for money's sake. They are not real pastors who shepherd the flock of God but hirelings whose only design is to fleece the sheep. Their love of money is glaringly obvious in what they say as well as how they live. They claim to possess great spiritual power, but in reality they are rank materialists and enemies of everything holy.|sign=[[John F. MacArthur|John MacArthur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gty.org/Blog/B091207|title=A Colossal Fraud|website=Grace to You}}</ref>}} Similarly, [[Ole Anthony]] wrote very critically of televangelists in 1994.<ref>[http://www.trinityfi.org/investigations/roots_corruption.html Corruption in Televangelism and Paganism in the American Church]. September 23, 1994. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812112353/http://www.trinityfi.org/investigations/roots_corruption.html |date=August 12, 2013 }}</ref> A proportion of their methods and theology are held by some to be conflicting with Christian doctrine taught in long existing traditionalist congregations. Many televangelists are featured by "discernment ministries" run by other Christians that are concerned about what they perceive as departures from sound Christian doctrine. * Many televangelists exist outside the structures of Christian denominations, meaning that they are not accountable to anyone. * The financial practices of many televangelists are unclear. A 2003 survey by the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' indicated that only one out of the 17 televangelists researched were members of the [[Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinityfi.org/press/JoyceMeyer4.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523062020/http://www.trinityfi.org/press/JoyceMeyer4.html |archive-date=2010-05-23 }}</ref> * The [[prosperity gospel]] taught by many televangelists promises material, financial, physical, and spiritual success to believers, which can run counter to several aspects of Christian teaching that warn of suffering for following Christ and recommend surrendering one's material possessions ''(see: [[Jesus and the rich young man]])''. * Some televangelists have significant personal wealth and own large properties, luxury cars, and various transportation vehicles such as private aircraft or ministry aircraft. This is seen by critics to be contradictory to traditional Christian thinking.<ref>See, for example, {{cite web |url=http://www.fox8live.com/news/local/story/duplantis-mille-tax-problems-ministries-zurik/w8ceY7VaLUW7QV2Gvy9WMg.cspx |title=Lee Zurik Investigation: Could ministries face IRS issues? - New Orleans News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather - FOX 8 Live WVUE-TV Channel 8 |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530052353/http://www.fox8live.com/news/local/story/duplantis-mille-tax-problems-ministries-zurik/w8ceY7VaLUW7QV2Gvy9WMg.cspx |archive-date=2010-05-30 }}</ref> * Televangelism requires substantial amounts of money to produce programs and purchase airtime on cable and satellite networks. Televangelists devote time to fundraising activities. Products such as books, CDs, DVDs, and trinkets are promoted to viewers. * Televangelists claim to be reaching millions of people worldwide with the gospel and producing numerous converts to [[Christianity]]. However, such claims are difficult to verify independently and are often disputed.<ref>Calvin L Smith wrote at http://www.calvinlsmith.com/2010/05/televangelism.html, "Thus, despite a clear market demand for religious broadcasting... the evidence is that, ironically, the medium actually wins very few converts and is completely ineffective as an evangelistic tool. Instead religious broadcasting is primarily aimed at and viewed by Christians..."</ref> * Several televangelists have been very active in the national or international political arena (e.g., [[Pat Robertson]], [[Jerry Falwell]], [[Jimmy Swaggart]], [[John Hagee]]), and often espouse [[conservative]] politics on their programs. Such televangelists may occasionally arouse controversy by making remarks deemed offensive on their programs or elsewhere, or by endorsing partisan political candidates on donor-paid airtime, which runs afoul of the [[Johnson Amendment]]'s ban on [[501(c)(3) organization|tax-exempt organizations]] supporting or opposing candidates for political office. ===Senate probe=== In 2007, [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Chuck Grassley]] opened a probe into the finances of six televangelists who preach a "[[prosperity gospel]]".<ref>{{cite press release|url = https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-seeks-information-six-media-based-ministries |title = Grassley seeks information from six media-based ministries|date = 6 November 2007|access-date = 4 July 2018|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705093921/https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-seeks-information-six-media-based-ministries |archive-date = 5 July 2018}}</ref> The probe investigated reports of lavish lifestyles by televangelists including fleets of [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls-Royces]], palatial mansions, private jets, and other expensive items purportedly paid for by television viewers who donate due to the ministries' encouragement of offerings. The six that were investigated are: *[[Kenneth Copeland|Kenneth]] and Gloria Copeland of Kenneth Copeland Ministries of Newark, Texas; *[[Creflo Dollar]] and Taffi Dollar of World Changers Church International and Creflo Dollar Ministries of College Park, Georgia; *[[Benny Hinn]] of World Healing Center Church Inc. and Benny Hinn Ministries of Grapevine, Texas; *[[Eddie L. Long]] of New Birth Missionary Baptist Church and Bishop Eddie Long Ministries of Lithonia, Georgia; "DocuSeries – Sex Scandals and Religion" did a 2011 investigative episode on his alleged sexual misconduct<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthbook.tv/religion/channelhome/channelvideos/150/630/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529025257/http://www.earthbook.tv/religion/channelhome/channelvideos/150/630/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2011 |title=Sex Scandals In Religion – Ep. 4: IN THE NAME OF THE LORD |publisher=Earthbook.tv |access-date=20 October 2011 }}</ref> *[[Joyce Meyer]] and David Meyer of Joyce Meyer Ministries of Fenton, Missouri and *Randy White and ex-wife [[Paula White]] of the Without Walls International Church and Paula White Ministries of Tampa.<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-07-televangelist-probe_N.htm |title=Sen. Grassley probes televangelists' finances |work=USA Today |date=7 November 2007 |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> On January 6, 2011 Grassley released his review of the six ministries response to his inquiry. He called for a further congressional review of tax-exemption laws for religious groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/ranking/release/?id=5fa343ed-87eb-49b0-82b9-28a9502910f7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108051906/http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/ranking/release/?id=5fa343ed-87eb-49b0-82b9-28a9502910f7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2011 |title=The United States Senate Committee on Finance: Newsroom – Ranking Member's News |publisher=Finance.senate.gov |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> == In Islam == [[File:AmrKhaled2.JPG|thumb|[[Amr Khaled]], an influential Egyptian Muslim televangelist, in [[Toronto]], Canada]] In [[Islam]], the related concept of ''[[dawah]]'', which encourages Muslims to go and spread the religion to Non-Muslims similar to the Evangelical tradition of evangelizing, has also given rise to figures who are often described as "Islamic televangelists" who preach using Television and [[Internet videos]] like their Evangelical counterparts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2011/10/29/holy-smoke|title=Holy smoke|date=2011-10-29|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-08-26|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Examples include [[Moez Masoud]], [[Zakir Naik]] and [[Amr Khaled]], amongst others.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2008/05/16/may-16-2008-muslim-televangelists/67/|title=May 16, 2008 ~ Muslim Televangelists {{!}} May 16, 2008 {{!}} Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly {{!}} PBS|date=2008-05-16|website=Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> These figures may build on the longstanding ''[[da'i]]'' tradition but also draw inspiration from Christian televangelists. Similarly to Christian televangelists, critics have argued that some Islamic televangelists may be too [[Political Islam|political]], especially those pandering to fundamental [[Islamism]] including the [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/malaysia-decide-fate-indian-preacher-accused-hate-speech-190814041745124.html|title=Malaysia ministers want Muslim preacher Zakir Naik expelled|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> Critics also claim that many will make significant amounts of money from their work and therefore may not be motivated by spiritual or charitable causes. Examples of well-known Islamic televangelist TV channels include [[Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International|Muslim Television Ahmadiyya]], [[Islam Channel]], [[ARY Qtv]] and [[Peace TV]]. Some of these channels, but not all, have come under scrutiny from national television or communications regulators such as [[Ofcom]] in the UK and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] in Canada, with Ofcom having censured both Islam Channel and Peace TV in the past for biased coverage of political events,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/dec/31/yvonne-ridley-islam-channel|title=Journalist Yvonne Ridley wins £25,000 payout from Islam Channel|last=Plunkett|first=John|date=2008-12-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> incitement to illegal acts including [[marital rape]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8108132/Islamic-TV-channel-rapped-for-advocating-marital-rape.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8108132/Islamic-TV-channel-rapped-for-advocating-marital-rape.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Islamic TV channel rapped for advocating marital rape|last=Midgley|first=Neil|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2010-11-08|access-date=2019-08-26|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and [[homophobia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/125176/peace-tv-faces-uk-ban-after-presenter-calls-gay-people-worse-than-animals/|title=Peace TV faces UK ban after presenter calls gay people "worse than animals"|date=2019-07-28|website=Gay Times|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> The Islamic televangelist channel Peace TV is banned in India, Bangladesh, Canada, Sri Lanka, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|title=Zakir Naik, Wanted In India, Banned From Making Speeches In Malaysia|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/islamic-preacher-zakir-naik-wanted-in-india-for-inciting-terror-banned-from-making-speeches-in-malay-2087495|access-date=25 August 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Bangladesh bans televangelist Zakir Naik's Peace TV|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangladesh-bans-televangelist-Zakir-Naiks-Peace-TV/articleshow/53140044.cms|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710112421/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangladesh-bans-televangelist-Zakir-Naiks-Peace-TV/articleshow/53140044.cms|archive-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The National News">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/peace-tv-stations-fined-300-000-for-hate-speeches-as-it-pulls-out-of-the-uk-1.1019484 |title=Peace TV stations fined £300,000 for hate speeches as it pulls out of the UK|work=The National News|date=14 May 2020|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of television evangelists]] * [[List of televangelists in Brazil]] * ''[[McDonaldisation, Masala McGospel and Om Economics]]'', study of televangelism in India * [[National Religious Broadcasters]] * [[Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption]] * [[:Category:Parodies of televangelism|Parodies of televangelism]] * [[Prosperity theology]] * [[Peter Popoff#Investigation by James Randi|Televangelist Peter Popoff exposed by James Randi]] == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last1=Bekkering |first1=Denis |title=American Televangelism and Participatory Cultures: Fans, Brands, and Play With Religious "Fakes" |date=2018 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}} {{History of Christianity}} [[Category:Televangelism| ]] [[Category:Evangelical Christian missions]] [[Category:Evangelism]] [[Category:History of Christianity in the United States]] [[Category:Religious mass media in the United States]] [[Category:1950s neologisms]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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