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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|City in Florida, United States}} {{Redirect|Tampa}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tampa | nicknames = Cigar City,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |title=Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World |publisher=Nps.gov |date=June 28, 1999 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109144818/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Big Guava]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |title=Alive: Ybor stumbled upon Guavaween |work=St Petersburg Times |date=October 29, 1999 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140358/http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> | settlement_type = [[City (Florida)|City]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/2/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Downtown Tampa Skyline.jpg | caption1 = [[Downtown Tampa]] skyline | image2 = Tampa Theatre Sign--7237.jpg | caption2 = [[Tampa Theatre|Tampa Theater]] | image3 = Entrance to Plant Hall at University of Tampa.jpg | caption3 = [[Henry B. Plant Museum|Plant Hall]] at [[University of Tampa]] | image4 = Amalie Arena.jpg | caption4 = [[Amalie Arena]] | image5 = Raymond James Stadium (2021) C.jpg | caption5 = [[Raymond James Stadium]] | image6 = Centro Ybor, Ybor City, Tampa, Florida.jpg | caption6 = [[Ybor City]] | image7 = Streetcar 431 at Centro Ybor, July 2013.jpg | caption7 = [[TECO Line Streetcar]] | image8 = Cheetah Hunt 2.jpg | caption8 = [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]] | image9 = Tampa Riverwalk1.jpg | caption9 = [[Tampa Riverwalk]] on [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]]}} | image_flag = Flag of Tampa, Florida.svg | flag_border = no | image_seal = Seal of Tampa, Florida.svg | seal_border = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=270|frame-height=240|frame-align=center|zoom=9|type=shape-inverse|title=Tampa|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|id=Q49255}} | mapsize = 290x200px | map_caption = Interactive map of Tampa | pushpin_map = Florida#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Tampa | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Florida]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough]] | government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Strong Mayor–Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Tampa, Florida|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Jane Castor]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[City Council|Legislative]] | leader_name1 = [[Tampa City Council]] | established_title = [[Settler colonialism|Settled]]<br>([[Fort Brooke]]) | established_date = 1823 | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[Village (Florida)|Village of Tampa]]) | established_date1 = January 18, 1849 | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[Town (Florida)|Town of Tampa]]) | established_date2 = September 10, 1853 and<br />August 11, 1873 | established_title3 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[City (Florida)|City of Tampa]]) | established_date3 = December 15, 1855{{efn|Original city charter revoked by Florida Legislature on October 4, 1869<ref>[http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp "John Thomas Lesley – 12th Mayor of Tampa".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720062544/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp|date=July 20, 2010}} at ''TampaGov''. Retrieved March 22, 2010.</ref>}} and<br />July 15, 1887 | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=December 2, 2021 |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318014648/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 455.40 | area_land_km2 = 295.30 | area_water_km2 = 160.10 | area_total_sq_mi = 175.83 | area_land_sq_mi = 114.02 | area_water_sq_mi = 61.82 | area_water_percent = 35.3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 968.9 | area_urban_km2 = 2509.5 | area_metro_sq_mi = 2554 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_total = 384959 | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tampacityflorida/PST045222|title=QuickFacts: Tampa city, Florida|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> | population_est = 398173 | pop_est_as_of = 2022 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|49th in the US]] | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = 3376.4 <!--for 2020 Census--> | population_metro = 3,175,275 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|18th]]) | population_urban = 2,783,045 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|17th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,109.0 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,872.3 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title= Total Gross Domestic Product for Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL (MSA)|url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP45300 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Tampa (MSA) |demographics2_info1 =$219.4 billion (2022) | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = EDT | utc_offset_DST = −4 | coordinates = {{coord|27|56|51|N|82|27|31|W|region:US-FL|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 14.6 | elevation_ft = 48 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s | postal_code = 33601–33626, 33629–33631, 33633–33635, 33637, 33646, 33647, 33650, 33655, 33660–33664, 33672–33675, 33677, 33679–33682, 33684–33689, 33694<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input.action?resultMode=1&companyName=&address1=&address2=&city=Tampa&state=FL&urbanCode=&postalCode=&zip= |title=Look Up a Zip Code: TAMPA FL |publisher=U.S. Postal Service |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223543/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input.action?resultMode=1&companyName=&address1=&address2=&city=Tampa&state=FL&urbanCode=&postalCode=&zip= |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_code = [[Area code 813|813]], [[Area code 656|656]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 12-71000<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1271000 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tampa city, Florida |work=American Factfinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 28, 2017}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 0292005<ref name="GR3">{{cite gnis |id=292005 |name=Tampa, Florida}}</ref> | population_demonym = Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño<ref name="demonym">{{cite news |last1=Guzzo |first1=Paul |title=Are you a Tampan, Tampanian or Tampeño? |url=https://www.tampabay.com/tampa/are-you-a-tampan-tampanian-or-tampexf1o-20190110/ |access-date=January 21, 2019 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=January 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232421/https://www.tampabay.com/tampa/are-you-a-tampan-tampanian-or-tampexf1o-20190110/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://tampa.gov}} }} '''Tampa''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ə}} {{Respell|TAM|pə}}) is a city on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] of the U.S. state of [[Florida]]. The city's borders include the north shore of [[Tampa Bay]] and the east shore of [[Old Tampa Bay]]. Tampa is the largest city in the [[Tampa Bay area]] and the [[County seat|seat]] of [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]]. With an estimated population of 398,173 in 2022, Tampa is the [[List of United States cities by population|49th-most populous city in the country]] and the [[List of municipalities in Florida|third-most populous city in Florida]] after [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and [[Miami]]. Tampa was founded as a military center during the 19th century with the establishment of [[Fort Brooke]]. The cigar industry was also brought to the city by [[Vicente Martinez Ybor|Vincente Martinez Ybor]], after whom [[Ybor City]] is named. Tampa was reincorporated as a city in 1887 following the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Tampa's economy is driven by tourism, health care, finance, insurance, technology, construction, and the maritime industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development and Economic Opportunity |url=https://www.tampa.gov/DEO |access-date=May 2, 2021 |website=City of Tampa |date=July 7, 2014 |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502101738/https://www.tampa.gov/DEO |url-status=live }}</ref> The bay's [[Port Tampa Bay|port]] is the largest in the state, responsible for over $15 billion in economic impact.<ref>{{cite web |title=Port of Tampa Bay Official Information |url=https://www.porttb.com/home |access-date=May 2, 2021 |website=Port Tampa Bay |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102743/https://www.porttb.com/home |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is part of the [[Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is a four-county area composed of roughly 3.1 million residents,<ref name=Metropop>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?text=population&g=310M500US45300&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B01003&hidePreview=false |title=Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metro Area 2019 ACS Estimates |work=American Community Survey |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509093424/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?text=population&g=310M500US45300&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B01003&hidePreview=false |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=February 25, 2021 }}</ref> making it the second-largest [[United States metropolitan area|metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) in the state and the sixth largest in the [[Southeastern United States]], behind [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas-Fort Worth]], [[Houston Metropolitan Area|Houston]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Miami]].<ref>{{cite web |title=table with row headers in column A and column headers in rows 3 through 4 (leading dots indicate sub-parts) |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2008/tables/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331131949/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2008/tables/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |access-date= |publisher=census.gov |format=CSV }}</ref> The Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]] metro areas. ==Etymology== When the pioneer community living near the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] outpost of [[Fort Brooke]] was incorporated in 1849, it was called "Tampa Town" and the name was shortened to simply "Tampa" in 1855. The earliest instance of the name "Tampa", in the form "Tanpa", appears in the memoirs of [[Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda]], who spent 17 years as a captive of the [[Calusa]] and traveled through much of peninsular Florida. He described Tanpa as an important Calusa town to the north of the Calusa domain, possibly under another chief. [[Archaeologist]] Jerald Milanich places the town of Tanpa at the mouth of [[Charlotte Harbor (estuary)|Charlotte Harbor]]. The entrances to Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor are obscured by [[barrier island]]s, and their locations, and the names applied to them, were a source of confusion to explorers, surveyors and map-makers from the 16th century through the 18th century. ''Bahía Tampa'' and ''Bahía de Espíritu Santo'' were each used, at one time or another, for the modern Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe |last=Milanich |first=Jerald T. |publisher=University Press of Florida. |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8130-1360-2 |location=Gainesville, Florida |page=40}}</ref><ref name=simpson>{{Cite book |title=Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation |last=Simpson |first=J. Clarence |publisher=Florida Geological Survey |year=1956 |editor-last=Boyd |editor-first=Mark F. |location=Tallahassee, Florida |pages=106–109}}</ref> Tampa Bay was labeled ''Bahía de Espíritu Santo'' (Bay of the Holy Spirit) in the earliest Spanish maps of Florida, but became known as B. Tampa (''Bahía Tampa'' or Tampa Bay) as early as 1576.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1695c6.jpg |title=University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library: 1695 Spanish Map |access-date=April 27, 2009 |archive-date=June 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624152536/http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1695c6.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>See Juan Lopez de Velasco manuscript map of the West Indies, ca. 1576. John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island.</ref> "B. Tampa", corresponding to Tampa Bay, appeared for the first time on a printed map in Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas's Description del Destricto del Audiencia de la Espanola, from his book Descripcion de las Indias Ocidentales, printed in Madrid in 1601.<ref>{{cite web |title=Description del Destricto Del Avdiencia Dela Espanola Herrera |url=http://luna.tampabayhistorycenter.org/luna/servlet/detail/TBHC~3~3~4991~9450:Description-del-Destricto-Del-Avdie |access-date=October 28, 2020 |website=luna.tampabayhistorycenter.org |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031060559/http://luna.tampabayhistorycenter.org/luna/servlet/detail/TBHC~3~3~4991~9450:Description-del-Destricto-Del-Avdie |url-status=live }}</ref> A British map of 1705 also shows B. Tampa, with "Carlos Bay" for Charlotte Harbor to the south, while a 1748 British map had "B. del Spirito Santo" for Tampa Bay and, again, "Carlos Bay" to the south. A Spanish map of 1757 renamed Tampa Bay as "San Fernando". As late as 1774, [[Bernard Romans]] called Tampa Bay "Bay of Espiritu Santo", with "Tampa Bay" restricted to the Northwest arm (what is now Old Tampa Bay) and the northeast arm named "Hillsborough Bay". The name may have come from the Calusa language or possibly, the [[Timucua language]]. Some scholars have compared "Tampa" to "itimpi", which means "close to" or "nearby" in the [[Muscogee language|Creek language]], but its meaning is not known.<ref name=simpson/> People from Tampa are generally known as "Tampans", "Tampanians", or "Tampeños".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guzzo |first1=Paul |title=In the debate over what to call people from Tampa, the Tampeños have spoken |url=https://www.tampabay.com/florida/2019/01/14/in-the-debate-over-what-to-call-people-from-tampa-the-tampenos-have-spoken/ |access-date=January 26, 2022 |work=Tampa Bay Times |publisher=Tampa Publishing Company |date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085131/https://www.tampabay.com/florida/2019/01/14/in-the-debate-over-what-to-call-people-from-tampa-the-tampenos-have-spoken/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Local authorities consulted by Michael Kruse of the ''[[Tampa Bay Times]]'' suggest that "Tampan" was historically more common, while "Tampanian" became popular when the former term came to be seen as a potential insult.<ref name=Kruse>{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |title=What are you called if you live in Tampa? |url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/timesnews/content/what-are-you-called-if-you-live-tampa |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215213/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/timesnews/content/what-are-you-called-if-you-live-tampa |archive-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> A mix of Cuban, Italian, and Spanish immigrants began arriving in the late 1800s to found and work in the new communities of [[Ybor City]] and [[West Tampa]]. By about 1900, these newcomers came to be known as "Tampeños" (or "Tampeñas" for females), a term that is still sometimes used to refer to their descendants living in the area, and potentially, to all residents of Tampa regardless of their ethnic background.<ref name=Kruse/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Dworkin y Méndez |first=Kenya C. |editor-first=Ramos-García |editor-last=Luis |encyclopedia=The State of Latino Theater in the United States |title=Cuban Theater, American Stage: Before Exile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEXcZa-hdOYC&q=Tampeno&pg=PA104 |access-date=July 16, 2014 |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0815338802 |pages=103–104 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206000659/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEXcZa-hdOYC&q=Tampeno&pg=PA104 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hewitt |first=Nancy A. |editor-first=Ava |editor-last=Baron |encyclopedia=Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor |title='The Voice of Virile Labor': Labor Militancy, Community Solidarity, and Gender Identity Among Tampa's Latin Workers, 1880–1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOiwY1hUg7kC&q=Tampeno&pg=PA146 |access-date=July 16, 2014 |year=1991 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801495434 |pages=142–167 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205235952/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOiwY1hUg7kC&q=Tampeno&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="demonym"/> ==History== {{Main|History of Tampa, Florida}} {{For timeline}} ===Indigenous peoples and European exploration=== {{main|Tocobaga|Pohoy}} The shores of [[Tampa Bay]] have been inhabited for thousands of years. A variant of the [[Weeden Island culture]] developed in the area by about 2000 years ago, with archeological evidence suggesting that these residents relied on the sea for most of their resources, as a vast majority of inhabited sites have been found on or near the shoreline and there is little evidence of farming. At the time of European contact in the early 16th century, several chiefdoms of the [[Safety Harbor culture]] dominated the area.<ref name="milanich1998">{{cite book |last1=Milanich |first1=Jerald T. |title=Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present |date=1998 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville |isbn=0-8130-1599-5}}</ref> Early Spanish explorers interacted most extensively with the [[Tocobaga]], whose principal town was at the northern end of Old Tampa Bay near today's [[Safety Harbor, Florida|Safety Harbor]] in [[Pinellas County]]. While there is a substantial historical record of the Tocobaga (and the [[Calusa]], who lived to the south), there is less surviving documentation describing the [[Pohoy]], who lived near the mouth of the Hillsborough River near today's downtown Tampa. However, evidence suggests that the language and culture of the Pohoy and other lesser-known groups around the bay were very similar to that of the Tocobaga.<ref>Milanich, Jerald T. 1995. ''Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe''. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-1360-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Childers |first=Ronald Wayne |title=Historic Notes and Documents: A Late Seventeenth-Century Journey to Tampa Bay |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |date=Spring 2002 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=504–24 |jstor=30146374}}</ref> Expeditions led by [[Narváez expedition|Pánfilo de Narváez]] and [[Hernando de Soto]] landed near Tampa, but neither [[conquistador]] stayed long. There is no natural gold or silver in Florida, and the native inhabitants repulsed Spanish attempts to establish a permanent settlement or convert them to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. The fighting resulted in a few deaths, but the many more deaths were caused by infectious diseases brought from Europe, which devastated the population of Native Americans across Florida and the entire Western Hemisphere. The indigenous cultures of the Tampa Bay area had collapsed by around 1600, leaving the west coast of [[Spanish Florida]] largely depopulated and ignored for more than 200 years.<ref name="Mulder, Kenneth 1990">Mulder, Kenneth. ''Tampa Bay: Days of Long Ago''. P&M Pub. Co., 1990.</ref> In the mid-18th century, events in the American colonies and the early United States drove the [[Seminole]] people into northern Florida, but they did not move into central Florida until after the United States gained control of Florida in 1821.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Exploration and Colonization – Florida Department of State |url=http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/a-brief-history/european-exploration-and-colonization/ |website=dos.myflorida.com |publisher=Florida Department of State |access-date=May 9, 2018 |archive-date=May 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509151025/http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/a-brief-history/european-exploration-and-colonization/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/faq-black-seminoles.htm |title=FAQ on the Black Seminoles, John Horse, and Rebellion |publisher=johnhorse.com |access-date=December 25, 2009 |archive-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402112945/http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/faq-black-seminoles.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the American period, the Tampa Bay area had a handful of residents: [[Cubans|Cuban]] and Native American fishermen who established small seasonal camps called "ranchos" on the shores of Tampa Bay. The largest was at the mouth of Spanishtown Creek in today's [[Hyde Park (Tampa)|Hyde Park]] neighborhood along [[Bayshore Boulevard]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kite-Powell |first1=Rodney |title=Tampa and Cuba connected through time |url=http://www.tbo.com/health-lifestyles/tampa-and-cuba-connected-through-time-20160410/ |access-date=May 9, 2018 |work=The Tampa Tribune |date=April 10, 2016 |archive-date=May 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509150916/http://www.tbo.com/health-lifestyles/tampa-and-cuba-connected-through-time-20160410/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===U.S. control=== [[File:Ft. Brooke Cannon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|A surviving Ft. Brooke cannon on the [[University of Tampa]] campus]] After purchasing Florida from Spain in 1821, the United States built [[Fortification|forts]] and [[trading post]]s in the new territory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/02/07/Tampabay/Excavators_seeking_fr.shtml |title=Excavators seeking freedom pioneers |newspaper=St. Pete Times |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=September 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901175153/http://www.sptimes.com/2005/02/07/Tampabay/Excavators_seeking_fr.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fort Brooke]] was established in January 1824 at the mouth of the Hillsborough River on Tampa Bay, in [[Downtown Tampa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumofcigars.com/fort-brooke.htm |title=Fort Brooke |publisher=Museumofcigars.com |access-date=February 23, 2010 |archive-date=January 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105034735/http://www.museumofcigars.com/fort-brooke.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Fortbrooke.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Brooke]] circa 1840|center|196x196px]] Tampa was initially an isolated frontier outpost. The sparse civilian population practically abandoned the area during the [[Second Seminole War]] from 1835 to 1842, after which the Seminoles were forced out and many settlers returned.<ref>Brown, Cantor. ''Tampa Before the Civil War''. [[University Press of Florida]].</ref> [[Territory of Florida|Florida]] became the 27th state on March 3, 1845. On January 18, 1849, Tampa was officially incorporated as the "Village of Tampa." It was home to 185 civilians, or 974 total residents including military personnel, in 1850.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-travel-guide.co.uk/travel-guide/tampa-florida-travel-guide.html |title=Tampa travel guide – Tampa tourism and travel information |publisher=City-travel-guide.co.uk |access-date=February 23, 2010 |archive-date=August 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830053628/http://www.city-travel-guide.co.uk/travel-guide/tampa-florida-travel-guide.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf |title=1850 Census of Population |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026062601/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tampa was reincorporated as a town on December 15, 1855.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/joseph_lancaster.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615171102/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/joseph_lancaster.asp |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |title=Joseph B. Lancaster – 1st Mayor of Tampa |publisher=Tampagov.net |access-date=February 23, 2010}}</ref> ===Civil War and Reconstruction=== {{Main|Florida in the American Civil War}} During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Florida seceded along with most of the southern states to form the [[Confederate States of America]], and Fort Brooke was defended by Confederate troops. [[Martial law]] was declared in Tampa in January 1862, and Tampa's city government ceased to operate for the duration of the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/No_Municipal_Form_of_Government.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923073552/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/No_Municipal_Form_of_Government.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2007 |title=Military Rule of Tampa During Civil War |publisher=tampagov.net |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> In 1861, the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] Navy set up a [[blockade]] around many southern ports to cut off the Confederacy. Several US Navy ships were stationed near the mouth of [[Tampa Bay]], but small [[blockade runners|blockade running ships]] were often able to slip by the blockade to deliver cattle to Spanish Cuba, earning gold for the Confederate cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/james_mckaysr.asp |title=James McKay, Sr. – 6th Mayor of Tampa |publisher=tampagov.net |access-date=February 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615171041/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/james_mckaysr.asp |archive-date=June 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americancivilwar.com/statepic/fl/fl002.html |title=Florida Civil War Battle Tampa Bay American War Between the States |publisher=americancivilwar.com |access-date=February 24, 2008 |archive-date=April 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425075041/http://americancivilwar.com/statepic/fl/fl002.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/fl002.htm |title=Battle Summary: Tampa, FL |publisher=nps.gov |access-date=February 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218024028/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/fl002.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref> On June 30, 1862, the gunboat [[USS Sagamore (1861)|USS ''Sagamore'']] sailed into [[Tampa Bay]] and opened fire on Fort Brooke, which returned fire. The ''Sagamore'' withdrew after a few hours, and the [[Battle of Tampa]] caused little damage. During the [[Battle of Fort Brooke]] on October 16 and the [[Battle of Ballast Point]] on October 18, 1863, Union forces inflicted serious damage to the city's economy when, under the cover of another bombardment of the fort, troops landed and destroyed two blockade running ships that had been hidden upstream along the Hillsborough River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/article516881.ece |title=Hull of Civil War sloop likely found in Tampa river – St. Petersburg Times |work=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=February 23, 2010 |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153138/http://tampabay.com/news/article516881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1864, Union troops landed again and took Fort Brooke largely unopposed. They destroyed much of the fort's facilities and confiscated the remaining military supplies other than the canons, which they tossed into the Hillsborough River, then left the "desolate" town after two days.<ref name="attack">{{cite news |last1=Morelli |first1=Keith |title=Tuesday marks anniversary of Union attack on Tampa |url=https://www.tbo.com/news/florida/tuesday-marks-anniversary-of-union-attack-on-tampa-20140504/ |access-date=August 3, 2018 |work=The Tampa Tribune |date=May 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803133915/https://www.tbo.com/news/florida/tuesday-marks-anniversary-of-union-attack-on-tampa-20140504/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Civil War ended]] in April 1865 with a Confederate defeat. In May 1865, federal troops arrived in Tampa to occupy the fort and the town as part of [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. They remained until August 1869.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} During the immediate post-war period, Tampa was a poor, isolated fishing village with about 1000 residents and little industry. [[Yellow fever]], borne by mosquitoes from nearby swamps, broke out several times during the 1860s and 1870s, causing more residents to leave.<ref>Brown, Cantor. ''Tampa During the Civil War and Reconstruction''. [[University Press of Florida]].</ref> In 1869, residents voted to abolish the city of Tampa government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/archives/City_of_Tampa_Incorporation_History.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824182934/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/archives/City_of_Tampa_Incorporation_History.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 24, 2007 |title=Archives, City of Tampa Incorporation History |publisher=tampagov.net |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> The population of "Tampa Town" was about 800 by 1870 and dropped to about 700 by 1880. Fort Brooke was decommissioned in 1883, further impacting the local economy in the short run but opening up the waterfront for development. Except for two [[cannon]]s displayed on the [[University of Tampa]] campus, all traces of the fort are gone.<ref name="attack"/> ===1880s economic prosperity=== [[File:Port Tampa Inn.jpg|right|thumb|Port Tampa Inn, with rail line in front of hotel, c. 1900]] In the mid-1880s, Tampa's fortunes took several sudden turns for the better. First, [[phosphate]] was discovered in the [[Bone Valley]] region southeast of Tampa in 1883. The mineral, vital for the production of [[fertilizer]]s and other products, was soon being shipped from the Port of Tampa in great volume. Tampa is still a major phosphate exporter. The discovery of phosphate, the arrival of Plant's railroad, and the founding of Ybor City and West Tampa—all in the mid-1880s—were crucial to Tampa's development. The once-struggling village of Tampa became a bustling [[boomtown]] almost overnight and had grown into one of the largest cities in Florida by 1900.<ref name="Lastra, Frank 2006"/> ====Plant's railroad==== [[Henry B. Plant]]'s narrow-gauge [[South Florida Railroad]] reached Tampa and its port in late 1883, finally connecting the small town to the nation's railroad system after years of efforts by local leaders. Previously, Tampa's overland transportation links had consisted of sandy roads stretching across the Florida countryside. Plant's railroad made it much easier to get goods in and out of the Tampa Bay area. Phosphate and [[commercial fishing]] exports could be sent north by rail,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baysoundings.com/sum05/phosphate4.html |title=About Bone Valley |publisher=Baysoundings.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214707/http://www.baysoundings.com/sum05/phosphate4.html |archive-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> and many new products were brought into the Tampa market, along with the first tourists. [[File:Yborcigarfactory.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vicente Martinez Ybor|Ybor's]] first cigar factory c. 1900]] ====Ybor's cigars==== {{See also|History of Ybor City}} [[File:Lewis Hine, Cigarmakers, Tampa, Florida, 1909.jpg|thumb|right|Rolling cigars, 1909. Photo by [[Lewis Hine]].]] The new railroad link enabled another important industry to come to Tampa. In 1885, the Tampa Board of Trade enticed [[Vicente Martinez Ybor]] to move his [[cigar]] manufacturing operations to Tampa from [[Key West, Florida|Key West]]. Proximity to [[Cuba]] made importation of "clear Havana tobacco" easy by sea, and Plant's railroad made shipment of finished cigars to the rest of the US market easy by land.<ref name="Lastra, Frank 2006">Lastra, Frank. ''Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town''. 2006. University of Tampa Press.</ref> Since Tampa was still a small town at the time (population less than 5,000), Ybor built hundreds of small houses around his factory to accommodate the immediate influx of mainly Cuban and Spanish cigar workers. [[Ybor City]]'s factories rolled their first cigars in 1886, and many different cigar manufacturers moved their operations to town in ensuing years. Many [[Italians|Italian]] and a few Eastern European [[Jews|Jewish]] immigrants arrived starting in the late 1880s, opening businesses and shops that catered to cigar workers. By 1900, over 10,000 immigrants had moved to the neighborhood. Several thousand more Cuban immigrants built [[West Tampa]], another cigar-centric suburb founded a few years later by Hugh MacFarlane. Between them, two "Latin" communities combined to exponentially expand Tampa's population, economic base, and tax revenues, as Tampa became the "Cigar Capital of the World".<ref>Mormino, Gary. ''The Immigrant World of Ybor City''. [[University Press of Florida]]</ref> [[File:TampaFranklinStreetNorth.jpg|thumb|right|Franklin Street, looking north past the [[old Hillsborough County Courthouse]], Tampa c. 1910s–1920s]] ===Early 20th century=== During the first few decades of the 20th century, the cigar-making industry was the backbone of Tampa's economy. The factories in Ybor City and West Tampa made an enormous number of cigars—in the peak year of 1929, over 500 million cigars were hand rolled in the city.<ref>Lastra, Frank, ''Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town''</ref> In 1904, a civic association of local businessmen dubbed themselves [[Ye Mystic Krewe|Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla]] (named after local mythical pirate José Gaspar), and staged an "invasion" of the city followed by a parade. With a few exceptions, the [[Gasparilla Pirate Festival]] has been held every year since.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gasparillapiratefest.com |title=Gasparilla Pirate Festival – Tampa, Florida |publisher=Gasparillapiratefest.com |access-date=February 23, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142224/http://www.gasparillapiratefest.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Bolita and organized crime=== [[File:Downtowntampa1913.jpg|center|thumb|Panorama of Downtown Tampa taken in 1913|853x853px]] Beginning in the late 19th century, illegal [[bolita]] lotteries were very popular among the Tampa working classes, especially in Ybor City. In the early 1920s, this small-time operation was taken over by [[Charlie Wall]], the rebellious son of a prominent Tampa family, and went big-time. Bolita was able to openly thrive only because of [[Kickback (bribery)|kick-backs]] and bribes to key local politicians and law enforcement officials, and many were on the take.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kerstein, Robert. ''Politics and Growth in 20th Century Tampa''. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-2083-2}}.</ref> Profits from the bolita lotteries and [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]-era bootlegging led to the development of several [[organized crime]] factions in the city. Charlie Wall was the first major boss, but various power struggles culminated in consolidation of control by [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[made man|mafioso]] [[Santo Trafficante Sr.]] and his faction in the 1950s. After his death in 1954 from cancer, control passed to his son, [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]], who established alliances with families in New York City and extended his power throughout Florida and into [[Fulgencio Batista|Batista]]-era [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Deitche |first=Scott |url=http://www.weeklyplanet.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A317 |title=The Mob |publisher=Weeklyplanet.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315022914/http://www.weeklyplanet.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A317 |archive-date=March 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_101.html |title=Feature Articles 101 |publisher=AmericanMafia.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206141849/http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_101.html |archive-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref> The era of rampant and open corruption ended in the 1950s, when [[Estes Kefauver]]'s traveling [[Kefauver hearings|organized crime hearings]] came to town and were followed by the sensational misconduct trials of several local officials. Although many of the worst offenders in government and the mob were not charged, the trials helped to end the sense of lawlessness which had prevailed in Tampa for decades.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ===Mid to late 20th century=== [[File:Macdill-worldwarII.jpg|thumb|[[MacDill Air Force Base]] during World War II]] Tampa grew considerably as a result of [[World War II]]. Prior to the United States' involvement in the conflict, construction began on [[MacDill Air Force Base|MacDill Field]], which served as a main base for [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] and later [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] operations just before and during World War II, with multiple auxiliary airfields around the Tampa Bay area and surrounding counties. At the end of the war, MacDill remained as an active military installation, while the auxiliary fields reverted to civilian control. Two of these auxiliary fields would later become the present-day [[Tampa International Airport]] and [[St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport]]. With the establishment of an independent [[U.S. Air Force]] in 1947, MacDill Field became [[MacDill Air Force Base]]. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tampa saw record-setting population growth that has not been seen since. This growth spurred expansion of the city's highways and bridges, bringing thousands into the city and creating opportunities for Tampa business owners, who welcomed the influx of tourists and new residents. It was during this time period in the city's history that two of the most popular tourist attractions in the area were developed – [[Busch Gardens]] and [[Lowry Park Zoo|Lowry Park]]. Many of the well-known institutions that play an important role in the economic development of the city were established during this time period.<ref name="arcadiapublishing.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.arcadiapublishing.com |title=Vintage Tampa Signs and Scenes |access-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420011135/https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of South Florida]] was established in North Tampa in 1956 and opened for students in September 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=USF History |url=http://www.usf.edu/about-usf/history.aspx |work=usf.edu |publisher=University of South Florida |access-date=August 16, 2015 |archive-date=August 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821053340/http://www.usf.edu/about-usf/history.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The school spurred the construction of several residential and commercial developments in the previously agriculture-dominated area around the new campus. Overall, Tampa continued to expand away from the city center during the 1960s as new hospitals, schools, churches and subdivisions all began appearing to accommodate the growth. Many business offices began moving away from the traditional downtown office building into more convenient neighborhood office plazas.<ref name="arcadiapublishing.com"/> In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported city's population as 80.0% white and 19.7% black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> Four attempts have been made to [[Consolidated city-county|consolidate]] the municipal government of the city of Tampa with the county government of Hillsborough County (1967, 1970, 1971, and 1972), all of which failed at the ballot box; the greatest loss was the most recent attempt in 1972, with the final tally being 33,160 (31%) in favor and 73,568 (69%) against the proposed charter.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Johnson |first=Linda S. |title=Constitutional Change in Local Governance: An Exploration of Institutional Entrepreneurs, Procedural Safeguards, and Selective Incentives |chapter=Consolidation of City and County Governments: Attempts in Five Cities |date=2005 |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=Florida State University |access-date=August 28, 2012 |chapter-url=http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120034927/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> The biggest recent growth in the city was the development of [[New Tampa]], which started in 1988 when the city annexed a mostly rural area of {{cvt|24|sqmi|km2}} between [[Interstate 275 (Florida)|I-275]] and [[Interstate 75 in Florida|I-75]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} [[East Tampa]], historically a mostly black community, was the scene of several [[race riot]]s during and for some time after the period of racial segregation, mainly due to problems between residents and the [[Tampa Police Department]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guzzo |first=Paul |date=June 8, 2017 |title=Racism in Tampa boiled over 50 years ago into Central Avenue riots |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/racism-in-tampa-boiled-over-50-years-ago-into-central-avenue-riots/2326360/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2021 |work=Tampa Bay Times |publisher=Tampa Publishing Company |language=en |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327141515/https://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/racism-in-tampa-boiled-over-50-years-ago-into-central-avenue-riots/2326360/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Momodu |first=Samuel |date=December 25, 2020 |title=Tampa Bay Race Riot (1967) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tampa-bay-race-riot-1967/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Blackpast |language=en-US |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126185536/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tampa-bay-race-riot-1967/ }}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of the Tampa Bay area|Climate of the Tampa Bay area}} [[File:TampaColor 20151103.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Landsat 8 image of Tampa Bay Region]] ===Topography=== According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{cvt|453.9|km2|order=flip}}, including {{cvt|293.7|km2|order=flip}} of land and {{cvt|160.1|km2|order=flip}} (35.3%) of water.<ref name="Census 2010"/> The highest point in the city is only {{cvt|48|ft}} above sea level. Tampa is bordered by two bodies of water, [[Old Tampa Bay]] and [[Tampa Bay|Hillsborough Bay]], which flow together to form [[Tampa Bay]], which in turn flows into the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]] flows into Hillsborough Bay, passing directly in front of [[Downtown Tampa]] and supplying Tampa's main source of fresh water. The [[Palm River]] is a smaller river flowing from just east of the city into [[McKay Bay]], which is a smaller inlet, sited at the northeast end of Hillsborough Bay.<ref>[http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/restore/projects/palmriv.htm Palm River Restoration]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609203050/http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/restore/projects/palmriv.htm |date=June 9, 2007 }}</ref> Tampa's geography is marked by the Interbay Peninsula which divides Hillsborough Bay (the eastern) from Old Tampa Bay (the western). === Cityscape === {{Main|Cityscape of Tampa, Florida}} {{Wide image|Tampa banner.jpg|1000px|Panorama of [[Downtown Tampa]] skyline from Red Bull Flugtag, July 19, 2008}}{{Wide image|Tampa Night Panoramic (39924337151).jpg|1000px|Panorama of [[Downtown Tampa]] at night as seen from across the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]].}} ==== Neighborhoods ==== {{Main|Neighborhoods in Tampa, Florida}} The city is divided into many neighborhoods, many of which were towns and unincorporated communities annexed by the growing city. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: [[Downtown Tampa]], [[New Tampa]], [[West Tampa]], [[East Tampa]], [[North Tampa (neighborhood)|North Tampa]], and [[South Tampa]]. Well-known neighborhoods include [[Ybor City]], [[Forest Hills (Tampa)|Forest Hills]], [[Ballast Point (Tampa)|Ballast Point]], [[Sulphur Springs (Tampa)|Sulphur Springs]], [[Seminole Heights]], [[Tampa Heights]], [[Palma Ceia]], [[Hyde Park (Tampa)|Hyde Park]], [[Davis Islands (Tampa)|Davis Islands]], [[Harbour Island (Tampa)|Harbour Island]], [[Tampa Palms]], [[College Hill (Tampa)|College Hill]], [[Water Street (Tampa)|Water Street]], [[Channel District|Channelside]] and non-residential areas of [[Gary (Tampa)|Gary]] and the [[Westshore (Tampa)|Westshore Business District]]. ==== Architecture ==== Tampa displays a wide variety of architectural designs and styles. Most of Tampa's high rises demonstrate [[post-modern architecture]]. The design for the renovated [[Tampa Museum of Art]] displays post-modern architecture, while the city hall and the [[Tampa Theatre]] belong to [[Art Deco]] architecture. The Tampa mayor [[Pam Iorio]] made the redevelopment of [[Downtown Tampa|Tampa's downtown]], especially residential development, a priority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floridian: Urban culture clash |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/08/10/Floridian/Urban_culture_clash.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523003715/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/08/10/Floridian/Urban_culture_clash.shtml |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |work=St Petersburg Times}}</ref> Several residential and mixed-development high-rises have been constructed. Another of Mayor Iorio's initiatives was the [[Tampa Riverwalk]], a mixed-use path along the Hillsborough River in downtown. Channelside was recently approved to undergo major renovations by [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] owner [[Jeff Vinik]] along with [[Bill Gates]] and other investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thalji |first1=James |title=Channelside deal approved; now it's up to Jeff Vinik to make it work |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/channelside-settlement-approved-ending-legal-battle-for-tampa-mall/2189355 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721220151/http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/channelside-settlement-approved-ending-legal-battle-for-tampa-mall/2189355 |archive-date=July 21, 2014 |access-date=July 21, 2014 |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]}}</ref> Several museums have already opened, including new homes for the [[Tampa Bay History Center]], the [[Glazer Children's Museum]], and the [[Tampa Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |date=June 7, 2006 |title=Downtowns on the Verge |url=http://tampa.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A52700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004825/http://tampa.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A52700 |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |access-date=September 3, 2010 |publisher=[[Creative Loafing]]}}</ref> The breakdown of development for the rest of the plan is as follows: 39% residential units, 29% office space, 15% hotels, 8% retail, 7% other, and 2% cultural uses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Complete Guide to Water Street Tampa |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/news/2018/04/27/overwhelmed-by-water-street-tampa-heres-your-guide.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004856/https://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/news/2018/04/27/overwhelmed-by-water-street-tampa-heres-your-guide.html |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2018 |website=Tampa Bay Business Journal}}</ref> Mayor [[Bob Buckhorn]] continued these developments which are bearing fruit during the term of Mayor [[Jane Castor]]. Tampa is the site of several [[skyscraper]]s. Overall, there are 30 completed buildings that rise over {{cvt|250|ft|m|0}} high. The city also has 147 high-rises,<ref name="highrises">{{cite web |title=High-rise Buildings of Tampa |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102589 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155417/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102589 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> second only to [[Miami]] in the state of Florida. The [[List of tallest buildings in Tampa|tallest building in the city]] is [[100 North Tampa]], formerly the AmSouth Building, which rises 42 [[storey|floors]] and {{cvt|579|ft|m|0}} in Downtown Tampa.<ref name="100NT emp">{{cite web |title=Regions Building |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=amsouthbuilding-tampa-fl-usa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135935/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=amsouthbuilding-tampa-fl-usa |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=June 16, 2008 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> The structure was completed in 1992, and is the tallest building in Florida outside of Miami and [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]].<ref name="100NT emp" /> <gallery> File:RegionsTampa.jpg|[[100 North Tampa]] (1992) File:Bank of America Plaza Tampa.jpg|[[Bank of America Plaza (Tampa)|Bank of America Plaza]] (1986) File:Onetampacitycenter downtown.jpg|[[One Tampa City Center]] (1981) File:Tampa architectural photos 268.jpg|[[SunTrust Financial Centre]] (1992) File:ParkTowerTampa.jpg|[[Park Tower (Tampa)|Park Tower]] (1972) File:RivergateTower.jpg|[[Rivergate Tower]] (1988) File:Sunshine Skyway Bridge - Detail.jpg|The [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]] (1987) </gallery> ===== Landmarks ===== {{See also|List of tallest buildings in Tampa}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Tampatheater.jpg|[[Tampa Theatre]] File:Tampa Bayshore Blvd skyline02.jpg|[[Downtown Tampa]] as seen from [[Bayshore Boulevard]] File:Tampa architectural photos 256.jpg|Part of the [[Tampa Riverwalk]] File:Glazer Children's Museum Tampa, FL 2.jpg|Fountains at [[Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park]] File:Tampa FL Sulphur Springs Tower tall pano02.jpg|[[Sulphur Springs Water Tower]] </gallery> The [[Sulphur Springs Water Tower]], a landmark in the [[Sulphur Springs (Tampa)|Sulphur Springs]] section of the city, stands 214 feet tall and was built by Grover Poole in the late 1920s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMorrow-Hernandez |first=Joshua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DorBwAAQBAJ&q=sulphur+springs+water+tower+josiah+richardson&pg=PA84 |title=Tampa Bay Landmarks and Destinations |date=2015 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9781467113663 |language=en |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205235951/https://books.google.com/books?id=7DorBwAAQBAJ&q=sulphur+springs+water+tower+josiah+richardson&pg=PA84 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This [[Florida land boom of the 1920s|boom period for Florida]] also saw the construction of an ornate [[movie palace]], the [[Tampa Theatre]], a [[List of Mediterranean Revival Style Buildings of Davis Islands|Mediterranean revival on Davis Islands]], and [[Bayshore Boulevard]], which borders Hillsborough Bay from [[downtown Tampa]] to areas in South Tampa. The road has a {{cvt|6|mi|km|adj=on|0}} continuous sidewalk on the eastern end, the longest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Florida |url=http://www.filmflorida.com/liaisons.cfm?officeid=13&vendorid=3209& |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219042630/http://www.filmflorida.com/liaisons.cfm?officeid=13&vendorid=3209& |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |publisher=Film Florida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayshore Boulevard Linear Park |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_parks_and_recreation/park_search/parkdetail.asp?nbr=8 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218094528/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_parks_and_recreation/park_search/parkdetail.asp?nbr=8 |archivedate=December 18, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ybor City]] District is home to several buildings on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and has been declared a [[Ybor City Historic District|National Historic Landmark]]. Notable structures include [[El Centro Español de Tampa]], [[Centro Asturiano de Tampa]] and other [[History of Ybor City|social clubs built in the early 1900s]]. Including L'Unione Italiana or the Italian Club, at 1731 East 7th Avenue in Ybor City. The Italian Club mission "is to preserve and honor the culture, traditions and heritage of the Italian Community and to maintain the historical facility as a functioning memorial to the working class immigrants."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Home |url=http://italian-club.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603075021/http://italian-club.org/ |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> [[Babe Zaharias Golf Course]] in the [[Forest Hills (Tampa)|Forest Hills]] area of Tampa has been designated a Historical Landmark by the National Register of Historic Places. It was bought in 1949 by the famous [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias|"Babe" Didrikson Zaharias]], who had a residence nearby, and closed upon her death. In 1974, the city of Tampa opened the golf course to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babe Zaharias Golf Course |url=http://www.babezahariasgc.com/content.php?link=course_history.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422075926/http://www.babezahariasgc.com/content.php?link=course_history.php |archivedate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> ''The Story of Tampa'', a public painting by Lynn Ash, is a {{cvt|4|x|8|ft|m|1|adj=on}} oil on masonite mural that weaves together many of the notable aspects of Tampa's unique character and identity. It was commissioned in 2003 by the city's Public Art Program and can be found in the lobby of the Tampa Municipal Office Building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''The Story of Tampa'' |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_public_art/files/Ash%20%20Story%20of%20Tampa.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628211545/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_public_art/files/Ash%20%20Story%20of%20Tampa.pdf |archivedate=June 28, 2007}}</ref> [[Park Tower (Tampa)|Park Tower]] (originally the First Financial Bank of Florida) is the first substantial skyscraper in downtown Tampa. Completed in 1973, it was the tallest skyscraper in Tampa until the completion of One Tampa City Center in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |author=Emporis GmbH |title=Park Tower |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=128610 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132122/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=128610 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> The Rivergate building, a cylindrical structure known as the "Beer Can building", was featured in the movie [[The Punisher (2004 film)|''The Punisher'']]. Spanning the southern part of Tampa Bay is the massive steel-span [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]]. Tampa is home to the [[Bro Bowl]], one of the last remaining [[skatepark]]s built during skateboarding's "Golden Era" in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bruffert |first1=Shannon |last2=Mattick |first2=Barbara E. |date=August 2013 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Perry Harvey Sr. Park Skateboard Bowl |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13000811.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128131655/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13000811.pdf |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}} Includes nine photos from 1980, 2007, c.1983, and 2013.</ref> It opened in 1979 and was constructed by Tampa Parks and Recreation in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13000811.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128131655/https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13000811.pdf |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=nps.gov}}</ref> It was the first public skatepark to be constructed in Florida and the third on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adams |first1=Mark |date=March 19, 2020 |title=Discover the Oldest Skate Parks on the East Coast {{!}} WhiteSands Treatment |url=https://whitesandstreatment.com/2020/03/19/oldest-skate-parks-on-the-east-coast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205234705/https://whitesandstreatment.com/2020/03/19/oldest-skate-parks-on-the-east-coast/ |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |work=whitesandstreatment.com}}</ref> Other Tampa landmarks include the [[Tampa Riverwalk]], which is a 2.6-mile-long (4.2 km) open space and pedestrian trail development along the Hillsborough River, and [[Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park]]. ===Climate=== The Tampa Bay area has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa''), although due to its location on the Florida peninsula on Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it shows some characteristics of a tropical climate. Tampa's climate generally features hot and humid summers with frequent [[thunderstorm]]s and dry and mild winters. Average highs range from {{cvt|71|to|91|F|C|0}} year round, and lows {{cvt|53|to|77|F|C|0}}. The city of Tampa is split between two [[USDA]] climate zones. According to the 2012 [[USDA]] Plant Hardiness Zone Map, Tampa is listed as [[USDA]] zone 9b north of Kennedy Boulevard away from the bay and 10a near the shorelines and in the interbay peninsula south of Kennedy Boulevard. Zone 10a is about the northern limit of where [[coconut palm]]s and [[royal palm]]s can be grown, although some specimens do grow in northern Tampa. Recently, certain palm tree species in the area, along with the rest of the state, have been and continue to be severely affected by a plant disease called [[Texas phoenix palm decline]], which has caused a considerable amount of damage to various local palm tree landscapes and threatens the native palm tree species in the region.<ref>Harrison, Nigel A.; Elliot, Monica L. (June 2013) [2007]. Texas Phoenix Palm Decline (PDF) (Report). Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension, University of Florida.</ref> ===Tropical storms=== Though threatened by tropical systems almost every hurricane season (which runs from June 1 to November 30), Tampa seldom feels major effects from [[tropical storm]]s or [[hurricane]]s. No hurricane has made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the immediate Tampa Bay area since the category 4 [[1921 Tampa Bay hurricane]] made landfall near [[Tarpon Springs, Florida|Tarpon Springs]] and caused extensive damage throughout the region.<ref name="comingstorm" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/hurricanes/the-tampa-bay-area-has-been-lucky/1096585 |title=The Tampa Bay area has been lucky |date=May 21, 2010 |access-date=October 24, 2016 |website=Tampa Bay Times |last=McClure |first=Brian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050824/http://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/hurricanes/the-tampa-bay-area-has-been-lucky/1096585 |archive-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> Over the past few decades, four major hurricanes were forecast to hit the Tampa Bay area from the south-southwest, which is a worse-case track that would result in a maximum [[storm surge]] event: [[Hurricane Donna]] (1960), [[Hurricane Charley]] (2004), [[Hurricane Irma]] (2017), and [[Hurricane Ian]] (2022).<ref name="pineapple1998">{{cite book |last=Henry |first=James |title=The Climate and Weather of Florida |publisher=Pineapple Press (FL) |location=Sarasota, Florida |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56164-036-2}}</ref><ref name="Ian2022">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Kirby |title=Hurricane Ian was supposed to slam Tampa Bay head on. What happened? |url=https://www.tampabay.com/hurricane/2022/09/28/hurricaneian/ |access-date=September 29, 2022 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=September 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However, all of these storms veered to the east or northeast before reaching Tampa Bay and instead made landfall down the coast, resulting in serious damage in [[southwest Florida]]. Irma had the greatest effect on Tampa. It made landfall near [[Marco Island]] on September 10, 2017, and moved due north, passing through eastern Hillsborough County as a Category 1 storm and causing widespread issues in the area, particularly disrupting the [[electrical grid]] for several days.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/hurricanes/power-update-19-million-customers-in-florida-still-powerless-five-days/2337576 |title=19 Million Customers in Florida Still Powerless |last=Sampson |first=Zachary |date=September 15, 2017 |work=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=September 16, 2017 |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917025542/http://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/hurricanes/power-update-19-million-customers-in-florida-still-powerless-five-days/2337576 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of tremendous population growth and coastal development in the century since the last hurricane landfall combined with rising sea levels due to [[climate change]], the Tampa Bay Area is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to a direct hit from a major storm.<ref name="comingstorm">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/health/environment/tampa-bay-climate-change/ |title=Tampa Bay's Coming Storm |last=Fears |first=Darryl |date=July 28, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 16, 2017 |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184601/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/health/environment/tampa-bay-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Seasonal trends=== ====Summer==== Summertime weather patterns predominate from late May through early October, which is the region's rainy season.<ref name="rainyseason">{{cite news |last1=Fiallo |first1=Josh |title=Rainy season is coming, Tampa Bay. Here's the official start date |url=https://www.tampabay.com/weather/2021/05/14/rainy-season-is-coming-tampa-bay-heres-the-official-start-date/ |access-date=May 14, 2021 |work=Tampa Bay Times |issue=May 14, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514115152/https://www.tampabay.com/weather/2021/05/14/rainy-season-is-coming-tampa-bay-heres-the-official-start-date/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Daily weather is very consistent during this period, with daytime highs usually reaching the average high of about {{cvt|91|°F|0}}, lows usually in the mid- to upper 70s °F (23–25 °C), high [[humidity]], and a regular chance of rain, especially in the afternoon. Mainly due to the proximity of large bodies of water, the official high temperature has never hit {{cvt|100|°F|1}} – the all-time record high temperature is {{cvt|99|°F|0}}, first recorded on June 5, 1985, and tied on June 26, 2020.<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tbw |title=NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=April 11, 2016 |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917052629/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tbw |url-status=live }}</ref> Afternoon thunderstorms are regularly generated by the interaction of the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf]] and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] [[sea breeze]]s and are such a regular occurrence during the summer that the Tampa Bay area and nearby inland areas of [[Central Florida]] are recognized as the "Lightning Capital of North America". Afternoon thundershowers occasionally intensify into a [[Severe thunderstorm watch|severe thunderstorm]], bringing heavy downpours, frequent lightning, strong straight-line winds, and sometimes hail.<ref name=TWC >{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0481?from=search |title=Average Weather for Tampa, FL – Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=weather.com |access-date=February 23, 2008 |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309093310/http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0481?from=search |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Autumn==== Average temperatures gradually fall beginning in September, and average daily rainfall amounts also decrease as autumn progresses; November is usually Tampa's driest month. However, rain totals in the fall can be augmented by passing tropical systems, which can dump several inches of rain. ====Winter==== Winter in the area is generally dry and cooler. Average high temperatures range from the low to mid-70s °F (21–23 °C) during the day to the low to mid-50s °F (11–13 °C) at night. Occasional [[cold front]]s push through the area during the season, usually bringing a brief period of rain followed by daytime highs in the 50s °F (10–13 °C) and nighttime lows near 40 °F (5 °C) for a day or two. Tampa experiences occasional frosts, with an annual mean minimum temperature of {{cvt|32.8|F}} Since the Tampa area is home to a diverse range of freeze-sensitive agriculture and [[aquaculture]], hard freezes, although quite rare, are a major concern. Hard freezes (defined as a temperature of {{cvt|28|°F|1}} or below for several hours) occur rarely in the Tampa area; every five to twenty years depending on the exact location. The last widespread freeze occurred on the morning [[2017–18 North American cold wave|of January 18, 2018]], when the official temperature at Tampa International Airport dropped to {{cvt|29|°F|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KTPA.html |title=Tampa Bay Area National Weather Service Climate Page |date=February 1, 2012 |access-date=October 15, 2015 |website=Tampa Bay Area National Weather Service |last=Cole |first=Brian |archive-date=October 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020032631/http://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KTPA.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Weather Service – Tampa Bay: Record lows. January 18, 2018 |url=http://www.weather.gov/images/tbw/climate/RecordLows_011818.png |publisher=National Weather Service |access-date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070739/http://www.weather.gov/images/tbw/climate/RecordLows_011818.png |url-status=live }}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Tampa was {{cvt|18|°F|0}} on December 13, 1962.<ref name=TWC /> The only snowfall officially recorded in Tampa occurred on January 19, 1977, with local accumulations ranging between a trace and {{cvt|0.2|in|cm|1}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Putterman |first1=Samantha |title=The day it snowed in Tampa Bay, 40 years ago today |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/the-day-it-snowed-in-tampa-bay-40-years-ago-today/2310127 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=January 19, 2017 |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215707/https://www.tampabay.com/news/weather/the-day-it-snowed-in-tampa-bay-40-years-ago-today/2310127 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Spring==== Tampa sees a slow increase in average temperatures beginning in mid-February, and spring brings mostly warm and sunny weather to the area. While temperatures in late spring approach summertime values, the rainy season does not usually begin until June, leading to the threat of [[brush fire]]s from approximately late March until May. Occasionally, a late-season cold front pushes through the area, potentially bringing a brief round of severe weather followed by a few days of unseasonably cool temperatures. ====Monthly averages==== {{Tampa, FL weatherbox}} ==Demographics== {{US Census population | 1850 = 974 | 1870 = 796 | 1880 = 720 | 1890 = 5532 | 1900 = 15839 | 1910 = 37782 | 1920 = 51608 | 1930 = 101161 | 1940 = 108391 | 1950 = 124681 | 1960 = 274970 | 1970 = 277714 | 1980 = 271523 | 1990 = 280015 | 2000 = 303447 | 2010 = 335709 | 2020 = 384959 | estyear = 2022 | estimate = 398173 | footnote = source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of population and housing (1790–2000) |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321050514/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1271000.html |title=Tampa (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707035743/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1271000.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|1850 census population include soldiers stationed at Fort Brooke.}}{{efn|Not returned separately by enumerators in 1860.}} }} [[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Tampa (5559870035).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Tampa, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]] Tampa first appeared in the 1850 U.S. Census with a total recorded population of 974, which included soldiers stationed at Fort Brooke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1850 Census of Population: Florida |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1850/1850a/1850a-32.pdf|access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref> Tampa did not report separately in 1860.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1860 Census of Population: Florida |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1860/population/1860a-09.pdf|access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref> ===2020 census=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''Tampa, Florida – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small> !Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small> !Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US1271000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US1271000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US1271000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !% 2000 !% 2010 !{{partial|% 2020}} |- |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] (NH) |154,872 |155,552 |style='background: #ffffe6; |166,775 |51.04% |46.34% |style='background: #ffffe6; |43.32% |- |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] (NH) |76,711 |83,032 |style='background: #ffffe6; |80,583 |25.28% |24.73% |style='background: #ffffe6; |20.93% |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] (NH) |829 |755 |style='background: #ffffe6; |741 |0.27% |0.22% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19% |- |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] (NH) |6,443 |11,362 |style='background: #ffffe6; |20,587 |2.12% |3.38% |style='background: #ffffe6; |5.35% |- |[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] or [[Native Hawaiian]] (NH) |241 |207 |style='background: #ffffe6; |246 |0.08% |0.06% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.06% |- |[[Other races (U.S. Census)|Some other race]] (NH) |618 |794 |style='background: #ffffe6; |2,746 |0.20% |0.24% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.71% |- |[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races or Multiracial]] (NH) |5,211 |6,535 |style='background: #ffffe6; |14,660 |1.72% |1.95% |style='background: #ffffe6; |3.81% |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race) |58,522 |77,472 |style='background: #ffffe6; |98,621 |19.29% |23.08% |style='background: #ffffe6; |25.62% |- |'''Total''' |'''303,447''' |'''335,709''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''384,959''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%''' |- |} As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 384,959 people, 156,705 households, and 85,195 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Tampa+city;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1101|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies: "Race alone" where Hispanics are allocated to the various racial categories and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are excluded from the racial categories and delineated separately as if a separate race. According to the [[2020 U.S. Census]], the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 49.70% (191,309) [[White (U.S. Census)|White alone]], 21.91% (84,340) [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black alone]], 0.41% (1,563) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American alone]], 5.43% (20,895) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian alone]], 0.08% (308) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander alone]], 7.63% (29,385) [[Race (United States Census)|Other Race alone]], and 14.85% (57,159) [[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial or Mixed Race]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=P1: Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=p2&g=160XX00US1271000|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> According to the [[2020 U.S. Census]], the racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 43.32% (166,775) [[Non-Hispanic whites|White alone (non-Hispanic)]], 20.93% (80,583) [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black alone (non-Hispanic)]], 0.19% (741) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American alone (non-Hispanic)]], 5.35% (20,587) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian alone (non-Hispanic)]], 0.06% (246) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic)]], 0.71% (2,746) [[Race (United States Census)|Other Race alone (non-Hispanic)]], 3.81% (14,660) [[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial or Mixed Race (non-Hispanic)]], and 25.62% (98,621) [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]].<ref name=2020CensusP2/> As of the [[2010 United States census]], there were 335,709 people, 133,277 households, and 75,562 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Tampa city, Florida|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Tampa+city;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2010.S1101|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> ===2000 census=== In 2006, the median income for a household in the city was $39,602, and the median income for a family was $45,823. Males had a median income of $40,461 versus $29,868 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,522. 20.1% of the population and 16.4% of families were below the poverty line. 31.0% of those under the age of 18 and 13.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty level. {{As of|2000}}, the racial makeup of the city is 64.22% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (51.0% [[White Non-Hispanic]]), 26.07% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.38% [[American Indians (U.S. Census)|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Native]], 2.15% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.09% [[Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 4.17% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.92% from two or more races. 19.29% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race. The largest European ancestries in the city as of 2000 were German (9.2%), Irish (8.4%), English (7.7%), Italian (5.6%), and French (2.4%).<ref name="quickfacts">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1271000.html |title=Tampa, Florida: Census |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707035743/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1271000.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000, 27.6% households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.07. In 2000, the city's population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.7 years old. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males. {{As of|2000}}, those who spoke only [[English language|English]] at home accounted for 77.4% of all residents, while 22.6% spoke other languages in their homes. The most significant was [[Spanish language|Spanish]] speakers who made up 17.8% of the population, while both [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] were each spoken by 0.6% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=12&county_id=&mode=&zip=&place_id=71000&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r |title=Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Tampa, Florida |publisher=Mla.org |date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=July 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723163513/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D12%26county_id%3D%26mode%3D%26zip%3D%26place_id%3D71000%26cty_id%3D%26ll%3D%26a%3D%26ea%3D%26order%3Dr |url-status=live }}</ref> === Religion === [[File:Tampa Sacred Heart Church04.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Tampa, Florida)|Sacred Heart Church]]]] [[File:Tampa First Baptist Church02.jpg|thumb|First Baptist Church of Tampa, organized 1859]] Communities of faith have organized in Tampa from 1846, when a [[Methodism|Methodist]] congregation established the city's first church,<ref name=floridahistory>[http://floridahistory.org/tampa.htm "Tampa – Florida's Industrial Port City".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021155929/http://floridahistory.org/tampa.htm |date=October 21, 2010 }} [http://floridahistory.org/ ''Florida History Internet Center''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312101239/http://www.floridahistory.org/ |date=March 12, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> to 1939, when a 21-year-old [[Billy Graham]] began his career as a spiritual evangelist and preacher on downtown's Franklin Street,<ref name=connection>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025003643/http://www.tampagov.net/files/Tampa_Connection_Project_20030512.pdf "Downtown Tampa: Its Cultural and Historical Significance".] The Tampa Connection Project, [http://www.tampagov.net/ ''TampaGov''.]. Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> and through to today. Among Tampa's noteworthy [[church (building)|religious structures]] are [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Tampa, Florida)|Sacred Heart Catholic Church]], a 1905 downtown landmark noted for its soaring, [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque revival]] construction in granite and marble with [[Franz Mayer & Co.|German]]-crafted [[stained glass]] windows,<ref name=Sacred>[http://www.sacredheartfla.org/resources/ParishHistory.shtml "Sacred Heart Parish History".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213235014/http://www.sacredheartfla.org/resources/ParishHistory.shtml |date=February 13, 2010 }} [http://www.sacredheartfla.org/ ''Sacred Heart Catholic Church''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123142344/http://www.sacredheartfla.org/ |date=January 23, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> the distinctive rock and mortar [[St. James House of Prayer Episcopal Church|St. James Episcopal House of Prayer]], listed with the [[National Register of Historic Places]],<ref>[http://stjameshoptpa.com/about-us.html "Our History".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118063927/http://stjameshoptpa.com/about-us.html |date=January 18, 2010 }} [http://stjameshoptpa.com/ ''St. James House of Prayer''.] . Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> and the St. Paul [[African Methodist Episcopal|AME]] church, which has seen the likes of Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref name=connection/> and President [[Bill Clinton]] speak from its pulpit.<ref>Clinton, William Jefferson. November 3, 1996, [http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/4599 "Remarks to the Congregation of St. Paul's AME Church".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408015103/http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/4599 |date=April 8, 2010 }} [http://millercenter.org/ ''The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328024227/http://millercenter.org/ |date=March 28, 2008 }}. Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> The latter two have been designated by the city government as Local Landmark Structures.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111116002303/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_Historic_Preservation/information_resources/landmark_structures/index.asp?sitemenuhide=n "Landmark Structures".] [http://www.tampagov.net/ ''TampaGov''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828145343/http://www.tampagov.net/ |date=August 28, 2015 }}. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</ref> Tampa's religious community includes a broad representation of [[Christian denomination]]s, including those above, and [[Baptists|Baptist]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], [[Christian Science]], [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God]], [[United Church of Christ]], [[Philippine Independent Church]], [[Metropolitan Community Church]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]], [[Eastern Orthodox]] ([[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek]], [[Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States|Coptic]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syrian]], and [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]]), various [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] movements, [[Anglicans]], the [[Quakers]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. There is also at least one congregation of [[Messianic Judaism|Messianic Jews]] in Tampa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Messianic Covenant Congregations and Stewards |url=http://www.messianiccovenant.com/united-states/florida |publisher=Messianiccovenant.com |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825142817/http://www.messianiccovenant.com/united-states/florida |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a [[Korea Baptist Convention|Korean Baptist]] church,<ref>{{cite web |title=Churches |url=http://www.kamr.org/churches/by_state/FL |publisher=Korean American Ministry Resources |access-date=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415054421/http://www.kamr.org/churches/by_state/FL |archive-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Light Church, Tampa, Florida |url=http://www.kfbctampa.org/ |publisher=Korean First Baptist Church of Tampa |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415155359/http://www.kfbctampa.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[Mennonite]] church, several [[Haiti]]an churches, and a [[Vietnam]]ese Baptist Church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa, FL Churches |url=http://www.faithstreet.com/tampa-fl |publisher=Faith Street |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416041640/http://www.faithstreet.com/tampa-fl |url-status=live }}</ref> Tampa has several [[American Jews|Jewish]] synagogues practicing [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], and [[Reform Judaism|Reform]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Spiritual Life |publisher=University of Tampa |url=https://www.ut.edu/spiritual/ |access-date=August 11, 2016 |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802220022/http://www.ut.edu/spiritual/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, there is a small [[Zoroastrian]] community present in Tampa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FEZANA Member Associations |publisher=Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America |url=http://www.fezana.net/members/ |access-date=August 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715013618/http://www.fezana.net/members/ |archive-date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> as well as several [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregations Around the city are a handful of [[mosque]]s for followers of [[Islam]], as well as a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan-style]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple, a [[Theravada|Thai Buddhist]] [[Wat]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A little piece of Thailand |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/04/14/TampaBay/_A_little_piece_of_Th.shtml |author=Pichaya Fitts |date=April 14, 2003 |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |access-date=January 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131160143/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/04/14/TampaBay/_A_little_piece_of_Th.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and local worship centers for the [[Sikh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagurdwara.com/ |title=Tampa Gurdwara – Tampa Sikh Community Site |work=tampagurdwara.com |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115210542/http://tampagurdwara.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hindu]] and [[Baháʼí Faith]]s. The [[Church of Scientology]], based in nearby [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]], maintains a location for its members in Tampa.<ref>[http://www.scientology-tampa.org/ ''Church of Scientology Tampa''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304171620/http://www.scientology-tampa.org/ |date=March 4, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 27, 2010.</ref> Overall, Tampa is 50th out of the largest 51 metropolitan area in the percentage of the populace that attends religious services of any kind, with less than 35% of the population regularly attending services. Only the [[Portland, Oregon]] area is less observant.<ref>{{cite news |last=Romano |first=John |title=Tampa Bay ranks low in religion census |url=http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/tampa-bay-ranks-low-in-religion-census/1231306 |access-date=April 15, 2014 |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182217/http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/tampa-bay-ranks-low-in-religion-census/1231306 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Economy== Finance, retail, healthcare, insurance, shipping by air and sea, [[National security|national defense]], professional sports, tourism, and real estate all play vital roles in the area's economy.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tampachamber.com/economic_development.asp |title=Economic Development in the Tampa Bay Area |publisher=Tampachamber.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=February 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208061614/http://www.tampachamber.com/economic_development.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hillsborough County alone has an estimated 740,000 employees, a figure which is projected to increase to 922,000 by 2015.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Since the year 2000, Tampa has seen a notable upsurge in high-market demand from consumers, signaling more wealth concentrated in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/07/09/Business/Tampa_Bay_s_new_addre.shtml |title=Business: Tampa Bay's new address: Upscale, USA |work=St Petersburg Times |date=July 9, 2006 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=December 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202094653/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/07/09/Business/Tampa_Bay_s_new_addre.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]] awarded a two-year grant of nearly US$3 million to a program called "Connecting Talent to Careers" led by the [[Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing]] Institute and [[Tooling U-SME]] to deliver a rapid re-employment program to address a shortage of skilled labor in manufacturing in the region exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arminstitute.org/department-labor-grant-amskills-arm-tooling-u/ |title=ARM Institute Announces Department of Labor Grant of $2.997M for Displaced Worker Training in the Tampa Bay, Florida Region |work=ARM Institute |date=October 20, 2021 |access-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104140245/https://arminstitute.org/department-labor-grant-amskills-arm-tooling-u/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Corporations and nonprofits=== Several large corporations, such as banks and telecommunications companies, maintain regional offices in Tampa. The largest credit union in Florida, [[Suncoast Credit Union]], is headquartered in Tampa. Several [[Fortune 1000]] companies are headquartered in the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/ |title=FORTUNE 500 2007: FORTUNE annual ranking of America's largest corporations |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=April 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425114436/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Bloomin' Brands]], [[WellCare]], [[Jabil]], [[TECO Energy]], and [[Raymond James Financial]]. Other companies headquartered in Tampa include [[Odyssey Marine Exploration]], [[Greenway Health]], [[College Hunks Hauling Junk]], [[Arturo Fuente]], [[J.C. Newman Cigar Company]], [[Masonite International]], [[Sykes Enterprises]], [[Cott Corporation]], [[The Melting Pot (restaurant)|The Melting Pot]], [[Checkers and Rally's]] and [[The Mosaic Company]] {|class="wikitable sortable" |- |+Largest employers in Tampa (2013)<ref>[http://www.tampabay.org/site-selection/major-employers Major Employers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226051514/http://www.tampabay.org/site-selection/major-employers |date=February 26, 2015 }}, Tampa Bay Partnership.</ref> |- ! Employer !! Employees !! Industry |- |BayCare Health System ||19,600 ||Healthcare |- |[[Publix|Publix Super Market]] ||13,800 ||Retail |- |HCA West Florida ||13,150 ||Healthcare |- |[[Frontier Communications]] ||9,950 ||Telecommunications |- |[[Tampa General Hospital]] ||6,600 ||Healthcare |- |[[Wal-Mart]] ||5,800 ||Retail |- |Florida Hospital ||5,100 ||Healthcare |- |[[JPMorgan Chase & Co.]] ||5,000 ||Finance |- |[[Moffitt Cancer Center]] ||4,300 ||Healthcare |- |[[Citi]] ||4,000 ||Finance |} ===Downtown=== {{Update section|date=January 2022}} Downtown Tampa is undergoing significant development and redevelopment in line with a general national trend toward urban residential development. In April 2007, the Tampa Downtown Partnership noted development proceeding on 20 residential, hotel, and mixed-use projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tampasdowntown.com/default.aspx |title=Tampa Downtown Partnership – Elevating The Potential |publisher=Tampasdowntown.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412011452/http://www.tampasdowntown.com/Default.aspx |archive-date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Many of the new downtown developments were nearing completion in the midst of a housing market slump, which caused numerous projects to be delayed or revamped, and some of the 20 projects TDP lists have not broken ground and are being refinanced. Nonetheless, several developments were completed, making downtown into a 24-hour neighborhood instead of a [[9 to 5]] business district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_mayor/files/speech_march_2005.pdf |title=Remarks of Mayor Pam Iorio State of the City March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028222114/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_mayor/files/speech_march_2005.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2005}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, Tampa residents faced a decline in rent of 2%. Nationally rent had decreased 4%.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2010/03/08/story8.html?b=1268024400%255E2986831&s=industry&i=resi_real_estate |title=Seven rental communities seek bankruptcy protection as multifamily struggles |work=[[Tampa Bay Business Journal]] |date=March 8, 2010 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |first=Michael |last=Hinman |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021747/http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2010/03/08/story8.html?b=1268024400%5E2986831&s=industry&i=resi_real_estate |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Tampa Business Journal'' found Tampa to be the number two city for real estate investment in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Snider, Eric |title=More good news for CRE: Tampa Bay rental markets ranks high |work=[[Tampa Bay Business Journal]] |date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> ===Port Tampa Bay=== [[Port Tampa Bay]] is now the seventh largest in the nation and Florida's largest tonnage port, handling nearly half of all seaborne commerce that passes through the state. Tampa ranks second in the state behind Miami in terms of [[cruise ship]] travel. Besides smaller regional cruise ships such as Yacht Starship and SunCruz Casino, Tampa also serves as a port of call for three cruise lines: Holland America's [[Pacific Aria|MS ''Ryndam'']], Royal Caribbean's [[MS Grandeur of the Seas|''Grandeur of the Seas'']] and [[MS Radiance of the Seas|''Radiance of the Seas'']], and Carnival's [[Carnival Inspiration|''Inspiration'']] and [[Carnival Legend|''Legend'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brownfields.noaa.gov/htmls/portfields/pilot_tampa.html |title=NOAA Brownfield: Pilot Port, Tampa Bay, FL |publisher=noaa.gov |access-date=May 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203071734/http://brownfields.noaa.gov/htmls/portfields/pilot_tampa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006}}</ref> ===MacDill Air Force Base=== [[File:Kc-135r-6thog-macdill.jpg|thumb|A KC-135R stationed at MacDill flying over Tampa Bay]] [[MacDill Air Force Base]] remains a major employer as the parent installation for over 15,000 active uniformed military, [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) civil service and DoD contractor personnel in the Tampa Bay area. A significant majority of the civil service and contractor personnel are, in fact, themselves retired career military personnel. In addition to the [[6th Air Mobility Wing]], which is "host wing" for the base, MacDill is also home to Headquarters, [[United States Central Command]] (USCENTCOM), Headquarters, [[United States Special Operations Command]] (USSOCOM), the [[927th Air Refueling Wing]], Headquarters, [[United States Marine Forces Central Command]] (USMARCENT), Headquarters, [[United States Special Operations Command Central]] (USSOCCENT), and numerous other military activities of the active and reserve components of the armed forces. ==Arts and culture== [[File:Tbpac.JPG|thumb|right|[[Straz Center for the Performing Arts]]]] ===Arts and entertainment=== Tampa is home to a variety of stage and performing arts venues and theaters, including the [[Straz Center for the Performing Arts|David A. Straz Jr. Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Tampa Theatre]], [[Gorilla Theatre (venue)|Gorilla Theatre]], and the [[MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre]] next to the [[Florida State Fairgrounds]]. [[File:Channelside Bay Plaza in Tampa, FL.jpg|thumb|Tampa's [[Channel District]]]] Performing arts companies and organizations which call Tampa home include [[the Florida Orchestra]], [[Opera Tampa]], [[Jobsite Theater]], the Master Chorale of Tampa Bay, the [[Heralds of Harmony]], [[Stageworks Theatre]], Spanish Lyric Theater, Tampa Bay Opera, and the Tampa Bay Symphony. Current popular nightlife districts include [[Channel District|Channelside]], [[Ybor City]], [[Soho (Tampa)|SoHo]], [[International Plaza and Bay Street]], and [[Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tampa|Seminole Hard Rock]]. [[Downtown Tampa]] also contains some nightlife, and there are more clubs/bars to be found in other areas of the city. Tampa is rated sixth on [[Maxim (magazine)|''Maxim'' magazine]]'s list of top party cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maximonline.com/AmericasTop10PartyCities/articles/8046.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003113808/http://www.maximonline.com/AmericasTop10PartyCities/articles/8046.aspx|url-status=dead|title=America's Top 10 Party Cities|archivedate=October 3, 2008}}</ref> The area has become a "de facto" headquarters of [[professional wrestling]], with many pros living and training in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/obituaries/famed-tampa-wrestler-jack-brisco-dies-at-68/1069959 |title=Famed Tampa wrestler Jack Brisco dies at 68 – St. Petersburg Times |work=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824163815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/obituaries/famed-tampa-wrestler-jack-brisco-dies-at-68/1069959 |archive-date=August 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/mar/14/141147/former-wrestling-champ-found-dead-tampa/ |title=Former Wrestling Champ Found Dead in Tampa |publisher=.tbo.com |date=March 14, 2009 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=May 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150123/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/mar/14/141147/former-wrestling-champ-found-dead-tampa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/21/TampaBay/Now_that_s_rasslin_.shtml |title=Tampabay: Now that's rasslin' |work=St Petersburg Times |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122303/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/21/TampaBay/Now_that_s_rasslin_.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plantcity2.tbo.com/content/2010/mar/18/181723/hulk-hogan-bubba-love-sponge-help-raise-70000-plan/ |title=Hulk Hogan, Bubba the Love Sponge, help raise $70,000 for Plant City charity |work=The Tampa Tribune |date=March 18, 2010 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331125923/http://plantcity2.tbo.com/content/2010/mar/18/181723/hulk-hogan-bubba-love-sponge-help-raise-70000-plan/ |archive-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> [[WWE]]'s former developmental territory, [[Florida Championship Wrestling]], was also based in Tampa. Tampa is home to several [[death metal]] bands, an extreme form of [[heavy metal music]] that evolved from [[thrash metal]] in the mid-late 1980s. Many of the genre's pioneers and foremost figures are based in and around the city. Chief among these are [[Deicide (band)|Deicide]], [[Six Feet Under (band)|Six Feet Under]], [[Obituary (band)|Obituary]], [[Death (metal band)|Death]] and [[Morbid Angel]]. The Tampa scene grew with the birth of [[Morrisound Recording]], which established itself as an international recording destination for metal bands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/features/music/the-way-the-music-died-the-earliest-days-of-tampa-death-metal/1046088 |title=The Way the Music Died: The Earliest Days of Tampa Death Metal |work=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154639/http://www.tampabay.com/features/music/the-way-the-music-died-the-earliest-days-of-tampa-death-metal/1046088 |archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> The rock band [[Underoath]] is based in Tampa. In 2009, the new [[Frank Wildhorn]] musical ''[[Wonderland: Alice's New Musical Adventure]]'' hosted its world premiere at the Straz Center. ===Museums=== [[File:Tampa Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Tampa Museum of Art]] [[File:IMAX Exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Museum of Science and Industry]] The Tampa area is home to a number of museums that cover a wide array of subjects and studies. These include the [[Museum of Science & Industry (Tampa)|Museum of Science & Industry (MOSI)]], which has several floors of science-related exhibits plus the only [[IMAX|domed IMAX theater]] in Florida and a [[planetarium]]; the [[Tampa Museum of Art]]; the [[University of South Florida#Marshall Student Center|USF Contemporary Art Museum]]; the [[Tampa Bay History Center]]; the Tampa Firefighters Museum; the [[Henry B. Plant Museum]]; and [[Ybor City Museum State Park]]. Permanently docked in downtown's [[Channel District]] is the [[SS American Victory|SS ''American Victory'']], a former [[World War II]] [[Victory ship]] which is now used as a [[museum ship]]. [[Florida Museum of Photographic Arts]] Features local and international photography exhibitions. ====Children's Museum==== The Children's Museum of Tampa opened in 1986. It was created in response to the need for informal cultural and learning environment for the need of young children. It has since grown into a Larger location in Downtown Tampa next to the Tampa Museum of Art and Curtis Hixon Park. This location opened in September 2010 and was renamed Glazer Children's Museum in honor of the Glazer Family Foundation that donated $5 million to the construction of the new building.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://glazermuseum.org/history |title=History |work=Glazer Children's Museum |access-date=April 1, 2018 |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035610/https://glazermuseum.org/history |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Cuisine=== Tampa has a diverse culinary scene from small cafes and bakeries to bistros and [[farm-to-table]] restaurants. The food of Tampa has a history of Cuban, Spanish, [[Floribbean]] and [[Italian cuisine]]s. There are also many [[Colombian cuisine|Colombian]], [[Puerto Rican cuisine|Puerto Rican]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] and [[barbecue]] restaurants. Seafood is very popular in Tampa, and Greek cuisine is prominent in the area, including around [[Tarpon Springs, Florida|Tarpon Springs]]. Food trucks are popular, and the area holds the record for the world's largest food truck rally. In addition to Ybor, the areas of [[Seminole Heights]] and [[South Tampa]] are known for their restaurants. Tampa is the birthplace of the Florida version of the [[deviled crab]] and the [[Cuban sandwich]], which has been officially designated as the "signature sandwich of the city of Tampa" by the city council.<ref>Richard Danielson, [https://archive.today/20120914032009/http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/article1225854.ece "Tampa names Ybor City-style Cuban as the city's signature sandwich"], ''Tampa Bay Times'' (April 19, 2012).</ref> A Tampa Cuban sandwich is distinct from other regional versions, as [[Genoa salami]] is layered in with the other ingredients, likely due to the influence of Italian immigrants living next to Cubans and Spaniards in Ybor City.<ref name="TobinEachOwn">{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/01/18/TampaBay/To_each__his_own_sand.shtml |title=To each, his own sandwich |author=Thomas C. Tobin |work=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=January 18, 2003 |access-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 25, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425011415/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/01/18/TampaBay/To_each__his_own_sand.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HouckPerfect">{{cite news |last=Houck |first=Jeff |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/sep/06/tr-rebuilding-the-perfect-cuban |title=Rebuilding the perfect Cuban |work=The Tampa Tribune |date=September 6, 2009 |access-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426030151/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/sep/06/tr-rebuilding-the-perfect-cuban/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several restaurant chains were founded or headquartered in Tampa, including [[Outback Steakhouse]], [[The Melting Pot (restaurant)|The Melting Pot]], [[Front Burner Brands]], [[Carrabba's Italian Grill|Carrabba's]], [[Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar]], [[Bonefish Grill]], [[Columbia Restaurant]], [[Checkers and Rally's]], [[Taco Bus]], and PDQ. ===Tourism and recreation=== [[File:YborCityTampaFL02.jpg|left|thumb|A street festival on [[Ybor City]]'s famous 7th Avenue in front of the historic [[El Centro Español de Tampa]]]] [[File:SkyrideWithTrainCarsInForeground.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Visitors riding the [[Serengeti Express]] and [[Skyride (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)|Skyride]] at [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]]]] The city of Tampa operates over 165 parks and beaches covering {{cvt|2286|acre|km2}} within city limits; 42 more in surrounding suburbs covering {{cvt|70000|acre|km2}} are maintained by Hillsborough County. These areas include [[Hillsborough River State Park]], just northeast of the city. Tampa is home to a number of attractions and theme parks, including [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]], [[Adventure Island (water park)|Adventure Island]], [[ZooTampa at Lowry Park]], and the [[Florida Aquarium]]. [[ZooTampa at Lowry Park]] features over 2,000 animals, interactive exhibits, rides, educational shows and more. The zoo serves as an economic, cultural, environmental and educational anchor in Tampa. [[Big Cat Rescue]] is one of the largest accredited sanctuaries in the world dedicated entirely to abused and abandoned [[big cat]]s.<ref name=Rescue>{{cite web |title=Credentials |url=http://bigcatrescue.org/visit-the-big-cats/ |publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]] |access-date=September 19, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910014908/http://bigcatrescue.org/visit-the-big-cats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is home to about 80 lions, tigers, bobcats, cougars and other species, most of whom have been abandoned, abused, orphaned, saved from being turned into fur coats, or retired from performing acts.<ref name=Rescue/> They have a variety of different tours available.<ref>{{cite web |title=All Big Cat Tours |url=http://bigcatrescue.org/visit-the-big-cats/ |publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]] |date=August 15, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910014908/http://bigcatrescue.org/visit-the-big-cats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]] is a {{cvt|335|acre|km2|adj=on}} Africa-themed [[amusement park]] near the [[University of South Florida]]. It features many thrilling roller coasters, for which it is known, including Sheikra, Montu, Cheetah Hunt and Kumba. Visitors can also view and interact with a number of African wildlife. [[Adventure Island (water park)|Adventure Island]] is a {{cvt|30|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[water park]] adjacent to Busch Gardens. The [[Florida Aquarium]] is a {{cvt|250000|sqft|m2}} aquarium in the [[Channel District]]. It hosts over 20,000 species of aquatic plants and animals. It is known for its unique glass architecture. Adjacent to the aquarium is the SS ''American Victory'', a [[World War II]] [[Victory ship]] preserved as a [[museum ship]]. The [[Tampa Bay History Center]] is a museum in the [[Channel District]]. It boasts over {{cvt|60000|sqft|m2}} of exhibits through 12,000 years. There are theaters, a map gallery, a research center and a museum store. Well-known shopping areas include [[International Plaza and Bay Street]], [[WestShore Plaza]], the [[Soho (Tampa)|SoHo district]], and [[Hyde Park Village]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/02/travel/02vintage.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jen A. |last=Miller |title=Vintage Clothing Shops Thriving in Tampa |date=March 31, 2010 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215113105/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/02/travel/02vintage.html}}</ref> [[Palma Ceia]] is home to the Palma Ceia Design District.<ref>{{cite web |author=Joshua Neiderer |date=December 5, 2008 |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/article925102.ece |title=Neighborhood notes: Group helps promote Palma Ceia merchants |work=St. Petersburg Times |via=tampabay.com |access-date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205052307/http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/article925102.ece |archive-date=February 5, 2010}}</ref> Previously, Tampa had been home to the Floriland Mall (now an office park), Tampa Bay Center (demolished and replaced with the new [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] training facility, known as "One Buc Place"), and East Lake Square Mall (now an office park). The Tampa Port Authority operates three [[cruise ship]] terminals in Tampa's [[Channel District, Tampa|Channel District]]. The Port of Tampa is the year-round home port for [[Carnival Cruise Lines]]' [[Carnival Paradise|MS C''arnival Paradise'']] and seasonally, the [[Carnival Pride|MS ''Carnival Pride'']]. Tampa is also a seasonal port for [[Holland America Line]], [[Norwegian Cruise Line]], [[Celebrity Cruises]], as well as [[Royal Caribbean International]]'s [[Rhapsody of the Seas|MS ''Rhapsody of the Seas'']] and [[MS Radiance of the Seas|MS ''Radiance of the Seas'']].<ref>[http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/7557/32556/file/Cruise_Sailing_Schedule_FY10.pdf "Cruise Sailing Schedule 2009/2010".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090907/http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/7557/32556/file/Cruise_Sailing_Schedule_FY10.pdf |date=April 19, 2012}} [http://www.tampaport.com/ ''Tampa Port Authority''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907173050/http://www.tampaport.com/ |date=September 7, 2007}}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> Cruise itineraries from Tampa include stops in the Western [[Caribbean]] islands, [[Honduras]], [[Belize]], and [[Mexico]].<ref>Sloan, Gene. February 23, 2010, [https://www.usatoday.com/travel/cruises/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=80174.blog "Norwegian Cruise Line to base ship in Tampa for first time"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228014919/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/cruises/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=80174.blog |date=February 28, 2010}}, ''USA Today''. Retrieved February 23, 2010.</ref> Longer sailings include the [[Panama Canal]], the [[ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC Islands]] and the Eastern Caribbean. ===Events=== [[File:Gasparilla Pirate Fest 2003 - Pirate Flagship Invading Tampa.jpg|thumb|left|Gasparilla and pirate ship]] Perhaps the most well known and anticipated events are those from Tampa's annual celebration of "Gasparilla", particularly the [[Gasparilla Pirate Festival]], a mock pirate invasion held since 1904 in late January or early February. Often referred to as Tampa's "[[Mardi Gras]]", the invasion flotilla led by the pirate ship, ''Jose Gasparilla'', and subsequent parade draw over 400,000 attendees, contributing tens of millions of dollars to the city's economy. Beyond the initial invasion, numerous Gasparilla festivities take place each year between January and March, including the Gasparilla Children's Parade, the more adult-oriented [[Sant'Yago Knight Parade]], the [[Gasparilla Distance Classic]], Gasparilla Festival of the Arts, and the [[Gasparilla Film Festival|Gasparilla International Film Festival]], among other pirate themed events.<ref>[http://www.tboextra.com/gasparilla/ "TBO EXTRA Gasparilla".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403211150/http://tboextra.com/gasparilla/ |date=April 3, 2010 }} [http://www.tboextra.com/ ''TBOEXTRA.com''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120184353/http://www.tboextra.com/ |date=November 20, 2008 }}. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</ref> The Gasparilla parade is the third largest parade in the United States.<ref name="hundredth">{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/gasparilla-parades-100th-edition-marked-by-mostly-behaved-revelry/2215951 |title=Gasparilla parade's 100th edition marked by mostly behaved revelry |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=January 31, 2015 |access-date=October 6, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105133/http://www.tampabay.com/news/gasparilla-parades-100th-edition-marked-by-mostly-behaved-revelry/2215951 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Tampa Convention Center from Bayshore.JPG|right|thumb|[[Tampa Convention Center]], built at the site of [[Fort Brooke]]]] Other notable events include the [[Outback Bowl]], which is held New Year's Day at [[Raymond James Stadium]]. Each February, The [[Florida State Fair]] brings crowds from across the state, while "Fiesta Day" celebrates Tampa's Cuban, Spanish, German, Italian, English, Irish, Jewish, and African-Cuban immigrant heritage. The [[India International Film Festival (IIFF) of Tampa Bay]] also takes place in February. In April the MacDill Air Fest entertains as one of the largest military air shows in the U.S. [[Guavaween]], a nighttime street celebration infuses [[Halloween]] with the Latin flavor of [[Ybor City]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606223101/http://www.tampagov.net/news_and_events/feature_events/ "Feature Events".] [http://www.tampagov.net/ ''TampaGov''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828145343/http://www.tampagov.net/ |date=August 28, 2015 }}. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</ref> Downtown Tampa hosts the largest anime convention in Florida, [[Metrocon]], a three-day event held in either June or July at the [[Tampa Convention Center]].<ref>[http://www.metroconventions.com/control.cfm?ID=602 "Metrocon About Metrocon".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827170717/http://www.metroconventions.com/control.cfm?ID=602 |date=August 27, 2012 }} Retrieved August 13, 2012.</ref> Ybor also hosts "GaYbor Days", an annual street party in the [[LGBT]]-friendly [[GaYbor]] district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/features/events/article657346.ece?comments=legacy |title=GaYbor Days will make your Fourth fabulous – St. Petersburg Times |work=Tampa Bay Times |access-date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607045702/http://www.tampabay.com/features/events/article657346.ece?comments=legacy |archive-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> The [[Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival]], held annually since 1989, is the city's largest film festival event,<ref>[https://www.tiglff.com/pressRls/Clip%20Ranks%20in%20top%2025%20Events%20release.doc "Clip ranks in top 25 events"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055938/https://www.tiglff.com/pressRls/Clip%20Ranks%20in%20top%2025%20Events%20release.doc |date=July 17, 2011 }}, August 1, 2008. [https://www.tiglff.com/ ''Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129131013/http://www.tiglff.com/ |date=January 29, 2011 }}. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</ref> and one of the largest independent gay film festivals in the country.<ref>Feist, Brian. November 2007 [http://past.tiglff.com/documents/gaz-Nov07-web.pdf "The Last Word"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054825/http://past.tiglff.com/documents/gaz-Nov07-web.pdf |date=July 17, 2011 }}, page 46. ''The Gazette''. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</ref> Tampa hosted the [[2012 Republican National Convention]] and the [[15th IIFA Awards|15th International Indian Film Academy Awards]] in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/entertainment/articles/2014/04/26/travolta-spacey-in-tampa-for-bollywood-oscars |title='Bollywood Oscars' sail into Tampa with pirate-themed opening number and lots of star power |work=U.S. News & World Report |last=Lush |first=Tamara |agency=Associated Press |date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103939/https://www.usnews.com/news/entertainment/articles/2014/04/26/travolta-spacey-in-tampa-for-bollywood-oscars }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa, Florida to Host 2012 Republican National Convention |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20004827-503544.html |author=Brian Montopoli |date=May 12, 2010 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |access-date=October 23, 2011 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118192111/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20004827-503544.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2015, Tampa has hosted the annual Tampa Riverfest, typically held during the first weekend of May. Held at the [[Tampa Riverwalk]], the festival welcomes many musical artists and local restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/florida/articles/the-best-festivals-in-tampa-fl/ |title=The Best Festivals in Tampa, FL |last=Johnson |first=Diann |website=theculturetrip.com |date=April 7, 2018 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509181921/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/florida/articles/the-best-festivals-in-tampa-fl/ }}</ref> ==Sports== {{main|Sports in the Tampa Bay Area}} {|class="wikitable" |- !Team !League !Stadium !First season !Championships |- |[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] |[[National Football League]] (NFL) |[[Raymond James Stadium]] |1976 |2 ([[Super Bowl XXXVII|XXXVII]], [[Super Bowl LV|LV)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/boxscore/sbxxxvii |title=Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score: Tampa Bay 48, Oakland 21 |publisher=National Football League |access-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126153203/http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/boxscore/sbxxxvii |archive-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/boxscore/sblv |title=Super Bowl LV Box Score: Tampa Bay 31, Kansas City 9 |publisher=National Football League}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |[[Tampa Bay Lightning]] |[[National Hockey League]] (NHL) |[[Amalie Arena]] |1992 |3 ([[2004 Stanley Cup Finals|2004]], [[2020 Stanley Cup Finals|2020]], [[Stanley Cup Finals|2021]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/TBL/2004.html |title=2003–04 Tampa Bay Lightning Roster and Statistics {{!}} Hockey-Reference.com |website=Hockey-Reference.com |access-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-date=December 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211015725/http://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/TBL/2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |[[Tampa Bay Rays]] |[[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) |[[Tropicana Field]] (St. Petersburg) |1998 |0 |- |[[Tampa Bay Rowdies]] |[[United Soccer League]] (USL) |[[Al Lang Stadium]] (St. Petersburg) |1975 [[Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–93)|(original club)]], 2010 (current club) |3 ([[Soccer Bowl '75|1975]], [[Soccer Bowl 2012|2012]], [[2020 USL Championship season|2020]]*) |- |[[Tampa Bay Titans]] |[[The Basketball League]] (TBL) |[[Pasco–Hernando State College]] |2019 |0 |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Co-champions, championship game canceled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Company |first=Tampa Publishing |title=Rowdies' championship match canceled after coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rowdies/2020/10/31/rowdies-championship-match-postponed-according-to-report/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034914/https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rowdies/2020/10/31/rowdies-championship-match-postponed-according-to-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tampa is currently represented by teams in three major professional sports leagues: the [[National Football League]], the [[National Hockey League]], and [[Major League Baseball]]. The [[NFL]]'s [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] and the [[NHL]]'s [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] call Tampa home, while the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] of the [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] play across the bay in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]. As indicated by their names, these teams, plus several other sports teams, represent the entire [[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa metropolitan area]]. Tampa Bay's current professional teams have won eight combined championships in their respective leagues. The Tampa Bay area has long been a site for Major League Baseball [[spring training]] facilities and [[minor league baseball]] teams. The [[New York Yankees]] conduct spring training in Tampa, and their [[Low-A (baseball)|Low-A]] affiliate [[Tampa Tarpons]] play there in the summer. On the collegiate level, the [[South Florida Bulls|University of South Florida Bulls]] compete in 17 sports in [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Tampa Spartans|University of Tampa Spartans]] compete in 20 sports in [[NCAA Division II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletics and Fitness {{!}} University of South Florida |url=https://www.usf.edu/campus-life/athletics-fitness.aspx |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=www.usf.edu |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027191546/https://www.usf.edu/campus-life/athletics-fitness.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=University of Tampa Athletics |url=https://www.tampaspartans.com/landing/index |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=University of Tampa Athletics |language=en |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005238/https://www.tampaspartans.com/landing/index |url-status=live }}</ref> Between September 2020 and July 2021 all three of Tampa Bay's major teams, as well as the Tampa Bay Rowdies, qualified for their sport's championship series. The Lightning beat the Dallas Stars in the [[2020 Stanley Cup Finals]], the Rays lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the [[2020 World Series]], the Rowdies and Phoenix Rising FC were named co-league champions after the USL Championship game was canceled due to [[COVID-19]], the Buccaneers beat the Kansas City Chiefs in the first home-game victory in [[Super Bowl LV|Super Bowl]] history, and the Lightning beat the Montreal Canadiens in the [[2021 Stanley Cup Finals]]. This dynasty earned the area the nickname "'''Champa Bay'''".<ref>{{cite web |last=Baker |first=Matt |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Tampa Bay Joins Elite Company with Second Pro Title in a Year |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/bucs/2021/02/09/tampa-bay-joins-elite-company-with-second-pro-title-in-a-year/ |access-date=July 8, 2021 |work=Tampa Bay Times |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190907/https://www.tampabay.com/sports/bucs/2021/02/09/tampa-bay-joins-elite-company-with-second-pro-title-in-a-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title='Champa Bay' celebrates third pro title in less than a year |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/champa-bay-celebrates-pro-third-title-in-less-than-a-year/ |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185556/https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/champa-bay-celebrates-pro-third-title-in-less-than-a-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Football=== ====Buccaneers==== The [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] began in [[1976 NFL season|1976]] as an expansion team of the [[NFL]]. They struggled at first, losing their first 26 games in a row to set a league record for futility. After a brief taste of success in the late 1970s, the Bucs again returned to their losing ways, and at one point lost at least 10 games for 12 seasons in a row.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tam/ |title=Tampa Bay Buccaneers Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-date=March 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316042248/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hiring of [[Tony Dungy]] in [[1996 NFL season|1996]] started an improving trend that eventually led to the team's victory in [[Super Bowl XXXVII]] in [[2002 NFL season|2003]] under coach [[Jon Gruden]]. They won their second championship in [[Super Bowl LV]] with quarterback Tom Brady and became the first NFL team to ever win a Super Bowl at their home stadium. ====Storm==== Originally the Pittsburgh Gladiators and a charter member of the [[Arena Football League]] (AFL), the [[Tampa Bay Storm]] relocated from [[Pittsburgh]] in [[1991 Arena Football League season|1991]] and won [[ArenaBowl V]] that year. They later won 4 more [[ArenaBowl]]s ([[ArenaBowl VII|VII]], [[ArenaBowl IX|IX]], [[ArenaBowl X|X]], and [[ArenaBowl XVII|XVII]], and also appeared in [[ArenaBowl I]], [[ArenaBowl III|III]], [[ArenaBowl XII|XII]], [[ArenaBowl XXIII|XXIII]] and [[ArenaBowl XXX|XXX]]), and their five championships were the most in league history.<ref>{{cite web |title=ArenaBowl |url=http://www.arenafootball.com/history/arenabowl.html |website=arenafootball.com |access-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102172741/http://www.arenafootball.com/history/arenabowl.html |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The AFL suffered through several years of decreasing revenue in the 2010s, leading to fewer active franchises. There were only five teams during the [[2017 Arena Football League season|2017 season]], after which the Storm's ownership group suspended operations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/lightning/2017/12/21/tampa-bay-storm-suspending-operations/ |title=Tampa Bay Storm suspending operations |date=December 21, 2017 |access-date=January 9, 2018 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222014736/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/lightning/2017/12/21/tampa-bay-storm-suspending-operations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Bandits==== Tampa was also home to the [[Tampa Bay Bandits]] of the [[United States Football League]]. The Bandits made the playoffs twice in their three seasons under head coach [[Steve Spurrier]] and drew league-leading crowds to Tampa Stadium, but the team folded along with the rest of the USFL after the [[1985 USFL season|1985 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tboblogs.com/index.php/sports/story/happy-anniversary-bandits-you-were-fun/ |title=Breakfast Bonus – Tom McEwen- from TBO.com Sports |work=tboblogs.com |access-date=January 16, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194713/http://www.tboblogs.com/index.php/sports/story/happy-anniversary-bandits-you-were-fun/ |archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa Bay Bandits – USFL (United States Football League) |url=http://www.oursportscentral.com/usfl/bandits.php |website=oursportscentral.com |access-date=December 25, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102172739/http://www.oursportscentral.com/usfl/bandits.php |url-status=live }}</ref> They played at [[Tampa Stadium]], which hosted the 1984 USFL Championship Game.<ref>{{cite web |title=USFL.info – Tampa Bay Bandits |url=http://www.usfl.info/bandits/ |website=usfl.info |access-date=December 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214034029/http://www.usfl.info/bandits/ |archive-date=December 14, 2015}}</ref> ====Vipers==== The [[Tampa Bay Vipers]] play in the second edition of the [[XFL (2020)|XFL]]. Their inaugural season was cut short after five weeks due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The team relocated to [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], and now are the [[Las Vegas Vipers]]. ====Tornadoes==== The [[Tampa Bay Tornadoes]] were founded in 2020 and describe themselves as the successors to the defunct Tampa Bay Storm. They play in the [[American Arena League]]. ===Baseball=== {{main|Baseball in the Tampa Bay area}} ====History==== The Tampa Bay area has long been home to nationally competitive amateur baseball and has hosted [[spring training]] and [[minor league baseball|minor league]] teams for over a century. Tampa became the first city in Florida to host a major league team for spring training in 1913, when the [[Chicago Cubs]] trained at [[Plant Field]]. The [[Tampa Smokers]] were the city's first minor league team, beginning play as charter members of the new [[Florida State League]] in 1919. ====Rays==== After decades of trying to lure an existing [[Major League Baseball]] franchise, the Tampa Bay area finally gained a team in 1998, when the expansion [[Tampa Bay Rays|Tampa Bay Devil Rays]] began play at [[Tropicana Field]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]. After a decade of futility on the field, the Devil Rays shortened their nickname to simply Rays in 2008 and promptly won the [[2008 American League Championship Series|2008]] [[American League]] [[American League Championship Series|Pennant]], finishing runner up in [[2008 World Series|World Series]]. They also won [[American League East]] titles in 2008 and 2010 under manager [[Joe Maddon]] before slipping back in the standings. In 2007, the Rays began the process of searching for a stadium site closer to the center of the area's population, possibly in Tampa.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tampa Bay Rays can leave Tropicana Field contract |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2015/10/23/tampa-bay-rays-tropicana-field-contract |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206180533/http://www.si.com/mlb/2015/10/23/tampa-bay-rays-tropicana-field-contract |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2010/may/19/group-seeks-land-rays-stadium-downtown-tampa/sports-rays/ |title=Group seeks land for Rays stadium in downtown Tampa |publisher=.tbo.com |date=May 19, 2010 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=May 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525061439/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2010/may/19/group-seeks-land-rays-stadium-downtown-tampa/sports-rays/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, over a decade later, rivalry between Tampa and St. Petersburg and the challenges of financing a new ballpark have kept the Rays playing at Tropicana Field.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-more-urgency-needed-on-rays-stadium-search/2318586 |title=Editorial: More urgency needed on Rays stadium search |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322195233/http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-more-urgency-needed-on-rays-stadium-search/2318586 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the Rays won the AL East for the first time in a decade with the best record in the American League.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharkey-Gotlieb |first=Simon |title=Rays clinch AL's No. 1 seed, will face Yankees or Blue Jays |url=https://www.thescore.com/mlb/news/2029712 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=theScore.com |date=September 26, 2020 }}</ref> Due to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] shortened season, 16 teams made the playoffs, so the Rays had to play a best of 3 series against the division rival Toronto Blue Jays in the first round of the [[2020 Tampa Bay Rays season#Postseason|Rays postseason]], where they swept the visitors in two games at [[Tropicana Field]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=Renfroe slam helps Rays sweep young Blue Jays in 1st round |url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-mlb-new-york-toronto-tampa-bay-rays-497e2c47e7a778827db29cd397161610 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=AP NEWS |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004100652/https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-mlb-new-york-toronto-tampa-bay-rays-497e2c47e7a778827db29cd397161610 |url-status=live }}</ref> then play a divisional series against the New York Yankees, which they won in 5 games at a neutral site in San Diego.<ref>{{cite news |title=MLB playoffs: Rays knock out Yankees with late homer, advance to ALCS – Sports Illustrated |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/2020/10/10/rays-beat-yankees-advance-alcs-mlb-playoffs |access-date=October 18, 2020 |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015150900/https://www.si.com/mlb/2020/10/10/rays-beat-yankees-advance-alcs-mlb-playoffs |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rays then faced the Astros, who had defeated them in the divisional round the previous year. Tampa Bay went out to a quick 3–0 series lead, but Houston came back to tie the series 3–3. The Rays avoided the reverse sweep in Game 7 and won their second American League Pennant, then lost the [[2020 World Series|World Series]] in 6 games to the Los Angeles Dodgers.<ref>{{cite web |title='A pretty special feeling': Rays headed to WS |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/rays-win-alcs-game-7-advance-to-world-series |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=MLB.com |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020175513/https://www.mlb.com/news/rays-win-alcs-game-7-advance-to-world-series |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:GSFieldTB.JPG|thumb|[[George M. Steinbrenner Field|Steinbrenner Field]]]] ====Low-A Southeast==== Several Major League baseball teams conduct [[Spring training|Spring Training]] in the area, and most also operate minor league teams in the [[Low-A]] [[Low-A Southeast|Southeast]]. The major league [[New York Yankees]] and the affiliated minor league [[Tampa Tarpons]] use [[George M. Steinbrenner Field]] across [[Dale Mabry Highway]] from Raymond James Stadium. Across the bay in Pinellas County, the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] affiliate [[Clearwater Threshers]] and [[Toronto Blue Jays]] affiliate [[Dunedin Blue Jays]] also play in the Low-A Southeast. Other nearby Low-A Southeast teams include the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] affiliate [[Bradenton Marauders]] and the [[Detroit Tigers]] affiliate [[Lakeland Flying Tigers]]. The Phillies, Blue Jays, Pirates, and Tigers all play their Spring Training games at their minor league teams' ballparks. The Tarpons have won five league titles, the Flying Tigers have won four, the Threshers have won two, and the Blue Jays and Marauders have each won one. The area was formerly home to many teams in the former [[Florida State League]] that no longer exist, most notably the [[Tampa Smokers]], [[St. Petersburg Saints]], and the [[Tampa Tarpons (1957–1988)|original Tampa Tarpons]]. ===Hockey=== ====Lightning==== [[File:Amalie Arena.jpg|thumb|[[Amalie Arena]] is where the Tampa Bay Lightning have their home games]] The [[NHL]]'s [[Tampa Bay Lightning]], named after the city's propensity for attracting lightning in the continent, was established in 1992, and play their home games at [[Amalie Arena]] in [[downtown Tampa]]. In [[2004 Stanley Cup Finals|2004]], the team won their first [[Stanley Cup]] by defeating the [[Calgary Flames]] in 7 games. After this first championship and an ensuing [[2004–05 NHL lockout|season-wide lockout]], the Lightning went 1–3 in four Conference Final appearances in [[2011 Stanley Cup Playoffs|2011]], [[2015 Stanley Cup Playoffs|2015]], [[2016 Stanley Cup Playoffs|2016]] and [[2018 Stanley Cup playoffs|2018]], winning only in 2015 to lose to the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] in the ensuing [[2015 Stanley Cup Finals|Finals]]. Then the Lightning won back-to-back Stanley Cups in [[2020 Stanley Cup Finals|2020]] and [[2021 Stanley Cup Finals|2021]] with victories over the [[Dallas Stars]] and fellow [[Atlantic Division (NHL)#2021–present|Atlantic Division]] member [[Montreal Canadiens]] respectively. Tampa hosted the skills contests and [[63rd National Hockey League All-Star Game|2018 NHL All-Star Game]] weekend on January 27–28, 2018. The team is currently captained by [[Steven Stamkos]], who is the top scorer in franchise history with over 500 goals. ===Soccer=== ====Rowdies==== The [[Tampa Bay Rowdies]] compete in the [[USL Championship|United Soccer League Championship]] after spending their first 6 seasons in the [[North American Soccer League (2011–2017)|North American Soccer League]]. The team began play at Tampa's [[George M. Steinbrenner Field]] in 2010, then moved to St. Petersburg's [[Al Lang Field]] in 2011. The Rowdies won their first league championship in [[Soccer Bowl 2012]]. The Rowdies made the USL Championship Final for the first time in 2020, though it was cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]]. The Rowdies and the other finalist, [[Phoenix Rising FC]], were named co-champions by the league.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tampa Bay Rowdies move on to USL Championship Final |url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/sports/soccer/tampa-bay-rowdies-move-on-to-usl-championship-final/67-d40e8237-8c07-4df4-b4bd-86bba4fd8bca |access-date=October 28, 2020 |website=wtsp.com |date=October 25, 2020 |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 31, 2020 |title=USL Championship Final Cancelled, Season Concludes with Tampa Bay, Phoenix as Conference Title-Winners |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1130727-usl-championship-final-cancelled-season-concludes-with-tampa-bay-phoenix-as-conference-title-winners |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=USL Championship |language=en-us |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126111608/https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1130727-usl-championship-final-cancelled-season-concludes-with-tampa-bay-phoenix-as-conference-title-winners |url-status=live }}</ref> Previously, Tampa had hosted two top-level soccer teams. The [[Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–93)|Tampa Bay Rowdies]] of the [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|original North American Soccer League]] was the area's first major sports franchise, beginning play in 1975 at Tampa Stadium. The Rowdies were an immediate success, drawing good crowds and winning [[Soccer Bowl '75]] in their first season to bring Tampa its first professional sports championship. Though the NASL ceased operations in 1984, the Rowdies continued to compete in various soccer leagues until finally folding in 1993. ====Mutiny==== The success of the Rowdies prompted [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) to award Tampa a charter member of the new league in 1996. The [[Tampa Bay Mutiny]] were the first MLS [[Supporters' Shield]] winner and had much early success beginning in [[1996 Major League Soccer season|1996]]. However, the club folded in [[2001 MLS season|2001]] when local ownership could not be secured mainly due to a financially poor lease agreement for [[Raymond James Stadium]]. The city has no current representation in MLS, however, the Rowdies are seeking to join the league.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/01/09/mls-expansion-city-tampa-bay-rowdies-st-petersburg |title=MLS expansion city profile: Tampa Bay/St. Petersburg |last=Straus |first=Brian |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |access-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110143037/http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/01/09/mls-expansion-city-tampa-bay-rowdies-st-petersburg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Sundomecloseup.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Yuengling Center]]]] ===Basketball=== The [[Tampa Bay Titans]] play in [[The Basketball League]] (TBL). Their home games are played at [[Pasco–Hernando State College]]. The St. Pete Tide and the Tampa Gunners play in the [[Florida Basketball Association]] (FBA). The Tide's home games are played at [[St. Petersburg Catholic High School]], and the Gunners are a travel team. [[Amalie Arena]] was used as the home of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA's]] [[Toronto Raptors]] for the [[2020–21 NBA season|2020–2021 season]] because of Canadian government regulations due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How the Toronto Raptors landed in Tampa |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/2020/11/21/how-the-toronto-raptors-landed-in-tampa/ |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122160216/https://www.tampabay.com/sports/2020/11/21/how-the-toronto-raptors-landed-in-tampa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first time an NBA team played home games in Tampa, though some exhibition preseason games had been played in Tampa between the [[Orlando Magic]] and [[Miami Heat]] prior to this. ===College sports=== ====University of South Florida==== {{See also|South Florida Bulls}} The [[University of South Florida]] is the only [[NCAA Division I]] sports program in Tampa. USF began playing intercollegiate sports in 1965. The [[South Florida Bulls|Bulls]] established a [[South Florida Bulls men's basketball|men's basketball]] team in 1971 and a [[South Florida Bulls football|football team]] in 1997 and sponsor 17 teams in total. The Bulls joined the [[Big East Conference (1979–2013)|Big East]] in 2005, and the football team rose to as high as #2 in the [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]] rankings in 2007. They are now part of the [[American Athletic Conference]]. USF has won six NCAA national championships: softball in 1983 and 1984, women's swimming in 1985, and sailing in 2009, 2016, and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=(NCAA Div. II Champions) 1984–85 Swimming Team (2009) – USF Athletic Hall of Fame |url=https://gousfbulls.com/honors/usf-athletic-hall-of-fame/-ncaa-div-ii-champions-1984-85-swimming-team/5 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=USF Athletics |language=en |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117204523/https://gousfbulls.com/honors/usf-athletic-hall-of-fame/-ncaa-div-ii-champions-1984-85-swimming-team/5 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====University of Tampa==== {{See also|Tampa Spartans}} The [[University of Tampa]] [[Tampa Spartans|Spartans]] compete in 20 sports at the [[NCAA Division II]] level in the [[Sunshine State Conference]] (SSC). They have won a total of 19 Division II National Championships, including eight in baseball.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=National Championships |url=https://www.tampaspartans.com/information/traditions/National_Championships |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=University of Tampa Athletics |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145918/https://www.tampaspartans.com/information/traditions/National_Championships |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Hillsborough Community College==== The [[Hillsborough Community College]] Hawks are an [[National Junior College Athletic Association|NJCAA]] Division I junior college team and a member of the [[Florida College System Activities Association]] they compete in the [[Suncoast Conference]] and the Southern Conference in [[NJCAA Region VIII|Region VIII]] of The [[National Junior College Athletic Association]] (NJCAA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visittampabay.com/listings/hillsborough-community-college-athletics/3792/ |title=Hillsborough Community College Athletics |website=www.visittampabay.com |language=en-us |access-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616083127/https://www.visittampabay.com/listings/hillsborough-community-college-athletics/3792/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Major events hosted in the Tampa Bay Area=== {{Further|Sports in the Tampa Bay area#Major championship events hosted in Tampa Bay}} * [[Super Bowl XVIII|Super Bowls XVIII]] and [[Super Bowl XXV|XXV]] ([[Tampa Stadium]]) * [[Super Bowl XXXV|Super Bowls XXXV]], [[Super Bowl XLIII|XLIII]], and [[Super Bowl LV|LV]] ([[Raymond James Stadium]]) * 1984 USFL Championship Game (Tampa Stadium) * [[2008 World Series]] games 1 and 2 ([[Tropicana Field]]) * [[2004 Stanley Cup Finals]] games 1, 2, 5, and 7 ([[Amalie Arena]]) * [[2015 Stanley Cup Finals]] games 1, 2 and 5 (Amalie Arena) * [[2021 Stanley Cup Finals]] games 1, 2, and 5 (Amalie Arena) * [[Soccer Bowl 2012]] Leg 2 ([[Al Lang Stadium]]) * [[ArenaBowl IX]] (Tropicana Field) * [[Arena Bowl XII|ArenaBowl XII]] and [[ArenaBowl XVII|XVII]] (Amalie Arena) * [[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017 College Football Playoff National Championship Game]] (Raymond James Stadium) * [[1999 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament#Final four|1999 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Final Four]] (Tropicana Field) * [[2008 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament#Final Four – St. Pete Times Forum, Tampa, Florida|2008]], [[2015 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament#Final Four|2015]], and [[2019 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament#Final Four|2019 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Final Four]] (Amalie Arena) * [[1978 NCAA Division I Soccer Tournament#Final|1978]], [[1979 NCAA Division I Soccer Tournament#Final|1979]], and [[1980 NCAA Division I Soccer Tournament#Final|1980 NCAA Division I men's soccer championship game]] (Tampa Stadium) * [[1990 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament#Final|1990]] and [[1991 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament#Final|1991 NCAA Division I men's soccer championship game]] ([[USF Track and Field Stadium|USF Soccer Stadium]]) * [[2012 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament#Frozen Four – Tampa, Florida|2012]] and [[2016 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament#Frozen Four – Tampa, Florida|2016 NCAA Division I Men's Hockey Frozen Four]] (Amalie Arena) * [[2009 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament#Final Four – St. Pete Times Forum, Tampa, Florida|2009 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Final Four]] (Amalie Arena) * [[2015 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship]] and [[2015 NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship]] (The Concession Golf Club) * [[2021 USL Championship Playoffs|2021 USL Championship Final]] (Al Lang Stadium) ====Future events planned to be held in the Tampa Bay area==== * [[2023 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament#Frozen Four|2023 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Frozen Four]] (Amalie Arena)<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Athletics to Host Three Upcoming NCAA Championship Events in Tampa |url=https://gousfbulls.com/news/2020/10/15/general-athletics-to-host-three-upcoming-ncaa-championship-events-in-tampa.aspx |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=USF Athletics |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201183110/https://gousfbulls.com/news/2020/10/15/general-athletics-to-host-three-upcoming-ncaa-championship-events-in-tampa.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> * 2023 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Final Four (Amalie Arena)<ref name=":0" /> * 2023 Tampa Bay Frog Swim (Gandy Beach) * 2023 Swim Across America Tampa Bay (North Shore Park) * 2025 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Final Four (Amalie Arena)<ref name=":0" /> ==Government== ===Mayor=== Tampa is governed under the [[strong mayor]] form of government. The [[Mayor of Tampa]] is the chief executive officer of city government and is elected in four-year terms, with a limit of two consecutive terms. The current mayor is [[Jane Castor]], who took office on May 1, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/294521-mayor-elect-jane-castor |title=Joe Henderson: Mayor-elect Jane Castor ready to accept the baton in Tampa |last=Henderson |first=Joe |date=April 24, 2019 |work=Florida Politics |access-date=May 22, 2019 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511012839/http://floridapolitics.com/archives/294521-mayor-elect-jane-castor |url-status=live }}</ref> ===City Council=== The [[Tampa City Council|City Council]] is a legislative body served by seven members. Four members are elected from specific numbered areas designated City Districts, and the other three are "[[at-large]]" members (serving citywide).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Council/about_us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922115038/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Council/about_us/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2007 |title=About Us |publisher=Tampagov.net |date=March 31, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> ===Fire department=== {{See also|Tampa Fire Rescue Department}} The city of Tampa is served by Tampa Fire Rescue. With 23 fire stations, the department provides fire and medical protection for Tampa and New Tampa, and provides support to other departments such as Tampa International Airport, Hillsborough County Fire Rescue and MacDill Air Force Base 6th Medical Group. ===Law enforcement=== {{See also|Tampa Police Department}} The [[Tampa Police Department]] has over 1000 sworn officers and many civilian service support personnel under a [[chief of police]] chosen by the mayor and approved by the city council. ===Elections=== Municipal elections are held on the first Tuesday of March and a runoff election, if necessary occurs on the fourth Tuesday of April. All city officials elected during the March elections takes office on May 1. The supervisor of elections Hillsborough County is responsible for all municipal elections in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municode Library |url=https://library.municode.com/fl/tampa/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHRELA_PTBRELA_ARTVIIIEL_S8.02ELDADEWITAOF |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=library.municode.com |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808154853/https://library.municode.com/fl/tampa/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHRELA_PTBRELA_ARTVIIIEL_S8.02ELDADEWITAOF |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the legislation passed by the [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Board of County Commissioners for Hillsborough County]], any registered voter may ask to receive accommodations in voting based on their specific health condition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voter's Guide on Rights Hillsborough County |url=https://www.votehillsborough.gov/VOTERS/Voter-Guide-Rights-Responsibilities |access-date=2020-09-07 |archive-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128144603/https://www.votehillsborough.gov/VOTERS/Voter-Guide-Rights-Responsibilities |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Other offices=== There are several other government offices in the city apart from the Mayor, City Council, Fire Department and Police Department. There is a: City Clerk, Legal, Internal Audit along with a Revenue and Finance Department as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municode Library |url=https://library.municode.com/fl/tampa/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHRELA_PTACH_ARTIVEX_S4.01MA |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=library.municode.com |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808154853/https://library.municode.com/fl/tampa/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHRELA_PTACH_ARTIVEX_S4.01MA |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Education== {{See also|List of schools in Hillsborough County, Florida}} [[File:Hillsborough High School Seminole Heights.JPG|thumb|right|[[Hillsborough High School (Tampa, Florida)|Hillsborough High School]] in [[Seminole Heights, Tampa, Florida|Seminole Heights]]]] ===Primary and secondary schools=== {{further|Hillsborough County Public Schools}} Public primary and secondary education is operated by [[Hillsborough County Public Schools]], officially known as the School District of Hillsborough County (SDHC). It is the eighth-largest school district in the United States, with around 189,469 enrolled students. SDHC runs 208 schools, 133 being elementary, 42 middle, 27 high schools, two K–8s, and four career centers. There are 73 additional schools in the district that are charter, ESE, alternative, etc. Twelve out of 27 high schools in the SDHC are included in ''[[Newsweek]]'''s list of America's Best High Schools.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} ===Public libraries=== Tampa's library system is operated by the [[Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library System]]. THPLS operates 25 libraries throughout Tampa and Hillsborough County, including the [[John F. Germany Public Library]] in Downtown Tampa. The Tampa library system first started in the early 20th century, with the [[West Tampa Library]], which was made possible with funds donated by [[Andrew Carnegie]]. Tampa's libraries are also a part of a larger library network, The Hillsborough County Public Library Cooperative, which includes the libraries of the neighboring municipalities of [[Temple Terrace]] and [[Plant City]]. The Hillsborough County Library Cooperative follows similar structure and design as the [[Pasco County Library Cooperative]] which is based on providing a network for all citizens and students of said county to be given equal opportunity and access to literature regardless of location. [[File:USF Marshall Center Running of the Bulls.JPG|thumb|University of South Florida's Marshall Student Center]] ===Higher education=== [[File:UT minaret.JPG|right|thumb|University of Tampa's Plant Hall]] There are a number of institutions of higher education in Tampa. The city is home to the main campus of the [[University of South Florida]] (USF), a member of the [[State University System of Florida]] founded in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insiders' Guide to the Greater Tampa Bay Area |last=Anderson |first=Anne W. |year=2009 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-5347-5 |pages=264–265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012606/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |url-status=live }}</ref> USF is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is one of only three universities in Florida designated as a Preeminent State Research University.<ref name="USF Points of Pride">{{cite web |title=Points of Pride |url=http://www.usf.edu/about-usf/points-of-pride.aspx |access-date=June 18, 2013 |work=usf.edu |publisher=University of South Florida |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530111626/http://www.usf.edu/about-usf/points-of-pride.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Huss |first=Michael James |title=What Is Preeminence and Why It Matters to You |url=https://admissions.usf.edu/blog/what-is-preeminence-and-why-it-matters-to-you |access-date=September 14, 2020 |website=admissions.usf.edu |language=en-us |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212023/https://admissions.usf.edu/blog/what-is-preeminence-and-why-it-matters-to-you |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, USF has the seventh highest undergraduate enrollment in the U.S. with over 51,000 students.<ref name="USF Academics Overview">{{cite web |title=USF System Facts |url=https://www.usf.edu/ods/documents/system-facts/usf-system-facts-2020-21-final.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2021 |work=usf.edu |publisher=University of South Florida |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414180134/https://www.usf.edu/ods/documents/system-facts/usf-system-facts-2020-21-final.pdf }}</ref> The [[University of Tampa]] (UT) is a private, four-year [[liberal arts college|liberal arts institution]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Insiders' Guide to the Greater Tampa Bay Area |last=Anderson |first=Anne W. |year=2009 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-5347-5 |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012606/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |url-status=live }}</ref> It was founded in 1931, and in 1933, it moved into the former Tampa Bay Hotel across the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]] from downtown Tampa. "UT" has undergone several expansions in recent years, and had an enrollment of over 9000 students in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ut.edu/utprofile/ |title=The University of Tampa – Tampa, Florida – UT Profile |work=ut.edu |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023195918/https://www.ut.edu/utprofile/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hillsborough Community College]] is a two-year [[community college]] in the [[Florida College System]] with campuses in Tampa and Hillsborough County.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insiders' Guide to the Greater Tampa Bay Area |last=Anderson |first=Anne W. |year=2009 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-5347-5 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012606/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Southern Technical College]] is a private two-year college that operates a campus in Tampa. Hillsborough Technical Education Center (HiTEC) is the postsecondary extension of the local areas Public Schools district. The schools provide for a variety of technical training certification courses as well as job placement skills. The [[Learey Technical College]], established in June 1993,<ref>''2011-2012 Workforce & Continuing Education Guide'' (Tampa: Hillsborough County Public Schools: 2011), pp. 2, 54.</ref> offers education in Emergency Medical Technician and Fire Fighter programs. The [[Stetson University College of Law]] is in Gulfport and has a second campus, the Tampa Law Center, in downtown Tampa. The Law Center houses the Tampa branch of Florida's Second District Court of Appeal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stetson.edu/law/about/home/tampa-law-center.php |title=About Tampa Law Center |website=steston.edu |access-date=April 27, 2016 |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426122714/http://www.stetson.edu/law/about/home/tampa-law-center.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Other colleges and universities in the wider Tampa Bay Area include [[Jersey College]], [[Eckerd College]], [[Florida College]], and [[St. Petersburg College]] in St. Petersburg.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insiders' Guide to the Greater Tampa Bay Area |last=Anderson |first=Anne W. |year=2009 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-5347-5 |pages=263–264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012606/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4LDwCA8B3EC |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Media== {{Main|Media in Tampa Bay}} {{See also|List of films set in Tampa}} The major daily newspaper serving the city is the ''[[Tampa Bay Times]]'', which purchased its longtime competition, ''[[The Tampa Tribune]]'', in 2016. Print news coverage is also provided by a variety of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies, and magazines, including the ''[[Florida Sentinel Bulletin]]'', ''[[Creative Loafing]]'', ''[[Reax Music Magazine]]'', ''[[The Oracle (University of South Florida)|The Oracle]]'', ''[[Tampa Bay Business Journal]]'', ''MacDill Thunderbolt'', and ''[[La Gaceta (Tampa)|La Gaceta]]'', which notable for being the nation's only trilingual newspaper—English, Spanish, and Italian, owing to its roots in the cigar-making immigrant neighborhood of [[History of Ybor City#El Lector|Ybor City]]. Major television stations include [[WEDU]] and [[WEDQ]] 3 ([[PBS]]), [[WFLA-TV]] 8 ([[NBC]]), [[WTSP]] 10 ([[CBS]]), [[WTVT]] 13 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[WCLF]] 22 ([[Christian Television Network|CTN]]), [[WFTS]] 28 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WMOR-TV]] 32 ([[Independent station (North America)|Independent]]), [[WTTA]] 38 ([[The CW]]), [[WSNN-LD]] 39 ([[MyNetworkTV]]), [[WTOG]] 44 ([[Independent station (North America)|Independent]]), [[WVEA-TV|WVEA]] 50 ([[Univision]]), [[WFTT]] 62 ([[UniMás]]) and [[WXPX]] 66 ([[Ion Television|ION]]). The area is served by dozens of FM and AM radio stations including [[WDAE]], which was the first radio station in Florida when it went on the air in 1922.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Marker dedicated to Florida's First Radio Station |url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/flassets/content/6700/fa6735/fa6735.htm |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=fcit.usf.edu}}</ref> ==Infrastructure== ===Transportation=== ====Roads==== [[File:Courtneycampbellcauseway.jpg|thumb|Courtney Campbell Causeway]] Three motor vehicle bridges cross [[Tampa Bay]] to [[Pinellas County, Florida|Pinellas County]] from Tampa city limits: the [[Howard Frankland Bridge]] ([[Interstate 275 (Florida)|I-275]]), the [[Courtney Campbell Causeway]] ([[Florida State Road 60|SR 60]]), and the [[Gandy Bridge]] ([[U.S. 92]]). The old Gandy Bridge was completely replaced by new spans during the 1990s, but a span of the old bridge was saved and converted into a pedestrian and biking bridge renamed The Friendship Trail. It was the longest overwater recreation trail in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridabicycle.org/messenger/99winbridge.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613093311/http://www.floridabicycle.org/messenger/99winbridge.html|url-status=dead|title=Friendship Trail Bridge Claims Status as Longest Overwater Recreation Trail|archivedate=June 13, 2008}}</ref> However, the bridge was closed in 2008 due to structural problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/dec/23/na-its-final-friendship-trail-bridge-is-closed/news-metro/ |title=It's Final: Friendship TrailBridge Is Closed |publisher=.tbo.com |date=December 23, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223183756/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/dec/23/na-its-final-friendship-trail-bridge-is-closed/news-metro/ |archive-date=December 23, 2008}}</ref> [[File:60 west at 15th.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Lee Roy Selmon]] [[Lee Roy Selmon Expressway|Crosstown Expressway]] features a section that is elevated over parts of the downtown area and part of the Port of Tampa. With the even taller bridge carrying the Reversible Express Lanes of the expressway.]] [[File:Aerial view of west Tampa, Florida.jpg|thumb|Eastern terminus of the Howard Frankland Bridge]] Tampa has several freeways which serve the city. There are two tolled freeways bringing traffic in and out of Tampa. The [[Lee Roy Selmon Expressway]] (SR 618), runs from suburban [[Brandon, Florida|Brandon]] at its eastern terminus, through Downtown Tampa, to the neighborhoods in South Tampa (near [[MacDill Air Force Base]]) at its western terminus. The [[Florida State Road 589|Veterans Expressway]] (SR 589), meanwhile connects [[Tampa International Airport]] and the bay bridges to the northwestern suburbs of [[Carrollwood, Florida|Carrollwood]], [[Greater Northdale, Florida|Northdale]], [[Westchase, Florida|Westchase]], [[Citrus Park, Florida|Citrus Park]], [[Cheval, Florida|Cheval]], and [[Lutz, Florida|Lutz]], before continuing north as the [[Florida State Road 589|Suncoast Parkway]] into [[Pasco County, Florida|Pasco]] and [[Hernando County, Florida|Hernando]] counties. Three of the city's freeways carry the [[interstate highway system|interstate highway]] designation. [[Interstate 4]] and [[Interstate 275 (Florida)|Interstate 275]] cut across the city and intersect near downtown. [[Interstate 75 in Florida|Interstate 75]] runs along the east side of town for much of its route through [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] until veering to the west to bisect New Tampa. Along with the city's freeways, major surface roads serve as main arteries of the city. These roads are [[Hillsborough Avenue]] ([[U.S. Route 92|U.S. 92]] and [[U.S. Route 41 in Florida|U.S. 41]]), [[Dale Mabry Highway]] ([[U.S. Route 92|U.S. 92]]), [[Florida State Road 45|Nebraska Avenue (U.S. 41/SR 45)]], [[U.S. Route 41 Business (Tampa, Florida)|Florida Avenue (U.S. 41 Business)]], [[Bruce B. Downs Boulevard]], [[Florida State Road 582|Fowler Avenue]], Busch Boulevard, [[Florida State Road 60|Kennedy Boulevard (SR 60)]], [[Florida State Road 60|Adamo Drive]], and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. ====Airports==== {{Main|List of airports in the Tampa Bay area}} Tampa is served by three airports (one in Tampa, two in the metro area) that provide significant scheduled passenger air service: *[[Tampa International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: TPA) is Tampa's main airport and the primary location for commercial passenger airline service into the Tampa Bay area. It is also a consistent favorite in surveys of the industry and the traveling public. The readers of ''[[Condé Nast Traveler]]'' have frequently placed Tampa International in their list of Best Airports, ranking it No. 1 in 2003<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf "Condé Nast Readers Rate Tampa International Best in the U.S.", March 6, 2003.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129205709/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125112552/http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf |archive-date=2005-01-25 |url-status=live |date=November 29, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> and No. 2 in 2008.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf "NEWS RELEASE: TPA Still Admired After All These Years", September 29, 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050053/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050053/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> A survey by [[Zagat]] in 2007 ranked Tampa International first among U.S. airports in overall quality.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf "Zagat Survey Releases Global Airlines Survey Covering 84 Airlines and 46 Major Airports", November 20, 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050602/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050602/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://zagat.com/ ''Zagat Survey''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416011620/http://www.zagat.com/ |date=April 16, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> During 2008, it was the 26th-busiest airport in North America.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf "Fact Sheet", August 24, 2009.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104012726/http://tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227155944/http://tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-27 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> *[[St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: PIE) lies just across the bay from Tampa International Airport in neighboring [[Pinellas County]]. The airport has become a popular destination for discount carriers, with over 90% of its flights are on low-cost carrier [[Allegiant Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1 |title=St. Petersburg, FL: St. Petersburg-Clearwater International (PIE) |publisher=[[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] (BTS), [[Research and Innovative Technology Administration]] (RITA), [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] |date=July 2014 |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012160433/http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A joint civil-military aviation facility, it is also home to [[Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater]], the largest air station in the [[U.S. Coast Guard]].<ref>[http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=PIE "Based Aircraft & Operations".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019214847/http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=PIE |date=October 19, 2012 }} [http://www.gcr1.com/ ''GCR''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221044302/http://www.gcr1.com/ |date=February 21, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</ref> *[[Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport]] (IATA: SRQ) is in nearby Sarasota. Sarasota airport has more flights to Delta's Atlanta hub than any other city, but also serves several other large U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=SRQ&End_YearMonth=24146 |title=Sarasota/Bradenton, FL: Sarasota/Bradenton International (SRQ) |publisher=[[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] (BTS), [[Research and Innovative Technology Administration]] (RITA), [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] |date=May 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504134950/http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=SRQ&End_YearMonth=24146 |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Rail==== [[File:Amtrak at Tampa Union Station Platform.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tampa Union Station]] platforms]] Tampa's intercity passenger rail service is based at [[Tampa Union Station]], a historic facility, adjacent to downtown between the [[Channel District]] and [[Ybor City]]. The station is served by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]]'', which calls on Tampa twice daily: southbound to [[Miami station (Amtrak)|Miami]] and northbound for [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York City]].<ref name="amtrak">[http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249200681632&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment;filename=Amtrak_T04.pdf Amtrak Atlantic Coast Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115111117/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249200681632&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3Bfilename%3DAmtrak_T04.pdf |date=January 15, 2010 }}. Retrieved January 21, 2010.</ref> Union Station also serves as the transfer hub for [[Amtrak Thruway]] service, offering bus connections to several cities in [[southwest Florida]] and to [[Orlando Health/Amtrak station|Orlando]].<ref name="amtrak" /> [[Uceta Yard|Uceta Rail Yard]] on Tampa's east side services [[CSX]] as a storage and [[intermodal freight transport]] facility. Freight and [[Intermodal container|container]] cargo operations at the city's seaports also depend upon dockside rail facilities.<ref>[http://www.tampaport.com/Port-Facilities/General-Cargo-Facilities/Ports-America-Berths-201-202-208-209-210-211 Tampa Port Authority: General Cargo Facilities, Ports America Berths]. Retrieved January 21, 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827103854/http://www.tampaport.com/Port-Facilities/General-Cargo-Facilities/Ports-America-Berths-201-202-208-209-210-211 |date=August 27, 2012 }}</ref> ====Seaports==== {{main|Port Tampa Bay}} [[File:Tugboat pushes a barge at Port of Tampa.jpg|right|thumb|A tugboat pushes a barge at the Port of Tampa.]] The Port of Tampa is the largest port in Florida in throughput tonnage, making it one of the busiest commercial ports in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flaports.org/Sub_Content3.aspx?id=26&pid=3 |title=Tampa Port Authority |publisher=Flaports.org |access-date=December 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235300/http://www.flaports.org/Sub_Content3.aspx?id=26&pid=3 |archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> Petroleum and phosphate are the lead commodities, accounting for two-thirds of the 37 million tons of total bulk and general cargo handled by the port in 2009.<ref>[http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/10824/46091/file/FY09_Total%20Port.pdf "Total Port, Port of Tampa, Florida: FY09 vs FY08", November 16, 2009.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090902/http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/10824/46091/file/FY09_Total%20Port.pdf |date=April 19, 2012 }} [http://www.tampaport.com/ ''Tampa Port Authority''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907173050/http://www.tampaport.com/ |date=September 7, 2007 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> The port is also home to Foreign Trade Zone #79, which assists companies in Tampa Bay and along the I-4 Corridor in importing, exporting, manufacturing, and distribution activities as part of the United States foreign trade zone program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampaftz.com/ |title=Foreign Trade Zone No. 79 – Foreign Trade Zone Regulationsr |work=tampaftz.com |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115205847/http://www.tampaftz.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekly containerized cargo service is available in the Port of Tampa. Cargo service is offered by Ports America, Zim American Integrated Shipping Company, and MSC which has recently partnered with Zim. 3,000 to 4,250 TEU containerships regularly call the Port of Tampa. The bay bottom is very sandy, with the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] constantly dredging the ship channels to keep them navigable to large cargo ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://baysoundings.com/spring03/dredge.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182803/http://baysoundings.com/spring03/dredge.html|url-status=dead|title=RUNNING OUT OF ROOM? Dredged Material Poses Challenges|archivedate=December 3, 2008}}</ref> ====Mass transit==== [[File:Streetcars_in_Tampa,.webp|thumb|233x233px|August, 1924]] From the early 1900s till the late 1940s Tampa had an extensive streetcar line system that serviced the city.<ref name=":3" /> In 1926, the 53 mile long [[TECO Energy|Tampa Electric]] streetcar system carried almost 24 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Streetcar history clatter and dings |url=http://tampaelectricblog.com/streetcar-free-rides-fourth-friday-tampa/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=TECO - Tampa Electric}}</ref> The streetcar system had at least 13 different connected lines, maps [https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ebea7857366423e3387b23e/1589919758649-594OF86XCJ0M477HLMZD/image-asset.jpeg?format=1000w shown here] & [https://i.imgur.com/AOlhdDs.png here]. With each line running anywhere from every 10 to 30 minutes, from around 5 am till midnight.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=What happened to Tampa's streetcars? An artist mapped the forgotten lines. |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida/2019/10/01/what-happened-to-tampas-streetcars-an-artist-mapped-the-citys-lost-transit-lines/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Heights, History |url=https://www.tampaheights.org/history |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=TampaHeights.org |language=en-US}}</ref> It was shut down after World War Two, with the city tearing up most of the installed tracks.<ref name=":3" /> The last cars were removed from service some time between 1946 and 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=The End of the Streetcar Era in Tampa |url=https://www.tampapix.com/streetcars.htm |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ybor City}}</ref>[[File:HART 25XX bus.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.95|A HARTLine bus at the Marion Transit Center]] Public mass transit in Tampa is operated by the [[Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority]] (HART), and includes [[Transit bus|public bus]] as well as a [[streetcar]] line. The HART bus system's main hub is the Marion Transit Center in [[Downtown Tampa]], serving nearly 30 local and express routes. HART also operates a rapid-transit bus system called [[MetroRapid]] that runs between Downtown and the University of South Florida.<ref>[http://www.gohart.org/Pages/services-metro.aspx "MetroRapid/HART"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625024038/http://www.gohart.org/Pages/services-metro.aspx |date=June 25, 2018 }}. Retrieved June 24, 2018.</ref> The [[TECO Line Streetcar]] provides electric streetcar service along eleven stations on a {{cvt|2.7|mi|adj=on}} route, connecting [[Ybor City]], the [[Channel District, Tampa|Channel District]], the [[Tampa Convention Center]], and downtown Tampa.<ref>[http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/stations/index.htm "Streetcar Station Stops", 2007.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227214602/http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/stations/index.htm |date=December 27, 2012 }} [http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/ ''TECO Line Streetcar System''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426181030/http://tecolinestreetcar.org/ |date=April 26, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> The TECO Line fleet features varnished wood interiors reminiscent of late 19th and mid-20th century streetcars.<ref>[http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/history/index.htm "What Goes Around Comes Around", 2007.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906181829/http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/history/index.htm |date=September 6, 2015 }} [http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/ ''TECO Line Streetcar System''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426181030/http://tecolinestreetcar.org/ |date=April 26, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> Limited transportation by privately operated "[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]s" (NEV) is available, primarily in Downtown Tampa and Ybor City.<ref>[http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/apr/07/agency-discuss-regulating-golf-cart--vehicles/ Agency to discuss regulating golf cart-like vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121209021801/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/apr/07/agency-discuss-regulating-golf-cart--vehicles/ |date=December 9, 2012 }}</ref> [[Water taxi]]s are available on a charter basis for tours along the downtown waterfront and the Hillsborough River. The [[Tampa Bay Area Regional Transportation Authority]] (TBARTA) develops bus, [[light rail]], and other transportation options for the seven-county [[Tampa Bay area]]. ===Healthcare=== Tampa and its surrounding suburbs are host to over 20 hospitals, four trauma centers, and multiple Cancer treatment centers. Tampa is also home to many health research institutions. The major hospitals in Tampa include [[Tampa General Hospital]], St. Joseph's Children's & Women's Hospital, James A. Haley [[Veterans Health Administration|Veterans Hospital]], [[H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute]], and the Pepin Heart Institute at Advent Health Hospital. Shriners Hospitals for Children is based in Tampa. Turning Point of Tampa founded in 1987 addresses behavioral health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tpoftampa.com/licensing-and-accreditations/ |title=Licensing and Accreditation | Turning Point of Tampa |publisher=Tpoftampa.com |date= |accessdate=2022-06-30}}</ref> USF's Byrd Alzheimer's Institute is both a prominent research facility and Alzheimer's patient care center in Tampa. Along with human health care, there are hundreds of animal medical centers including a Humane Society of America. ===Utilities=== [[File:Big Bend Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Big Bend Power Station]] supplies most of the city's energy.]] Water in the area is managed by the [[Southwest Florida Water Management District]]. The water is mainly supplied by the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]], which in turn arises from the [[Green Swamp (Florida)|Green Swamp]], but several other rivers and [[desalination]] plants in the area contribute to the supply. Power is mainly generated by [[TECO Energy]]. ====Sustainability==== The City of Tampa was awarded the [[LEED]] for Cities and Communities (Existing) Gold Certification in February 2021 for its commitment to sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3XwOQ8juaw&t=6s|title=City Of Tampa Gold LEED Certification|publisher=City of Tampa |date=2021-04-22 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref> Tampa's government has implemented incentives and programs to promote and achieve sustainability, including: expedited building permits for projects seeking LEED certification, increasing water conservation and resiliency through the SWFWMD Water-Wise collaboration, developing a climate equity plan, providing sustainability training to city employees, and increasing coordination for disaster response.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampa.gov/mayor/strategic-goals/sustainability-and-resilience|title=Establishing Sustainability and Resilience|publisher=Tampa.gov |date=2021-04-30 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref> [[Water Street (Tampa)|Water Street Tampa]] was the first neighborhood globally to achieve the WELL Design and Operations designation under the WELL Community Standard. In March 2022, Water Street Tampa achieved LEED silver certification under the category of LEED for Neighborhood Development, making it the first neighborhood in Tampa to achieve the certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://floridayimby.com/2022/03/water-street-tampa-achieves-leed-silver-certification-for-neighborhood-development-plan.html|title=Water Street Tampa Achieves LEED Silver Certification For Neighborhood Development Plan|publisher=floridayimby.com |date=2023-03-08 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref> ==Notable people== {{Main|List of people from Tampa, Florida}} ==Sister cities== {{See also|List of sister cities in Florida}} Tampa has formalized [[sister city]] agreements with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |date=February 23, 2016 |url=https://www.tampa.gov/city-clerk/sister-cities |publisher=City of Tampa |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403144225/https://www.tampa.gov/city-clerk/sister-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Agrigento]], Italy (1991) *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashdod]], Israel (2005) *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Barranquilla]], Colombia (2012) *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Boca del Río, Veracruz|Boca del Río]], Mexico (2002) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Le Havre]], France (1993) *{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Heraklion]], Greece (2019) *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey (1993) *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lanzhou]], China (2016) *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Oviedo]], Spain (1992) *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil (2013) *{{flagicon|IRL}} [[South Dublin|South Dublin County]], Ireland (2015) *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], Mexico (2002) {{div col end}} ==See also== *[[Baldomero López]] *[[List of metropolitan areas in the Americas]] *[[List of public art in Tampa, Florida]] *[[List of United States cities by population]] *[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Tampa, Florida]] *[[Seal of Tampa]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Canter |title=Tampa before the Civil War |publisher=University of Tampa Press |location=Tampa |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-879852-64-8}} *{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Canter |title=Tampa in Civil War & Reconstruction |publisher=University of Tampa Press |location=Tampa |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-879852-68-6}} *{{cite book |last=Cinchett |first=John |title=Vintage Tampa Signs and Scenes |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location=Tampa |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7385-6836-2}} *{{cite book |last=Kerstein |first=Robert |title=Politics and Growth in Twentieth-Century Tampa |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, FL |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8130-2083-9}} *{{cite book |last=Lastra |first=Frank |title=Ybor City: the Making of a Landmark Town |publisher=University of Tampa Press |location=Tampa |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59732-003-0}} *{{cite book |last=Milanich |first=Jerald |title=Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, FL |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8130-1360-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mormino |first=Gary |title=The Immigrant World of Ybor City |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, FL |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8130-1630-6}} *{{cite book |last=Pizzo |first=Anthony |title=Tampa Town 1824–1886: Cracker Village with a Latin Accent |publisher=Hurricane House |location=Tampa, Fl |year=1968}} *{{cite book |last=Pizzo |first=Anthony |title=Tampa the Treasure City |publisher=Continental Heritage Press |location=Tulsa, OK |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-932986-38-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tampatreasurecit0000morm}} *{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=George |title=Names on the Land: a Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |publisher=NYRB Classics |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59017-273-5}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{sister project links|voy=Tampa}} *[https://www.tampa.gov/ Official website] *[http://www.visittampabay.com/ Tampa Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau] *[http://www.tampachamber.com/ Tampa Chamber of Commerce] *[http://digital.lib.usf.edu/thc-photographs University of South Florida Libraries: archival, manuscripts and photographic collections] *[http://www.tampapix.com/ Tampa website dedicated to historic Tampa photographs] *{{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Florida/Metro_Areas/Tampa_Bay_Area/|Tampa Bay}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119071519/http://www.tampachanging.com/ Tampa Changing] – Historical and modern photographs of Tampa {{Portal bar|Cities|Florida|North America|United States}} {{Tampa, Florida}} {{Navboxes |title=Articles relating to Tampa and [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] |list= {{Tampa neighborhoods}} {{Tampa Bay Area}} {{Hillsborough County, Florida}} {{Tampa Bay Schools}} {{HCFPEI}} {{Florida}} {{Florida county seats}} {{USPopulousCities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tampa, 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