Spiritual gift

{{Short description|In Christianity, an extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit}}
{{distinguish|Chrism}}
{{About||the gifts listed in Isaiah 11:2–3|Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit|how Mormonism looks at spiritual gifts|Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism}}
[[File:Taisten-Tabernakelbildstock 04.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|The term ''charism'' denotes any good gift that flows from God's benevolent love.<ref name="cathen">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilhelm | first = Joseph |title = Charismata | encyclopedia = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = III | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | year = 1908 | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03588e.htm | access-date = 6 July 2010}}</ref>]]
A '''spiritual gift''' or '''charism''' (plural: '''charisms''' or '''charismata'''; in [[Greek language|Greek]] singular: [[wikt:χάρισμα|χάρισμα]]
<small>''charisma''</small>, plural: χαρίσματα <small>''charismata''</small>) is an extraordinary power given by the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]].<ref name=DotBSpiritGifts>"Spiritual gifts". ''A Dictionary of the Bible'' by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.</ref><ref>{{AHDict|charisma}}</ref> These are believed by followers to be [[supernatural]] [[Grace (Christianity)|graces]] that individual Christians need to fulfill the mission of the [[Christian Church|Church]].<ref name=ODCCcharismata>"Charismata". ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Ed F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press Inc. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.</ref><ref name=Grudem>Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine'' (Zondervan, 1994): 1016–17.</ref> In the narrowest sense, it is a [[theology|theological]] term for the extraordinary graces given to individual [[Christians]] for the good of others and is distinguished from the graces given for personal [[sanctification]], such as the [[Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit]] and the [[fruit of the Holy Spirit]].<ref name="cathen"/>

These abilities, often termed "'''charismatic gifts'''", are the [[word of knowledge]], increased [[Faith in Christianity|faith]], the [[gifts of healing]], the [[gift of miracles]], [[prophecy]], the [[discernment of spirits]], [[Speaking in tongues|kinds of tongues]], [[interpretation of tongues]]. To these are added the gifts of [[apostle|apostles]], [[prophet]]s, teachers, helps (connected to service of the poor and sick), and governments (or leadership ability) which are connected with certain offices in the Church. These gifts are given by the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] to individuals, but their purpose is to build up the entire Church.<ref name="cathen"/> They are described in the [[New Testament]], primarily in [[1 Corinthians 12]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2012&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: 1 Corinthians 12 – New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013334/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2012&version=NIV|url-status=live}}</ref> 13 and 14, [[Romans 12]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2012&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Romans 12 – New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013336/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2012&version=NIV|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ephesians 4]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%204&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Ephesians 4 – New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013336/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%204&version=NIV|url-status=live}}</ref> [[1 Peter 4]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Peter%204&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: 1 Peter 4 – New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013335/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Peter%204&version=NIV|url-status=live}}</ref> also touches on the spiritual gifts.<ref name="DotBSpiritGifts" />

The gifts are related to both seemingly "natural" abilities and seemingly more "miraculous" abilities, empowered by the Holy Spirit.<ref name=Grudem/> The two major opposing theological positions on their nature is that they [[cessationism|ceased long ago]] or that they [[continuationism|continue]] ([[Cessationism versus Continuationism]]).

==Biblical and theological overview==
The New Testament contains several lists of spiritual gifts, most in the [[Pauline epistles]]. While each list is unique, there is overlap.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Romans 12]]:6–8
! 1 Corinthians 12:8–10
! 1 Corinthians 12:28–30
! [[Ephesians 4:11]]
! 1 Peter 4:11
|-
|style="vertical-align: top"|
# Prophecy
# Serving
# Teaching
# Exhortation
# Giving
# Leadership
# Mercy
|style="vertical-align: top"|
# Word of wisdom
# Word of knowledge
# Faith
# Gifts of healings
# Miracles
# Prophecy
# Distinguishing between spirits
# Tongues
# Interpretation of tongues
|style="vertical-align: top"|
# Apostle
# Prophet
# Teacher
# Miracles
# Kinds of healings
# Helps
# Administration
# Tongues
|style="vertical-align: top"|
# Apostle
# Prophet
# Evangelist
# Pastor
# Teacher
|style="vertical-align: top"|
# Whoever speaks
# Whoever renders service<ref name="GrudemSysTheo1020">Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine'' (Zondervan, 1994): 1020.</ref>
|}

Christians believe that the ''charismata'' were foretold in the [[Book of Joel]] ({{bibleverse-nb|Joel|2:28|KJV}}) and promised by [[Christ]] ([[Gospel of Mark]] {{bibleverse-nb|Mark|16:17–18|KJV}}). This promise was fulfilled on the [[Day of Pentecost]] and elsewhere as the church spread. In order to correct abuses concerning the spiritual gifts at [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], Paul devoted much attention to spiritual gifts in his [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] ([[1 Corinthians 12|chapters 12]]–[[1 Corinthians 14|14]]).<ref name="cathen"/>

In 1 Corinthians 12, two Greek terms are translated as "spiritual gifts". In verse 1, the word ''pneumatika'' ("spirituals" or "things of the Spirit") is used. In verse 4, ''[[charisma]]'' is used. This word is derived from the word ''charis'', which means "[[Grace in Christianity|grace]]". In verses 5 and 6, the words ''diakonia'' (translated "administrations", "ministries", or "service") and ''energemata'' ("operations" or "inworkings") are used in describing the nature of the spiritual gifts. In verse 7, the term "manifestation (''phanerosis'') of the Spirit" is used.<ref name=foundations332-333>Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', 1983, (Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008), pp. 332–33.</ref>

From these scriptural passages, Christians understand the spiritual gifts to be enablements or capacities that are divinely bestowed upon individuals. Because they are freely given by God, these cannot be earned or merited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spiritual Gifts, Natural Talents Abilities, Fruit of Spirit|url=https://mintools.com/spiritual-gifts-talents-fruit.htm|access-date=2021-01-25|website=mintools.com|archive-date=2021-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120102825/https://mintools.com/spiritual-gifts-talents-fruit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Though worked through individuals, these are operations or manifestations of the Holy Spirit—not of the gifted person. They are to be used for the benefit of others, and in a sense they are granted to the church as a whole more than they are given to individuals. There is diversity in their distribution—an individual will not possess all of the gifts.<ref name=foundations332-333/> The purpose of the spiritual gifts is to edify (build up), exhort (encourage), and comfort the church.<ref name=foundations334>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 334.</ref>

It is generally acknowledged{{by whom|date=March 2020}} that Paul did not list all of the gifts of the Spirit,<ref name="cathen"/> and many{{quantify|date=March 2020}} believe that there are as many gifts as there are needs in the [[body of Christ]].<ref name=foundations335>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 335.</ref> The gifts have at times been organized into distinct categories based on their similarities and differences to other gifts. Some divide them into three categories using [[Old Testament]] offices. "Prophetic" gifts include any gift involving teaching, encouraging, or rebuking others. "Priestly" gifts include showing mercy and care for the needy or involve intercession before God. "Kingly" gifts are those involving church administration or government.<ref name=Grudem1021>Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'', p. 1021.</ref> Others categorize them into "gifts of knowledge" (word of wisdom, word of knowledge, distinguishing between spirits), "gifts of speech" (tongues, interpretation, prophecy), and "gifts of power" (faith, healing, miracles).<ref>Sumrall, Lester "The Gifts of the Holy Spirit" p. 25 Aug 2000</ref> The gifts have also been categorized as those that promote the inner growth of the church (apostle, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, teaching, word of wisdom/knowledge, helps, and administration) and those that promote the church's outer development (faith, miracles, healing, tongues, interpretation of tongues).<ref name="cathen"/>

Proponents of cessationism distinguish between the "extraordinary", "miraculous", or "sign" gifts (such as prophecy, tongues, and healing) and the other gifts.<ref name=Easton>Easton, Matthew George. [http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ebd/T0001400.html#T0001484 "Gifts, spiritual"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117193612/http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ebd/T0001400.html#T0001484 |date=2011-11-17 }}. ''[[Easton's Bible Dictionary]]''. 1897. Accessed June 22, 2011.</ref> Cessationism is held by some Protestants, especially from the [[Calvinist]] tradition, who believe that miraculous gifts and their operations were limited to [[early Christianity]] and "ceased" afterward.<ref name=Ruthven3,7>Ruthven, Jon. [http://www.jon-ruthven.org/cessation.pdf ''On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Post-Biblical Miracles''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319122559/http://www.jon-ruthven.org/Cessation.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }}. Deo Press, 1993, rev. 2008. pp. 3, 7. Accessed June 27, 2011.</ref> Other Protestants, including [[Lutheran]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peacelutherankgva.org/gifts.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181241/http://www.peacelutherankgva.org/gifts.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2012|title=Spiritual Gifts Survey|publisher=Peace Lutheran Church|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> [[Methodist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/spiritual-gifts|title=Spiritual Gifts|publisher=The United Methodist Church|language=en|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303212115/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/spiritual-gifts|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pentecostals]] and [[Charismatic movement|charismatics]], adhere to the continuationist position, believing that all the spiritual gifts are distributed among Christians by the Holy Spirit and that they are normative in contemporary [[Christendom]]. In addition, [[Roman Catholicism]]<ref name=RCCCatechism799-800>
[http://old.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt1sect2chpt3art9p2.shtml Catechism of the Catholic Church 799–800] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111019145746/http://old.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt1sect2chpt3art9p2.shtml |date=2011-10-19 }}.
</ref>
and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] also continue to believe in and make use of all of the spiritual gifts.

==Descriptions==
'''[[Apostle]]''': The title apostle comes from the Greek word ''apostolos'' which means "a messenger, one sent forth with orders".<ref name=foundations351>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 351.</ref> It refers to one who has been delegated authority by another in a foreign land.<ref name="cathenApostles">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Coppieters | first = Honoré |title = Apostles | encyclopedia = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = 1 | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | year = 1907 | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01626c.htm | access-date = 22 June 2011}}</ref> Apostles were the first leaders of the Church; they were commissioned by Jesus to initiate and direct the preaching of the gospel. While many Christians agree that the title of apostle is reserved for those among the first generation of Christians, many Christian denominations continue in one way or another to recognize a continuing apostolic ministry. Many churches, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], believe in the doctrine of [[apostolic succession]], which holds that properly ordained [[bishop]]s are the successors to the apostles. Only bishops have the charism certain of the truth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/the-discernment-needed-to-judge-chastisement-and-conversion|title=The Discernment needed to judge chastisement and conversion|date=April 14, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220701200447/https://newdailycompass.com/en/the-discernment-needed-to-judge-chastisement-and-conversion|archive-date=July 1, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> (in [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''charisma veritatis certum''<ref>{{cite web|author=[[International Theological Commission]]|url=https://www-vatican-va.translate.goog/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_cti_doc_20111129_teologia-oggi_it.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|trans-title=Theology Today: Perspectives, Principia and Criteria|title=La teologia oggi: prospettive, principi e criteri|language=it,en|year=2012|website=Holy See|access-date=2023-01-15|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115202027/https://www-vatican-va.translate.goog/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_cti_doc_20111129_teologia-oggi_it.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|url-status=live}} (at n°. 33)</ref>), which is the faculty to establish undoubtedly a truth in matter of faith or morality or concerning the Holy Scripture. Other Christian groups, such as classical Pentecostals, consider the role of a [[missionary]] to be fulfilling an apostolic ministry.<ref name=foundations353>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 353.</ref> There are some Christians, however, who advocate restoring the Fivefold ministry, including the formal recognition of the office of apostle. Others would say that the office no longer exists.<ref name=Grudem1031>Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'', p. 1031 note 21.</ref>

'''[[Prophet]]''': In the New Testament, the office of prophet is to equip the saints for the work of service through exhortation, edification, and consolation  (1 Corinthians 12:28; 1 Corinthians 14:3 Ephesians 4:11).<ref name=foundations353-354>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 353–54.</ref> The prophet's corresponding gift is [[prophecy]]. Prophecy is "reporting something that God spontaneously brings to your mind".<ref name=Grudem1024>Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'', p. 1024.</ref> Many, particularly Pentecostals and charismatics, distinguish between the "office of prophet" and the "gift of prophecy", believing that a Christian can possess the gift of prophecy without holding the prophetic office.<ref name=foundations336,351-352>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 336, 351–52.</ref>

Prophecy has been addressed to the human understanding “he who prophesies speaks to men,”  Cor 14:1-25. The prophet “edifies the church” (14:4).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://preachingsource.com/journal/paul-and-spiritual-gifts-reflections-on-1-corinthians-12-14/|title=Paul and Spiritual Gifts: Reflections on 1 Corinthians 12-14 &#124; Preaching Source|first=Bert Dominy &#124; Southwestern Journal of Theology Vol 26-|last=Fall 1983|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013337/https://preachingsource.com/journal/paul-and-spiritual-gifts-reflections-on-1-corinthians-12-14/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''[[Evangelism|Evangelist]]''': An evangelist is one who devotes himself to preaching the gospel. In the New Testament, evangelists preached from city to city, church to church.<ref name=foundations356-357>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 356–57.</ref>

'''[[Pastor]]:''' This term derives from a Greek word for "shepherd". In theory pastors are gifted to lead, guide, and set an example for other Christians. The grammatical structure of Ephesians 4:11 leads many to conclude that teacher and pastor should be considered one term (pastor-teacher). Even so, the two terms are not interchangeable; while all pastors are teachers, not all teachers are pastors. Pastoral Gifts include integrity and compassion.<ref name=foundations357-358>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 357–58.</ref>

'''Teacher:''' Someone who devotes his or her life to preaching and teaching the Christian faith. When teaching is provided for the Church by God, two gifts are actually given—to the Church is given a teacher and along with the teacher comes a divine capacity to teach.<ref name=foundations347-348>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 347–48.</ref>

'''Service''': The word translated as "ministry" is ''diakonia'', which can also be translated "service".<ref name=foundations347-348/> Since there are many types of ministries and service to the Church, this then describes a broad array of gifts rather than a single gift.

'''Exhortation''': The ability to motivate Christians "to patient endurance, brotherly love, and good works".<ref name=foundations348-349>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 348–49.</ref>

'''Giving''': Those with this gift share their own possessions with others with extraordinary generosity. While all Christians should be givers, those possessing this gift will go beyond this normal giving.<ref name=foundations348-349/>

'''Leading''': This gift speaks to the various leadership roles found in the Church. While many think of roles such as administration, management of funds, strategy planning, etc. as functions outside of the supernatural realm, in reality individuals in these positions are just as in need of supernatural empowerment as are ministers of the gospel.<ref name=foundations349-350>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 349–50.</ref> Some writers consider the gifts of governments and leading to be the same gift, but others consider them closely related yet different.

'''[[Mercy]]''': Possibly identical to the gift of helps, the mercy-shower possesses a ministry of visitation, prayer, and compassion to the poor and sick.<ref name=foundations349-350/>

'''[[Word of wisdom]]''': An utterance or message of wisdom supernaturally granted to an individual. For Paul, wisdom refers to "the knowledge of the great Christian mysteries: the Incarnation, Passion, and Resurrection of Christ, and the indwelling in the believer of the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2; Ephesians 1:17)".<ref name="cathen"/>

'''[[Word of knowledge]]''': The knowledge referred to is often said to relate to understanding Christian doctrine or scriptural truth.<ref name="cathen"/> It is sometimes said to be connected with the ministry of teachers.

'''[[Faith in Christianity|Faith]]''': This refers to that strong or special faith "which removes mountains, casts out devils ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 17:19–20), and faces the most cruel martyrdom without flinching".<ref name="cathen"/> It is distinguished from the "saving" and "normal" Christian faith.<ref name=foundations336-337>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 336–37.</ref>

'''[[Gifts of healing]]s''': The ability to supernaturally minister healing to others. The plural indicates the variety of sickness healed and the many forms the gift takes, such as healing by anointing with oil, by the [[laying on of hands]], by saying the name of [[Jesus]] or by the [[sign of the cross]].<ref name="cathen"/>

'''[[Gift of miracles|Working of miracles]]''': The performance of deeds beyond ordinary human ability by the power of the Holy Spirit.<ref name="cathen"/>

'''Visions'''.  An outpouring of this gift is prophesied in Joel 2:28 and Acts 2:17 shows that early Christians believed this prophecy was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost.   Visions tend to be more private experiences than the other gifts. Some researchers expand the definition of visions to include a strongly felt presence.<ref name="Kavan">{{cite journal
 | last = Kavan
 | first = Heather
 | title = A psychodynamic interpretation of gender differences in descriptions of religious visions
 | journal = The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society
 | volume = 2
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 77–87
 | year = 2013| doi = 10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v02i02/50994
 }}</ref>

'''[[Discerning of spirits]]''': The capacity to discern, distinguish, or to discriminate the source of a spiritual manifestation—whether it emanates from a good or evil spirit. It seemed to have been particularly associated with prophecy as it would be necessary to know whether a prophetic utterance was truly inspired by God.<ref name="cathen"/><ref name=foundations339-340>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 340–41.</ref>

'''[[Speaking in tongues|Tongues]]''': The supernatural ability of speaking an unlearned language.<ref name="cathen"/> Paul seems to have distinguished between the public use of the gift (which must always be interpreted) and the private use which was for the spiritual strengthening of oneself.<ref name=foundations345>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 345.</ref> Currently among Christians there is a dispute as to whether tongues were/are always [[xenoglossy]] (speaking an unlearned human language) or whether it also included/includes [[glossolalia]] (speaking an unlearned and allegedly non-human language of heavenly or angelic origin).

'''[[Interpretation of tongues]]''': This gift ought always follow the public exercise of the gift of tongues.<ref name="cathen"/> In 1 Corinthians 14, the Apostle Paul required that all speech in Christian worship should be intelligible. This required that speech given in an unknown tongue be interpreted in the common language of the gathered Christians.

'''Helps''': This gift has to do with service to the sick and the poor.<ref name="cathen"/> Possessors of this gift have a "spiritual burden and a God-given love for the needy and afflicted".<ref name=foundations343>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', p. 343.</ref>

'''Administration''': Also called the gift of governing,<ref name="cathen"/> the Greek word translated "governments" is ''kubernesis'', the verb form of which means "to steer" or "to be a helmsman". This gift then refers to the God-given capacity to lead or guide the Church through storms and difficult seas.<ref name=foundations343/>

==Other spiritual gifts==
While not specifically defined as spiritual gifts in the Bible, other abilities and capacities have been considered as spiritual gifts by some Christians. Some are found in the New Testament such as:
* [[celibacy]] ({{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:7|KJV}})<ref>See for example [http://www.midbible.ac.uk/images/stories/Celibacy.pdf "Stephen Vantassel, "Celibacy: The Forgotten Gift of the Spirit," ''Journal of Biblical Counseling''. 12, no. 3 (1994): 20–23"]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 10 January 2008</ref>
* fellowship<ref>https://www.kentuckytoday.com/stories/entity-leaders-reflect-on-how-covid-19-has-changed-the-southern-baptist-convention,31057 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043145/https://www.kentuckytoday.com/stories/entity-leaders-reflect-on-how-covid-19-has-changed-the-southern-baptist-convention,31057 |date=2021-06-16 }} "Entity leaders reflect on how COVID-19 has changed the Southern Baptist Convention"</ref>
* hospitality ({{bibleverse|1 Peter|4:9–10|KJV}})<ref name=foundations358-59>Duffield and Van Cleave, ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology'', pp. 358–59.</ref>
* [[intercession]] ({{bibleverse|Romans|8:26–27|KJV}})<ref name=foundations358-59/>
* [[marriage]] ({{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:7|KJV}})<ref name=Grudem1020>Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'', p. 1020.</ref>
* (effective) witnessing ([[Acts 1:8]], 5:32, 26:22, {{bibleverse|1 John|5:6|KJV}})<ref name=foundations358-59/>

Others are found in the Old Testament such as:
* craftsmanship (such as the special abilities given to artisans who constructed the [[Tabernacle]] in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 35:30–33)<ref name=foundations358-59/>
* interpretation of dreams (e.g. Joseph and Daniel) in Genesis 43-50, [[Daniel 2]]
* composing spiritual music, poetry, and prose<ref name=foundations358-59/>

== Social meaning ==
The word is also used in secular circumstances within [[social psychology]]. In that context, charism is defined as personal influence on other people individually or as a [[Group (sociology)|group]].

[[Religious order]]s {{anchor|religious charism}}(including [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]], [[Catholic church|Catholic]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] and [[Methodism|Methodist]]) use the word "charism" to describe their spiritual orientation and any special characteristics of their mission or values that might be exhibited as a result of the vows that they have taken and the orientation of the order to which they belong.  An example might be the works of a [[teaching order]] compared to that of a [[missionary order]] or one devoted to the care of the poor or the sick and those in need of help.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Karamat]] ([[Islam]]ic term for the same concept)
* [[Charisma]]
* [[Charismatic Christianity]]
* [[Charity (virtue)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikisource|Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charismata|Catholic Encyclopedia: Charismata}}
* [[Wayne Grudem|Grudem, Wayne A.]] (editor). ''Are Miraculous Gifts for Today?'' Zondervan, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-310-20155-7}}. Four authors each provide four viewpoints concerning spiritual gifts: Cessationist, "Open But Cautious", [[Third Wave of the Holy Spirit|Third Wave]], and Pentecostal/Charismatic.
* Bullock, Warren D. ''When the Spirit Speaks: Making Sense Out of Tongues, Interpretation, and Prophecy''. Gospel Publishing House, 2009. {{ISBN|0-88243-284-2}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Howard |title=Spiritual Gifts and Their Operation |date=1968 |publisher=Gospel Publishing House |location=Missouri |isbn= 0-88243-593-0 |url=https://www.pdfdrive.com/spiritual-gifts-and-their-operation-e187022004.html}}
* [[Jack Deere|Deere, Jack]]. ''Surprised by the Power of the Spirit''. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-310-21127-3}}.
* Deere, Jack. ''Surprised by the Voice of God''. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-310-22558-4}}.
* Greig, Gary and Springer, Kevin (eds.). ''The Kingdom and the Power: Are Healing and the Spiritual Gifts Used By Jesus and the Early Church Meant for the Church Today?'' Ventura, CA: Gospel Light, 1993 (thorough and practical). {{ISBN|978-0-8307-1659-3}}.
* Hurst, Randy (editor). ''Divine Order: Leading the Public Use of Spiritual Gifts''. Gospel Publishing House, 2009.
* Lim, David. "Spiritual Gifts" in ''Systematic Theology, A Pentecostal Perspective'' revised edition, edited by [[Stanley M. Horton]].  Springfield, MO: Logion Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-88243-855-7}}.
* [[C. Peter Wagner|Wagner, C. Peter]]. ''Discover Your Spiritual Gifts: The Easy-To-Use, Self-Guided Questionnaire That Helps You Identify and Understand Your Various God-Given Spiritual Gifts'', expanded edition. Regal, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-8307-3678-2}}.
* [[John Wimber|Wimber, John]] and Springer, Kevin. ''Power Evangelism'', revised and enlarged edition. Regal, 2009 (originally 1986). {{ISBN|978-0-8307-4796-2}}.

{{Private revelation}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Spiritual gifts| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Holy Spirit]]