Southern gospel

{{short description|Subgenre of gospel music}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Southern gospel
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist | [[Sacred harp]] music | [[shape note]] singing | [[hymn]]s | [[spirituals]] | high church music}}
| cultural_origins  = Late 19th century, [[southeastern US]] evangelicals
| derivatives       =
| subgenrelist      =
| subgenres         = {{hlist|[[Bluegrass music#Bluegrass Gospel|Bluegrass gospel]]|[[country gospel]]}}
| fusiongenres      = [[Contemporary Christian music]]
| regional_scenes   =
| other_topics      = {{hlist|[[Gospel Music Association]]|[[Christian music]]|[[National Gospel Singing Convention]]|[[Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame]]}}
}}
{{Gospel music articles}}

'''Southern gospel music''' is a genre of [[Christian music]]. Its name comes from its origins in the [[southeastern United States]]. Its lyrics are written to express either personal or a communal faith regarding [[biblical]] teachings and [[Christianity|Christian]] life, as well as (in terms of the varying music styles) to give a Christian alternative to mainstream [[secular music]]. Sometimes known as "[[quartet]] music" for its traditional "four men and a piano" set up, southern gospel has evolved over the years into a popular form of music across the United States and overseas, especially among [[baby boomers]] and those living in the [[Southern United States]]. Like other forms of music, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of southern gospel varies according to the cultural and social context. It is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace.

==Origins==
The date of southern gospel's establishment, as a distinct genre, is generally considered to be 1910. The year the first professional quartet was formed for the purpose of selling songbooks for the [[James David Vaughan|James D. Vaughan]] Music Publishing Company in [[Lawrenceburg, Tennessee]]. Nonetheless, the style of the music itself had existed for at least 35 years prior—although the traditional wisdom that southern gospel was "invented" in the 1870s by circuit preacher Everett Beverly is spurious.

The existence of the genre prior to 1910 is evident in the work of [[Charles Davis Tillman]] (1861–1943), who popularized "The Old Time Religion", wrote "Life's Railway to Heaven" and published 22 songbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmahalloffame.org/inductee_bio.cfm?ID=253|title=Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame site on Tillman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501114721/http://www.gmahalloffame.org/inductee_bio.cfm?ID=253|archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{New Georgia Encyclopedia|id=m-1885|name=Charles Davis Tillman|author=|date=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/t/i/tillman_cd.htm|title=Cyberhymnal on Tillman}}</ref> Some of the genre's roots can be found in the publishing work and "normal schools" or [[singing school]]s of [[Aldine Silliman Kieffer|Aldine S. Kieffer]] and [[Ephraim Ruebush]]. Southern gospel was promoted by traveling singing school teachers, quartets, and [[shape note]] music publishing companies such as the [[Anthony Johnson Showalter|A. J. Showalter]] Company (1879) and the [[Stamps-Baxter Music Company|Stamps-Baxter Music and Printing Company]].

Over time, southern gospel came to be an eclectic musical form with groups singing traditional hymns, ''a capella'' (jazz-style singing with no instruments) songs, country, bluegrass, spirituals, and "convention songs". Because it grew out of the musical traditions of white musicians from the American South, the name Southern gospel was used to differentiate it from the [[Black Gospel music|black gospel]] tradition.<ref name="isbn1-57003-598-9">{{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Walter B.|title=The South Carolina Encyclopedia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, S.C.|year=2006|page=385|isbn=1-57003-598-9}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-8078-5346-1">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=James R.|title=Close Harmony: A History of Southern Gospel|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|year=2002|isbn=0-8078-5346-1}}</ref>

Convention songs typically have contrasting homophonic and contrapuntal sections. In the homophonic sections, the four parts sing the same words and rhythms. In the contrapuntal sections, each group member has a unique lyric and rhythm. These songs are called "convention songs" because various conventions were organized across the United States for the purpose of getting together regularly and singing songs in this style. Convention songs were employed by training centers like the Stamps-Baxter School Of Music as a way to teach quartet members how to concentrate on singing their own part. Examples of convention songs include "Heavenly Parade", "I'm Living In Canaan Now", "[[Give the World a Smile]]", and "Heaven's Jubilee".

==Early performers==
Southern gospel is sometimes called "quartet music" by fans because of the originally all-male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet makeup. Early quartets were typically either [[a cappella]] or accompanied only by piano or guitar, and in some cases a piano and banjo in areas that were influenced by bluegrass music such as [[Appalachia]]. Over time, full bands were added and even later, pre-recorded accompaniments (soundtracks) were introduced.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, southern gospel drew much of its creative energy from the [[holiness movement]] churches that arose throughout the south. Early gospel artists such as The [[Speer Family]], The Stamps Quartet, The Blackwood Family, and The Lefevre Trio achieved wide popularity through their recordings and radio performances in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. On October 20, 1927, The Stamps Quartet recorded its early hit "Give The World A Smile" for RCA Victor, which become the Quartet's theme song. The Stamps Quartet was heard on the radio throughout Texas and the South. A handful of groups were considered pioneers in southern gospel music for a series of "firsts." The Blackwood Brothers, with [[James Blackwood]] and [[J.D. Sumner]] became the first group to travel in a bus, which is on display at the [[Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame]] at [[Dollywood]] in [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee]]. Sumner also was instrumental in creating the [[National Quartet Convention]], an annual music festival where many groups, both known and well known perform for a week. The Speer Family was known for bringing blended groups to mainstream popularity where both male and female performers toured together. The best known group of the 1950s and 1960s was the [[Statesmen Quartet]], which set the trend for broad appeal of the all-male quartets that would develop years later. The Statesmen were known for their showmanship and introduction of jazz, ragtime, and even some early rock and roll. Elements into their music and their stage appearance with trendy suits and wide audience appeal and were known for their signature song, "Happy Rhythm" (Rockin and a'Rollin).

==Gaither Homecoming series==
Traditional southern gospel music underwent a tremendous surge in popularity during the 1990s thanks to the efforts of [[Bill and Gloria Gaither]] and their [[Gaither Homecoming]] tours and videos, which began as a reunion of many of the best known and loved SGM individuals in 1991. Thanks in part to the Homecoming series, southern gospel music now has fans across the United States and in a number of foreign countries like Ireland and Australia.

==1990s and beyond==
By the 1990s, the "old-timey" quartet-style music began to develop to include more soloists and duos. Although still mostly popular in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]] and [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], it has a nationwide and even international audience. The music remains "more country than city, more down-home than pretentious".<ref>{{cite news|first=Monte|last=Mitchell|title=Gospel Radio DJ Touches Fans' Hearts and Souls|work=The Charlotte Observer|date=August 8, 1993}}</ref>

In 2005, ''The Radio Book'', a broadcast yearbook published by M Street Publications, reported 285 radio stations in the U.S. with a primary format designation as "southern gospel," including 175 AM stations and 110 FM stations. In fact, southern gospel was the 9th most popular format for AM stations and the 21st most popular for FM. Southern gospel radio promoters routinely service more than a thousand radio stations which play at least some southern gospel music each week. Recent years have also seen the advent of a number of internet-only southern gospel "radio" stations.

Two popular satellite stations that feature southern gospel are channel 34 on XM Satellite Radio and Channel 65 (changed from 67). On Sirius Satellite Radio. Both play the same feed entitled, "[[enLighten]] on SiriusXm". Enlighten plays southern gospel and has several featured programs which air weekly including ''Paul Heil's Gospel Greats'' and ''[[Bill Gaither (gospel singer)|Bill Gaither]]'s Homecoming Radio''.<ref name=EnLighten>{{cite web|url=http://www.sogoradio.com|title=EnLighten ... Southern Gospel Radio for all of North America!|publisher=Southern Gospel Radio|quote=''Enlightened'' featured on XM and Sirius radio|access-date=June 15, 2009}}</ref>

Over the last decades, a newer version of southern gospel has grown in popularity.  This style is called progressive southern gospel and is characterized by a blend of traditional southern gospel, bluegrass, modern country, contemporary Christian and pop music elements. Progressive southern gospel generally features artists who push their voices to produce a sound with an edge to it. The traditional style southern gospel singers employ a more classical singing style.

Lyrically, most progressive southern gospel songs are patterned after traditional southern gospel in that they maintain a clear evangelistic and/or testimonial slant. Southern gospel purists view lyrical content and the underlying musical style as the key determining factors for applying the southern gospel label to a song.

Although there are some exceptions, most southern gospel songs would not be classified as [[Worship music|Praise and Worship]]. Few southern gospel songs are sung "to" God as opposed to "about" God. On the other hand, southern gospel lyrics are typically overt in their  Christian message unlike [[Contemporary Christian music]] (CCM) which sometimes has had "double entendre" lyrics, which could be interpreted as being about a devout love for God or an earthly love for a man or woman.

==Media==
Becoming popular through songbooks, such as those published by [[R. E. Winsett]] of [[Dayton, Tennessee]], southern gospel was and is one of the few genres to use recordings, radio, and television technologies from the very beginning for the advancements of promoting the genre.<ref>See, ''e.g.'', [[J. Bazzel Mull]].</ref>

One of the longest-running print magazines for southern gospel music has been the [[Singing News]].<ref name=SingingNews>{{cite web |url=http://www.singingnews.com/ |title=Southern Gospel Music, News, Christian Concerts, Charts, Radio, Songs &#124; The Southern Gospel Music Magazine &#124; SingingNews.com |author= The Singing News |quote= The Singing News |access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref> They started in the early 1970s supplying radio airplay charts and conducting annual fan based awards. They also supply popular topic forums for southern gospel fans to meet and discuss the genre. The move to internet services has brought along companies such as [[SoGospelNews.com]] which has become a noted e-zine forum for southern gospel and has remained a supporter for the past twelve years. It too contains the music charts with forums and chat rooms available to the fans.<ref name=SoGospel>{{cite web|url=http://www.sogospelnews.com|title=SoGospelNews.com – Everything Southern Gospel|author=SoGospelNews.com|quote=SoGospelNews.com|access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref>

Internet Radio has broadened the southern gospel music fan base by using computer technologies and continual streaming. Some of these media outlets are: Sunlite Radio which features many of the southern gospel programs likewise heard on traditional radio. This list includes The Gospel Greats with Paul Heil, which recently celebrated 30 years on the air, Southern Gospel USA, a weekly half-hour countdown show hosted by Gary Wilson, Classic radio programs such as The Old Gospel Ship and Heaven's Jubilee with Jim Loudermilk.<ref name="urlSunlite Radio - Internet Radios Best Country Music, Gospel & Hymns">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlite-radio.com|title=Sunlite Radio – Internet Radio's Best Country Music, Gospel & Hymns|author=Sunlite Radio|quote= Sunlite Radio Media Outlet |access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref> Another online station is "The Gospel Station."<ref name="urlThe Gospel Station, The Gospel Station">{{cite web|url=http://www.thegospelstation.com|title=The Gospel Station, The Gospel Station|publisher=The Gospel Station|quote= Media Outlet|access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Beary, Shirley L. "The Stamps-Baxter Music and Printing Company: A Continuing Tradition, 1926–1976." D.M.A. dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1977.
*Brobston, Stanley. "A Brief History of White Southern Gospel Music." Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1977.
*Downey, James C. "The Music of American Revivalism." Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1968.
*Collins, Mike and Gaither, Bill. "Hold On: The Authorized Biography of the Greenes, America's Southern Gospel Trio" Woodland Press LLC, 2004. {{ISBN|0-9724867-6-3}}.
*Eskew, Harry. "Shape-Note Hymnody in the Shenandoah Valley, 1816–60." Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1966.
*Fleming, Jo Lee. "James D. Vaughan, Music Publisher." S.M.D. dissertation, Union Theological Seminary (Richmond, VA), 1972.
*Goff, James R. Jr. ''Close Harmony: A History Of Southern Gospel.'' University Of North Carolina Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8078-5346-1}}
*Graves, Michael P. and Fillingim, David. "More than Precious Memories: The Rhetoric of Southern Gospel Music" Mercer University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-86554-857-9}}.
*Harrison, Douglas. Then Sings My Soul: The Culture of Southern Gospel Music. Urbana Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2012. 
*Harrison, Douglas. "Why Southern Gospel Music Matters."  ''Journal of Religion and American Culture''. 18.1 (2008) pp.&nbsp;27–58. 
*{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=George Pullen|title=White spirituals in the Southern uplands : the story of the Fasola folk, their songs, singings, and 'buckwheat notes'|date=1965|publisher=Dover|location=New York|isbn=9780486214252}}
*Terrell, Bob. ''The Music Men: The Story of Professional Gospel Quartet Singing in America.'' B. Terrell, 1990. {{ISBN|1-878894-00-5}}.

==External links==
* {{curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Music/Styles/Southern_Gospel/|Southern Gospel}}
* Souther Gospel Music Association (https://www.sgma.org)
{{Christian music}}

[[Category:Southern gospel| ]]
[[Category:Gospel music genres]]