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Do not fill this in! {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Shreveport | official_name = | native_name = | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Louisiana|City]] | named_for = Captain [[Henry Miller Shreve]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image |total_width=290px |perrow=1/2/2 |border=infobox |caption_align = center | image1 = Shreveport LA, USA - panoramio (6).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Downtown | image2 = Shreveport September 2015 058 (Holy Trinity Catholic Church).jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)|Holy Trinity Catholic Church]] | image3 = Shreveport September 2015 105 (Shreveport Municipal Auditorium).jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium]] |image4 = Shreveport September 2015 051 (Shreveport Convention Center).jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = Shreveport Convention Center | image5 = Shreveport September 2015 113 (Caddo Parish Courthouse).jpg | alt5 = | caption5 = Caddo Parish Courthouse }} | imagesize = | image_flag = Flag of Shreveport, Louisiana.png | flag_size = 118px | image_seal = Seal of Shreveport, Louisiana.png | seal_size = 81px | image_shield = Coat of arms of Shreveport, Louisiana.png | map_caption = Interactive map of Shreveport | image_map = {{maplink | frame = yes | plain = yes | frame-align = center | frame-width = 290 | frame-height = 290 | frame-coord = SWITCH:{{Coord|32.508056|-93.762778}}###{{coord|qid=Q1588}}###{{coord|qid=Q30}} | zoom = SWITCH:10;6;3 | type = SWITCH:shape;point;point | marker = city | stroke-width = 2 | stroke-color = #0096FF | fill = #0096FF | id2 = SWITCH:Q80517;Q1588;Q30 | type2 = shape-inverse | stroke-width2 = 2 | stroke-color2 = #5F5F5F | stroke-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;1;1 | fill2 = #000000 | fill-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;0.5;0.5 | switch = Shreveport;Louisiana;the United States }} | coordinates = {{coord|32|30|53|N|93|44|50|W|region:US-LA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of parishes in Louisiana|Parishes]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Louisiana]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Caddo Parish, Louisiana|Caddo]], [[Bossier Parish, Louisiana|Bossier]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = {{Start date and age|1836|p=fy}} | established_title1 = [[Municipal incorporation|Incorporated]] | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1839|03|20|p=fy}} | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Shreveport, Louisiana|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Tom Arceneaux]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | leader_title1 = [[City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Members list |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = Chair: James Green ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |2 = Dist A: Tabitha Taylor (D) |3 = Dist B: Gary Brooks (D) |4 = Dist C: Jim Taliaferro (R) |5 = Dist D: Grayson Boucher (R) |6 = Dist E: Alan Jackson Jr (R) |7 = Dist F: James E. Green (D) |8 = Dist G: Ursula Bowman (D) }} | area_total_km2 = 320.74 | area_total_sq_mi = 123.84 | area_land_km2 = 280.10 | area_land_sq_mi = 108.14 | area_water_km2 = 40.65 | area_water_sq_mi = 15.69 | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = 6987.8 | area_metro_sq_mi = 2698 | elevation_m = 46 to 77.1 | elevation_ft = 154 to 253 | population_total = 187593 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = 669.75 | population_density_sq_mi = 1734.64 | population_urban = 288,052 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|140th]])<ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications|title=2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications|author=United States Census Bureau|website=Federal Register|date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = 615.0 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 1,592.8 | population_metro = 393,406 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|140th]]) | population_rank = [[Caddo Parish, Louisiana#Communities|1st]] in Caddo Parish<br />[[List of municipalities in Louisiana|3rd]] in Louisiana<br />[[List of United States cities by population|137th]] in United States | population_demonym = Shreveporter<ref name=ProperDemonymShreveport>{{cite web|title=What is the proper demonym for someone from Shreveport?|url=https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/101073/what-is-the-proper-demonym-for-someone-from-shreveport|publisher=Stack Exchange|access-date=2018-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213546/https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/101073/what-is-the-proper-demonym-for-someone-from-shreveport|archive-date=May 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code|ZIP codes]] | postal_code = 71101-71109, 71115-71166 | area_code = [[Area code 318|318]] | website = [https://www.shreveportla.gov shreveportla.gov] | footnotes = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]] | utc_offset = −6 | timezone_DST = CDT | utc_offset_DST = −5 | unit_pref = Imperial | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 22-70000 | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 20, 2022}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = }} '''Shreveport''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|r|iː|v|p|ɔːr|t}} {{respell|SHREEV|port}}) is a city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]]. It is the [[List of municipalities in Louisiana|third-most populous city]] in Louisiana after [[New Orleans]] and [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]]. The bulk of Shreveport is in [[Caddo Parish, Louisiana|Caddo Parish]], of which it is the parish seat.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> It extends along the west bank of the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] into neighboring [[Bossier Parish, Louisiana|Bossier Parish]]. The [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] tabulation for the city's population was 187,593,<ref name=quickfacts/><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Census profile: Shreveport, LA |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US2270000-shreveport-la/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Census Reporter |language=en}}</ref> while the [[Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area]] had a population of 393,406.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=US Census Bureau}}</ref> Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company, a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the [[Texas Trail]], an overland route into the newly independent [[Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shreveportchamber.org/history.php |author=Brock, Eric J. |title=Shreveport History |publisher=Greater Shreveport Chamber of Commerce |access-date=2008-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219203922/http://www.shreveportchamber.org/history.php |archive-date=February 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> It grew throughout the 20th century and, after the discovery of oil in Louisiana, became a national center for the oil industry. [[Standard Oil of Louisiana]] and [[United Gas Corporation]] were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. After the loss of jobs in the oil industry, the closure of [[General Motors]]' [[Shreveport Operations]], and other economic problems, it struggled with a declining population, poverty, drugs, and violent crime.<ref name="TIM">The Shreveport Times, [http://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/crime/2017/06/26/police-chief-addresses-shreveports-rising-violent-crime/429447001/ Police Chief Addresses Shreveport's Rising Violent Crime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410231750/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/crime/2017/06/26/police-chief-addresses-shreveports-rising-violent-crime/429447001/|date=April 10, 2019}}'', 26 June 2017, retrieved 16 Dec 2017''</ref> However, the city continues in its efforts to revitalize its infrastructure,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/future-of-fast-internet-pops-up-in-shreveport/article_fce14a30-9d23-11e9-a079-efbea3c21bea.html|title=Future of fast internet pops up in Shreveport|last=May|first=Gerry|website=KTBS|date=July 2, 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706204941/https://www.ktbs.com/news/future-of-fast-internet-pops-up-in-shreveport/article_fce14a30-9d23-11e9-a079-efbea3c21bea.html|archive-date=July 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/new-shreveport-industrial-park-is-shovel-ready/article_4faa26a0-5279-11ea-8248-376004824c9a.html|title=New Shreveport industrial park is shovel-ready|website=KTBS|date=February 18, 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> revive the economy through diversification,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksla.com/2020/01/17/forecast-economic-growth-shreveport-is-bright/|title=Forecast for economic growth in Shreveport is bright|website=www.ksla.com|date=January 17, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/local/louisiana/2020/01/16/advanced-aero-services-create-more-than-130-new-jobs-shreveport/4489595002/|title=New aviation facility in Shreveport will create more than 130 new jobs|last=Bayliss|first=Deborah|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> and lower crime.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-13|title=Crime down in Shreveport, police say|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/04/18/shreveport-crime-drops-most-categories-police-say/529858002/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014755/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/04/18/shreveport-crime-drops-most-categories-police-say/529858002/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-06-13|access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref> Despite these efforts, the city witnessed the largest number of homicides in its recorded history in 2021, eclipsing the previous record set in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-19 |title=Death of assault victim marks Shrevport's 87th homicide, making 2021 Shreveport's bloodiest year in history |url=https://www.arklatexhomepage.com/news/crime/death-of-assault-victim-clocks-shrevports-87th-of-year-making-2021-shreveports-bloodiest-year-in-history/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=KTALnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Shreveport is the educational, commercial and cultural center of the [[Ark-La-Tex]] region, where [[Arkansas]], Louisiana, and [[Texas]] meet. It is the location of [[Centenary College of Louisiana]], [[Louisiana State University Shreveport]], [[Louisiana Tech University|Louisiana Tech University Shreveport]], [[Southern University at Shreveport]], and [[Louisiana Baptist University]]. It forms part of the [[Interstate 20 in Louisiana|I-20]] Cyber Corridor linking Shreveport to [[Dallas]] and [[Atlanta]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://cyberinnovationcenter.org/rise-of-the-i-20-technology-corridor/|title=Rise of the I-20 Technology Corridor|last=cfloyd|website=Cyber Innovation Center|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403223847/https://cyberinnovationcenter.org/rise-of-the-i-20-technology-corridor/|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://guiceblog.latech.edu/2017/03/11/a-little-silicon-valley-along-the-i-20-cyber-corridor/|title=A little Silicon Valley along the I-20 Cyber Corridor|work=GuiceBlog|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403223843/https://guiceblog.latech.edu/2017/03/11/a-little-silicon-valley-along-the-i-20-cyber-corridor/|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2019/05/15/gov-edwards-new-center-strengthens-shreveport-bossier-cyber-hub-la/3683386002/|title=Gov. Edwards: New center strengthens Shreveport-Bossier as cyber hub of La.|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706204939/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2019/05/15/gov-edwards-new-center-strengthens-shreveport-bossier-cyber-hub-la/3683386002/|archive-date=July 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/louisiana-governor-launches-first-ever-110000229.html|title=Louisiana Governor launches the first ever Cyber Security Education Center in the state with Cybint and BPCC|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706204937/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/louisiana-governor-launches-first-ever-110000229.html|archive-date=July 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Companies with significant operations or headquarters in Shreveport are [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Regions Financial Corporation]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Shreveport|Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall]], [[AT&T Mobility]], [[United Parcel Service]], [[Walmart]], [[American Electric Power#Southwestern Electric Power Company|SWEPCO]], [[General Electric]], [[UOP LLC]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honeywell.com/newsroom/pressreleases/2016/06/honeywell-uop-opens-new-catalyst-production-line-at-shreveport-la-facility|title=Honeywell UOP Opens New Catalyst Production Line At Shreveport, La. Facility|website=Honeywell|language=en|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224524/https://www.honeywell.com/newsroom/pressreleases/2016/06/honeywell-uop-opens-new-catalyst-production-line-at-shreveport-la-facility|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Calumet Specialty Products Partners]], and [[APS Payroll]]. ==History== {{Main|History of Shreveport, Louisiana|Timeline of Shreveport, Louisiana}} ===Early settlers=== Shreveport was established to create a town at the meeting point of the Brown Bricks and the Texas Trail. The Red River was made navigable by Captain [[Henry Miller Shreve]], who led the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] efforts to clear the Red River. A {{convert|180|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} natural log jam, the [[Great Raft]], had previously obstructed passage to shipping. Shreve used a specially modified [[riverboat]], the ''Heliopolis'', to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreve's honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/history.htm |title=Shreveport: a Brief History |author=Brock, Eric J. |year=2006 |publisher=City of Shreveport, Louisiana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608103601/http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/history.htm |archive-date=June 8, 2009 }}</ref> Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a piece of land sold to the company in 1835 by the indigenous [[Caddo Indians]]. In 1838 [[Caddo Parish]] was created from the large [[Natchitoches Parish]], and Shreve Town became its parish seat. On March 20, 1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, one of its tributaries. Shreveport soon became a center of [[steamboat]] commerce, carrying mostly cotton and agricultural crops from the plantations of Caddo Parish. Shreveport also had a [[slavery in the United States|slave]] market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and [[stevedore]]s loaded and unloaded cargo. By 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. ===Civil War and Reconstruction=== During the [[American Civil War]], Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] and [[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]] after each fell under [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] control. The city was a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the [[Trans-Mississippi Department]] of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city. Because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed in the 21st century. Isolated from events in the east, the Civil War continued in the Trans-Mississippi theater for several weeks after [[Robert E. Lee]]'s surrender in April 1865, and the Trans-Mississippi was the last Confederate command to surrender, on May 26, 1865. "The period May 13–21, 1865, was filled with great uncertainly after soldiers learned of the surrenders of Lee and Johnston, the Good Friday assassination of President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the rapid departure of their own generals."<ref name="prime">[https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/local/2015/05/10/history-mayhem-marked-civil-war-end/27084699/ John Andrew Prime, "Our History: Mayhem marked Civil War's end here"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613021809/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/local/2015/05/10/history-mayhem-marked-civil-war-end/27084699/ |date=June 13, 2018 }}, ''Shreveport Times'', 10 May 2015; accessed 5 May 2018</ref> In the confusion there was a breakdown of military discipline and rioting by soldiers. They destroyed buildings containing service records, a loss that later made it difficult for many to gain Confederate pensions from state governments.<ref name="prime"/> The Red River, opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War. But seasonal water levels got so low at one point that Union [[Admiral]] [[David Dixon Porter]] was trapped with his gunboats north of [[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]]. His engineers quickly constructed a temporary dam to raise the water level and free his fleet. In 1873, Shreveport lost 759 citizens in an 80-day period to a [[yellow fever]] epidemic, with over 400 additional victims eventually succumbing. The total death toll from August through November was approximately 1,200.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ldh.la.gov/assets/oph/Center-PHCH/Center-CH/infectious-epi/Annuals/LaIDAnnual_YellowFever.pdf|title=Louisiana Office of Public Health Statistics, page 6|website=Ldh.la.gov|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204032113/http://ldh.la.gov/assets/oph/Center-PHCH/Center-CH/infectious-epi/Annuals/LaIDAnnual_YellowFever.pdf|archive-date=February 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oaklandcemeteryla.org/Tour/Tour-Stop-1.aspx|title=Tour Stop 1 – Yellow Fever Victims – Tour – Oakland Cemetery – Shreveport – Louisiana – Founded 1847|website=Oaklandcemeteryla.org|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928202518/http://www.oaklandcemeteryla.org/Tour/Tour-Stop-1.aspx|archive-date=September 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Five Roman Catholic priests in the city and two religious sisters died while caring for yellow fever victims in the city.<ref>Archives, Diocese of Shreveport</ref> ===20th century to present=== A number of local African American musicians became nationally famous. By the 1910s, [[Lead Belly|Huddie William Ledbetter]]—also known as "Lead Belly", a [[blues]] singer and guitarist—was performing for Shreveport audiences in St. Paul's Bottoms, the notable [[red-light district]] of Shreveport that operated legally from 1903 to 1917. Ledbetter began to develop his own style of music after exposure to a variety of musical influences on Fannin Street, a row of saloons, [[brothel]]s, and dance halls in the Bottoms. Bluesmen [[Jesse Thomas (musician)|Jesse Thomas]], [[Dave Alexander (blues musician)|Dave Alexander]], and [[Kenny Wayne Shepherd]], and the early [[jazz]] and [[ragtime]] composers Bill Wray and Willian Christopher O'Hare were all from Shreveport. Lead Belly achieved international fame. By 1914, neglect and lack of use, due to diversion of freight traffic to railroad lines, resulted in the Red River becoming unnavigable. In projects accomplished over decades, in 1994, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] restored navigability by completion of a series of federally funded lock-and-dam structures and a navigation channel. As early as 1924, the citizens of Shreveport became interested in hosting a military flying field. In 1926, Shreveport citizens learned that the 3rd Attack Wing stationed at [[Fort Crockett]], Texas, would be enlarged by 500 percent and would require at least 20,000 acres (81 km<sup>2</sup>) to support aerial gunnery and a bombing range. The efforts to procure the government's commitment to build the facility in the Greater Shreveport metropolitan area were spearheaded by a committee co-chaired by local civic leaders Andrew Querbes and [[John D. Ewing]], beginning in 1927. It took a great deal of correspondence between the interested parties and the original proposal was rejected. However, in February 1928, a young crop duster, an Air Corps captain named Harold Ross Harris, was hired to fly over the local area in order to find a suitable site for the airfield. Captain Harris selected what he felt was an adequate location for a military airfield. It was a sprawling section of cotton plantation near Bossier City. The site selection committee, representing the wealthiest taxpayers in the city, unanimously agreed upon the Barksdale Field location. A delegation of citizens traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to personally present the advantages of the proposed site to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]]. Following the return of this delegation, a special army board visited Shreveport and reported the location met all requirements of the Air Corps. The site was selected December 5, 1928, as the location of the airfield. The land in Bossier Parish on which the airfield was built was unincorporated land near Bossier City that was annexed by the city of Shreveport once the site had been selected among 80 candidates. The real estate was purchased from over 800 property owners via a $1,500,000 [[municipal bond]] issue approved by Shreveport voters in 1929 in fulfillment of the pledge that the citizens of Shreveport made to the U.S. government. The last of these bonds matured on December 31, 1959. After acquisition, Shreveport then donated the land to the federal government per their agreement, while the federal government assumed all the costs of building construction and equipment installation. Shreveport had originally proposed a site adjacent to [[Cross Lake (Shreveport, Louisiana)|Cross Lake]], but the United States Department of War deemed this location inappropriate due to the lack of suitable terrain for the facility's future expansion. Subsequent to the establishment of the military installation, Bossier City grew and expanded southward and eastward, eventually enveloping the area surrounding the base. Technically, [[Barksdale Air Force Base|Barksdale AFB]] is neither in Bossier City nor Shreveport but, like all military bases, is an autonomous community with its own infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy2G-wG-eoAC|title=Eric Brock's Shreveport|first=Brock, Eric|last=J|date=January 31, 2001|publisher=Pelican Publishing|isbn=9781455603862|via=Google Books}}</ref> In September, 1941, the capture of the city of Shreveport was the objective of a U.S. Army war game, or [[military exercise]], known as the [[Louisiana Maneuvers]]. The field exercise's mission was accomplished largely due to General [[George S. Patton]], who commanded the mock "Blue" army's 2nd Armored Division.<ref name="The Louisiana Maneuvers, The National WWII Museum New Orleans">{{cite web |url = https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/louisiana-maneuvers |title = The Louisiana Maneuvers: The National WWII Museum New Orleans |date = July 11, 2017 |access-date = October 2, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003063742/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/louisiana-maneuvers |archive-date = October 3, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Elvis in Louisiana Hayride.JPG|thumb|304x304px|[[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] in the Louisiana Hayride]] Shreveport was home to the ''[[Louisiana Hayride]]'' radio program, broadcast weekly from the [[Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium]]. During its heyday from 1948 to 1960, this program stimulated the careers of some of the greatest figures in American music. The ''Hayride'' featured musicians including [[Hank Williams]] and [[Elvis Presley]], who made his broadcasting debut at this venue. In the mid-1950s, [[KWKH]] was the first major radio station to feature the music of Presley on its long-running ''Louisiana Hayride'' program at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH program manager and originator of the ''Hayride'', and Frank Page introduced Presley on the ''Hayride''. African American veterans of World War II were among activists in Shreveport through the 1960s who worked in the [[civil rights movement]] to correct injustices under [[Jim Crow]] and [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement]] of blacks. While activism gradually increased, 1963 was a particularly violent year in Shreveport because of white resistance. The Shreveport home of Dr. C. O. Simpkins was bombed in retaliation for his work with Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref name="holmes">[https://www.ktbs.com/news/local-civil-rights-leaders-look-back-years/article_9f7ba4b9-5dfe-531a-a014-b33b09857bb1.html Keristen Holmes, "Local Civil Rights Leaders Look Back 50 Years"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321154228/https://www.ktbs.com/news/local-civil-rights-leaders-look-back-years/article_9f7ba4b9-5dfe-531a-a014-b33b09857bb1.html |date=March 21, 2019 }}, KTBS-TV, 18 September 2013; accessed 21 March 2019</ref><ref name="galilee">{{cite web |url=http://beyondgalilee.com/ |title=Beyond Galilee: Shreveport and the Struggle for Civil Rights |publisher=Joey Kent & Tim DeWayne |date=December 2012 |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820191627/https://www.beyondgalilee.com/ |archive-date=August 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 1963 [[George W. D'Artois]], Public Service Commissioner, refused a permit for a march to the Little Union Baptist Church in Shreveport, where mourners gathered to honor and commemorate four black girls killed in the [[16th Street Baptist Church Bombing]] on September 15 in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. D'Artois and other officers entered the church on horseback and took out the pastor, Dr. Harry Blake, beating him severely.<ref name="holmes"/><ref name="ktbstv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ktbs.com/story/24811348/badge-of-dishonor|title=Badge of Dishonor: George D'Artois and his alleged murder plot against Jim Leslie|date=February 24, 2014 |publisher=[[KTBS-TV]]|access-date=July 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818083652/http://www.ktbs.com/story/24811348/badge-of-dishonor|archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 1963, headlines across the country reported that African American musician [[Sam Cooke]] was arrested in Shreveport after his band tried to register at a "whites-only" [[Holiday Inn]], where they planned to stay before performing in the city. Public facilities in Louisiana were still segregated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport |work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 1963}}</ref> In the months following, Cooke recorded the civil rights era song, "[[A Change Is Gonna Come]]". In 1964 Congress passed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] to end segregation of public facilities. In the mid-1990s, the coming of [[riverboat gambling]] to Shreveport attracted numerous new patrons to the downtown and spurred a revitalization of the adjacent riverfront areas. Many downtown streets were given a facelift through the "Streetscape" project. Traditional brick sidewalks and crosswalks were built, and statues, sculptures, and [[mosaic]]s were added to create a better pedestrian environment. The O.K. Allen Bridge, commonly known as the [[Long–Allen Bridge (Shreveport)|Texas Street bridge]], was lit with [[neon light]]s. Residents predictably had a variety of reactions to these changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/mayorpr/pr2000/082300.neon.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062326/http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/mayorpr/pr2000/082300.neon.htm|url-status=dead|title=Notice from City of Shreveport regarding bridge repairs|archive-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref> Shreveport was named an [[All-America City Award|All-American City]] in 1953, 1979, and 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html |title=Past Winners of the All-America City Award |publisher=[[National Civic League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707222907/http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref> In the 1990s, Shreveport became known for its rap music scene, and acquired its famous aka name, ''Ratchet City''.<ref name="Durden">{{Cite web|last=Durden|first=Jada|title=Ratchet rap still leaves its mark|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/entertainment/music/2015/02/19/ratchet-rap-still-leaves-mark/23666001/|access-date=2023-06-28|website=Shreveport Times|date=February 19, 2015|language=en-US}}</ref> The term was first used by the group Lava House in its 1999 single "Ratchet".<ref name="Durden"/> During the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]], President [[George W. Bush]] was taken to the nearby [[Barksdale Air Force Base]]. He also made a visit to speak in the city on March 11, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Discusses Strengthening Social Security in Louisiana|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/03/images/20050311-13_w8n66582jpg-515h.html|access-date=2020-08-29|website=George W. Bush White House Archives |date= March 11, 2005 }}</ref> Since the downturn in the oil industry and other economic problems, the city has struggled with a declining population, unemployment, poverty, drugs and violent crime.<ref name="TIM" /> City data from 2017 showed a dramatic increase in certain violent crimes from the previous year, including a 138 percent increase in homicides, a 21 percent increase in forcible rapes and more than 130 percent increases in both business armed robberies and business burglaries.<ref name="TIM" /> In 2018 the local government and police authorities reported a [[crime drop]] in most categories; it was part of an overall reduction in crime since the late 20th century.<ref name=":12" /> As Shreveport continued its economic resurgence,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> the [[Adrian Perkins]] administration saw the coming of Advanced Aero Services,<ref name=":9" /> Tomakk Glass Partners,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glass company to open facility in Shreveport, will create new jobs|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2020/08/12/tomakk-glass-partners-create-new-jobs-shreveport/3358096001/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Shreveport Times |date=Aug 12, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the revitalization plan of the Shreveport Economic Recovery Task Force after the Cross Bayou redevelopment plan was rejected.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Chuck|title=Council Vote Falls Short In Support Of Cross Bayou Project MOU|url=https://www.redriverradio.org/post/council-vote-falls-short-support-cross-bayou-project-mou|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Red River Radio|date=January 29, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2020, rapper [[Hurricane Chris (rapper)|Hurricane Chris]] was arrested in Shreveport for [[second-degree murder]].<ref>{{Cite web|last2=Blackmon|first1=Danielle |last1=Scruggs |first2=Charitee|title=La. rapper Hurricane Chris posts bond, released from jail|url=https://www.ksla.com/2020/06/19/spd-investigate-possible-attempted-robbery-shooting/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=KSLA 12 News|date=June 22, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[George Floyd]] killing in Minnesota, multiple protests were held in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Chuck|title=Black Lives Matter Marchers Hold Peaceful Protest In Shreveport|url=https://www.redriverradio.org/post/black-lives-matter-marchers-hold-peaceful-protest-shreveport|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Red River Radio|date=June 2, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Enfinger|first=Emily|title=Hundreds participate in Shreveport Black Lives Matter march|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/local/2020/05/31/hundreds-gathered-shreveport-black-lives-matter-protest-march/5299886002/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Shreveport Times|language=en-US |date=May 31, 2020 }}</ref> ==Geography== [[File:Red River Between Shreveport and Bossier City, Louisiana, with Barksdale Air Force Base in Background (3497914205).jpg|thumb|Red River between Shreveport and Bossier City with Barksdale Air Force Base in background, 2008]]Shreveport is located in [[North Louisiana|Northwest Louisiana]]. It is the center of the [[Ark-La-Tex]] region where [[Arkansas]], Louisiana, and Texas meet. It is also part of the I-20 Cyber Corridor linking the tech-centered [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth]], [[Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area|Shreveport–Bossier]], [[Monroe, Louisiana metropolitan area|Greater Monroe]], and [[Atlanta metropolitan area|Greater Atlanta]] metropolitan areas together.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessfacilities.com/2019/06/cybersecurity-professionals-catching-up-bad-guys/|title=Cybersecurity Professionals: Catching Up With The Bad Guys |date=2019-06-10|website=Business Facilities |language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706204943/https://businessfacilities.com/2019/06/cybersecurity-professionals-catching-up-bad-guys/|archive-date=July 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The city of Shreveport is {{convert|188|mi}} from [[Dallas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-dallas-tx-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Dallas, TX and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000348/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-dallas-tx-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|98|mi}} from [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-tyler-tx-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Tyler, TX and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000345/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-tyler-tx-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|41|mi}} from [[Marshall, Texas|Marshall]], Texas;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-marshall-tx-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Marshall, TX and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000352/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-marshall-tx-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|215|mi}} from [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] and {{convert|73|mi}} from [[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]], Arkansas;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-little-rock-ar-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Little Rock, AR and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000346/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-little-rock-ar-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-texarkana-ar-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Texarkana, AR and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000350/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-texarkana-ar-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|250|mi}} from the state capital of [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-baton-rouge-la-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Baton Rouge, LA and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000347/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-baton-rouge-la-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|99|mi}} from [[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-monroe-la-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Monroe, LA and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000348/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-monroe-la-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|69|mi}} from [[Ruston, Louisiana|Ruston]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-ruston-la-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Ruston, LA and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000349/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-ruston-la-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|30|mi}} from [[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]], Louisiana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-minden-la-to-shreveport-la|title=Distance between Minden, LA and Shreveport, LA|website=Distance between cities|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015638/https://www.distance-cities.com/distance-minden-la-to-shreveport-la|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's proximity to the nearby cities makes it North Louisiana and the Ark-La-Tex's transportation hub. Shreveport is the parish seat of [[Caddo Parish, Louisiana|Caddo Parish]]. Portions of the city extend into neighboring [[Bossier Parish, Louisiana|Bossier Parish]], bordering [[Bossier City, Louisiana|Bossier City]]. Shreveport sits on a low elevation overlooking the Red River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/shreveport_la_usa.27140.html|title=Worldwide Elevation Finder|website=elevation.maplogs.com|access-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082256/http://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/shreveport_la_usa.27140.html|archive-date=October 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Western and northern portions of Shreveport have an elevation over {{convert|253|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usclimatedata.com/map.php?location=USLA0426|title=Map of Shreveport - Louisiana - longitude, altitude - sunset|last=Data|first=US Climate|website=usclimatedata.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082235/https://usclimatedata.com/map.php?location=USLA0426|archive-date=October 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pine]] forests, [[Cotton|cotton fields]], [[wetland]]s, and [[waterway]]s mark the outskirts of the city. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]] in 2010, the city had a total area of {{convert|316.88|km2||abbr=on|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|277.48|km2||abbr=on|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|39.40|km2||abbr=on|order=flip}} is water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{Cite web |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Shreveport city, Louisiana |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2270000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212183218/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2270000 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2013 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder}}</ref> ===Cityscape=== [[File:Bossier City September 2015 08 (Long–Allen Bridge).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Long–Allen Bridge (Shreveport)|Long-Allen Bridge]] (also known as the Texas Street Bridge) connects Shreveport and Bossier City.]] Shreveport—since the mid-1990s—has been a major gambling center with a modest downtown skyline. The "Streetscape" project, inspired by the coming of riverboat gaming, gave Shreveport's downtown traditional brick sidewalks, statues, sculptures, and mosaics. The O.K. Allen Bridge (Texas Street bridge) was lit with neon lights. Since then, Downtown Shreveport has seen minor changes until the 2010s; the whole of Shreveport has been improving roads since the mid-2010s, with continued road projects in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/01/28/shreveport-unveils-2018-street-improvements-plan/1062607001/|title=Shreveport unveils 2018 street improvements plan|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005151/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/01/28/shreveport-unveils-2018-street-improvements-plan/1062607001/|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, buildings in Shreveport's downtown and nearby districts were revitalized due to re-investment in the area.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/opinion/2018/05/21/development-activity-booming-downtown-shreveport/629950002/|title=Development activity is booming in downtown Shreveport|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/07/06/shreveport-get-24-2-m-grant-fix-high-poverty-neighborhoods/764260002/|title=Shreveport to get $24.2M grant to fix high-poverty neighborhoods|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220034048/https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/07/06/shreveport-get-24-2-m-grant-fix-high-poverty-neighborhoods/764260002/|archive-date=December 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, plans were unveiled for the I-49 Connector and further redevelopment of the city.<ref name=":13" /> [[File:Shreveport from Riverfront 2.png|thumb|View of Downtown Shreveport]] [[Image:Pine Wold house, Shreveport, LA IMG 4951.JPG|thumb|right|220x220px|Pine Wold house (Fairfield Avenue at Kirby Street) was designed by [[Edward F. Neild]], who created some of the designs for the interior of the [[White House]] in the [[Harry Truman|Truman]] administration, as well as the [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]. Pine Wold was constructed in 1903 by lumberman T. J. Jones and expanded in 1919 by oilman J. P. Evans. For a time the Mighty Haag Circus wintered on the grounds, and the circus elephant Trilby is buried there.]] [[File:A. C. Steere Elementary School, Shreveport, LA IMG 5106.jpg|thumb|A.C. Steere School, expanded in 1938, is named for Albert Coldwell Steere, [[Real estate developer|developer]] and founder of the Broadmoor neighborhood; the institution was added in 1991 to the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. It was designed by [[Edward F. Neild]] of Shreveport.]] ==== Neighborhoods ==== Shreveport encompasses many areas, neighborhoods, and districts. The busiest thoroughfares and areas of Shreveport are the Youree Drive area (named for [[Peter Youree]]), the Shreveport Downtown Riverfront, and Highland neighborhood. All of the busiest areas are located in Eastern Shreveport, nearby or along the Red River. Below is a list of areas in the Shreveport area of Caddo Parish: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * Acadiana Place * Allendale * Allendale-Lakeside, interloop of neighborhoods * Anderson Island * Azalea Gardens * Braemar Estates * Broadmoor * Broadmoor Terrace * Brunswick Place * Caddo Heights * Cedar Grove * Chapel Creek * Cherokee Park * Cooper Road * Crescent Wood * Cross Lake, some not in city * Dixie Gardens * Eden Gardens * Ellerbe Road Estates * Ellerbe Woods * Evangeline Oaks * Fairfield Heights * Forbing * Fox Crossing * Garden Valley * Glen Iris * Greenbrook * The Haven * Hidden Trace * Hideaway Harbor * Highland * Hollywood * Hollywood Heights * Huntington * Ingleside * Jackson Square * Jewella-South Park * Hyde Park * [[Lakeside, Shreveport, Louisiana|Lakeside]] * Lakeside Acres * Lakeside on Long Lake * Ledbetter Heights or The Bottoms * Long Lake Estates * Lynbrook * Madison Park * [[Mooretown, Shreveport, Louisiana|Mooretown]] * Norris Ferry Crossing * Norris Ferry Estates * Norris Ferry Landing * North Highlands * Parkside * Pines Road * Pierremont * Pierremont Place * Pierremont Ridge * Provenance * Queensborough * St. Charles Place * Shreve Island * Shreve Lake Estates * South Broadmoor * South Highlands * Southern Hills * Southern Trace * Spring Lake * Stoner Hill * Sunset Acres * Towne South * Twelve Oaks * Shadow Pines Estates * Steeple Chase * Stoner Hill * University Terrace * Waterside * West End * Western Hills * Wright Island * Yarborough {{div col end}} <div align=center><gallery heights="188" widths="188"> File:Robinson Place, Shreveport, LA IMG 1578.JPG|Robinson Place in Shreveport, former home of physician and developer George W. Robinson; later the residence of Douglas and Lucille Lee, owners of Lee Hardware Company File:Barrett House in Shreveport, LA IMG 1581.JPG|Historic residence of late Louisiana [[Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana|Lieutenant Governor]] Thomas Charles Barret at Fairfield and Prospect File:Walker House in Shreveport, LA IMG 1579.JPG|Walker House on Fairfield Avenue was once the home of the [[Coca-Cola]] bottler Zehntner Biedenharn. File:Bliss-Hoyer House, Shreveport, LA IMG 1580.JPG|Bliss-Hoyer House, built by Abel and Nettie Bliss, was later the home of Ewald Max Hoyer, the first mayor of [[Bossier City, Louisiana|Bossier City]], who continued to reside in Shreveport. </gallery></div> === Climate === Shreveport has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''). Rainfall is abundant, with the normal annual precipitation averaging over {{convert|51|in|mm}}, with monthly averages ranging from less than {{convert|3|in|mm}} in August to more than {{convert|5|in|mm}} in June. Severe thunderstorms with heavy rain, [[hail]], damaging winds and [[tornadoes]] occur in the area during the spring and summer months. The winter months are normally mild, with an average of 35 days of freezing or below-freezing temperatures per year, with ice and [[Ice pellets|sleet]] storms possible. Summer months are hot and humid, with maximum temperatures exceeding {{convert|90|°F}} on an average of 91 days per year, with high to very high relative average humidity. The extreme temperatures range from {{convert|−5|°F}} on [[Great Blizzard of 1899|February 12, 1899]],<ref name= nws/> to {{convert|110|°F}} on August 18, 1909, and August 25 and 26, 2023.<ref name= nws/> Shreveport is home to a branch of the [[National Weather Service Shreveport, Louisiana|National Weather Service]] which provides forecasts and warnings for the greater [[Ark-La-Tex]] region. {{Weather box |location = Shreveport, Louisiana ([[Shreveport Regional Airport]]), 1991–2020 normals,<ref>Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</ref> extremes 1871–present |single line = Y |Jan record high F = 85 |Feb record high F = 89 |Mar record high F = 92 |Apr record high F = 96 |May record high F = 102 |Jun record high F = 104 |Jul record high F = 108 |Aug record high F = 110 |Sep record high F = 109 |Oct record high F = 99 |Nov record high F = 88 |Dec record high F = 84 |year record high F = 110 |Jan avg record high F = 76.4 |Feb avg record high F = 79.1 |Mar avg record high F = 84.6 |Apr avg record high F = 87.5 |May avg record high F = 92.4 |Jun avg record high F = 96.3 |Jul avg record high F = 100.2 |Aug avg record high F = 101.4 |Sep avg record high F = 98.0 |Oct avg record high F = 91.3 |Nov avg record high F = 82.2 |Dec avg record high F = 77.4 |year avg record high F = 102.6 |Jan high F = 58.4 |Feb high F = 62.6 |Mar high F = 70.4 |Apr high F = 77.5 |May high F = 84.6 |Jun high F = 91.1 |Jul high F = 94.3 |Aug high F = 94.9 |Sep high F = 89.6 |Oct high F = 79.3 |Nov high F = 67.9 |Dec high F = 59.9 |year high F = 77.5 |Jan mean F = 47.9 |Feb mean F = 51.8 |Mar mean F = 59.0 |Apr mean F = 65.9 |May mean F = 74.0 |Jun mean F = 80.9 |Jul mean F = 83.9 |Aug mean F = 84.0 |Sep mean F = 78.3 |Oct mean F = 67.4 |Nov mean F = 56.6 |Dec mean F = 49.5 |year mean F = 66.6 |Jan low F = 37.3 |Feb low F = 41.0 |Mar low F = 47.7 |Apr low F = 54.3 |May low F = 63.5 |Jun low F = 70.6 |Jul low F = 73.5 |Aug low F = 73.0 |Sep low F = 67.0 |Oct low F = 55.4 |Nov low F = 45.3 |Dec low F = 39.0 |year low F = 55.6 |Jan avg record low F = 21.2 |Feb avg record low F = 26.3 |Mar avg record low F = 30.4 |Apr avg record low F = 38.3 |May avg record low F = 49.6 |Jun avg record low F = 62.3 |Jul avg record low F = 68.0 |Aug avg record low F = 65.9 |Sep avg record low F = 54.3 |Oct avg record low F = 39.0 |Nov avg record low F = 28.8 |Dec avg record low F = 24.3 |year avg record low F = 19.5 |Jan record low F = −2 |Feb record low F = −5 |Mar record low F = 15 |Apr record low F = 31 |May record low F = 39 |Jun record low F = 52 |Jul record low F = 58 |Aug record low F = 53 |Sep record low F = 42 |Oct record low F = 28 |Nov record low F = 16 |Dec record low F = 5 |year record low F = -5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 4.40 |Feb precipitation inch = 4.30 |Mar precipitation inch = 4.90 |Apr precipitation inch = 5.19 |May precipitation inch = 4.46 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.78 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.50 |Aug precipitation inch = 2.91 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.46 |Oct precipitation inch = 4.59 |Nov precipitation inch = 4.00 |Dec precipitation inch = 4.94 |year precipitation inch = 51.43 |Jan snow inch = 0.2 |Feb snow inch = 0.5 |Mar snow inch = 0.1 |Apr snow inch = 0.0 |May snow inch = 0.0 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.0 |Nov snow inch = 0.0 |Dec snow inch = 0.1 |year snow inch = 0.9 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 9.4 |Feb precipitation days = 9.6 |Mar precipitation days = 9.7 |Apr precipitation days = 7.9 |May precipitation days = 9.1 |Jun precipitation days = 8.9 |Jul precipitation days = 7.5 |Aug precipitation days = 6.6 |Sep precipitation days = 6.7 |Oct precipitation days = 7.6 |Nov precipitation days = 8.4 |Dec precipitation days = 9.6 |year precipitation days = 101.0 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 0.2 |Feb snow days = 0.3 |Mar snow days = 0.1 |Apr snow days = 0.0 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.0 |Dec snow days = 0.1 |year snow days = 0.7 |Jan humidity = 72.6 |Feb humidity = 69.7 |Mar humidity = 67.7 |Apr humidity = 69.6 |May humidity = 73.2 |Jun humidity = 73.3 |Jul humidity = 72.4 |Aug humidity = 71.7 |Sep humidity = 73.6 |Oct humidity = 71.7 |Nov humidity = 73.7 |Dec humidity = 74.4 |year humidity = 72.0 |Jan sun = 158.3 |Feb sun = 172.8 |Mar sun = 213.1 |Apr sun = 231.2 |May sun = 267.1 |Jun sun = 297.9 |Jul sun = 317.9 |Aug sun = 300.7 |Sep sun = 249.8 |Oct sun = 235.8 |Nov sun = 176.8 |Dec sun = 158.4 |year sun = 2779.8 |Jan percentsun = 50 |Feb percentsun = 56 |Mar percentsun = 57 |Apr percentsun = 59 |May percentsun = 62 |Jun percentsun = 70 |Jul percentsun = 73 |Aug percentsun = 73 |Sep percentsun = 67 |Oct percentsun = 67 |Nov percentsun = 56 |Dec percentsun = 51 |year percentsun = 63 |source 1 = [[NOAA]] (sun and relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref name= nws> {{cite web | url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=shv | title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = September 29, 2023}}</ref><ref name=NCEI> {{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013957&format=pdf | title = Station: Shreveport, LA | work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = August 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun> {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72248.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for Shreveport/WSO AP, LA 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = February 12, 2017}}</ref> }} ==Demographics== {{US Census population |1850= 1728 |1860= 2190 |1870= 4607 |1880= 8009 |1890= 11979 |1900= 16013 |1910= 28015 |1920= 43874 |1930= 76655 |1940= 98167 |1950= 127206 |1960= 164372 |1970= 182064 |1980= 206989 |1990= 198525 |2000= 200145 |2010= 199311 |2020= 187593 |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 28, 2014|df=mdy }}</ref><br>2018 Estimate<ref name="2018 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=https://census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 8, 2018}}</ref> }} Shreveport's population was initially 1,728 at the [[1850 United States census|1850 U.S. census]], and has experienced growth to a historic high of 206,989 at the [[1980 United States census|1980 census]]. According to the [[2020 United States census]], there were 187,593 people, 73,114 households, and 42,775 families residing in the city; the 2020 [[American Community Survey]] determined an estimated 189,890 people resided in the city, purporting a slight population rebound.<ref name=":14" /> The 2020 census estimates showed Shreveport had 75,680 households with an average of 2.4 people per household. Of the households, 39% were married-couple households, though 44% of its male population and 40% of its female population have never married. Throughout the city, there were 89,523 housing units, with a 85% occupancy rate; among them, 54% were owner-occupied. Among its units, 73% were single-unit detached homes and 31% of its population moved into those homes from 2015 to 2016. The median value of its owner-occupied housing units were $151,700, and 30% of its units were estimated to be under $100,000; 38% of its units were estimated to cost from $100,000 to $200,000.<ref name=":14" /> From 2014 to 2018, the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $144,800. The median monthly cost with a mortgage was $1,178 and the median monthly cost without a mortgage was $364; the city of Shreveport had a median gross rent of $810. The median income from 2014 to 2018 was $36,338, and the mean income was $55,582.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Shreveport%20city,%20Louisiana%20income&g=1600000US2270000&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1901&t=Income%20(Households,%20Families,%20Individuals)&layer=place&cid=S1901_C01_001E&vintage=2018|title=ACS 2018 Annual Income Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> The per capita income was $25,022. By the 2020 American Community Survey, its median household income increased to $40,809.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 ACS Financial Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Shreveport%20city,%20Louisiana%20income&t=Income%20(Households,%20Families,%20Individuals)&g=1600000US2270000&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S2503 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> The median income for families grew to $54,023 with a mean income of $82,854; married-couple families $84,282 with a mean of $112,363; and non-family households $26,628 with a mean of $41,090.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Annual Income Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Shreveport%20city,%20Louisiana%20income&t=Income%20(Households,%20Families,%20Individuals)&g=1600000US2270000&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1901 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> According to census estimates, 25% of its population earned from $50,000 to $100,000 annually; 13% $100,000 to $200,000; and 5% over $200,000. Approximately 24.9% of Shreveport lived at or below the poverty line, down from 2014 to 2018's census estimates of 25.4%.<ref name=quickfacts>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/shreveportcitylouisiana/PST045219|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212182017/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/shreveportcitylouisiana/PST045219|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Shreveport city, Louisiana|date=2020-02-12|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> === Race and ethnicity === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" |+Shreveport racial composition as of 2020<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2270000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=2021-12-29|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> !scope="col"| Race !scope="col"| Number !scope="col"| Percentage |- !scope="row"| [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic) | 66,138 | 35.26% |- !scope="row"| [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic) | 104,612 | 55.77% |- !scope="row"| [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] | 573 | 0.31% |- !scope="row"| [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] | 3,031 | 1.62% |- !scope="row"| [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] | 102 | 0.05% |- !scope="row"| [[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]] | 6,479 | 3.45% |- !scope="row"| [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] | 6,658 | 3.55% |} [[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Shreveport (5560435458).png|thumb|right|Map of racial distribution in Shreveport, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <span style="color:#ff0000">'''White'''</span>, <span style="color:#0000ff">'''Black'''</span>, <span style="color:#00ff80">'''Asian'''</span>, <span style="color:#ff8000">'''Hispanic'''</span> or '''other''' (yellow).]]In 2019, the racial and ethnic makeup of Shreveport was 56.9% [[African Americans|Black and African American]], 36.8% [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]], 0.4% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]], 1.7% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.1% [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander Americans|other Pacific Islander]], 0.1% some other race, 1.5% [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]], and 2.6% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino American]] of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2270000&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=true|access-date=2021-07-16|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic composition of the population was 54.70% Black or African American, 41.16% White, 1.0% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 1.2% from some other race and 1.5% from two or more races. In 2010, about 6.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino American of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2010 Census Population of Shreveport, Louisiana - CensusViewer|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/LA/Shreveport/2010|access-date=2020-07-29|website=censusviewer.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Reflecting the decline in North Louisiana's population,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adelson |first=Jeff |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Census 2020: S La. parishes grew, northern, rural parishes decline |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/business/census-2020-s-la-parishes-grew-northern-rural-parishes-decline/article_8dae0d58-fb9d-11eb-9bef-3f5aee4c05fe.html |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=KTBS |language=en}}</ref> the city of Shreveport's racial and ethnic makeup among Hispanic and Latino Americans declined from 2010 yet rebounded from 2019's census estimates.<ref name=":11" /> At the 2020 census, Shreveport remained a predominantly Black and African American city, with 57.77% of the population identifying as such; non-Hispanic whites slightly declined to 35.26% and multiracial or Americans of another race increased to 3.45% of the population. Data from the 2020 United States census reflected growing trends of Hispanic and Latino, and Asian American population growth nationwide.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-12|title=US census: Hispanic and Asian-American driving US population growth|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58195166|access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref> === Religion === [[Christianity]] is the city and metropolitan area's dominant religion, being part of the [[Bible Belt]]. Its residents were predominantly [[Protestantism|Protestant]] through the nineteenth century, and today, [[Baptists in the United States|Baptists]] form the majority of Christians in Shreveport, followed by [[Methodism|Methodists]] and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shreveport, Louisiana Religion |url=https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/louisiana/shreveport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072718/https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/louisiana/shreveport |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |access-date=2018-08-29 |website=Bestplaces.net}}</ref> Many Baptist and Methodist churches are affiliated with [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Protestant]] denominations, though several are also affiliated with [[mainline Protestant]]ism; among Baptists, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Mere|title=SBC Churches Directory|url=https://churches.sbc.net/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Southern Baptist Convention|language=en-US}}</ref> [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptist Convention (USA)]], [[National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.|National Baptist Convention of America]], and [[Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship]] are the largest Baptist denominations in the city. The [[Progressive National Baptist Convention]] is the largest [[Progressive Baptists|Progressive Baptist]] group in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=United States Religion Census}}</ref> Methodists are mainly affiliates of the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] or [[Christian Methodist Episcopal Church]], though some also claimed affiliation to the mainline [[United Methodist Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search - Find A Church|url=https://www.umc.org/en/find-a-church/search|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The United Methodist Church|language=en}}</ref> The Roman Catholic community is primarily served by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website for the Catholic Diocese of Shreveport -|url=http://www.dioshpt.org/|access-date=2020-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Antioch Baptist Church Shreveport.JPG|thumb|[[Antioch Baptist Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)|Antioch Baptist Church]]]] Of note among its predominantly Baptist population, the First Baptist Church of Shreveport was once pastored by Monroe E. Dodd, founder of the former [[Dodd College|Dodd College for Girls]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2000 |title=Monroe Elmon Dodd, Brazil, TN., then Caddo Parish, Louisiana |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/caddo/bios/medodd.txt}}</ref> Former [[Governor of Louisiana|Governor]] [[Jimmie Davis]], also a Shreveport city commissioner, taught history for a year under Dodd. Other historic large Baptist churches include [[Antioch Baptist Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)|Antioch Baptist]], Galilee Missionary Baptist, Calvary Baptist, Broadmoor Baptist, Summer Grove Baptist, and Mount Canaan Missionary Baptist Church. Summer Grove Baptist Church was previously pastored by Wayne L. DuBose, a Baptist denominational officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-28 |title=Northwest Baptist Association calls Wayne DuBose as DOM |url=https://baptistmessage.com/northwest-baptist-association-calls-wayne-dubose-as-dom/ |access-date=2020-08-29 |website=Baptist Message |language=en-US}}</ref> Mount Canaan was previously pastored by civil rights era icon Dr. Harry Blake,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil rights champion and Pastor Harry Blake retires after 52 years in the pulpit |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/arklatex-indepth/civil-rights-champion-and-pastor-harry-blake-retires-after-52-years-in-the-pulpit/article_3ce02236-afd7-11e8-bc43-77d6b6135265.html |access-date=2020-08-29 |website=KTBS |date=September 3, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bridges |first=Tyler |title=Rev. Harry Blake, Louisiana civil rights icon from Shreveport, dies at 85: 'He was a giant' |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/coronavirus/article_a327feb6-7b6d-11ea-8111-4f441e4407e0.html |access-date=2020-08-29 |website=The Advocate |date=April 10, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and Galilee was likewise pastored by Dr. E. Edward Jones, another civil rights icon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welborn |first=Vickie |title=Civil rights icon Rev. E. Edward Jones dies |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/civil-rights-icon-rev-e-edward-jones-dies/article_d8fea9c0-008e-5a7a-b738-500491a9ce02.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=KTBS |date=June 9, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Among its Methodist churches has been the large [[First United Methodist Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)|First United Methodist Church]], established in 1884. The current edifice dates to 1913. Among its former pastors were D. L. Dykes Jr. and John E. Fellers. During a severe thunderstorm in 2009, the fiberglass steeple of the church toppled and fell onto a passing car.<ref>{{cite web |title="Steeple Man" on "Miracle After the Miracle" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/steeple-man-on-miracle-after-the-miracle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423103604/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/steeple-man-on-miracle-after-the-miracle/ |archive-date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=April 23, 2018 |website=cbsnews.com |date=October 29, 2010 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First United Methodist Church Steeple |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/first-united-methodist-church-steeple/article_a08f2bb4-60e6-5691-81e3-a88d29b5312c.html |website=ktbs.com |date=April 11, 2012 |publisher=KTBS}}</ref> It has since been replaced. A second prominent Methodist congregation is named for J. S. Noel Jr.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noel Memorial UMC |url=https://www.la-umc.org/churchhistorydetail/849685 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Louisiana UMC |language=en}}</ref> The church was begun as a mission in 1906. In 2023, First United Methodist voted to leave the United Methodist Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First United Methodist Church votes to leave denomination |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/first-united-methodist-church-votes-to-leave-denomination/article_e7e742ae-dcaf-11ed-b244-ef27a12389c8.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=KTBS |date=April 17, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:St._Mark's_Cathedral,_Shreveport,_LA_IMG_2361.JPG|thumb|[[St. Mark's Cathedral (Shreveport, Louisiana)|St. Mark's Cathedral]], an Episcopal church]] The large [[Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)|Holy Trinity Catholic Church]], located downtown, was founded in 1858; it served [[Irish Americans|Irish]] and [[German Americans|German]] immigrants as well as native-born residents. Five priests died of [[yellow fever]] in the 1873 epidemic. The current sanctuary in [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque revival]] style architecture dates to 1896.<ref>Historical marker, Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Shreveport</ref> Particularly striking in size and architecture is [[St. Mark's Cathedral (Shreveport, Louisiana)|St. Mark's Cathedral]], an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] congregation dating its establishment to the first religious service held in Shreveport in 1839.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brock |first=Eric J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-30dU8_8Rc8C&q=St.+Mark%27s+Cathedral+%28Shreveport%2C+Louisiana%29+history&pg=PA81 |title=Shreveport in Vintage Postcards |date=2005 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-1746-9 |language=en}}</ref> It became the see of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Louisiana Diocese |url=http://library.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/western-louisiana-diocese |website=Library of the Episcopal Church USA}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In Shreveport's interdenominational and Pentecostal population, Shreveport Community Church (an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] church affiliated with [[Assemblies of God USA]])<ref>AG Church Directory {{cite web |title=Assemblies of God Church Directory |url=http://ag.org/top/church_directory/index.cfm?Display%3DYes%26churchdetail%3D23d6916b-757b-46cd-bde1-cc6024c26bea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711031105/http://ag.org/top/church_directory/index.cfm?Display=Yes&churchdetail=23d6916b-757b-46cd-bde1-cc6024c26bea |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=2015-07-10 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a Louisiana AG Network Church |url=https://www.laaog.org/churches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705174842/https://www.laaog.org/churches |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=LA Ministry Network}}</ref> owns and operates [[Evangel Christian Academy]], a pre‑K through 12th grade private school. The church has produced a biblical musical, ''Songs of the Season'', during the Christmas holidays for over 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Songs of the Season, Christmas Musical Extravaganza |url=http://www.arklatexweekend.com/be-enlightend-by-songs-of-the-season/ |access-date=2020-02-12 |website=Ark-La-Tex Weekend |language=en-US |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212185814/http://www.arklatexweekend.com/be-enlightend-by-songs-of-the-season/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Robert J. |title=SCC's 'Songs of the Season' Expecting Record Crowds |url=https://710keel.com/sccs-songs-of-the-season-expecting-record-crowds-video/ |access-date=2020-02-12 |website=News Radio 710 KEEL |date=December 11, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] has maintained a presence in Shreveport since the early 1900s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. George Greek Orthodox Church |url=http://www.gosaintgeorge.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053505/http://www.gosaintgeorge.org/about/ |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=2019-01-29 |website=Gosaintgeorge.org |language=en}}</ref> The oldest Orthodox church in the city is St. George Greek Orthodox Church of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]], followed by St. Nicholas Orthodox Church ([[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Our Parish |url=https://www.stnicholasorthodox.org/history.html |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=www.stnicholasorthodox.org}}</ref> and the Holy Nativity of the Lord Church of the [[Orthodox Church in America]]. [[File:Shreveport_September_2015_085_(B'Nai_Zion_Temple).jpg|thumb|Original B'nai Zion Temple, designated a [[National Register of Historic Places|National Historic Place]]]] The [[Judaism|Jewish]] community of Shreveport dates to the organization of Congregation Har El in 1859, made up primarily of [[German Jewish]] immigrants in its early years. It developed as [[B'Nai Zion Temple|B'nai Zion Temple]], today the city's [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] congregation, which built the city's largest synagogue. Agudath Achim, founded in 1905 as an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] congregation of immigrants from Eastern Europe, is today a traditional Jewish synagogue. Shreveport, historically, has had a large and civic-minded Jewish community and has elected three Jewish mayors.<ref>Brock, Eric J.: ''The Jewish Community of Shreveport''. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing Co., 2002</ref> The [[Islam]]ic community in Shreveport-Bossier constituted approximately 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population in 2018.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City - Shreveport News |language=en-US |work=Shreveport News |url=https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072346/https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref> The majority of Shreveporter Muslims are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], followed by the [[Nation of Islam]] and [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational Islam]]. ==Economy== [[File:Shreveport September 2015 026 (Regions Tower).jpg|thumb|right|[[Regions Tower]], the tallest building in downtown Shreveport|330x330px]] [[File:Schumpert Hospital, Shreveport, LA IMG 1576.JPG|thumb|right|Health care is a major industry in Shreveport; Christus Schumpert Medical Center is the secondary leading cancer-treatment facility in the South, behind Willis Knighton.]] [[File:Shreveport September 2015 050 (Shreveport Convention Center).jpg|thumb|right|The Shreveport Convention Center]] Shreveport was formerly a major player in United States oil business, and once hosted a branch office of [[Standard Oil]] aka [[Standard Oil of Louisiana]]. The Louisiana branch was later absorbed by [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]]. Beginning in 1930, [[United Gas Corporation]], the nation's busiest pipeline operator and massive integrated oil company, was headquartered in Shreveport. [[Pennzoil]] performed a [[hostile takeover]] in 1968, and forced a merger. In the 1980s, the oil and gas industry suffered a large economic downturn. This severely affected the regional economy, and many companies cut back jobs or went out of business, including a large retail shopping mall (South Park Mall) which closed in the late 1990s. The mall's major facilities were later adapted for use by Summer Grove Baptist Church. Shreveport's economy entered a major economic recession, and many residents left the area. At one time, Shreveport was home to numerous manufacturers, including [[Shreveport Operations]], a [[General Motors]] plant that permanently closed in August 2012. The plant produced the [[Chevrolet Colorado]], [[GMC Canyon]], Hummer H3 series, and the [[Isuzu i-Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120828/AUTO0103/208280442 |title=GM's Shreveport Plant Closes |date=August 28, 2012 |work=Detroit News |access-date=2012-09-05 }}{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In January 2013, the plant was leased from Caddo Parish by [[Elio Motors]].<ref name="Klayman">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trust-formergmplant-idUSBRE9020M420130103| title=Maker of high-mileage 3-wheel vehicles leases former GM plant| last=Klayman| first=Ben| date=January 3, 2013| work=[[Reuters]]| publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]| access-date=January 3, 2013| location=Detroit| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104014805/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/03/us-trust-formergmplant-idUSBRE9020M420130103| archive-date=January 4, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> However, Elio Motors never went into production at the Shreveport plant. In addition to GM, other notable large companies that have had or still have Shreveport manufacturing/assembly or production facilities or operations include: [[General Electric]] (electric transformer production), [[Western Electric]] (payphone manufacturing, approximately 7,500 employees at its peak, changed ownership through the years but closed in 2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/former-avaya-att-facility-gets-new-life-as-mansfield-warehouse/article_0ecc9706-b9d5-11e7-887f-338fd6d3076e.html|title=Former Avaya/ATT facility gets new life as Mansfield Warehouse, welcomes new tenant|website=KTBS|date=October 25, 2017 |access-date=October 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026052634/https://www.ktbs.com/news/former-avaya-att-facility-gets-new-life-as-mansfield-warehouse/article_0ecc9706-b9d5-11e7-887f-338fd6d3076e.html|archive-date=October 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UOP LLC|Honeywell UOP]], [[Libbey-Owens-Ford]], [[Poulan|Beaird-Poulan]] (the originator of and, for decades, the only manufacturer of the single-operator [[chainsaw]] in the world),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poulanpro.com/us/support/company-history/|title=Company History|website=Poulan Pro}}</ref> [[Calumet Specialty Products Partners]] (originally [[United Gas Corporation]]'s Atlas Processing Unit and then [[Pennzoil]]), and Frymaster, LLC (a subsidiary of [[The Manitowoc Company]]). Today, only Calumet Packaging and Honeywell UOP survive as a large manufacturing employer in Shreveport. By 2017, manufacturing and other goods-producing (e.g. petrochemical refining) jobs accounted for just 5% of Shreveport occupations, compared to 8% for the nationwide percentage of the workforce involved in manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/louisiana/shreveport|title=Shreveport, Louisiana Economy|website=Bestplaces.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000616/https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/louisiana/shreveport|archive-date=October 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/employment-by-major-industry-sector.htm|title=Employment by major industry sector : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=Bls.gov|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011003632/https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/employment-by-major-industry-sector.htm|archive-date=October 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Shreveport has since largely transitioned to a service economy. In particular, there has been rapid growth in the gaming industry. The city hosts various riverboat gambling [[casino]]s, and, before [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, was second only to [[New Orleans]] in Louisiana tourism. Nearby [[Bossier City]] is home to one of the three horse racetracks in the state, [[Louisiana Downs]]. Casinos in Shreveport-Bossier include [[Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Shreveport|Sam's Town]], [[Bally's Shreveport|Bally's]], [[Horseshoe Bossier City|Horseshoe]], [[Boomtown Bossier City|Boomtown]], and [[Margaritaville Resort Casino|Margaritaville]]. Diamond Jacks Casino (formerly Isle of Capri) closed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bossier City casino, hotel closes doors permanently|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/bossier-city-casino-hotel-closes-doors-permanently/article_3ce5639e-96d6-11ea-8684-1bafc9356d9c.html|website=KTBS|date=May 15, 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bossier City loses $1.5 million in tax revenue due to DiamondJacks Casino closing|url=https://www.ksla.com/2020/05/15/bossier-city-loses-million-tax-revenue-due-diamondjacks-casino-closing/|website=KSLA 12|date=May 16, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> The Shreveport-Bossier Convention and Tourist Bureau is the official tourism information agency for the region. The bureau maintains a comprehensive database of restaurants, accommodations, attractions, and events. In May 2005, the [[Louisiana Boardwalk]], a {{convert|550000|sqft|adj=on}} shopping and entertainment complex, opened in Bossier City across from Shreveport's downtown. It features outlet shopping, several restaurants, a 14‑screen movie theater, a bowling complex, and [[Bass Pro Shops]]. A {{convert|350000|sqft|adj=on}} convention center was completed in the Shreveport Downtown Riverfront. Managed by [[SMG (property management)|SMG]], it includes an 800-space parking garage. An adjoining Hilton Hotel opened in June 2007. It was constructed by and owned by the city, which has been a controversial issue, and the subject of discussions about use of public funds. In November 2008, development of the [[Haynesville Shale]] area, with new jobs in the natural gas industry were expected to be created over the next few years. Residents in the region have been given large bonuses for signing mineral rights leases up to $25,000 per acre. However, economic downturn had resulted in a lower market price for natural gas and slower-than-expected drilling activity. The city expected to generate revenue by leasing the mineral rights on public lands in the near future as neighboring municipalities had already done. Gambling and hotel industries in Shreveport, [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Capital One]], and [[Regions Financial Corporation]] have regional offices in Shreveport's downtown and surrounding districts and neighborhoods. AT&T's regional headquarters is located in Downtown Shreveport. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[John Bel Edwards|Governor Edwards]] announced plans to open a fulfillment center in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Rachael Thomas, Tayler|title=Amazon distribution center reportedly coming to Shreveport|url=https://www.ksla.com/2021/05/06/amazon-distribution-center-reportedly-coming-shreveport/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=KSLA|date=May 7, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Rachael|title=WATCH LIVE: Amazon robotics fulfillment center coming to Shreveport, Gov. Edwards announces|url=https://www.ksla.com/2021/05/06/gov-edwards-make-major-economic-announcement-shreveport-friday/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=KSLA|language=en-US}}</ref> Amazon began construction on the $200 million fulfillment center in 2021 with completion expected by the end of 2022. The fulfillment center was expected to create 1,000 direct jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=$200M Shreveport Amazon fulfillment center announced |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/200m-shreveport-amazon-fulfillment-center-announced/article_561ff4cc-af09-11eb-a0fb-b36042f61225.html |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=KTBS |date=May 7, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, other business investments alongside Amazon during the early 2020s contributed more than $750 million to revitalizing and expanding the municipal and metropolitan economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Robert J. |title=3 Big Reasons the Shreveport, Bossier Economy is About to Explode |url=https://710keel.com/3-big-reasons-the-shreveport-bossier-economy-is-about-to-explode/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=News Radio 710 KEEL |date=December 22, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> By October 2023, Amazon planned to open a second facility in Shreveport.<ref>{{Citation |title=A second Amazon facility is coming to Shreveport |date=2023-10-27 |url=https://www.ksla.com/video/2023/10/27/second-amazon-facility-is-coming-shreveport/ |work=KSLA |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dawson |first1=Daffney |last2=Franklin |first2=Jasmine |date=2023-10-27 |title=Amazon to build 2nd facility in Shreveport |url=https://www.ksla.com/2023/10/27/amazon-build-2nd-facility-shreveport/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=KSLA |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, the city council approved a lease of Millennium Studios to rapper [[50 Cent]]'s new production company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=50 Cent Opens G-Unit Films and Television Studio in Louisiana |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/50-cent-opens-g-unit-film-television-studio-louisiana/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=50 Cent 'excited to get started' on G-Unit Studios in Shreveport; city authorizes lease |url=https://www.ktalnews.com/news/top-stories/50-cent-excited-to-get-started-on-production-facility-in-shreveport-council-authorizes-lease/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=KTALnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=City Council aproves Millennium Studios lease to Curtis '50 Cent' Jackson |url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/city-council-aproves-millennium-studios-lease-to-curtis-50-cent-jackson/article_80c6e804-996a-11ee-b73e-cba49cc510af.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=KTBS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Cent Opens G-Unit Films And Television Studio In Louisiana |url=https://www.hot97.com/hot-news/50-cent-opens-g-unit-films-and-television-studio-in-louisiana |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.hot97.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, the city government pumped $16.5 million into [[Mall St. Vincent]] in an attempt to attract new customers to the mall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/mall-st-vincent-feels-ripple-effect-as-retailers-struggle-nationwide/article_4e4c096e-7314-11e7-951d-3b3827bc9614.html|title=Mall St. Vincent Still Struggling Despite Facelift|publisher=[[KTBS]] TV|date=July 27, 2017|access-date=July 28, 2017}}</ref> However, by 2021, Auntie Anne's, Gymboree, [[Grimaldi's Pizzeria]], and Sears had closed their Mall St. Vincent operations, leaving Dilliards as the only anchor store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://710keel.com/mall-st-vincent-still-struggling-despite-facelift/|title=Mall St. Vincent Still Struggling Despite Facelift|publisher=[[KEEL]] Radio|date=July 28, 2017|access-date=July 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161026/http://710keel.com/mall-st-vincent-still-struggling-despite-facelift/|archive-date=July 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine ranked Shreveport the "#1 place to start a business" in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2015/04/27/best-cities-start-business/|title=Here Are The Best Cities To Start Your Own Business|work=Fortune|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233401/http://fortune.com/2015/04/27/best-cities-start-business/|archive-date=April 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Advanced Aero Services planned to open a facility at Shreveport Regional Airport,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> while employer Libbey Glass closed its doors for good after 47 years of operation, resulting in the loss of 450 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferrell|first=Scott|title=Shreveport's Libbey Glass plant reaches the end with its closure|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/money/business/2020/12/30/shreveports-libbey-glass-plant-say-goodbye/4093248001/|access-date=2023-06-28|website=Shreveport Times|language=en-US}}</ref> On July 31, 2020, the Shreveport Economic Recovery Task Force released a revitalization plan with a primary focus on the downtown area.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Bayliss|first=Deborah|title=Shreveport Economic Recovery Task force releases revitalization plan|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2020/07/31/shreveport-economic-recovery-task-force-unveils-revitalization-plan/5544847002/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Shreveport Times |date=Jul 31, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Film industry=== Tax incentives offered by the state government have given Louisiana the third largest film industry in the country, behind California and New York. Louisiana is sometimes called "Hollywood South".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/118/the-short-shady-history-of-hollywood-south.html |author=Kamenetz, Anya |title=The Short, Shady History of Hollywood South |issue=118 |date=September 2007 |journal=Fast Company |publisher=Mansueto Ventures LLC |access-date=2008-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210062044/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/118/the-short-shady-history-of-hollywood-south.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of films have been made in Shreveport. Facilities include [[sound stage]]s, [[Theatrical property|prop]] rental facilities, the Fairgrounds Complex, and the Louisiana Wave Studio, a computer-controlled outdoor [[wave pool]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/pictures/soundstages.htm |title=Sound Stages/Infrastructure |access-date=2008-10-09 |publisher=City of Shreveport, Louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617200919/http://www.ci.shreveport.la.us/pictures/soundstages.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> Selected films shot in Shreveport include: {{div col}} * ''[[The Initiation of Sarah (2006 film)|The Initiation of Sarah]]'' (2006): [[Summer Glau]] * ''[[The Guardian (2006 film)|The Guardian]]'' (2006): [[Ashton Kutcher]] and [[Kevin Costner]] * ''[[Factory Girl (2006 film)|Factory Girl]]'' (2006): [[Sienna Miller]] and [[Guy Pearce]] * ''[[The Great Debaters]]'' (2007): [[Denzel Washington]] * ''[[Mr. Brooks]]'' (2007): [[Kevin Costner]], [[William Hurt]], and [[Demi Moore]] * ''[[Premonition (2007 film)|Premonition]]'' (2007): [[Sandra Bullock]] and [[Julian McMahon]] * ''[[Cleaner (2007 film)|Cleaner]]'' (2007): [[Samuel L. Jackson]] * ''[[The Mist (film)|The Mist]]'' (2007): [[Thomas Jane]], [[Toby Jones]] and [[Marcia Gay Harden]] * ''[[Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins]]'' (2008): [[Martin Lawrence]] and [[Cedric The Entertainer]] * ''[[Soul Men]]'' (2008) [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Bernie Mac]] * ''[[Year One (film)|Year One]]'' (2008): [[Jack Black]] and [[Michael Cera]] * ''[[W. (film)|W.]]'' (2008): [[Josh Brolin]], [[Richard Dreyfuss]] and [[James Cromwell]] * ''[[Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' (2008): [[John Cho]] and [[Kal Penn]] * ''[[I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell (film)|I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell]]'' (2009): [[Matt Czuchry]], [[Jesse Bradford]] and [[Geoff Stults]] * ''[[Super (2010 American film)|Super]]'' (2010): [[Elliot Page]], [[Rainn Wilson]] * ''[[Straw Dogs (2011 film)|Straw Dogs]]'' (2011): [[James Marsden]], [[Kate Bosworth]] * ''[[Drive Angry]]'' (2011): [[Nicolas Cage]] * ''[[Trespass (2011 film)|Trespass]]'' (2011): [[Nicolas Cage]] and [[Nicole Kidman]] * ''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]'' (2011): [[Michelle Rodriguez]], [[Bridget Moynahan]] * ''[[The Iceman (film)|The Iceman]]'' (2012): [[Michael Shannon]], [[Winona Ryder]] * ''[[Ain't Them Bodies Saints]]'' (2013): [[Casey Affleck]], [[Rooney Mara]] * ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]'' (2013): [[Gerard Butler]], [[Aaron Eckhart]], [[Morgan Freeman]] * ''[[Texas Chainsaw 3D]]'' (2013) * ''[[The Town That Dreaded Sundown (2014 film)|The Town that Dreaded Sundown]]'' (2014) * ''[[Dark Places (2014 film)|Dark Places]]'' (2015): [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Charlize Theron]] * ''[[I Saw the Light (film)|I Saw the Light]]'' (2015): [[Tom Hiddleston]], [[Elizabeth Olsen]] {{div col end}} Several television series have been shot in Shreveport and the surrounding area, including ''[[The Gates (TV series)|The Gates]]'' (2010), and ''[[Salem (TV series)|Salem]]'' (2014). The [[Louisiana Film Prize]] has spurred the creation of over 200 short films shot in Shreveport and Northwest Louisiana by filmmakers from around the world since its inception in 2012. ==Arts and culture== Shreveport is home to many theatres, museums, and performing arts groups, including: [[File:Shreveport Symphony Orchestra.jpg|thumb|Shreveport Symphony Orchestra in 2010]] {{div col}} * Academy of Children's Theatre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academyofchildrenstheatrela.com/|title=act-louisiana|website=act-louisiana|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530195414/https://www.academyofchildrenstheatrela.com/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> * Artspace Shreveport * Barnwell Memorial Garden and Art Center * Hayride Diner/Soundstage 516 * J.O.S.H. Lounge – Jazz, Old School and Heritage <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joshloungeshreveport.com/about-us/ |title=J.O.S.H. – J.O.S.H. Lounge }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swaine |first1=Liz |title=5 things to do in downtown Shreveport for the holidays |url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/23/5-things-do-downtown-shreveport-december-23/8976578002/ |agency=USA Today |publisher=Shreveport Times |date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Business Listing |url=https://downtownshreveport.com/business/josh-lounge-3/ |website=Downtown Shreveport |publisher=Shreveport Downtown Development Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Things to do in Shreveport-Bossier |url=https://www.shreveport-bossier.org/listing/j-o-s-h-lounge/2246/ |website=Shreveport-Bossier Louisiana's Other Side |publisher=Shreveport-Bossier Convention and Tourist Bureau}}</ref> * Louisiana Dance Theatre * Louisiana State Exhibit Museum * Marjorie Lyons Playhouse on the Centenary College Campus * Meadows Museum of Art – [[Centenary College of Louisiana|Centenary College]] * [[Multicultural Center of the South]] * ''[[Once in a Millennium Moon]]'' mural by Meg Saligman<ref name="Millennium">{{cite web |last1=Turner-Neal |first1=Chris |title=Once in a Millennium Moon |url=https://64parishes.org/once-in-a-millennium-moon |website=64 Parishes |access-date=2 August 2022 |language=en |date=27 February 2021}}</ref> * Power and Grace School of Performing Arts * R. W. Norton Art Gallery * River City Repertory Theatre, the professional theatre for Shreveport-Bossier * RiverView Theatre * Robinson Film Center * Shreveport House Concerts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shreveporthouseconcerts.org/|title=Shreveport House Concert Series - We're here to share great live music with our friends|website=Shreveporthouseconcerts.org|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402114254/http://www.shreveporthouseconcerts.org/|archive-date=April 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> * Shreveport Little Theatre<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shreveportlittletheatre.com/|title=Welcome to The Shreveport Little Theatre|website=Shreveportlittletheatre.com|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615134825/http://www.shreveportlittletheatre.com/|archive-date=June 15, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Shreveport Metropolitan Ballet]] * Shreveport Municipal Auditorium * [[Shreveport Opera]] * [[Shreveport Symphony Orchestra]] * Southern University Museum of Art * Spring Street Museum * StageCenter Performing Arts * [[Strand Theatre (Shreveport)|The Strand Theatre]] * Theatre of the Performing Arts of Shreveport {{div col end}} === Events === [[File:Shreveport September 2015 017 (Louisiana State Fair Grounds).jpg|thumb|right|Louisiana State Fair Grounds in 2015]] {{div col}} * ArtBreak Festival, largest annual student arts festival in the South since 1984 * [[Barksdale Air Force Base]] Air Show, held annually since 1933 * Cinco De Mayo Fiesta, held annually since 1998 * [[Highland Jazz & Blues Festival]], held annually the second Saturday of November since 2003 * [[Holiday in Dixie]], annual springtime festival, began 1949 * [[Independence Bowl]], held annually close to New Year's since 1976 * Independence Day Festival, held annually on the 4th of July since 2009 * Let the Good Times Roll Festival, annual [[Juneteenth]] festival since 1986 * [[Louisiana Film Prize]], short film competition and film festival * [[Mardi Gras]] parades * Mudbug Madness, annual celebration of [[Procambarus clarkii|crawfish]], held each May since 1984 * Red River Balloon Rally, annual summer festival since 2016 * [[Red River Revel]], annual autumn arts festival which began in 1976; the largest outdoor festival in northern Louisiana * The State Fair of Louisiana, held annually each autumn since 1906 {{div col end}} ====Mardi Gras==== [[Mardi Gras]] celebrations in Shreveport date to the mid‑19th century when [[krewe]]s and parades were organized along the lines of those of New Orleans. Mardi Gras in Shreveport did not survive the cancellations caused by [[World War I]]. Attempts to revive it in the 1920s were unsuccessful, and the last Carnival celebrations in Shreveport for decades were held in 1927. Mardi Gras in Shreveport was revived beginning in 1984 with the organization of the Krewe of Apollo. The Krewes of Gemini, Centaur, Aesclepius, Highland, Sobek, Harambee, and others, followed during the next decade and a half. The first krewe{{clarify|date=January 2017}} to revive parading was Gemini in 1989. Today, Mardi Gras is again an important part of the cultural life of the Shreveport-Bossier metropolitan area.<ref>Brock, Eric J.: "Mardi Gras Grows, But Fizzled Earlier," ''The Times''. 1996-02-17</ref> ==Sports== {{Main|Sports in Shreveport-Bossier}} [[File:Shreveport September 2015 012 (Independence Stadium).jpg|thumb|Independence Stadium, 2015|alt=|left]] Dating back to 1911, the state fairgrounds (and later [[Independence Stadium (Shreveport)|Independence Stadium]], formerly State Fair Stadium) has traditionally hosted a college football game or two during the State Fair of Louisiana, an event currently dubbed the [[Red River State Fair Classic]]. Since 1976, Independence Stadium has served as host of college football's annual [[Independence Bowl]].<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/sn/20071228/sp_sn/shreveportthegrandaddyofbadbowlgames]{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Also, the [[Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football]] team occasionally hosts games at Independence Stadium. Shreveport was also home to a few now defunct football teams. The Houston franchise of the professional [[World Football League]] relocated to Shreveport rebranded as the [[Shreveport Steamer]] midway through the 1974 season, but the franchise along with the WFL folded midway through the 1975 season. Another franchise named the [[Shreveport Steamers]] played as a member of the [[American Football Association (1978–1983)|American Football Association]] from 1979 until folding in 1981. Shreveport's Independence Stadium was also home to the [[Shreveport Pirates]], an unsuccessful professional [[Canadian Football League]] franchise that opened play in 1994 but folded after the 1995 season. Baseball in Shreveport has an extensive past. The city had affiliated [[Minor League Baseball]] teams from 1968 to 2002. The most memorable team was the [[Shreveport Captains]] of the [[Texas League]]. Baseball teams in Shreveport have gone through eight different name changes and seven different leagues all since 1895. Shreveport's most recent independent minor league baseball team, the [[Shreveport-Bossier Captains]], ceased operations in 2011 and moved to [[Laredo, Texas]]. The city also has an extensive history in basketball and soccer. The [[Shreveport Crawdads]] and Shreveport Storm operated in 1994 and 1995 as members of the [[Continental Basketball Association]]. The [[Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks]] of the [[American Basketball Association (2000–present)|American Basketball Association]] played from 2013 to 2015 before relocating to [[Owensboro, Kentucky]]; since 2021, the Mavericks returned as the [[Shreveport Mavericks]] within [[The Basketball League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-17|title=Shreveport Mavericks win home opener|url=https://www.arklatexhomepage.com/sports/local-sports/shreveport-mavericks-win-home-opener/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ArkLaTexHomepage|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gibson|first=Kaitlyn|title=Shreveport Mavericks secure first win of the season|url=https://www.ksla.com/2021/04/11/shreveport-mavericks-secure-first-win-season/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=KSLA|date=April 11, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Shreveport/Bossier Lions played in 1998 as affiliates of the [[United Soccer League]]. [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL]]-affiliate [[Shreveport Rafters FC]] operated from 2016 to 2018; their expansion team for the [[Women's Premier Soccer League]] operated for one season in 2017. Shreveport almost had a USL expansion team in 2020 before its rejection by the city council,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bayliss|first=Deborah|title=City Councilman calls Cross Bayou Point lawsuit 'a bunch of malarkey'|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2020/01/13/cross-bayou-point-project-shreveport-faces-legal-hurdle/4454391002/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Shreveport Times|language=en-US}}</ref> though [[USL League Two]] announced the establishment of [[Blue Goose SC]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=USLLeagueTwo com|date=2022-01-13|title=United Soccer League Welcomes Blue Goose Soccer Club to League Two for the 2022 Season|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/news_article/show/1203083-united-soccer-league-welcomes-blue-goose-soccer-club-to-league-two-for-the-2022-season|access-date=2022-02-13|website=USL League Two|language=en-us}}</ref> The city was once considered as location for an [[NBA G League]]-affiliate of the [[New Orleans Pelicans]]. The city council unanimously rejected the proposal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ridiculousupside.com/2017/9/13/16304326/shreveport-denies-arena-for-g-league-team-pensacola-sits-as-favorite-nba-pelicans|title=Shreveport Denies Arena For Pelicans G League Team; Pensacola Sits As Favorite|last=Schmidt|first=Dakota|date=2017-09-13|website=Ridiculous Upside|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> The [[Shreveport Mudbugs]] are a [[Junior ice hockey#Tier II|Tier II junior ice hockey]] team that has competed in the [[North American Hockey League]] since 2016. The [[Centenary Gentlemen and Ladies]] compete in [[NCAA Division III]] as a member of the [[Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference]]. The [[LSU–Shreveport Pilots]] compete in the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]] as a member of the [[Red River Athletic Conference]]. ==Government== {{Main|Politics of Shreveport}} [[File:Shreveport September 2015 113 (Caddo Parish Courthouse).jpg|thumb|Caddo Parish Courthouse]] Founded in 1836 and incorporated in 1839, Shreveport is the parish seat of [[Caddo Parish, Louisiana|Caddo Parish]]. It is part of the First Judicial District, housing the parish courthouse. It also houses the Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeal, which consists of nine elected judges representing twenty parishes in Northwest Louisiana. A portion of east Shreveport extends into [[Bossier Parish, Louisiana|Bossier Parish]] due to the changing course of the [[Red River of the South|Red River]]. The city of Shreveport has a [[mayor-council government]]. The elected municipal officials include the [[Mayor of Shreveport, Louisiana|mayor]], [[Tom Arceneaux]], and seven members of the [[city council]]. Cedric Glover, a member of the [[Louisiana State Legislature|Louisiana House of Representatives]], was the first African American to hold the mayoral position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INAUGURATION OF CEDRIC BRADFORD GLOVER AS MAYOR OF SHREVEPORT|url=https://www.ksla.com/story/5735412/inauguration-of-cedric-bradford-glover-as-mayor-of-shreveport|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.ksla.com|date=November 28, 2006 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Lamar Jr.|date=2017-10-17|title=A White Sheriff's Portrait of the City's First Black Mayor|url=https://www.bayoubrief.com/2017/10/17/a-white-sheriffs-portrait-of-the-citys-first-black-mayor/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Bayou Brief|language=en-US}}</ref> Under the mayor-council government, the mayor serves as the executive officer of the city. As the city's chief administrator and official representative, the mayor is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and [[local ordinance|ordinance]]s are enforced. == Crime == According to the most recent FBI statistics, the total crime rate in Shreveport is 5,722.4 per 100,000 people, or 143.92% higher than the national rate of 2,346.0 per 100,000 people and 62.39% higher than the Louisiana total crime rate of 3,523.8 per 100,000 people.<ref name=HS>[https://www.homesnacks.com/la/shreveport-crime/ Shreveport, LA Crime Statistics For 2022], HomeSnacks.com, published 7 April 2022, retrieved 26 May 2022</ref> The violent crime rate in Shreveport is 923.0 per 100,000 people, or 138.01% higher than the national rate of 387.8 per 100,000 people, and 44.35% higher than the Louisiana violent crime rate of 639.4 per 100,000 people.<ref name=HS/> Shreveport has one of the highest crime rates in [[America]] compared to all communities of all sizes—from the smallest towns to the very largest cities. One's chance of becoming a victim of either violent or property crime is 1 in 15. Within Louisiana, more than 93% of the communities had a lower crime rate than Shreveport. [[NeighborhoodScout]] found Shreveport to be one of the top 100 most dangerous cities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/la/shreveport/crime|title=Shreveport Crime Rates and Statistics|website=Neighborhoodscout.com|access-date=March 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042727/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/la/shreveport/crime|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1980s, authorities started to track local [[Los Angeles]]-based gangs that distributed cocaine out of low-income neighborhoods. The first and the biggest street gang was the 52nd Street Hoover Crips; shortly after LA gangs moved in, gang-related homicides began to rise. Shreveport was the first city in [[Louisiana]] to have [[Crips]] and [[Bloods|Blood]] gangs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-09-me-265-story.html|title=Suspect in L.A. Drive-By Shooting in 1988 Killed in Louisiana : Gangs: Killings in Shreveport have been on the rise. The latest fatality is seen as additional evidence that the violence may have its origins in Southern California .|date=February 9, 1990|via=LA Times|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530195416/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-09-me-265-story.html|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-04-mn-476-story.html|title=COLUMN ONE : When L.A. Gangs Move In : How three smaller communities across the U.S. coped when gang culture moved in. Drug-dealing and violence usually weren't far behind.|date=February 4, 1990|via=LA Times|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530195413/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-04-mn-476-story.html|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, Shreveport hit a peak in murders, with 86 killings. Most of the killings were drug- or gang-related homicides.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/shreveport-s-recent-rash-of-homicides-still-down-from-peak/article_6344048c-e8d4-5323-94e0-2409a39be3c0.html|title=Shreveport's recent rash of homicides still down from 1993 peak|first=Sara|last=Machi|website=KTBS|date=June 28, 2013 }}</ref> In 2017, Shreveport was placed 18th on ''24/7 Wall St.''{{'s}} list of "America's 25 Murder Capitals."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comen |first=Evan |date=November 13, 2017 |title=America's 25 Murder Capitals – Page 3 |url=https://247wallst.com/special-report/2017/11/13/americas-25-murder-capitals-2/3/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=24/7 Wall St. |language=en-US}}</ref> Shreveport's crime rate was 71% higher than the Louisiana average. The crime rate was also 149% higher than the national average.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shreveport, LA Crime Rates & Crime Map|url=https://www.areavibes.com/shreveport-la/crime/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044057/https://www.areavibes.com/shreveport-la/crime/|archive-date=March 6, 2019|access-date=March 2, 2019|website=[[AreaVibes]]}}</ref> The city had a so-called [[Sagging (fashion)|"saggy pants" law]] since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/05/29/louisiana-city-reevaluates-saggy-pants-law-after-mans-death/|title=Louisiana city re-evaluates 'saggy pants' law after man's death|last=Steinbuch|first=Yaron|date=2019-05-29|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530194400/https://nypost.com/2019/05/29/louisiana-city-reevaluates-saggy-pants-law-after-mans-death/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The city ordinance was repealed by the city council in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2019/06/11/sagging-pants-law-abolished-shreveport/1425135001/|title=Sagging pants law abolished in Shreveport|website=shreveporttimes.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> ==Education== [[Image:C.E. Byrd High School from Kings Highway IMG 1382.jpg|thumb|[[C. E. Byrd High School]]|left]]{{Main|Caddo Public Schools (Louisiana)}} Caddo Public Schools is a [[school district]] based in Shreveport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caddo Schools Leadership|url=https://www.caddoschools.org/caddo-schools-leadership/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Caddo Parish Public Schools|language=en-US|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174006/https://www.caddoschools.org/caddo-schools-leadership/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The district serves all of Caddo Parish, including the parish's sections of Shreveport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22017_caddo/DC20SD_C22017.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Caddo Parish, LA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-03-09}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22017_caddo/DC20SD_C22017_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> Its founding superintendent was [[C.E. Byrd|Clifton Ellis Byrd]], a [[Virginia]] native, who assumed the chief administrative position in 1907 and continued until his death in 1926. [[C. E. Byrd High School]], which was established in 1925 on Line Avenue at the intersection with East Kings Highway, bears his name. There are a number of private schools in the city as well, including [[Loyola College Prep]], a coeducational high school founded in 1902 as the all-male St. John's High School. Portions of Shreveport in Bossier Parish are instead within the [[Bossier Parish School District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22015_bossier/DC20SD_C22015.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bossier Parish, LA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-03-09}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22015_bossier/DC20SD_C22015_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> === Colleges and universities === [[File:University Center plaza (Louisiana State University Shreveport).jpg|thumb|Louisiana State University Shreveport]] Shreveport has several colleges, including the [[Methodist]]-affiliated [[Centenary College of Louisiana|Centenary College]] (founded at [[Jackson, Louisiana]], in 1825; relocated to Shreveport in 1908) and [[Louisiana State University in Shreveport]], which opened as a two-year institution in 1967; it became a four-year institution in 1976. [[Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport]], the only [[medical school]] in Northern Louisiana, opened in 1969. Shreveport also has one of the largest nursing schools in northern Louisiana, the [[Northwestern State University]] College of Nursing. [[Louisiana Tech University]] at Shreveport-Bossier City was launched in 2012 offering their [[Executive MBA]] and main campus undergraduate and graduate degree programs at the university's Shreveport Center.<ref>[http://shrevebossier.latech.edu/ Home – Louisiana Tech University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180835/http://shrevebossier.latech.edu/ |date=May 28, 2013 }}. Shrevebossier.latech.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref> [[Southern University at Shreveport]] (SUSLA) offers a two-year [[associate's degree]] program. Founded in 1973, [[Louisiana Baptist University]] and Theological Seminary is also located in Shreveport, at 6301 Westport Avenue. Both Caddo and Bossier parishes are in the areas of [[Bossier Parish Community College]] and [[Northwest Louisiana Technical Community College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lctcs.edu/our-colleges|title=Our Colleges|publisher=[[Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges]]|access-date=2024-03-09}} shows Bossier and Caddo parishes in the service areas of BPCC and NLTCC.</ref> Ayers Career College is a Shreveport-based college that offers career training in the medical and [[HVAC]] fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ayers.edu/ |title=Ayers.edu |publisher=Ayers.edu |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611091329/http://ayers.edu/ |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since July 2007, Shreveport is home to a local [[Remington College]] campus. This location offers both diploma and degree programs, and is active in the Shreveport community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.remingtoncollege.edu/timeline.php |title=Remingtoncollege.edu |publisher=Community.remingtoncollege.edu |access-date=2012-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513200228/http://community.remingtoncollege.edu/timeline.php |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Virginia College]] opened in 2012. Located in Shreveport-Bossier City, it offers career training in areas such as business and office, health and medical, and medical billing.<ref>[http://www.vc.edu/campus/shreveport-louisiana-college.cfm Colleges in Shreveport – Colleges Louisiana – Virginia College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626023613/http://www.vc.edu/campus/shreveport-louisiana-college.cfm |date=June 26, 2012 }}. Vc.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref> ==Media== {{further|Media in Shreveport, Louisiana}}[[Image:KSLA-TV in Shreveport IMG 1582.JPG|thumb|right|[[KSLA]], a [[Columbia Broadcasting Company|CBS]] affiliate, is the oldest television station in Shreveport. Established in the former Washington Youree Hotel in 1954, it was moved to Fairfield Avenue in the early 1970s.]]Shreveport and its surrounding area are served by a variety of local newspapers, magazines, television stations and radio stations. The major daily newspaper serving the area is ''[[The Times (Shreveport)|The Shreveport Times]]'', owned by ''[[USA Today]]'' parent [[Gannett]]. Its headquarters is in Shreveport's downtown near [[Interstate 20]]. The newspaper's former rival, the afternoon ''[[Shreveport Journal]]'', ceased publication in 1991. Other major newspapers include ''[[The Shreveport Sun]]'', ''Caddo Citizen'', and ''SB Magazine''. ''The Shreveport Sun'' is the area's primary [[African-American newspapers|African American newspaper]].<ref>{{Cite news|website=Library of Congress |title=The Shreveport Sun|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045388/|access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref> Across the Red River, Shreveport's sister city of Bossier City is served by the daily ''[[Bossier Press-Tribune]]''. ''The Barksdale Warrior'' is the weekly newspaper of record for the [[Barksdale Air Force Base]]. Alternative publications include ''The Forum Newsweekly'', ''City Lights'', ''The Inquisitor'' and ''The Shreveport Catalyst''. Twice annually, ''[[North Louisiana History]]'', the journal of the North Louisiana Historical Association, is published in Shreveport. Shreveport and Bossier City are primarily served by two major cable television and internet companies: Shreveport is served by [[Comcast]] and Bossier City is served by [[Suddenlink]]. ==Infrastructure== ===Transportation=== {{Main|Transportation in Shreveport}} ====Highways and roads==== [[File:Shreveport September 2015 071 (Texas Street).jpg|thumb|Texas Street]] [[File:Shreveport September 2015 087 (Texas Avenue).jpg|thumb|Texas Avenue]] Shreveport's past reflects the need for mass transit and public roads. As far back as the 1870s, residents used [[mule]]-[[Horsecar|drawn street cars]] that were converted to electric motorized cars by 1890. [[Commuter rail]] systems in Shreveport flourished for many decades, and rail car lines extended out to rural areas. In 1930 trolleys and rail cars began to be replaced by buses, although motor buses did not finally replace all trolley service until the 1960s. In the 1960s, the [[Interstate Highway System]] came to the area with the construction of [[Interstate 20 in Louisiana|Interstate 20]]. The local public transportation provider, [[SporTran]], provides moderately extensive bus service throughout Shreveport and Bossier City. Sportran operates seven days a week on seventeen bus routes (five night routes) from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 am, with no night service on Sunday. The highway system has a cross-hair and loop freeway structure similar to that of [[Texas]] cities like [[Houston]] and [[Dallas]]. The loop consists of the Outer Loop Freeway [[Interstate 220 (Louisiana)|Interstate 220]] on the north and the Inner Loop Freeway, [[Louisiana Highway 3132]], on the south, forming approximately an {{convert|8|mi|km|0|adj=mid|-diameter}} semi-loop around downtown. Another loop is formed by the Bert Kouns Industrial Loop (Louisiana Highway 526) and circles further south, bisecting [[Interstate 49 in Louisiana|Interstate 49]]. I-49 now extends north to [[Interstate 30]] in [[Arkansas]], though there is a gap in I-49 within Shreveport. Shreveport lies along the route of the proposed [[Interstate 69 in Louisiana|Interstate 69]] [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) superhighway that will link Canada, the U.S. industrial [[Midwest]], Texas, and [[Mexico]]. ====Airports==== Shreveport is served by two airports. The larger is [[Shreveport Regional Airport]] (SHV), established in 1952, and is served by [[Allegiant Air]], [[American Airlines]], [[Delta Air Lines]], and [[United Airlines]] (as United Express). The smaller airport, [[Shreveport Downtown Airport]] (DTN), was built in 1931 and is located north of the Downtown Business District along the Red River. It is currently a general aviation and reliever airport, but was originally Shreveport's commercial airport. ====Railroads==== The Shreveport Waterworks Museum contains the Shreveport Railroad Museum, commemorating area railroad history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shreveportwaterworks.org/railroad-museum/|title=Railroad Museum – Shreveport Water Works Museum – McNeil Street Pumping Station|website=shreveportwaterworks.org|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220332/http://shreveportwaterworks.org/railroad-museum/|archive-date=July 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The city had been served until the 1960s by several passenger railroads, at different stations. *[[Shreveport Central Railroad Station|Central Station]] at 1025 Marshall Street served the [[Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad]] *Texas & Pacific Station at 104 Market Street served the [[Texas and Pacific Railway]]. Its last trains were unnamed successors to the ''[[Louisiana Eagle]]'' (Fort Worth-New Orleans) and the ''Louisiana Daylight.'' (El Paso-New Orleans)<ref name="chicagorailfan.com"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Missouri Pacific Lines, Table 2 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways|publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=101 |issue=1 |date=June 1968}}</ref> *[[Shreveport Union Station|Union Station]] on Louisiana Avenue at Lake Street had the [[Illinois Central]] (the ''[[Southwestern Limited (IC train)|Southwestern Limited]]'' / ''Northeastern Limited'' -Shreveport-Meridian, MS), [[Kansas City Southern Railway]] (the ''[[Southern Belle (KCS train)|Southern Belle]]'' -Kansas City-New Orleans), [[St. Louis Southwestern Railway]] (the ''[[Lone Star (SSW train)|Lone Star]]'' -Dallas-Memphis) and the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]].<ref name="chicagorailfan.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagorailfan.com/stbaashv.html|title=THE GREAT UNION STATIONS|website=Chicagorailfan.com|access-date=January 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223053904/http://www.chicagorailfan.com/stbaashv.html|archive-date=February 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Military installations=== [[File:Barksdale entrance IMG 1370.JPG|thumb|Entrance to Barksdale AFB]] [[Barksdale Air Force Base]] is located in [[Bossier Parish]] across the river from Shreveport, which annexed and donated the land for its construction in the 1920s. Named for pioneer army aviator Lt. [[Eugene Hoy Barksdale]] and originally called Barksdale Army Air Field, it opened in 1933 and became Barksdale Air Force Base in 1947. Headquartered here are the [[Air Force Global Strike Command]], 8th Air Force, 2d Bomb Wing, and 307th Wing. The primary aircraft housed here is the Boeing [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. In earlier years, the base was the home to other famous aircraft, including the [[B-47 Stratojet]]. Shreveport is home to the two [[108th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|108th Cavalry]] Squadrons, the reconnaissance element of the [[256th Infantry Brigade]]. Three of the squadron's four cavalry troops are located at 400 East Stoner Avenue in a historic armory known as "Fort Humbug". It got the name due to the Confederate Army burning logs to look like cannons and placing them along the Red River. This caused Union ironclad ships sailing north on the Red River to be tricked into turning back south.<ref>Brock, Eric J.: ''Eric Brock's Shreveport''. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co., 2001</ref> ==Notable people== {{main|List of people from Shreveport, Louisiana}} ==See also== {{Portal|United States|Louisiana|Cities}} * ''[[Houston E. & W. T. Ry. Co. v. United States]]'', a landmark [[U.S. Supreme Court]] [[commerce clause]] ruling commonly known as "The Shreveport Rate Cases" *[[Mighty Haag Circus]] *[[List of U.S. cities with large Black populations]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Sister project links|Shreveport|commons=Category:Shreveport, Louisiana|voy=Shreveport}} * [http://www.shreveportla.gov/ City of Shreveport official website] * [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/shv/ National Weather Service Shreveport office] * [http://www.shreveport-bossier.org/ Shreveport-Bossier Convention & Tourist Bureau] * [http://www.shreveport.net/ Shreveport/Bossier webpage] * [http://www.shreveporttimes.com/ ''Shreveport Times'' newspaper] * [http://www.shreveport.com/ www.Shreveport.com] * [http://www.texaspacificrailway.org/structures/la/shreveport Past train stations of Shreveport] {{Shreveport, Louisiana}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles and topics related to {{flag|Shreveport}} | titlestyle = <!-- optional --> | state = <!-- optional, default is collapsed --> | list1 = <!-- required, or |list= --> {{Bossier Parish, Louisiana}} {{Caddo Parish, Louisiana}} {{Louisiana}} {{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Shreveport, Louisiana| ]] [[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in the Ark-La-Tex]] [[Category:Cities in Shreveport – Bossier City metropolitan area]] [[Category:Parish seats in Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in Bossier Parish, Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in Caddo Parish, Louisiana]] [[Category:Louisiana African American Heritage Trail]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1836]] [[Category:1836 establishments in Louisiana]] [[Category:Cities in North Louisiana]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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