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Do not fill this in! {{short description|Military head of state of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=March 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sani Abacha | honorific_prefix = [[General (Nigeria)|General]] | honorific_suffix = [[Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic|GCFR]] | image = Sani Abacha (UN).jpg | caption = Portrait, {{circa|1993–1998}} | office = [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|10th]] [[Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–98|Head of State of Nigeria]] | term_start = 17 November 1993 | term_end = 8 June 1998 | 1blankname = {{nowrap|[[Vice President of Nigeria|Chief of General Staff]]}} | 1namedata = [[Oladipo Diya]] | predecessor = [[Ernest Shonekan]] | successor = [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Defence Minister of Nigeria|Minister of Defence]] | president2 = [[Ibrahim Babangida]]<br>Ernest Shonekan<br>''Himself'' | term_start2 = August 1990 | term_end2 = 8 June 1998 | predecessor2 = [[Domkat Bali]] | successor2 = Abdulsalami Abubakar | office3 = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]] | president3 = Ibrahim Babangida<br>Ernest Shonekan | term_start3 = August 1990 | term_end3 = 17 November 1993 | predecessor3 = [[Domkat Bali]] | successor3 = [[Oladipo Diya]] | office4 = [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]] | president4 = Ibrahim Babangida | term_start4 = August 1985 | term_end4 = August 1990 | predecessor4 = [[Ibrahim Babangida]] | successor4 = [[Salihu Ibrahim]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1943|9|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kano (city)|Kano]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]]<br>(now [[Kano (city)|Kano]], Kano, Nigeria) | death_date = {{death date and age|1998|6|8|1943|9|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Aso Villa]], [[Abuja]], Nigeria | death_cause = [[Unnatural Death]] (alleged) | spouse = [[Maryam Abacha]] | party = none ''(military)'' | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Military officer | signature = Signature of Sani Abacha.svg | allegiance = {{flag|Nigeria}} | branch = [[File:Flag of the Nigerian Army Headquarters.svg|21px]] [[Nigerian Army]] | serviceyears = 1963–1998 | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-9.svg|20px]] [[General (Nigeria)|General]] | commands = | battles = [[Nigerian Civil War]]<br>[[First Liberian Civil War]] | awards = | children = {{collapsible list |title=See| 1=Ibrahim<br/>[[Mohammed Abacha|Mohammed]]<br/>Abba<br/>Mahmud<br/>Sadiq<br/>Zainab<br/>Fatima Gumsu<br/>Rakiya<br/>Abdullahi<br/>Mustapha<br/>}} | alt = Official portrait of Sani Abacha }} '''Sani Abacha''' {{post-nominals|country=NGA|GCFR}} ({{pronunciation|En-us-Sani Abacha from Nigeria pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|listen|(|help=no}}; (20 September 1943 – 8 June 1998) was a Nigerian military officer and politician who ruled as the military [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|head of state]] after seizing power in [[1993 Nigerian coup d'état|1993]] until his death in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/16/al-mustapha-how-abacha-died/ |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=11 February 2023 |publisher=This day live.com |last=Okocha |first=Chuks |title=Al-Mustapha: How Abacha Died}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/09/world/new-chapter-nigeria-obituary-sani-abacha-54-beacon-brutality-era-when-brutality.html |title=NEW CHAPTER IN NIGERIA: THE OBITUARY; Sani Abacha, 54, a Beacon of Brutality In an Era When Brutality Was Standard |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=9 June 1998 |access-date=11 February 2023 |last=Kaufman |first=Michael T.}}</ref> Abacha's seizure of power was the [[Military coups in Nigeria|last successful coup d'état]] in [[military history of Nigeria|Nigerian military history]]. Abacha served as [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]] from 1985 to 1990, as [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]] from 1990 to 1993, and as [[Defence Minister of Nigeria|Minister of Defence]]. Abacha is noted for having been the first [[Nigerian Army]] officer to attain the rank of a [[General (Nigeria)|full military general]] without skipping a single rank.<ref>Paden, John N. (2005) ''[[Muslim]] Civic Cultures and Conflict Resolution'', [[Brookings Institution]] Press. p. 240. {{ISBN|0-8157-6817-6}}.</ref> His rule saw the achievement of several economic feats and also recorded [[human rights]] abuses and several political assassinations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/09/world/new-chapter-nigeria-obituary-sani-abacha-54-beacon-brutality-era-when-brutality.html |title=NEW CHAPTER IN NIGERIA: THE OBITUARY; Sani Abacha, 54, a Beacon of Brutality in an Era when Brutality Was Standard |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 June 1998 |last=Kaufman |first=Michael T.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/dc_6596.html|title=Nigeria: Statements on Assassination, 6/5/'96}}</ref> He has been dubbed a [[kleptocrat]] and a dictator by several modern commentators.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Devlin |title=U.S. Seizes Largest Ever Embezzlement by Foreign Dictator |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-announces-largest-seizure-ever-of-money-allegedly-embezzled-by-foreign-dictator-1394046818 |website=Wall Street Journal |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=African kleptocrats are finding it tougher to stash cash in the West |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/10/10/african-kleptocrats-are-finding-it-tougher-to-stash-cash-in-the-west |newspaper=The Economist |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Olawoyin |first=Oladeinde |title=Again, Buhari lauds late kleptocrat dictator, Sani Abacha |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/269444-again-buhari-lauds-late-kleptocrat-dictator-sani-abacha.html |website=Premium Times (Nigeria) |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Freezes More Than $458 Million Stolen by Former Nigerian Dictator in Largest Kleptocracy Forfeiture Action Ever Brought in the U.S. |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-freezes-more-458-million-stolen-former-nigerian-dictator-largest-kleptocracy-forfeiture |website=US Department of Justice |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria to recover $300m stolen by its former military ruler |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/2/4/nigeria-to-recover-300m-stolen-by-its-former-military-ruler |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> He was succeeded as Nigeria's head of state by General [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]. ==Early life== Abacha was born and brought up in [[Kano (city)|Kano]] to a [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] family originally from present-day [[Borno State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=20 things to remember about Abacha|url=https://www.thecable.ng/20-things-to-remember-about-gen-sani-abacha|date=8 June 2016|website=TheCable|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sani Abacha {{!}} Nigerian military leader |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sani-Abacha |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> He attended the [[Nigerian Military Training College]] in [[Kaduna]], and was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] in 1963 after he had attended the [[Mons Officer Cadet School]] in [[Aldershot]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9 June 1998|title=NEW CHAPTER IN NIGERIA: THE OBITUARY; Sani Abacha, 54, a Beacon of Brutality In an Era When Brutality Was Standard|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/09/world/new-chapter-nigeria-obituary-sani-abacha-54-beacon-brutality-era-when-brutality.html|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> ==Military career== Abacha was involved in all the [[military coups in Nigeria]] during his military career. In 1966, when he was still a second [[lieutenant]] with the 3rd Battalion in [[Kaduna]], he took part in the [[1966 Nigerian counter-coup|July 1966 Nigerian counter-coup]] from the conceptual stage.<ref name=Siollun>{{cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora|isbn=9780875867090|page=97}}</ref> He could well have been a participant in the [[Lagos]] or [[Abeokuta]] phases of the [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état|coup the previous January]] as well.<ref>{{cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1s9EqmAN1IC&pg=PA132 |title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976)|date=2009|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-709-0}}</ref> In 1969, he fought during the [[Nigerian Civil War]] as a platoon and battalion commander. He later became commander of the 2nd Infantry Division in 1975.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Dictionary of African Biography|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> In 1983, Abacha was general officer commanding of the 2nd Mechanised Division, and was appointed a member of the [[Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)|Supreme Military Council]].<ref>{{citation|last=Balogun|first=M.J.|title=Leadership as an Imposition: the Military Shortcut to Power|date=2009|work=The Route to Power in Nigeria: A Dynamic Engagement Option for Current and Aspiring Leaders|pages=163–193|editor-last=Balogun|editor-first=M.J.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230100848_9|isbn=978-0-230-10084-8}}</ref> In 1983, Abacha played a prominent role in the [[1983 Nigerian coup d'état]] which brought General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] to power; and the [[1985 Nigerian coup d'état]] which removed Buhari and brought General Ibrahim Babangida to power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waado.org/nigerdelta/nigeria_facts/militaryrule/omoigui/PalaceCoup-1985.htm|title=Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui|website=www.waado.org|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> When General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] was named [[President of Nigeria|President]] and [[Commander in chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Nigerian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] of the [[Nigeria|Federal Republic of Nigeria]] in 1985, Abacha was named [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]]. He was later appointed Minister of Defence in 1990.<ref>Oyewole, A. (1987) ''Historical Dictionary of Nigeria'', Scarecrow Press. p. 385. {{ISBN|0-8108-1787-X}}.</ref><ref name="eb222">{{cite web|url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9389478|title=Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|work=eb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB6sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=Nigeria's Soldiers of Fortune: The Abacha and Obasanjo Years|date=2019-08-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78738-202-2}}</ref> == Seizure of power == {{main|2 = 1993 Nigerian coup d'état}} Abacha was the defence minister and most senior official within the military hierarchy during the [[Third Nigerian Republic|crisis of the Third Republic]]. He orchestrated the [[1993 Nigerian coup d'état|coup d'état of 1993]] which overthrew the [[Interim National Government]] of [[Ernest Shonekan]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=18 November 1993|title=Nigerian Military Leader Ousts Interim President|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/18/world/nigerian-military-leader-ousts-interim-president.html|access-date=24 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In his nationwide broadcast, Abacha portrayed the overthrow as an act of stability brought about through the socio-political uncertainties caused by the [[1993 Nigerian presidential election|1993 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Coup Video, Abacha Coup |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhG3OU8FZZk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/qhG3OU8FZZk |archive-date=17 November 2021 |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Head of state == Abacha ruled as Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Nigerian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] of the [[Federal Republic of Nigeria]] from 1993 to 1998. In September 1994, he issued a decree that placed his government above the jurisdiction of the courts<ref>{{cite book |last=Gros |first=Jean-Germa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWaMNpVEPTgC&pg=PA67 |title=Democratization in Late Twentieth-Century Africa: Coping with Uncertainty: Coping with Uncertainty |date=24 September 1998 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37090-8}}</ref> effectively giving him absolute power. Another decree gave him the right to detain anyone for up to three months without trial. He further abrogated Decree 691 of 1993.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 1994 |title=Nigerian Military Ruler Assumes Absolute Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/07/world/nigerian-military-ruler-assumes-absolute-power.html |publisher=AP |via=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1998 - Nigeria |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa7e8.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Refworld}}</ref> === Regime maintenance === Abacha assembled a personal security force of 3,000 men trained in [[North Korea]]. Abacha's chief security officer [[Hamza al-Mustapha]] had an iron grip on the apparatus of military-security. The [[Nigeria Police Force]] underwent a large scale retraining. The state cracked down ruthlessly on criminals and dissidents, the [[National Democratic Coalition (Nigeria)|National Democratic Coalition]] was attributed with several bombings across the country, and several members were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Nigeria: Bombing incidents at Lagos airport between June 1996 and November 1997, including identity of persons injured, reaction of authorities and outcome of investigations or prosecutions|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab4d1c.html|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Refworld}}</ref> When [[Moshood Abiola]] proclaimed himself president, he was jailed for [[treason]] and subsequently died in custody.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria: Human Rights Watch Africa|url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_52396.html|access-date=2020-05-24|website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref> Also, former military ruler [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] was jailed for treason and accused of plotting a coup together with General [[Oladipo Diya]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 June 1998|title=NEW NIGERIA CHIEF PLEDGES A RETURN TO CIVILIAN RULE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/10/world/new-nigeria-chief-pledges-a-return-to-civilian-rule.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 1997, General [[Shehu Yar'Adua]] who was also jailed died in custody. Abacha's regime was accused of [[human rights]] abuses, especially after the hanging of [[Ogoni]] activist [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] (only one of several executions of Ogoni activists opposed to the exploitation of [[Petroleum industry in Nigeria|Nigerian resources]] by the [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[petroleum]] company, [[Royal Dutch Shell]]), whose death later led to the eviction of Nigeria from the Commonwealth Nations.<ref name="Arnold7892222">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Guy|url=https://archive.org/details/africamodernhist00arno|title=Africa: A Modern History|date=2005|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=9781843541769|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/africamodernhist00arno/page/789 789]|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Wole Soyinka]] was charged in absentia with treason.<ref name="eb222" /> Abacha's regime suffered opposition externally by pro-democracy activists. === National economy === Abacha's administration oversaw an increase in the country's foreign exchange reserves from $494 million in 1993 to $9.6 billion by the middle of 1997, and reduced the external debt of Nigeria from $36 billion in 1993 to $27 billion by 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why we honoured Abacha - Nigerian government - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html|date=1 March 2014|language=en-GB|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimes3">{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html|title=Why we honoured Abacha – Nigerian government – Premium Times Nigeria|work=Premium Times Nigeria|date=March 2014}}</ref> Abacha also constructed between 25 and 100 km of urban road in major cities such as [[Kano (city)|Kano]], [[Gusau]], [[Benin City|Benin]], [[Funtua]], [[Zaria]], [[Enugu]], [[Kaduna]], Aba,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Aba-Nigeria</ref> [[Lagos]], [[Lokoja]] and [[Port Harcourt]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why did a U.S. magazine label Nigerian leader Sani Abacha as "Thug of the Year" in 1995?|url=https://www.ogoninews.com/ogoni/443-why-did-a-u-s-magazine-label-nigerian-leader-sani-abacha-as-thug-of-the-year-in-1995|last=Editor|website=Ogoni News|language=en-GB|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Abacha brought the privatisation programs of the Ibrahim Babangida administration to a halt, reduced an inflation rate of 54% inherited from Ernest Shonekan to 8.5% between 1993 and 1998, all while the nation's primary commodity, oil was at an average of $15 per barrel.<ref name="premiumtimes3" /> GDP growth, despite being estimated to be higher than the 2.2% growth in 1995, was largely limited to the petroleum sector.<ref>United States Department of State, ''Nigeria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996'', 30 Jan 1997, available at: https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/nigeria.html</ref> === Embezzlement of state funds === The unprecedented economic achievements coincided with the rapid expansion of embezzlement hitherto unseen in the history of [[corruption in Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=Revealing the Ultimate 2020 List: The 10 Most Corrupt Politicians in the World - The Sina Times |url=https://www.sinatimes.com/2020/01/03/revealing-the-ultimate-2020-list-the-10-most-corrupt-politicians-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> in the alleged saga known as "Abacha loot".<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=Sani Abacha - the hunt for the billions stolen by Nigeria's ex-leader |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54929254 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Abacha's national security adviser, Alhaji [[Ismaila Gwarzo]], was accused by the government of President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] to have played a central role in the looting and transfer of money to [[Offshore account|overseas accounts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/news/26iht-swiss.2.t_3.html|title=Swiss Freeze A Dictator's Giant Cache|author=Elizabeth Olson|date=26 January 2000|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> Abacha's son, [[Mohammed Abacha]] and best friend Alhaji Mohammed M. Sada were also involved. A preliminary report published by the [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] transitional government in November 1998 described the process. The report mentioned that Sani Abacha told Ismaila Gwarzo to provide fake national security funding requests, which Abacha approved. The funds were usually sent in cash or travellers' cheques by the [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] to Gwarzo, who took them to Abacha's house. Mohammed Sada then arranged to launder the money to offshore accounts. An estimated $1.4 billion in cash was delivered in this way.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGvSopqOnx0C&pg=PA178|title=Growing apart: oil, politics, and economic change in Indonesia and Nigeria|last=Lewis|first=Peter|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-472-06980-4|page=178}}</ref> In 2004, a list of the ten most self-enriching leaders in the previous two decades was released;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf|title=Introduction to Political Corruption|date=25 March 2004|website=transparency.org|location=London|page=13}}</ref> in order of amount allegedly stolen, the fourth-ranked of these was Abacha and his family who are alleged to have embezzled $1 billion – $5 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/world/late-nigerian-dictator-looted-nearly-500-million-swiss-say.html|title=Late Nigerian Dictator Looted Nearly $500 Million, Swiss Say|date=19 August 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> In 2002, false rumours circulated that Abacha's family purportedly agreed to return $1.2 billion. Sources in the Obasanjo administration disclosed that the whole Abacha loot was politicised by the administration for his re-election bid.<ref>The Worldwatch Institute. (2003) ''Vital Signs 2003'', The Worldwatch Institute. p. 115. {{ISBN|0-393-32440-0}}.</ref> On 7 August 2014, the [[United States Department of Justice]] announced the forfeiture of US$480 million, the largest in its history, to the Nigerian government.<ref name="DOJ2222">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-forfeits-over-480-million-stolen-former-nigerian-dictator-largest-forfeiture-ever-obtained|title=U.S. Forfeits Over $480 Million Stolen by Former Nigerian Dictator in Largest Forfeiture Ever Obtained Through a Kleptocracy Action|website=The United States Department of Justice|date=28 August 2014|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> [[Jersey]] discovered more than $267 million in funds that were allegedly laundered through the U.S. banking system and deposited in a Jersey account (£210m in British pounds). The U.S. Justice Department, Jersey courts and the government of Nigeria completed a civil asset forfeiture against the funds and they will be divided between those countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-48509274|title=Dictator's £210m seized from Jersey account|date=4 June 2019|access-date=23 June 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> === National politics === {{Context||details=|date=April 2020}} <mapframe latitude="9.058702" longitude="8.525391" zoom="4" width="200" height="145" align="right"> { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ 9.7119140625, 7.2534960500695 ], [ 9.7119140625, 7.1663003819032 ], [ 9.68994140625, 7.2099003143688 ], [ 9.7998046875, 7.4278365287383 ], [ 9.580078125, 6.6427829003562 ], [ 9.77783203125, 7.2316987083671 ], [ 9.66796875, 7.1444988496473 ], [ 9.7998046875, 7.4931964701223 ], [ 9.7119140625, 7.3842578283093 ], [ 9.7998046875, 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State]]. * [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]]: [[Jigawa State]], [[Kaduna State]], [[Kano State]], [[Katsina State]], [[Kebbi State]], [[Sokoto State]] and [[Zamfara State]]. * [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]]: [[Abia State]], [[Anambra State]], [[Ebonyi State]], [[Enugu State]] and [[Imo State]]. * [[South South]]: [[Akwa Ibom State]], [[Bayelsa State]], [[Cross River State]], [[Delta State]], [[Edo State]] and [[Rivers State]]. * [[South West (Nigeria)|South West]]: [[Ekiti State]], [[Lagos State]], [[Ogun State]], [[Ondo State]], [[Osun State]] and [[Oyo State]]. * * This was achieved after adding additional six states to the already existing 30 to make up the present 36 states in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaqub |first=Nuhu |date=September 2023 |title=Quasi-Democracy and Autocracy as Governance Systems in Nigeria An Examination |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gss.2023.a917368 |journal=Journal of Global South Studies |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=312–357 |doi=10.1353/gss.2023.a917368 |issn=2476-1419}}</ref> Abacha held a constitutional conference between 1993 and 1995. Early in 1998, Abacha announced that elections would be held on 1 August, with a view toward handing power to a civilian government on 1 October. It later became apparent that Abacha had no intention of relinquishing power. By April 1998, Abacha had coerced the country's five political parties into endorsing him as the sole presidential candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-08 |title=NIGERIAN LEADER WINS NOMINATION OF 4 OF 5 PARTIES |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/04/20/nigerian-leader-wins-nomination-of-4-of-5-parties/4bc0c14d-b5c6-4dac-901a-90208220ddd2/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> === Foreign policy === In 1995, following the execution of [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], Nigeria was suspended from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref name="NYT-Commonwealth22">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/world/commonwealth-suspends-nigeria-over-executions.html|title=Commonwealth Suspends Nigeria Over Executions|website=The New York Times|date=12 November 1995|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Falola-Heaton22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&q=nigeria+as+a+pariah+state+abacha&pg=PR19|title=A History of Nigeria|author=Falola & Heaton|date=24 April 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139472036|page=xix|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> While hosting [[Nelson Mandela]], Abacha admitted he was advised against interfering with Saro-Wiwa's trial—but made assurances that he would use his rank in government to commute the sentence if death sentence was pronounced. Justice Ibrahim Auta was the judge presiding over the proceedings, and sentenced Saro-Wiwa to [[Hanging|death by hanging]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2011-03-16 |title=Ken-Saro Wiwa Killer Judge Becomes Acting Chief Judge Of Nigeria |work=saharareporters.com |url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/03/16/ken-saro-wiwa-killer-judge-becomes-acting-chief-judge-nigeria |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> Abacha did not commute the sentence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-06 |title=DEATH SENTENCE APPROVED FOR NIGERIAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/11/09/death-sentence-approved-for-nigerian-rights-activist/e68321bf-2018-43f3-b6b2-dd4e7aef08c8/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 1997, [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s West African Tour to Sani Abacha to mark the new Islamic year directly infringed United Nations Sanctions on Libya, yet he was greeted by thousands of Abacha's supporters who came out to demonstrate their loyalty in [[Kano (city)|Kano]].<ref>{{citation|last=AP Archive|title=Nigeria - Gaddafi arrives to celebrate holiday|date=2015-07-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CuthDUJZAQc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/CuthDUJZAQc| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-31}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Libyan leader sought to strengthen relations with the country, as a way to strengthen his agenda of [[Pan-Africanism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-05-10 |title=Gaddafi blames West for Islam's image |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12323114.gaddafi-blames-west-for-islams-image/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> Abacha intervened in the [[First Liberian Civil War|Liberian Civil War]]. Through the [[Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group]], Abacha sent troops to [[Liberia]] to fight against the rising insurgency in the country and political tensions. The Civil War, which began in 1989, saw an influx of [[Nigerian]] troops from 1990 when Abacha was defence minister.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amao |first=Olumuyiwa Babatunde |last2=Maiangwa |first2=Benjamin |date=2017-01-02 |title=Has the ''Giant'' gone to sleep? Re-assessing Nigeria's response to the Liberian Civil War (1990–1997) and the Boko Haram insurgency (2009–2015) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2017.1285665 |journal=African Studies |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=22–43 |doi=10.1080/00020184.2017.1285665 |issn=0002-0184}}</ref> Despite being repeatedly condemned by the [[US State Department]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/11/09/braun|title=Return of the ugly American|work=salon.com|date=10 November 1999 }}</ref> Abacha did have a few ties to [[American politics]]. In 1997, Senator [[James Inhofe]] ([[US Republican Party|R]]-[[Oklahoma]]) travelled to Nigeria to meet with Abacha as a representative of the "[[The Family (Christian political organization)|Family]]", a group of [[Christian evangelism|evangelical Christian]] politicians and civic leaders. Abacha and the Family had a business and political relationship from that point until his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2010/11/doug-coe-inhofe-siljander-c-street|title=Junkets for Jesus|work=Mother Jones}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=121755993|title=A Different Perspective On 'The Family' And Uganda|date=22 December 2009|work=NPR.org}}</ref> Abacha also developed ties with other American political figures such as Senator [[Carol Moseley Braun]] (D-Illinois) Rev. [[Jesse Jackson]] and Minister [[Louis Farrakhan]]. Several African American political leaders visited Nigeria during his reign and Farrakhan supported his administration. == Death == On Monday 8 June 1998, Abacha died in the [[Aso Rock Presidential Villa]] in [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trans-Pacific, Volume 24, Issue 24 - 1936-06-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/36722_meao_transpacific_1936-06-11-007 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Manchuria Daily News Online}}</ref> He was buried on the same day according to [[Islamic funeral|Muslim tradition]] and without an [[autopsy]], fueling speculation that he may have been assassinated.<ref name="Abacha Profile">{{cite web |title=General Sani Abacha Profile |url=http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/2651/ |access-date=19 June 2012 |publisher=Africa Confidential}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masland |first=Tom |last2=Bartholet |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Johnson |first3=Scott |date=2000-03-13 |title=Tracking Abacha's Billions |url= |journal=Newsweek (Atlantic Edition) |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=16}}</ref> The government identified the cause of death as a sudden [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |date=11 July 1998 |title=U.S. Aides Say Nigeria Leader Might Have Been Poisoned |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/11/world/us-aides-say-nigeria-leader-might-have-been-poisoned.html?scp=8&sq=abacha&st=cse |access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> It is believed by foreign diplomats, including United States Intelligence analysts, that he may have been poisoned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |date=11 July 1998 |title=U.S. Aides Say Nigeria Leader Might Have Been Poisoned |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/11/world/us-aides-say-nigeria-leader-might-have-been-poisoned.html}}</ref> His chief security officer, Hamza al-Mustapha, believed he was poisoned by Israeli operatives in the company of [[Yasser Arafat]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Opejobi |first=Seun |date=19 June 2017 |title=Details of how Abacha died in 1998 – Al-Mustapha |url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/06/19/details-abacha-died-1998-al-mustapha/ |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time of his death, he was about to transfer power to a civilian government in October 1998, implemented in October 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/81060.stm |title=Analysis | Nigeria: General Abacha's era of dictatorship |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> After Abacha's death, General [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] became head of state, whose short tenure ushered in the [[Fourth Nigerian Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sani Abacha: Timeline of the late Nigerian dictator's life |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-f9f1cd17-2c50-442e-88fc-e2deb46dbde1 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Abacha was married to [[Maryam Abacha]] and had seven sons and three daughters. As of 2018, he had thirty-three grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newsmaker Profiles: Sani Abacha Nigerian President |url=http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/africa/abacha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040408102654/http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/africa/abacha.html |archive-date=8 April 2004 |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The scars on his face were [[Scarification|tribal markings]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rupert |first=James |date=1998-06-09 |title=Gen. Sani Abacha dies |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/06/09/gen-sani-abacha-dies/525d7c85-020d-4327-a342-e904104daf1d/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> == Dates of rank == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Year !Insignia !Rank |- |1963 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-1a.svg|22px]] |[[Second lieutenant]] (Commissioned) |- |1966 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-1b.svg|22px]] |[[Lieutenant]] |- |1967 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-2.svg|22px]] |[[Captain]] |- |1969 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-3.svg|22px]] |[[Major (rank)|Major]] |- |1972 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-4.svg|22px]] |[[Lieutenant colonel]] |- |1975 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-5.svg|22px]] |[[Colonel]] |- |1980 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-6.svg|22px]] |[[Brigadier general]] |- |1984 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|22px]] |[[Major general]] |- |1987 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-8.svg|22px]] |[[Lieutenant-general (Nigeria)|Lieutenant general]] |- |October 1990 |[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-9.svg|22px]] |[[General (Nigeria)|General]] |} == See also == {{Portal|Nigeria|Biography}} *[[List of unsolved deaths]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * {{NYTtopic|people/a/sani_abacha}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/06/98/nigeria/109265.stm Abacha dies at 54], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 June 1998 {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ibrahim Babangida]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Nigerian Army|Chief of the Army Staff]]|years=1985–1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[Salihu Ibrahim]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ernest Shonekan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nigeria|Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria]]|years=1993–1998}} {{s-aft|after=[[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Jerry Rawlings]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1996–1998}} {{s-aft|after=[[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]}} {{s-end}} {{Nigerian Heads of State}} {{Chiefs of Army Staff (COAS) Nigeria}} {{Chiefs of Defence Staff (CDS) Nigeria}} {{NigerianDefenceMinisters}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abacha, Sani}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:1998 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian politicians]] [[Category:Abacha family|Sani]] [[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (Nigeria)]] [[Category:Heads of state of Nigeria]] [[Category:Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School]] [[Category:Kanuri people]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] [[Category:Nigerian Army officers]] [[Category:Nigerian generals]] [[Category:Nigerian Muslims]] [[Category:Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup]] [[Category:Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup]] [[Category:Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup]] [[Category:People from Kano]] [[Category:Rumfa College alumni]] [[Category:Unsolved deaths in Nigeria]] [[Category:Defence ministers of Nigeria]] [[Category:African military personnel]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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