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Do not fill this in! {{redirect|San Jose, United States|other places|San José#United States}} {{Use mdy dates |date=December 2019}} {{Use American English|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = San Jose | official_name = | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|City]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/3/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = SJ skyline at night horizontal.jpg | alt1 = Downtown San Jose skyline | caption1 = [[Downtown San Jose|Downtown]] skyline | image2 = USA-San Jose-De Anza Hotel-3.jpg | alt2 = Hotel De Anza | caption2 = [[Hotel De Anza]] | image3 = USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-5 (cropped).jpg | alt3 = Bank of Italy Building | caption3 = [[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)|Bank of Italy]] | image4 = USA-San Jose-City Hall-Rotunda-3 (cropped).jpg | alt4 = San José City Hall | caption4 = [[San José City Hall|City Hall]] | image6 = San-Jose-Tallest-Building (cropped).jpg | alt6 = Tallest Building in San Jose | caption6 = [[200 Park Avenue (San Jose)|200 Park Ave]] | image5 = Valencia Hotel, Santana Row (cropped).jpg | alt5 = Hotel Valencia at Santana Row | caption5 = [[Santana Row]] | image7 = Mount Hamilton (Winter, Early 2019) (cropped).jpeg | alt7 = Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton | caption7 = [[Lick Observatory]] on [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] }} | image_flag = Flag of San José, California.svg | flag_link = Flag of San Jose, California | image_seal = Seal of San José, California (alternate).svg | image_blank_emblem = San Jose Logo.png | blank_emblem_size = 150 | motto = Capital of Silicon Valley | image_map = {{maplink | frame = yes | plain = yes | frame-align = center | frame-width = 280 | frame-height = 280 | frame-coord = SWITCH:{{coord|qid=Q16553}}###{{coord|37|11|36|N|121|48|12|W}}###{{coord|qid=Q99}}###{{coord|39|49|41|N|101|0|0|W}} | zoom = SWITCH:9;8;5;3 | type = SWITCH:shape;shape;point;point | marker = city | title = San José | stroke-width = 3 | stroke-color = #0096FF | fill = #0096FF | id2 = SWITCH:Q16553;Q110739;Q99;Q30 | type2 = shape-inverse | stroke-width2 = 2 | stroke-color2 = #5f5f5f | stroke-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;1;1;1 | fill2 = #000000 | fill-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;0.5;0.5;0.5 | switch = San Jose;Santa Clara County;California;the United States }} | coordinates = {{Coord|37|20|10|N|121|53|26|W|region:US-CA_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of California|Region]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|Metro]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] | subdivision_name1 = [[California]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] | subdivision_name3 = [[San Francisco Bay Area]] | subdivision_name4 = San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara | subdivision_name5 = [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland]] | established_title = [[Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe|Pueblo]] founded | established_date = {{Start date and age|1777|11|29|p=fy}} | established_title1 = Founded as | established_date1 = ''Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe'' | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1850|3|27|p=fy}}<ref name=incorporated/> | named_for = [[Saint Joseph]] | government_type = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=105 |title=Government |publisher=San Jose, California |access-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013150/http://sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=105 |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | governing_body = [[San Jose City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of San Jose|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Matt Mahan]]<ref name=council/> ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = Vice mayor | leader_name1 = Rosemary Kamei ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title2 = [[San Jose City Council|City Council]] | leader_name2 = Sergio Jimenez ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> Omar Torres ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> David Cohen ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> Peter Ortiz ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> Dev Davis ([[Independent politician|I]]) <br /> Bien Doan ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) <br /> Domingo Candelas ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> Pam Foley ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br /> Arjun Batra ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title3 = City Manager | leader_name3 = Jennifer Maguire<ref>{{cite news |title=San Jose, California's City Council appointed Jennifer Maguire interim City Manager |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |url=https://carrollpublishing.com/whoentry.aspx?entry_number=140834&archiveType=wkly&date=7/13/2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824225206/https://carrollpublishing.com/whoentry.aspx?entry_number=140834&archiveType=wkly&date=7/13/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> | total_type = City | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web |title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826171103/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 469.72 | area_total_sq_mi = 181.36 | area_land_km2 = 461.63 | area_land_sq_mi = 178.24 | area_water_km2 = 8.09 | area_water_sq_mi = 3.12 | area_water_percent = 1.91 | area_urban_km2 = 739.4 | area_urban_sq_mi = 285.48 | area_metro_km2 = 6979 | area_metro_sq_mi = 2694.61 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=elevation/> | elevation_m = 25 | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name=elvadist>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances |publisher=US Geological Survey |date=April 29, 2005 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name=elvadist/> | population_total = 1013240 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_est = 971233 | pop_est_as_of = 2022 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_footnotes = | population_density_sq_mi = 5684.69 | population_density_km2 = 2194.92 | population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|32nd]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|12th]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|3rd]] in California | population_urban = 1,837,446 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 28th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 2,485.1 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 6,436.4 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |newspaper=Census.gov |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_metro = 2000468 ([[List of metropolitan statistical areas|US: 35th]]) | population_demonym = San Josean(s) <br /> San Joséan(s) <br /> Josefino/a(s) | timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] | utc_offset = −08:00 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −07:00 | area_code = [[Area codes 408 and 669|408/669]] | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{Collapsible list |95002 |95008 |95101 |95103 |95106 |95108–95113 |95115–95141 |95148 |95150–95161 |95164, 95170 |95172 |95173 |95129 |95190–95194 | 95196<ref>{{cite web |url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup |publisher = [[United States Postal Service]] |access-date = November 23, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141116111202/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |archive-date = November 16, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | website = [https://www.sanjoseca.gov SanJoseCA.gov] | footnotes = | pushpin_label = San Jose | leader_title4 = [[City Manager]] | leader_name4 = David Sykes<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose City Manager Norberto Duenas Has Interim Tag Removed |url=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/2015/05/05/san-jose-city-manager-norberto-duenas-has-interim-tag-removed/ |website=San Jose Inside |date=May 5, 2015 |publisher=Metro Newspapers |access-date=May 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507192029/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/2015/05/05/san-jose-city-manager-norberto-duenas-has-interim-tag-removed/ |archive-date=May 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title3 = [[California State Senate|State senators]]<ref name=ssd/> | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title = '''List''' |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1={{Representative|casd|10|fmt=linked}} |2={{Representative|casd|15|fmt=linked}} |3={{Representative|casd|17|fmt=linked}} }} }} | leader_title4 = [[California State Assembly|Assemblymembers]]<ref name=sad/> | leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list |title = '''List''' |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1={{Representative|caad|23|fmt=linked}} ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |2={{Representative|caad|24|fmt=linked}} ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |3={{Representative|caad|25|fmt=linked}} ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |4={{Representative|caad|26|fmt=linked}} ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |5={{Representative|caad|28|fmt=linked}} ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) }} | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = {{FIPS|06|68000}} | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs | blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|1654952}}, {{GNIS 4|2411790}} | website = {{URL|https://www.sanjoseca.gov|sanjoseca.gov}} }} '''San Jose''', officially the {{langnf|es|'''City of San José'''|italic=no|[[Saint Joseph]]|paren=left}}<ref name="City Charter 2021"/> {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|n|_|h|oʊ|ˈ|z|eɪ|,_|-|ˈ|s|eɪ}} {{respell|SAN|_|hoh|ZAY|,_|-|SAY}}; {{IPA-es|saŋ xoˈse|lang}}),<ref>In isolation, ''San'' is pronounced {{IPA-es|san}}.</ref> is the largest city in [[Northern California]] by both population and area. With a 2022 population of 971,233,<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: San Jose city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanjosecitycalifornia/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> it is the most populous city in both the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] and the [[San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area]]—which in 2022 had a population of 7.5 million and 9.0 million respectively<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=It's Official: A Quarter Million People Fled the Bay Area Since 2020 |url=https://sfstandard.com/2023/03/31/san-francisco-bay-area-california-population-decline-census-pandemic-covid/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Census.gov}}</ref>—the [[List of largest California cities by population|third-most populous city in California]] after [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Diego]], and the [[List of United States cities by population|12th-most populous in the United States]].<ref name="Census2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |title=U.S. Census website |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=San Jose no longer in Top 10 of most populous U.S. cities |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/05/18/san-jose-no-longer-in-top-10-most-populous-u-s-cities |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}</ref> Located in the center of the [[Santa Clara Valley]] on the southern shore of [[San Francisco Bay]], San Jose covers an area of {{cvt|179.97|mi2|km2}}. San Jose is the [[county seat]] of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] and the main component of the San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area, with an estimated population of around two million residents in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRES/0100000US.31000 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=April 2019 |access-date=May 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213131422/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRES/0100000US.31000 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> San Jose is notable for its [[innovation]], cultural diversity,<ref name="DiversityBundle"> * {{cite web|url=https://sanjosespotlight.com/new-study-says-san-jose-more-diverse-than-san-francisco/|title=New study: San Jose is more diverse than San Francisco|date=March 6, 2019|access-date=March 25, 2022|archive-date=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124195217/https://sanjosespotlight.com/new-study-says-san-jose-more-diverse-than-san-francisco/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/10/14/three-bay-area-cities-considered-most-diverse-in-the-u-s|title=Three Bay Area cities considered most diverse in the U.S.|date=October 14, 2019|access-date=March 25, 2022|archive-date=March 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325232840/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/10/14/three-bay-area-cities-considered-most-diverse-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.sjchamber.com/blog/san-jose-makes-another-list-included-in-2018s-top-10-most-diverse-cities|title=San Jose Makes Another List, Included in 2018's Top 10 Most Diverse Cities|website=www.sjchamber.com|access-date=March 25, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407175736/https://www.sjchamber.com/blog/san-jose-makes-another-list-included-in-2018s-top-10-most-diverse-cities|url-status=live}} </ref> [[affluence]],<ref name ="AffluenceBundle"> * Zeveloff, J. (February 14, 2013). [http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/02/14/most-expensive-us-cities-cost-of-living/#!slide=5639175 "The 10 Most Expensive Cities in the United States"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507105818/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/02/14/most-expensive-us-cities-cost-of-living/#!slide=5639175 |date=May 7, 2016}} Daily Finance. Retrieved August 16, 2013 * Hsu, T. (September 20, 2012). [http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/20/business/la-fi-mo-richest-poorest-san-jose-census-20120920 "America's richest cities: Census say San Jose, San Francisco"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629191400/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/20/business/la-fi-mo-richest-poorest-san-jose-census-20120920 |date=June 29, 2013}}. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved August 16, 2013. * Glink, I. (February 22, 2013). [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/america-s-richest-cities-in-2013-211502789.html "America's Richest Cities in 2013."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308221306/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/america-s-richest-cities-in-2013-211502789.html |date=March 8, 2017}}. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved August 16, 2013 * Bass, F., Homan, T. (October 18, 2011). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-19/beltway-earnings-make-u-s-capital-richer-than-silicon-valley.html "Beltway Earnings Make US Capital Richer Than Silicon Valley"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729063211/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-19/beltway-earnings-make-u-s-capital-richer-than-silicon-valley.html |date=July 29, 2014}}. Bloomberg. Retrieved August 16, 2013. </ref> and sunny and mild [[Mediterranean climate]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/travel/escapes/36-hours-in-san-jose-calif.html|title=36 Hours in San Jose, Calif.|first=Steve|last=Kettmann|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 4, 2005|access-date=March 26, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326000259/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/travel/escapes/36-hours-in-san-jose-calif.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its connection to the booming [[high tech]] industry phenomenon known as [[Silicon Valley]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Where is Silicon Valley? |url=https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/where-is-silicon-valley |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Silicon Valley Historical Association |language=en-US |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704091406/https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/where-is-silicon-valley |url-status=live }}</ref> prompted Mayor [[Tom McEnery]] to adopt the city motto of "Capital of Silicon Valley" in 1988 to promote the city.<ref name="CapitalBundle"> * {{cite web |url=https://sanjosespotlight.com/jenkins-its-time-to-drop-the-capital-of-silicon-valley-slogan/ |title=Jenkins: It's time to drop the 'Capital of Silicon Valley' slogan |date=April 19, 2019 |last=Jenkins |first=A. Jarrod |website=San Jose Spotlight |access-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911020757/https://sanjosespotlight.com/jenkins-its-time-to-drop-the-capital-of-silicon-valley-slogan/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Where is Silicon Valley? |url=https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/where-is-silicon-valley |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Silicon Valley Historical Association |language=en-US |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704091406/https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/where-is-silicon-valley |url-status=live }}</ref> Major global tech companies including [[Cisco Systems]], [[eBay]], [[Adobe Inc.]], [[PayPal]], [[Broadcom Inc.|Broadcom]], and [[Zoom Video Communications|Zoom]] maintain their headquarters in San Jose. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the world, with the third-highest GDP per capita (after [[Zürich, Switzerland|Zürich]] and [[Oslo, Norway|Oslo]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/01/23/san-jose-has-worlds-third-highest-gdp-per-capita.html |title=Silicon Valley Business Journal – San Jose Area has World's Third-Highest GDP Per Capita, Brookings Says |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063147/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/01/23/san-jose-has-worlds-third-highest-gdp-per-capita.html |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the fifth-most expensive housing market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-expensive-cities-to-live-in-around-the-world-in-2017-2017-1|title=The 10 most expensive cities to live in around the world in 2017|first=Alison|last=Millington|website=Business Insider|access-date=March 26, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326002105/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-expensive-cities-to-live-in-around-the-world-in-2017-2017-1|url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to one of the world's largest [[overseas Vietnamese]] populations,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eater.com/a/mofad-city-guides/san-jose-vietnamese-history#:~:text=The%20most%20famous%20Little%20Saigon,at%20more%20than%20180%2C000%20today |title=Preserving Vietnamese Tradition in Silicon Valley |publisher=Museum of Food and Drink |last=Nguyen |first=Beth |date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122150857/https://www.eater.com/a/mofad-city-guides/san-jose-vietnamese-history#:~:text=The%20most%20famous%20Little%20Saigon,at%20more%20than%20180%2C000%20today |url-status=live }}</ref> a Hispanic community that makes up over 40% of the city's residents,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ktvu.com/news/combatting-a-decades-old-silicon-valley-problem-inclusivity-amongst-hispanic-populations|title=Combatting a decades-old Silicon Valley problem: Inclusivity amongst Hispanic populations|first=Jesse|last=Gary|date=September 20, 2021|website=KTVU FOX 2|access-date=March 26, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326000152/https://www.ktvu.com/news/combatting-a-decades-old-silicon-valley-problem-inclusivity-amongst-hispanic-populations|url-status=live}}</ref> and historic [[ethnic enclave]]s such as [[Japantown, San Jose|Japantown]] and [[Little Portugal, San Jose|Little Portugal]]. Before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|arrival of the Spanish]], the area around San Jose was long inhabited by the [[Tamyen people|Tamien nation]] of the [[Ohlone]] [[Indigenous peoples of California|peoples of California]]. San Jose was founded on November 29, 1777, as the ''[[Pueblo]] de San José de [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Guadalupe]]'', the first city founded in [[the Californias]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The First City |url=http://www.californiahistory.net/text_only/4_3_1.htm |work=California History Online |access-date=March 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218051828/http://www.californiahistory.net/text_only/4_3_1.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref> It became a part of [[Mexico]] in 1821 after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. Following the American [[Conquest of California]] during the [[Mexican–American War]], the territory [[Mexican Cession|was ceded]] to the United States in 1848. After California achieved statehood two years later, San Jose was designated as the state's first capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=California Admission Day—September 9, 1850 |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856 |publisher=[[California State Parks]] |year=2007 |access-date=March 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328225158/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856 |archive-date=March 28, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following [[World War II]], San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive [[municipal annexation|annexation]] of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from an agricultural center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the [[1990 United States census|1990 U.S. census]] indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed [[San Francisco]] as the most populous city in Northern California.<ref name="1990census"/> By the 1990s, San Jose had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries and was California's fastest-growing economy for 2015–2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/09/26/san-jose-silicon-valley-economy-growth-jobs.html |title=Silicon Valley Business Journal – San Jose has the Fastest-Growing Economy in California |access-date=September 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819121006/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/09/26/san-jose-silicon-valley-economy-growth-jobs.html |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between April 2020 and July 2022, San Jose lost 42,000 people, 4.1% of its population, dropping to 12th largest city position in largest city ranking.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Li |first1=Roland |last2=Rezal |first2=Adriana |date=May 17, 2023 |title=This Bay Area city is no longer one of 10 biggest in U.S. — booted by cities in Florida and Texas |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/us-biggest-cities-18097225.php}}</ref> == Name == San Jose is named after {{langnf|es|el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe|the Town of [[Saint Joseph]] of [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe]]}}, the city's predecessor, which was eventually located in the area of what is now the [[Plaza de César Chávez]]. In the 19th century, print publications used the spelling "San José" for both the city and its eponymous [[Civil township|township]].<ref>{{cite map|title=Bird's eye view of the city of San José, Cal.|first1=W. Vallance|last1=Gray|first2=C.|last2=Gifford|location=San Jose, California|publisher=George H. Hare|date=1869|url={{fullurle:File:Bird's eye view of the city of San José, Cal. LOC 75693107.jpg}}|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of Santa Clara County, California|editor-first=J. P.|editor-last=Monro-Fraser|publisher=Alley, Bowen & Company|date=August 1881|page=344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Vwe-eHfqsC&pg=PA317|via=Google Books|quote=On Saturday, December 15, 1849, the first Legislature of the State met in San José.|access-date=September 7, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Vwe-eHfqsC&pg=PA317|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 11, 1943, the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] ruled that the city's name should be spelled "San Jose" based on local usage and the formal incorporated name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision 44-136|publisher=United States Board on Geographic Names|location=Washington, D.C.|date=December 11, 1943|access-date=August 28, 2021|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/gazvector.feat_card?p_file=28576|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829005259/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/gazvector.feat_card?p_file=28576|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s, some residents and officials advocated for returning to the original spelling of "San José", with the [[acute accent]] on the "e", to acknowledge the city's Mexican origin and [[Mexican Americans|Mexican-American]] population. On June 2, 1969, the city [[Flag of San Jose, California|adopted a flag]] designed by historian Clyde Arbuckle that prominently featured the inscription "SAN JOSÉ, CALIFORNIA".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Purcell |first1=John M. |last2=Croft |first2=James A. |last3=Monahan |first3=Rich |title=American City Flags |publisher=[[North American Vexillological Association]] |pages=320–321 |url=http://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v09-10_2002-2003_p297-341_S.pdf#page=24 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=August 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829005923/https://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v09-10_2002-2003_p297-341_S.pdf#page=24 |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 16, 1970, [[San Jose State College]] officially adopted "San José" as the city's name, including in the college's own name.<ref>{{cite web|title=S70-12 Acute Accent (é) Placed on the 'E' of San Jose in All Written Communication|publisher=San Jose State College|date=June 16, 1970|access-date=August 28, 2021|url=https://www.sjsu.edu/senate/docs/S70-12.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924083808/https://www.sjsu.edu/senate/docs/S70-12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 20, 1974, the [[San Jose City Council]] approved a proposal by Catherine Linquist to rename the city "San José"<ref>{{cite news|title=An Accent Mark|agency=United Press International|publisher=[[Napa Valley Register]]|location=Napa, California|date=August 21, 1974|page=17|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323283/|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094454/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323283/the-napa-valley-register/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=San Jose Council Orders An Accent|first=Jimmie|last=Jones|work=[[Vallejo Times Herald]]|date=August 23, 1974|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323529/|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094454/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323529/vallejo-times-herald/|url-status=live}}</ref> but reversed itself a week later under pressure from residents concerned with the cost of changing typewriters, documents, and signs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salute reversed|agency=Associated Press|work=[[The Courier-Journal]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|date=August 30, 1974|page=A6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323360/|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094455/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84323360/the-courier-journal/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 3, 1979, the city council once again adopted "San José" as the spelling of the city name on the city seal, official stationery, office titles and department names.<ref>City of San Jose – Memorandum, Use of the Official City Seal and the Bicentennial Logo, April 5, 1979 (on file at the San Jose City Clerk's Office)</ref> As late as 2010, the 1965 city charter stated the name of the [[municipal corporation]] as ''City of San Jose'', without the accent mark,<ref>{{cite book|title=City Charter: In Effect May 4, 1965, as Amended|publisher=City of San Jose|date=1964|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EX4-AAAAIAAJ|via=Google Books|access-date=September 6, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094455/https://books.google.com/books?id=EX4-AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=City Charter in effect May, 1965, amended through February 1, 2010|publisher=City of San Jose|orig-date=1965|date=February 1, 2010|access-date=September 6, 2021|at=section 100|url=http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/charter.asp#Art1|archive-date=September 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906235014/http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/charter.asp#Art1|url-status=live}}</ref> but later editions have added the accent mark.<ref name="City Charter 2021">{{cite book |title=City Charter, Adopted in 1965 and as Amended by Voters through February 2021 |publisher=City of San José |orig-date=1965 |date=February 2021 |at=section 100 |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/13907/637532449706900000 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811204112/https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/13907/637532449706900000 |url-status=live }}</ref> By convention, the spelling ''San José'' is only used when the name is spelled in mixed upper- and lowercase letters, but not when the name is spelled only in uppercase letters, as on the city logo. The accent reflects the Spanish version of the name, and the dropping of accents in all-capital writing was once typical in Spanish. While San José is commonly spelled both with and without the acute accent over the "e", the city's official guidelines indicate that it should be spelled with the accent most of the time and sets forth narrow exceptions, such as when the spelling is in URLs, when the name appears in all-capital letters, when the name is used on social media sites where the diacritical mark does not render properly, and where San Jose is part of the proper name of another organization or business, such as [[San Jose Chamber of Commerce]], that has chosen not to use the accent-marked name.<ref>{{cite book |title=City of San José Style Guide |publisher=City of San José |date=July 2000 |access-date=February 5, 2017 |page=21 |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/40634#page=21|format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203063924/http://sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/40634#page=21 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council Memo Format Guidelines |publisher=San José Public Works Department |date=August 2016 |access-date=February 5, 2017 |page=15 |url=https://cpms.sanjoseca.gov/CPMSDocLib/Online_docs/pw_forms/Council%20memo%20guidelines%20August%202016.pdf#page=15|format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229135304/https://cpms.sanjoseca.gov/CPMSDocLib/Online_docs/pw_forms/Council%20memo%20guidelines%20August%202016.pdf#page=15 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ |title=San Jose CA, Official website |access-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723231321/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ |archive-date=July 23, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History of San Jose, California|Timeline of San Jose, California}} === Precolonial period === San Jose, along with most of the [[Santa Clara Valley]], has been home to the [[Tamien people|Tamien group]] (also spelled as Tamyen, Thamien) of the [[Ohlone]] people since around 4,000 [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref>For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4.</ref><ref name="NRHP">{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |title=Early History |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609014111/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |title=Pre-History |date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042618/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> The Tamien spoke [[Tamyen language]] of the [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone language family]]. During the era of [[History of California before 1900#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)|Spanish colonization]] and the subsequent building of [[Spanish missions in California]], the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]] or [[Mission San José (California)|Mission San José]] where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic ''neophytes'', also known as [[Mission Indians]]. This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the [[California genocide|state sponsored genocide]]. Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.<ref>For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971).</ref> === Spanish period === {{see also|List of pre-statehood mayors of San Jose}} [[File:1781 Diseño del Pueblo de San José, California.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A 1781 map of the ''Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe'']] California was claimed as part of the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1542, when explorer [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] charted the [[Californian coast]]. During this time [[Alta California]] and the [[Baja California peninsula]] were administered together as [[Province of Las Californias|Province of the Californias]] ({{lang-es|Provincia de las Californias|link=no}}). For nearly 200 years, the Californias remained a distant frontier region largely controlled by the numerous Native Nations and largely ignored by the government of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] in [[Mexico City]]. Shifting power dynamics in North America—including the British/American victory and acquisition of North America, east of the Mississippi following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], as well as the start of [[Russian colonization of North America|Russian colonization of northwestern North America]]— prompted Spanish/Mexican authorities to sponsor the [[Portolá expedition|Portolá Expedition]] to survey [[Northern California]] in 1769.<ref name="DSJ history">{{cite web |url=http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |title=Junípero Serra |year=2000 |work=California History Online |publisher=California Historical Society |access-date=June 20, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040812151444/http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |archive-date = August 12, 2004}}</ref> In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the ''[[Provincias Internas]]'', a large administrative division created by [[José de Gálvez]], Spanish [[Council of the Indies|Minister of the Indies]], in order to provide greater autonomy for the [[Spanish Empire]]'s borderlands. That year, King [[Charles III of Spain|Carlos III of Spain]] approved an expedition by [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] to survey the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], in order to choose the sites for two future settlements and their accompanying [[Spanish missions in California|mission]]. De Anza initially chose the site for a military settlement in San Francisco, for the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Royal Presidio of San Francisco]], and [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]]. On his way back to Mexico from San Francisco, de Anza chose the sites in [[Santa Clara Valley]] for a civilian settlement, San Jose, on the eastern bank of the [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]], and a mission on its western bank, [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]].<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web |author=Edward F. O'Day |title=The Founding of San Francisco |date=October 1926 |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |access-date=February 7, 2013 |publisher=Spring Valley Water Authority |work=San Francisco Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |archive-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Luis María Peralta Adobe (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Peralta Adobe]] in [[San Pedro Square]] was built in 1797 and is San Jose's oldest standing building.]] San Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the ''[[Pueblo]] de San José de Guadalupe'' by [[José Joaquín Moraga]], under orders of [[Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa]], [[Viceroy of New Spain]].<ref name="arbuckle">{{cite book |title=Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose |year=1986 |author=Clyde Arbuckle |publisher=Smith McKay Printing |isbn=978-9996625220}}</ref> San Jose served as a strategic settlement along [[El Camino Real (California)|El Camino Real]], connecting the military fortifications at the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Monterey Presidio]] and the [[Presidio of San Francisco|San Francisco Presidio]], as well as the [[Spanish missions in California|California mission network]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish-period/ |title=Spanish Period |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031856/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish-period/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> In 1791, due to the severe flooding which characterized the pueblo, San Jose's settlement was moved approximately a mile south, centered on the Pueblo [[Plaza]] (modern-day [[Plaza de César Chávez]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historysanjose.org/wp/research-collection/pueblo-papers/ |title=Spanish-Mexican Records of the San José Pueblo: The Pueblo Papers |website=History San Jose |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043651/http://historysanjose.org/wp/research-collection/pueblo-papers/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, [[Diego de Borica]], Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: [[Alta California]] (''Upper California''), which would eventually become several western [[U.S. states]], and [[Baja California]] (''Lower California''), which would eventually become two [[States of Mexico|Mexican states]]. === Mexican period === {{see also|Alta California|Mexican California}} [[File:Antonio_Maria_Pico.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Antonio María Pico]] served twice as [[Alcalde of San José]] (mayor) and was a signer of the [[Californian Constitution]], representing San Jose at the [[California Constitutional Conventions|Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849]].]] San Jose became part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in 1821, after [[Mexican War of Independence|Mexico's War of Independence]] was won against the [[Spanish Crown]], and in 1824, part of the [[First Mexican Republic]]. With its newfound independence, and the triumph of the republican movement, Mexico set out to diminish the [[Catholic Church]]'s power within Alta California by [[Mexican secularization act of 1833|secularizing the California missions]] in 1833.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} In 1824, in order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty-eight [[Ranchos of California|rancho land grants]] were issued in the [[Santa Clara Valley]], 15 of which were located within modern-day San Jose's borders. Numerous prominent historical figures were among those granted rancho lands in the Santa Valley, including [[James Alexander Forbes (1805–1881)|James A. Forbes]], founder of [[Los Gatos, California]] (granted [[Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara]]), [[Antonio Suñol]], [[Alcalde]] of San Jose (granted [[Rancho Los Coches (Sunol)|Rancho Los Coches]]), and [[José María Alviso]], [[Alcalde]] of San Jose (granted [[Rancho Milpitas]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily [[Americans]] and [[Englishmen]]. By 1845, the population of the pueblo had increased to 900, primarily due to American immigration. Foreign settlement in San Jose and California was rapidly changing Californian society, bringing expanding economic opportunities and foreign culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican-period/ |title=Mexican Period |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033123/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican-period/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> By 1846, native [[Californio]]s had long expressed their concern for the overrunning of California society by its growing and wealthy Anglo-American community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early-american-period/ |title=1846–1869 |website=San Jose History |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042207/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early-american-period/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> During the 1846 [[Bear Flag Revolt]], Captain [[Thomas Fallon]] led nineteen volunteers from Santa Cruz to the pueblo of San Jose, which his forces easily captured. The raising of the flag of the [[California Republic]] ended Mexican rule in Alta California on July 14, 1846.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose's Latinos Howl About Plans for a 'Conquest Statue' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-14-mn-243-story.html |first1=Harold |last1=Maass |website=Los Angeles Times |date=14 July 1990 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511105918/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-14-mn-243-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Early History |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/early-history.htm |website=U.S. National Park Service |date=February 22, 2018 |language=en |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129222423/https://www.nps.gov/articles/early-history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> === American period === {{see also|California Republic|Conquest of California}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = | footer = | image1 = San jose california 1875.jpg | caption1 = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the city in 1875, when the [[Santa Clara Valley]] was one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world. | image2 = College of Notre Dame in San Jose Cal 1876.jpg | caption2 = [[Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)|Notre Dame High School]]'s original campus in 1876. It was the first school accredited in California to give degrees to women. }} By the end of 1847, the [[Conquest of California]] by the United States was complete, as the [[Mexican–American War]] came to an end.<ref name="NRHP"/> In 1848, the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the [[Mexican Cession]]. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the [[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|unorganized territory]] of [[California]]. With California's [[Admission to the Union]] on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |title= California State Capitol History: Part 1 |website=California Capitol Museum |access-date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116170240/http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture-and-history/california-state-capitol-history-part-one |archive-date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref> On March 27, 1850, San Jose was [[municipal corporation|incorporated]]. It was incorporated on the same day as [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] and [[Benicia]]; together, these three cities followed [[Sacramento]] as California's earliest incorporated cities.<ref>''Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose'' (Smith & McKay, 1985), p. 27: "Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city."</ref> [[Josiah Belden]], who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the [[California Trail]] as part of the [[Bartleson–Bidwell Party|Bartleson Party]] and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.<ref>George R. Stewart, ''The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes'' (University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 28.</ref> San Jose was briefly California's first state capital, and legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851. ([[Monterey, California|Monterey]] was the capital during the period of [[Spanish California]] and [[Mexican California]]).<ref>Ken McKowen & Dahlynn McKowen, ''Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums'' (Wilderness Press, 2006), pp. 77–99.</ref> The first capitol no longer exists; the [[Plaza de César Chávez]] now lies on the site, which has two [[historical marker]]s indicating where California's state legislature first met.<ref>[https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 First State Capitol Building] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034612/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 |date=December 1, 2017 }}, Historical Marker Database.</ref> In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by [[John Joseph Montgomery|John Montgomery]] and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |title=Our Legacy – JBT |publisher=Jbtcorporation.com |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072924/http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our-Company/Our%20Legacy |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]. Over 100 people died at the [[Agnews Asylum]] (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |title=Agnews Insane Asylum |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524093818/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/santaclara/agn.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and San Jose High School's three-story stone-and-brick building was also destroyed. The period during [[World War II]] was tumultuous; [[Japanese American]]s primarily from [[Japantown, San Jose, California|Japantown]] were sent to [[internment camps]], including the future mayor [[Norman Mineta]]. Following the Los Angeles [[zoot suit riots]], anti-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The [[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)|Bank of Italy Building]], built in 1926, is the oldest skyscraper in [[Downtown San Jose]].]] As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999<ref>{{cite news |title=PACKING IT IN: SAN JOSE'S FINAL HARVEST VESTIGE OF VALLEY'S AGRICULTURAL BUTT IS LEAVING |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |work=[[The Mercury News]] |date=July 25, 1999 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230208/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del_Monte_Cannery.html |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [[Food Machinery Corporation]] (later known as [[FMC Corporation]]) by the [[United States War Department]] to build 1,000 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]].<ref name=PolHist>{{cite web |url=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |title=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose |publisher=San Jose State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707002526/http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> After World War II, FMC (later [[United Defense]], and currently [[BAE Systems]]) continued as a [[defense contractor]], with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]], the [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]], and various subsystems of the [[M1 Abrams]] battle tank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070220062249/http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2007 |title=BAE Systems History |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref> [[IBM]] established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown [[Punched card|punch card]] plant, and opened an [[IBM Research]] lab in 1952. [[Reynold B. Johnson]] and his team developed direct access storage for computers,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |title=Reynold B. Johnson |last=Blankenship |first=William D. |date=1971 |website=[[IBM]] |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141539/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_johnson.html |url-status=live }}</ref> inventing the [[IBM 305 RAMAC|RAMAC 305]] and the [[hard disk drive]]; the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.<ref>Winslow, Ward (editor); ''The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance''; 1995; {{ISBN|0-9649217-0-7}}</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager [[A. P. Hamann|A. P. "Dutch" Hamann]] led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [[Alviso, California|Alviso]] and [[Cambrian Park, California|Cambrian Park]], providing large areas for suburbs. An anti-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors [[Norman Mineta]] and [[Janet Gray Hayes]]. Despite establishing an [[urban growth boundary]], development fees, and the incorporations of [[Campbell, California|Campbell]] and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], development was not slowed, but rather directed into already-incorporated areas.<ref name=PolHist/> [[File:1928 Fiesta de las Rosas of San Jose.jpg|thumb|right|The 1928 San Jose annual ''Fiesta de las Rosas'' parade in Downtown]] San Jose's position in [[Silicon Valley]] triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the [[1990 United States Census|1990 U.S. Census]] indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.<ref name="1990census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |title=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 8, 2014 |quote='''1980''': San Francisco = 678974, San Jose = 629400. '''1990''': San Jose = 782248, San Francisco = 723959 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135637/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This growth led to the highest housing-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |title=San Jose case study, part one: the urban-growth boundary |publisher=Thoreau Institute |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075620/http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. As of 2006, sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [[Smart Growth]] planning principles.<ref name=HsgConst>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |title=Building Permit History, 1980–2006 |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=June 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042843/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> == Geography == [[File:San Jose, California - Map of City Regions & Districts.jpg|thumb|left|255px|Map of San Jose's regions:<ref>{{cite web |title=Planning Areas |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/planning-building-code-enforcement/planning-division/data-and-maps/area-maps/planning-areas |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=August 20, 2021 |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820182836/https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/planning-building-code-enforcement/planning-division/data-and-maps/area-maps/planning-areas |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SNI Maps |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/planning-building-code-enforcement/planning-division/citywide-planning/area-plans/strong-neighborhoods-initiative/sni-maps |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=August 20, 2021 |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820183504/https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/planning-building-code-enforcement/planning-division/citywide-planning/area-plans/strong-neighborhoods-initiative/sni-maps |url-status=live }}</ref>{{legend|#D9D6CF|Central San Jose}}{{legend|#B2FFFF|[[West San Jose]]}}{{legend|#FF9966|[[South San Jose]]}}{{legend|#98FB98|[[East San Jose]]}}{{legend|#F8DE7E|[[North San Jose]]}}]] San Jose is located at {{Coord|37|20|10|N|121|53|26|W|type:city_region:US-CA}}. San Jose is located within the [[Santa Clara Valley]], in the southern part of the [[Bay Area]] in Northern California. The northernmost portion of San Jose touches [[San Francisco Bay]] at [[Alviso, San Jose|Alviso]], though most of the city lies away from the bayshore. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{cvt|180.0|sqmi}}, making the fourth-largest city in California by land area (after Los Angeles, San Diego and [[California City, California|California City]]).<ref name="Census2010"/> San Jose lies between the [[San Andreas Fault]], the source of the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]], and the [[Calaveras Fault]]. San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening |author=R. E. Holdsworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sFPEjiwiAC&q=Calaveras+Fault+San+Jose+earthquake+1984&pg=PA15 |first2=R. A. |last2=Strachan |first3=J. |last3=Magloughlin |first4=R. J. |last4=Knipe |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-86239-090-4 |page=15 |publisher=Geological Society of London |access-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sFPEjiwiAC&q=Calaveras+Fault+San+Jose+earthquake+1984&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, [[1868 Hayward earthquake|1868]], and 1891. The [[Daly City, California|Daly City]] Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. === Cityscape === San Jose's expansion was made by the design of [[A. P. Hamann|"Dutch" Hamann]], the City Manager from 1950 to 1969. During his administration, with his staff referred to as "Dutch's Panzer Division", the city annexed property 1,389 times,<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news |last=Safford |first=Pat |date=November 17, 2010 |url=http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs_Driving_rvw.pdf |title=The legacy of Dutch Hamann plagues Cambrian residents, Annexation Background |newspaper=Campbell Express |volume=59 |issue=45 |page=1 |access-date=November 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031551/http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs_Driving_rvw.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> growing the city from {{cvt|17|to|149|sqmi}},<ref>{{cite news |author=Don Mccormack |url=http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San-Jose-Reality-not-reputation-3138794.php |title=San Jose: Reality, not reputation |newspaper=SFGate |date=July 16, 1995 |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021241/http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San-Jose-Reality-not-reputation-3138794.php |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> absorbing the communities named above, changing their status to "neighborhoods." {{Blockquote|text=They say San José is going to become another Los Angeles. Believe me, I'm going to do everything in my power to make that come true. |author="Dutch" Hamann, 1965<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf |title=Virtual Ecology – A Brief Environmental History of Silicon Valley |last=Sachs |first=Aaron |page=15 |work=World-Watch |publisher=Worldwatch.org |date=January–February 1999 |access-date=November 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022816/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue. Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be, and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations, pushing tentacles across the Santa Clara Valley and, in turn, walling off the expansion of adjacent communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch_hamann/ |title=Dutch Hamann – Part One |publisher=San Jose Inside |date=January 16, 2006 |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022621/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch_hamann/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{wide image|Downtown Skyline from Oak Hill (cropped).jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|View of [[Downtown San Jose]]'s skyline from [[Oak Hill Memorial Park]].}} During his reign, it was said the City Council would vote according to Hamann's nod. In 1963, the State of California imposed [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s statewide, but largely to try to maintain order with San Jose's aggressive growth. Eventually the political forces against growth grew as local neighborhoods bonded together to elect their own candidates, ending Hamann's influence and leading to his resignation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch_hamann1/ |title=Dutch Hamann – Part Two |date=January 16, 2006 |publisher=San Jose Inside |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022715/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch_hamann1/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the job was not complete, the trend was set. The city had defined its sphere of influence in all directions, sometimes chaotically leaving unincorporated pockets to be swallowed up by the behemoth, sometimes even at the objection of the residents.<ref name=Campbell/> Major thoroughfares in the city include [[Monterey Road]], the [[Stevens Creek Boulevard]]/[[San Carlos Street]] corridor, [[Santa Clara Street]]/[[Alum Rock Avenue]] corridor, [[Almaden Expressway]], [[Capitol Expressway]], and [[1st Street (San Jose)]]. === Topography === [[File:San Jose and Silicon Valley Skyline Oct 2017.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Santa Clara Valley]] experiences a [[Mediterranean climate]], with an average of 301 days of sunshine.]] [[File:San Jose by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-11.jpg|alt=|thumb|A satellite image of the [[Santa Clara Valley]] near San Jose; the city makes up most of the urbanization in the center of the valley.]] [[File:Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose, California.png|thumb|right|Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose: {{legend|#FF9966|[[Sierra Azul]] ([[Santa Cruz Mountains]])}}{{legend|#CCCCFF|[[Santa Teresa Hills]]}}{{legend|#FFFACD|[[San Juan Bautista Hills]]}}{{legend|#98FB98|[[Silver Creek Hills]]}}{{legend|#FF91A4|[[Diablo Range|Diablo Mountains]]}}{{legend|#B2FFFF|[[Los Buellis Hills]]}} ]] The [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]] runs from the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] flowing north through San Jose, ending in the San Francisco Bay at [[Alviso, California|Alviso]]. Along the southern part of the river is the neighborhood of [[Almaden Valley]], originally named for the mercury mines which produced mercury needed for gold extraction from [[quartz]] during the [[California Gold Rush]] as well as [[mercury fulminate]] blasting caps and detonators for the U.S. military from 1870 to 1945.<ref>{{cite report |title=Final Environmental Impact Report, Almaden Quicksilver Park |author=David Crimp |author2=Leda Patmore |author3=C. Michael Hogan |author4=Harry Seidman |author5=Vivian Paparigian |website=Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department |date=1976}}</ref> East of the Guadalupe River, [[Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)|Coyote Creek]] also flows to south San Francisco Bay and originates on [[Mount Sizer]] near [[Henry W. Coe State Park]] and the surrounding hills in the [[Diablo Range]], northeast of [[Morgan Hill, California]]. The lowest point in San Jose is {{cvt|13|ft|m}} below sea level at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14.html |title=Sinking State |publisher=[[San Francisco State University]] |date=April 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014552/http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14.html |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> the highest is {{cvt|2,125|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Eastern Region Geography, Information Services |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |title=Elevations and Distances |publisher=Egsc.usgs.gov |date=April 29, 2005 |access-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the proximity to [[Lick Observatory]] atop Mount Hamilton, San Jose has taken several steps to reduce [[light pollution]], including replacing all street lamps and outdoor lighting in private developments with [[low pressure sodium lamp]]s.<ref name="LPS policy">{{cite web |url=http://sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol_lighting.pdf |title=Outdoor lighting on private developments |author=San Jose City Council |date=March 1, 1983 |access-date=June 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702090656/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol_lighting.pdf |archive-date=July 2, 2006 |author-link=San Jose City Council }}</ref> To recognize the city's efforts, the [[asteroid]] [[6216 San Jose]] was named after the city.<ref name="UCSC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-98/05-25/asteroid.htm |title=UCSC, Lick Observatory designate asteroid for the city of San Jose |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |date=May 25, 1998 |access-date=June 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817095443/http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-98/05-25/asteroid.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2007 }}</ref> There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the southwest fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the southeast, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural [[Coyote Valley, California|Coyote Valley]], to the city's extreme southern fringe.<ref name=Phillips>{{cite report |title=Safe Passage for Coyote Valley: A Wildlife Linkage for the 101 Corridor |author1=Julie Phillips |author2=Ryan Phillips |author3=Neela Srinivasan |author4=Deborah Aso |author5=Wendy Lao |author6=Pat Cornely |date=2012 |publisher=[[De Anza College]] |location=Cupertino, California |url=http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115425/http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2013 }}</ref> The extensive [[droughts in California]], coupled with the drainage of the reservoir at [[Anderson Lake (California)|Anderson Lake]] for [[seismic]] repairs, have strained the city's [[water security]].<ref>[https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson-reservoir-will-close-to-public-through-2030/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124517/https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson-reservoir-will-close-to-public-through-2030/|date=May 3, 2022}} "Anderson Reservoir will close to public through 2030". Accessed March 30, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson-reservoir-drained-to-3-percent-capacity/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124510/https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson-reservoir-drained-to-3-percent-capacity/|date=May 3, 2022}} "Anderson Reservoir drained to 3 percent capacity". Accessed March 31, 2022.</ref> San Jose has suffered from lack of precipitation and [[water scarcity]] to the extent that some residents may run out of household water by the summer of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abc7news.com/amp/rain-california-drought-2022-san-jose-weather-western/11571287/ |title=Some San Jose Residents Could Run Out of Water by Summer if Drought Continues, Expert Says |work=ABC7 News |access-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190905/https://abc7news.com/amp/rain-california-drought-2022-san-jose-weather-western/11571287/ |url-status=live }}{{title missing|date=July 2022}}</ref> === Climate === San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''[[Hot-summer mediterranean|Csa]]''),<ref name="WR-259">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd_sjc_climate/sjc/SJC_CLIMATE3.php |title=Climate of San Jose |author=Miguel Miller |access-date=June 18, 2007 |publisher=National Weather Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215213648/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd_sjc_climate/sjc/SJC_CLIMATE3.php |archive-date=December 15, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> with warm to hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. San Jose has an average of 298 days of sunshine and an annual mean temperature of {{cvt|60.5|°F|1}}. It lies inland, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and does not front the Pacific Ocean like San Francisco. As a result, the city is somewhat more sheltered from rain, giving it a [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] feel with a mean annual rainfall of {{cvt|15.82|in|1|disp=or}}, compared to some other parts of the Bay Area, which can receive about three times that amount.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of [[microclimate]]s. Because of a more prominent rain shadow from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Downtown San Jose experiences the lightest rainfall in the city, while South San Jose, only {{cvt|10|mi}} distant, experiences more rainfall, and somewhat more extreme temperatures. San Jose barely avoids a [[cold semi-arid climate|temperate steppe]] (BSk) climate.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The monthly daily average temperature ranges from around {{cvt|50|°F}} in December and January to around {{cvt|70|°F|1}} in July and August.<ref name="http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?casjos">{{cite web |url=http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san-jose/95113/forecast-month.asp |title=San Jose Month Weather |publisher=AccuWeather |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201046/http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san-jose/95113/forecast-month.asp |archive-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in San Jose was {{cvt|109|°F|C}} on September 6, 2022; the lowest was {{cvt|19|°F|1}} on December 22–23, 1990. On average, there are 2.7 mornings annually where the temperature drops to, or below, the freezing mark; and sixteen afternoons where the high reaches or exceeds {{cvt|90|°F|1|disp=or}}. [[Diurnal temperature variation]] is far wider than along the coast or in San Francisco but still a shadow of what is seen in the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]. {{Weather box | location = San Jose, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) | single line = Y | Jan record high F = 79 | Feb record high F = 81 | Mar record high F = 89 | Apr record high F = 95 | May record high F = 102 | Jun record high F = 107 | Jul record high F = 108 | Aug record high F = 105 | Sep record high F = 109 | Oct record high F = 101 | Nov record high F = 85 | Dec record high F = 79 | year record high F = | Jan avg record high F = 68.2 | Feb avg record high F = 73.2 | Mar avg record high F = 79.1 | Apr avg record high F = 85.7 | May avg record high F = 89.8 | Jun avg record high F = 96.9 | Jul avg record high F = 95.0 | Aug avg record high F = 95.7 | Sep avg record high F = 95.7 | Oct avg record high F = 89.4 | Nov avg record high F = 77.5 | Dec avg record high F = 68.0 | year avg record high F = 99.8 | Jan high F = 59.0 | Feb high F = 62.8 | Mar high F = 66.4 | Apr high F = 70.0 | May high F = 74.9 | Jun high F = 80.1 | Jul high F = 82.2 | Aug high F = 82.7 | Sep high F = 81.4 | Oct high F = 74.6 | Nov high F = 65.0 | Dec high F = 58.8 | year high F = 71.5 | Jan mean F = 51.1 | Feb mean F = 54.1 | Mar mean F = 57.0 | Apr mean F = 59.9 | May mean F = 64.1 | Jun mean F = 68.5 | Jul mean F = 70.6 | Aug mean F = 71.2 | Sep mean F = 69.8 | Oct mean F = 64.2 | Nov mean F = 56.1 | Dec mean F = 50.8 | year mean F = 61.4 | Jan low F = 43.3 | Feb low F = 45.4 | Mar low F = 47.6 | Apr low F = 49.8 | May low F = 53.3 | Jun low F = 57.0 | Jul low F = 59.1 | Aug low F = 59.8 | Sep low F = 58.2 | Oct low F = 53.8 | Nov low F = 47.2 | Dec low F = 42.8 | year low F = 51.4 | Jan avg record low F = 32.6 | Feb avg record low F = 35.0 | Mar avg record low F = 38.1 | Apr avg record low F = 41.3 | May avg record low F = 46.1 | Jun avg record low F = 50.1 | Jul avg record low F = 53.8 | Aug avg record low F = 53.9 | Sep avg record low F = 50.8 | Oct avg record low F = 45.5 | Nov avg record low F = 36.8 | Dec avg record low F = 32.2 | year avg record low F = 30.7 | Jan record low F = 18 | Feb record low F = 24 | Mar record low F = 25 | Apr record low F = 26 | May record low F = 32 | Jun record low F = 33 | Jul record low F = 40 | Aug record low F = 39 | Sep record low F = 35 | Oct record low F = 30 | Nov record low F = 21 | Dec record low F = 19 | year record low F = 18 | rain colour = green | Jan rain inch = 2.97 | Feb rain inch = 3.24 | Mar rain inch = 2.64 | Apr rain inch = 1.24 | May rain inch = 0.54 | Jun rain inch = 0.17 | Jul rain inch = 0.01 | Aug rain inch = 0.03 | Sep rain inch = 0.07 | Oct rain inch = 0.80 | Nov rain inch = 1.36 | Dec rain inch = 3.07 | year rain inch = 16.14 | unit rain days = 0.01 in | Jan rain days = 10.2 | Feb rain days = 11.5 | Mar rain days = 9.3 | Apr rain days = 6.4 | May rain days = 4.0 | Jun rain days = 1.2 | Jul rain days = 0.2 | Aug rain days = 0.4 | Sep rain days = 0.9 | Oct rain days = 2.7 | Nov rain days = 6.9 | Dec rain days = 10.7 | source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name="San Jose Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00047821&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513034542/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00047821&format=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mtr |title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = February 27, 2019 |archive-date = April 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418234102/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mtr |url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} "Rain year" precipitation has ranged from {{cvt|4.83|in|mm|1}} between July 1876 and June 1877 to {{cvt|30.30|in|mm|1}} between July 1889 and June 1890, although at the current site since 1893 the range is from {{cvt|5.33|in|mm|1}} in "rain year" 2020–21 to {{cvt|30.25|in|mm|1}} in "rain year" 1982–83. 2020-2021 was the lowest precipitation year ever, in 127 years of precipitation records in San Jose. The most precipitation in one month was {{cvt|12.38|in|mm|1}} in January 1911. The maximum 24-hour rainfall was {{cvt|3.60|in|1}} on January 30, 1968. On August 16, 2020, one of the most widespread and strong thunderstorm events in recent Bay Area history occurred as an unstable humid air mass moved up from the south and triggered multiple dry thunderstorms <ref>{{cite web|url=https://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=dry+thunderstorm|title=Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service|first=NOAA's National Weather|last=Service|website=w1.weather.gov|access-date=July 3, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182609/https://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=dry+thunderstorm|url-status=live}}</ref> which caused many fires to be ignited by 300+ lightning strikes in the surrounding hills. The CZU lightning complex fires took almost 5 months to fully be controlled. Over 86,000 acres were burned and nearly 1500 buildings were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/lightning-sparks-multiple-fires-in-bay-area-santa-cruz-mountains/ar-BB181B0t|title = Lightning sparks multiple fires in Bay Area, Santa Cruz mountains|website = [[MSN]]|access-date = July 3, 2021|archive-date = July 9, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182715/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/lightning-sparks-multiple-fires-in-bay-area-santa-cruz-mountains/ar-BB181B0t|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal-fire-czu-lightning-complex-lessons-learned/|title=CAL FIRE: CZU Lightning Complex, Lessons Learned – the Wildland Firefighter|date=May 4, 2021|access-date=July 3, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183001/https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal-fire-czu-lightning-complex-lessons-learned/|url-status=live}}</ref> The snow level drops as low as {{cvt|4000|ft|-1}} above sea level, or lower, occasionally coating nearby [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] and, less frequently, the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], with snow that normally lasts a few days. Snow will snarl traffic traveling on [[California State Route 17|State Route 17]] towards [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]. Snow rarely falls in San Jose; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as {{cvt|3|in|m}} on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only {{cvt|0.5|in|m}} of snow.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos |title = Monthly Total Snowfall (Inches) |publisher = Western Regional Climate Center |date = July 24, 2006 |access-date = June 12, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135724/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos |archive-date = June 29, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> ===Neighborhoods and districts=== {{main|Category:Neighborhoods in San Jose, California}} The city is generally divided into the following areas: Central San Jose (centered on [[Downtown San Jose]]), [[West San Jose]], [[North San Jose]], [[East San Jose]], and [[South San Jose]]. Many of San Jose's districts and neighborhoods were previously [[unincorporated area|unincorporated communities]] or separate municipalities that were later annexed by the city. Besides those mentioned above, some well-known communities within San Jose include [[Japantown, San Jose, California|Japantown]], [[Rose Garden, San Jose, California|Rose Garden]], [[Midtown San Jose]], [[Willow Glen, California|Willow Glen]], [[Naglee Park, San Jose, California|Naglee Park]], [[Burbank, Santa Clara County, California|Burbank]], [[Winchester (San Jose)|Winchester]], [[Alviso, San Jose, California|Alviso]], [[East Foothills, California|East Foothills]], [[Alum Rock, California|Alum Rock]], [[Communications Hill]], [[Little Portugal, San Jose|Little Portugal]], [[Blossom Valley, San Jose, California|Blossom Valley]], [[Cambrian Park, San Jose, California|Cambrian]], [[Almaden Valley, San Jose, California|Almaden Valley]], [[Little Saigon, San Jose|Little Saigon]], [[Silver Creek Valley]], [[Evergreen, San Jose, California|Evergreen Valley]], [[Mayfair, San Jose|Mayfair]], [[Edenvale (San Jose)|Edenvale]], [[Santa Teresa, San Jose, California|Santa Teresa]], [[Seven Trees, California|Seven Trees]], [[Coyote Valley, California|Coyote Valley]], and [[Berryessa, San Jose, California|Berryessa]]. A distinct ethnic enclave in San Jose is the [[Washington-Guadalupe]] neighborhood, immediately south of the [[SoFA District]]; this neighborhood is home to a community of [[Hispanics and Latinos in California|Hispanics]], centered on Willow Street. <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Selection of [[:Category:Neighborhoods in San Jose, California|neighborhoods in San Jose]] "> File:Almaden Lake Park 1.4.jpg|[[Almaden Valley, San Jose|Almaden Valley]] File:Stockton_Ave_in_The_Alameda_district_4234_(cropped).jpg|[[The Alameda, San Jose|The Alameda]] File:SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA BAYAREA01 (cropped2).jpg|[[Downtown San Jose]] File:Evergreen Village Square 0054 (cropped).jpg|[[Evergreen, San Jose|Evergreen]] File:Church_of_the_Five_Wounds,_San_Jose,_California.jpg|[[Little Portugal, San Jose|Little Portugal]] File:San Jose Obon Festival 2009 1.1.jpg|[[Japantown, San Jose|Japantown]] File:Berryessa, San Jose 3525 (cropped).jpg|[[Berryessa, San Jose|Berryessa]] File:Valencia_Hotel,_Santana_Row_(cropped).jpg|[[Santana Row]] File:SoFA District Skyline.jpg|[[SoFA District]] File:View_of_Vilaggio_St_in_North_SJ_(cropped).jpeg|[[Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose|Rincon de los Esteros / Golden Triangle]] File:Garden Theatre, Downtown Willow Glen, San Jose.jpg|[[Willow Glen, San Jose|Willow Glen]] File:Sacred Heart Church, Washington-Guadalupe, San Jose (cropped).jpg|[[Washington-Guadalupe, San Jose|Washington-Guadalupe]] File:Downtown_Alum_Rock_0661.jpg|[[Alum Rock, San Jose|Alum Rock]] File:Midtown San Jose 34232 (cropped2).jpg|[[Midtown San Jose]] File:Shops in Rose Garden, San Jose 1008 (cropped).jpg|[[Rose Garden, San Jose|Rose Garden]] File:Interesection of Charlotte & Raleigh (cropped).jpg|[[Santa Teresa, San Jose|Santa Teresa]] File:Alviso Fireworks II (50797573702) (cropped2).jpg|[[Alviso, San Jose|Alviso]] </gallery> === Parks === {{Parks and Public Spaces of San Jose|state=collapsed}} [[File:McKinley memorial, St. James Park, San Jose, California.jpg|thumb|185px|President [[William McKinley]] memorial in [[St. James Park (San Jose)|St. James Park]]]] [[File:Lower pond at Japanese Friendship Garden in San Jose.JPG|thumb|185px|[[Japanese Friendship Garden (San Jose)|Japanese Friendship Garden]]]] [[File:River_Oaks_Park_(13773573193)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|185px|[[River Oaks Park]] in [[North San Jose|North SJ]]]] San Jose possesses about {{cvt|15950|acres|0}} of parkland in its city limits, including a part of the expansive [[Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge]]. The city's oldest park is [[Alum Rock Park]], established in 1872.<ref>[http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid=2819 "Alum Rock Park"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316023121/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid=2819 |date=March 16, 2014 }} ''City of San Jose''. Retrieved on July 9, 2013.</ref> In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, [[Trust for Public Land|The Trust for Public Land]], a national land conservation organization, reported that San Jose was tied with [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] and [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]] for having the 11th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.<ref>[http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php "2013 ParkScore Rankings] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722193008/http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php |date=July 22, 2013 }} "The Trust for Public Land" Retrieved on July 9, 2013.</ref> * [[Almaden Quicksilver County Park]], {{cvt|4,147|acre|km2}} of former mercury mines in South San Jose (operated and maintained by the [[Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department]]). * [[Alum Rock Park]], {{cvt|718|acre|km2}} in East San Jose, the oldest municipal park in California and one of the largest municipal parks in the United States. * [[Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose|Children's Discovery Museum]] hosts an outdoor park-like setting, featuring the world's largest permanent Monopoly game, per the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>{{cite web |title = Monopoly in the Park|url = http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html |website = www.monopolyinthepark.com |access-date = December 23, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052613/http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html |archive-date = December 24, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Caretakers for this attraction include the 501(c)3 non-profit group Monopoly in the Park. * [[Circle of Palms Plaza]], a ring of palm trees surrounding a California state seal and historical landmark at the site of the first state capitol * [[Emma Prusch Farm Park]], {{cvt|43.5|acres|1|abbr=off}} in East San Jose. Donated by Emma Prusch to demonstrate the valley's agricultural past, it includes a [[4-H]] barn (the largest in San Jose), community gardens, a rare-fruit orchard, demonstration gardens, picnic areas, and expanses of lawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ |title=Emma Prusch Farm Park |publisher=City of San Jose |work=Parks, Recreation & Neighborhood Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310065030/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ |archive-date=March 10, 2005 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> Chickens, ducks, and peafowl roam the park freely. * Field Sports Park, Santa Clara County's only publicly owned firing range, located in south San Jose<ref name=SJParksFSP>{{cite web |title=Field Sports Park |url=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field-Sports-Park.aspx |website=sccgov.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721185334/https://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field-Sports-Park.aspx |archive-date=July 21, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Iris Chang Park, located in North San Jose, is dedicated to the memory of [[Iris Chang|Iris Shun-Ru Chang]], author of [[The Rape of Nanking (book)|The Rape of Nanking]] and a San Jose resident. * [[Kelley Park]], including diverse facilities such as [[Happy Hollow Park & Zoo]] (a child-centric amusement park), the [[Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)]], [[History Park at Kelley Park]], and the [[Portuguese Historical Museum]] within the history park * [[Martial Cottle Park]], a former agricultural farm, in South San Jose. Operated by [[Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department]] * [[Oak Hill Memorial Park]], California's oldest secular cemetery * [[Overfelt Gardens]], including the [[Chinese Cultural Garden]] * [[Plaza de César Chávez]], a small park in Downtown, hosts outdoor concerts and the [[Christmas in the Park (San Jose)|Christmas in the Park]] display * [[Raging Waters]], [[water park]] with [[water slide]]s and other water attractions. This sits within [[Lake Cunningham]] Park * [[Rosicrucian Park]], nearly an entire city block in the Rose Garden neighborhood; the Park offers a setting of Egyptian and Moorish architecture set among lawns, rose gardens, statuary, and fountains, and includes the [[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]], Planetarium, Research Library, Peace Garden and Visitors Center * [[San Jose Municipal Rose Garden]], {{cvt|5+1/2|acre|m2}} park in the Rose Garden neighborhood, featuring over 4,000 rose bushes ==== Trails ==== [[File:Jrb 20090614 guadalupe reservoir 001.JPG|thumb|[[Guadalupe Reservoir]] at [[Almaden Quicksilver County Park]]]] A 2011 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked San Jose the nineteenth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ |title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69hdEpBFH?url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> San Jose's trail network of {{cvt|60|mi|km|-1}} of recreational and active transportation trails throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1-30-08.pdf |title=Network Status Table |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=March 31, 2008 |publisher=City of San Jose |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408231036/http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1-30-08.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The major trails in the network include: * [[Coyote Creek Trail]] * [[Guadalupe River Trail]] * [[Los Gatos Creek Trail]] * [[Los Alamitos Creek Trail]] * [[Penitencia Creek Trail]] * Silver Creek Valley Trail This large urban trail network, recognized by Prevention Magazine as the nation's largest, is linked to trails in surrounding jurisdictions and many rural trails in surrounding open space and foothills. Several trail systems within the network are designated as part of the National Recreation Trail, as well as regional trails such as the San Francisco Bay Trail and Bay Area Ridge Trail. ==== Wildlife ==== Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California |author=Leidy, R.A. |author2=G.S. Becker |author3=B.N. Harvey |url=http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf |publisher=Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration, Oakland, California. |year=2005 |access-date=October 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725152116/http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> Both [[Rainbow trout|steelhead]] (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') and [[Chinook salmon|King salmon]] are extant in the [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]], making San Jose the southernmost major U. S. city with known salmon spawning runs, the other cities being [[Anchorage, Alaska]]; [[Seattle, Washington]]; [[Portland, Oregon]] and [[Sacramento, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Chinook Salmon |publisher= NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service – Salmon Populations – Chinook |url= http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm |access-date= September 13, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100911162442/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm |archive-date= September 11, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}{{failed verification |date=November 2013}}</ref> Runs of up to 1,000 [[Chinook Salmon|Chinook or King Salmon]] (''Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'') swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s, but have all but vanished in the current decade apparently blocked from access to breeding grounds by impassable culverts, weirs and wide, exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the [[Santa Clara Valley Water District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sensitive Fish Species in the Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregion |publisher=Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregional Council |year=2004 |url=http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm |access-date=October 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629144856/http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2010 }}</ref> In 2011 a small number of Chinook salmon were filmed spawning under the Julian Street bridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guadalupe River King Salmon Spawn under Julian Street bridge, Fall, 2011 |author=Greg Kerekes |website=[[YouTube]] |date=November 14, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNMrODZ_Hgk |access-date=October 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202021348/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNMrODZ_Hgk |archive-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Conservationist Roger Castillo, who discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the Guadalupe River in 2005, found that a herd of [[tule elk]] (''Cervus canadensis'') had recolonized the hills of south San Jose east of Highway 101 in early 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tule Elk Make Remarkable Comeback In South San Jose Hills |author=Len Ramirez |date=January 24, 2019 |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule-elk-make-remarkable-comeback-in-south-san-jose-hills/ |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126011854/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule-elk-make-remarkable-comeback-in-south-san-jose-hills/ |archive-date=January 26, 2019 }}</ref> At the southern edge of San José, [[Coyote Valley, California|Coyote Valley]] is a corridor for wildlife migration between the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] and the [[Diablo Range]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote-Valley-vital-as-wildlife-corridor-3225361.php |title=Coyote Valley vital as wildlife corridor |work=SFGate |access-date=November 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081430/http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote-Valley-vital-as-wildlife-corridor-3225361.php |archive-date=November 9, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BayNature>{{cite news |title=Coyote Valley Crossings |author=Laura Hautala |magazine=Bay Nature |date=January 1, 2009 |url=http://baynature.org/articles/coyote-valley-crossings/ |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024717/http://baynature.org/articles/coyote-valley-crossings/ |archive-date=September 28, 2013 }}</ref> == Demographics == {{US Census population | 1870 = 9089 | 1880 = 12567 | 1890 = 18060 | 1900 = 21500 | 1910 = 28946 | 1920 = 39642 | 1930 = 57651 | 1940 = 68457 | 1950 = 95280 | 1960 = 204196 | 1970 = 459913 | 1980 = 629400 | 1990 = 782248 | 2000 = 894943 | 2010 = 945942 | 2020 = 1013240 | estyear = 2023 | estimate = 959256 | estref = <ref name="State">{{cite press release |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/352/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2023PressRelease.pdf |website=dof.ca.gov |access-date=2023-09-13 |title=State's Population Decline Slows While Housing Grows Per New State Demographic Report}}</ref> | footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2015 |archive-date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701194652/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts"/> }} In 2022, the US Census Bureau released its new population estimates. With a total population of 971,233,<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html |archive-date=May 23, 2015 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2015 }}</ref> San Jose showed a 4.1% decline in population since the 2020 census. Some reasons for this decline are people leaving the area for more affordable cities and more remote working opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's Behind California's Recent Population Decline—and Why It Matters |url=https://www.ppic.org/publication/whats-behind-californias-recent-population-decline-and-why-it-matters/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Public Policy Institute of California |language=en-US}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Historical Racial composition !! 2020 <ref name="QuickFacts" />!!2010<ref name="San Jose city, California">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000.html |title=San Jose (city), California |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902142919/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000.html |archive-date=September 2, 2012 }}</ref> !! 1990<ref name="census"/> !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1940<ref name="census"/> |- |[[Asian American|Asian]] || 37.2% ||31.7% ||19.5% ||2.7% ||1.1% |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino (of any race)]] || 31.0% ||33.2% ||26.6% ||19.1% ||n/a |- |[[White American|White (Non-Hispanic)]] || 25.1% ||28.7% ||49.6% ||75.7% ||98.5% |- |[[Multiracial American|Mixed]] || 7.9% ||2.7% ||n/a ||n/a ||n/a |- |[[African American|Black or African American]] || 2.9% ||2.9% ||4.7% ||2.5% ||0.4% |} ===2020=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''San Jose, California – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small> !Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small> !Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – San Jose city, California|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US0668000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> !Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – San Jose city, California |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0668000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> !{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – San Jose city, California |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0668000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> !% 2000 !% 2010 !{{partial|% 2020}} |- |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH) |322,534 |271,382 |style='background: #ffffe6; |236,095 |36.04% |28.69% |style='background: #ffffe6; |23.30% |- |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH) |29,495 |27,508 |style='background: #ffffe6; |27,422 |3.30% |2.91% |style='background: #ffffe6; |2.71% |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH) |2,959 |2,255 |style='background: #ffffe6; |1,921 |0.33% |0.24% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19% |- |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH) |238,378 |300,022 |style='background: #ffffe6; |386,993 |26.64% |31.72% |style='background: #ffffe6; |38.19% |- |[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH) |3,093 |3,492 |style='background: #ffffe6; |3,460 |0.35% |0.37% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.34% |- |[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH) |1,699 |1,820 |style='background: #ffffe6; |4,808 |0.19% |0.19% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.47% |- |[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH) |26,796 |25,827 |style='background: #ffffe6; |36,275 |2.99% |2.73% |style='background: #ffffe6; |3.58% |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race) |269,989 |313,636 |style='background: #ffffe6; |316,266 |30.17% |33.16% |style='background: #ffffe6; |31.21% |- |'''Total''' |'''894,943''' |'''945,942''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''1,013,240''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%''' |} === 2010 === {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = left | width = | footer = | image1 = San Jose Demographics 2010.jpg | caption1 = Map of racial distribution in San Jose, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot represents 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}} | image2 = Silicon Valley Income Map 20160315.png | caption2 = Thematic map showing median household income across central Santa Clara County {{As of|2014|lc=y}}; the darker the color, the more affluent the area. }} The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0668000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140715115212/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0668000 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – San Jose city |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> reported that San Jose had a population of 945,942. The population density was {{convert|5,256.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of San Jose was 404,437 (42.8%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 303,138 (32.0%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] (10.4% [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]], 6.7% [[Chinese American|Chinese]], 5.6% [[Filipino American|Filipino]], 4.6% [[Indian American|Indian]], 1.2% [[Korean American|Korean]], 1.2% [[Japanese American|Japanese]], 0.3% [[Cambodian American|Cambodian]], 0.2% [[Thai American|Thai]], 0.2% [[Pakistani American|Pakistani]], 0.2% [[Laotian American|Laotian]]), 30,242 (3.2%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 8,297 (0.9%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4,017 (0.4%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 148,749 (15.7%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 47,062 (5.0%) from two or more races. There were 313,636 residents of [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] background (33.2%). 28.2% of the city's population was of [[Mexican American|Mexican]] descent; the next largest Hispanic groups were those of [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] (0.7%) and [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.5%) heritage. [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 28.7% of the population in 2010,<ref name="San Jose city, California"/> down from 75.7% in 1970.<ref name="census"/> The census reported that 932,620 people (98.6% of the population) lived in households, 9,542 (1.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 3,780 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 301,366 households, out of which 122,958 (40.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 162,819 (54.0%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]] living together, 37,988 (12.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18,702 (6.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16,900 (5.6%) [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 2,458 (0.8%) [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. 59,385 households (19.7%) were made up of individuals, and 18,305 (6.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09. There were 219,509 [[family (U.S. Census)|families]] (72.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.54. The age distribution of the city was as follows: 234,678 people (24.8%) were under the age of 18, 89,457 people (9.5%) aged 18 to 24, 294,399 people (31.1%) aged 25 to 44, 232,166 people (24.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 95,242 people (10.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. There were 314,038 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,745.0|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}, of which 176,216 (58.5%) were owner-occupied, and 125,150 (41.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the [[rental vacancy rate]] was 4.3%. 553,436 people (58.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 379,184 people (40.1%) lived in rental housing units. === 2000 === {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300 |align=right | image1 = USA-San Jose-Church of the Five Wounds-20.jpg |width1= 3008 |height1= 2000 | image2 = San Jose Tet parade, 2009.jpg |width2= 2068 |height2= 1393 | image3 = San Jose Gurdwara Sahib (2448909577).jpg |width3= 1587 |height3= 1102 | image4 = 2017 Japanese American Museum of San Jose.jpg |width4= 4032 |height4= 3024 | footer = Clockwise: [[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]], [[Tết]] Parade, [[Japanese American Museum of San Jose]], [[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose|Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose]] }} According to the [[2000 United States census|2000 United States Census]], there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city.<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|5,117.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,611.8|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. Of the 276,598 households, 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.62. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter-million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose, California: Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2007 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S2001&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-keyword=San%20Jose,%20California&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US0668000&-format=&-_lang=en |work=U.S. Fact Finder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124095713/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S2001&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-keyword=San%20Jose%2C%20California&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US0668000&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=November 24, 2011 }}</ref> Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697. About 6.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. == Economy == [[File:Downtown San Jose, California 4 2017-05-13 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Historic skyscraper in the [[Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)|Downtown Historic District]].]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Adobe HQ.jpg | caption1 = [[Adobe World Headquarters]] in [[Downtown San Jose]] | image2 = N 1st St & Tasman Dr (32614813640) (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[Samsung]] headquarters in [[Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose|Rincon/Golden Triangle]] | image4 = Zoom HQ, Downtown San Jose (cropped).jpg | caption4 = [[Zoom Video Communications]] HQ in [[Downtown San Jose]] | image5 = EBay Silicon Valley Headquarters in Willow Glen, San Jose, California 1938.jpg | caption5 = [[eBay]] headquarters in [[Willow Glen]] | image6 = PayPal San Jose Headquarters.jpg | caption6 = [[PayPal]] headquarters in [[Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose|Rincon/Golden Triangle]] }} The [[San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|CSA San Jose shares with San Francisco]] was the country's third-largest urban economy as of 2018, with a GDP of $1.03 trillion.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-metropolitan-area |title=GDP by Metropolitan Area {{!}} U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |website=www.bea.gov |language=en |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026103939/https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-metropolitan-area |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the 500+ [[primary statistical area]]s in the U.S., this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018, at $106,757.<ref name=":4" /> San Jose is a [[Foreign-trade zones of the United States|United States Foreign-Trade Zone]]. The city received its Foreign Trade Zone grant from the [[U.S. Federal Government]] in 1974, making it the 18th foreign-trade zone established in the United States. Under its grant, the City of San Jose is granted jurisdiction to oversee and administer foreign trade in [[Santa Clara County]], [[Monterey County]], [[San Benito County]], [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]], and in the southern parts of [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] and [[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=2509 |title=San Jose, CA – Official Website – Foreign Trade Zone |website=www.sanjoseca.gov |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032640/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=2509 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref> San Jose hosts many companies with more than 1,000 employees, including the headquarters of: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] * [[Altera]] * [[Brocade Communications Systems]] * [[Cadence Design Systems]] * [[Cisco Systems]] * [[eBay]] * [[Lee's Sandwiches]] * [[Lumileds]] * [[PayPal]] * [[Roku, Inc.]] * [[Rosendin Electric]] * [[Sanmina-SCI]] * [[Western Digital]] * [[Xilinx]] {{div col end}} San Jose also hosts major facilities for [[Becton Dickinson]], [[Ericsson]], [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Hitachi]], [[IBM]], [[Kaiser Permanente]], [[KLA Tencor]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Nippon Sheet Glass]], and [[Qualcomm]]. The North American headquarters of [[Samsung]] Semiconductor are located in San Jose.<ref>[http://www.nbbj.com/work/samsung-america-headquarters/ Samsung America headquarters (DS)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717084426/http://www.nbbj.com/work/samsung-america-headquarters/ |date=July 17, 2013 }}. NBBJ. Retrieved on July 21, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samsung.com/us/sjexpansion/ |title=Samsung Semiconductor |website=www.samsung.com |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330004520/http://www.samsung.com/us/sjexpansion/ |archive-date=March 30, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 2000 employees will work at the new Samsung campus which opened in 2015. Other large companies based in San Jose include: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * [[Align Technology]] * [[Atmel]] * [[Bloom Energy]] * [[CEVA, Inc.|CEVA]] * [[Cypress Semiconductor]] * [[Cohesity]], [[Echelon Corporation|Echelon]] * [[Extreme Networks]] * [[GlobalLogic]] * [[Harmonic Inc.|Harmonic]] * [[Integrated Device Technology]] * [[Maxim Integrated]] * [[Micrel]] * [[Move (company)|Move]] * [[Netgear]] * [[Novellus Systems]] * [[Nutanix]] * [[Oclaro]] * [[OCZ Storage Solutions|OCZ]] * [[Quantum Corporation|Quantum]] * [[SunPower]] * [[Sharks Sports and Entertainment]] * [[Supermicro]] * [[Tessera Technologies]] * [[TiVo Inc.|TiVo]] * [[Ultratech, Inc.|Ultratech]] * [[VeriFone]] * [[Viavi Solutions]] * [[Zoom Video Communications]] * [[Zscaler]] {{div col end}} Sizable government employers include the city government, [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], and [[San Jose State University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Community Profile: Employment and Employers |publisher=City of San Jose |date=May 10, 2010 |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/fact_sheet/FactSheet.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504231808/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/fact_sheet/FactSheet.pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2011}}</ref> [[Acer Inc.|Acer]]'s United States division has its offices in San Jose.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/contacts |access-date=November 10, 2013 |title=Acer – Contact Us |publisher=Acer America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022020920/http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/contacts |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to its closing, [[Netcom (United States)|Netcom]] had its headquarters in San Jose.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netcom.com/netcom/contact.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427144831/http://www.netcom.com/netcom/contact.html |archive-date=April 27, 1999 |title=Contact netcom |publisher=Netcom |access-date=September 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Helm |first=Leslie |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/11317269.html?dids=11317269:11317269&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+25%2C+1997&author=LESLIE+HELM&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Netcom+to+Set+Time+Limits+on+Internet+Use%3B+Technology%3A+The+rule+will+apply+to+customers+with+current+services.+The+firm+offers+higher-priced+plans+with+an+access+guarantee.&pqatl=google |title=Financial Desk – Netcom to Set Time Limits on Internet Use; |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 25, 1997 |page=D1 |access-date=September 7, 2010 |quote=Charting a new direction for money-losing Internet service providers, San Jose-based Netcom On-Line Communications Services ... |via=[[ProQuest|PQArchiver]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101094103/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/11317269.html?dids=11317269:11317269&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+25%2C+1997&author=LESLIE+HELM&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Netcom+to+Set+Time+Limits+on+Internet+Use%3B+Technology%3A+The+rule+will+apply+to+customers+with+current+services.+The+firm+offers+higher-priced+plans+with+an+access+guarantee.&pqatl=google |archive-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 31, 2015, Cupertino-based [[Apple Inc.]] purchased a 40-acre site in San Jose.<ref name="Exclusive">{{cite web |last1=Donato-Weinstein |first1=Nathan |title=Exclusive: Apple buys huge San Jose development site |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/08/03/exclusive-apple-buys-huge-san-jose-development.html |website=Silicon Valley Business Journal |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403184351/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/08/03/exclusive-apple-buys-huge-san-jose-development.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The site, which is bare land, will be the site of an office and research campus where it is estimated that up to 16,000 employees will be located. Apple paid $138.2 million for the site.<ref name="Exclusive"/> The seller, Connecticut-based Five Mile Capital Partners, paid $40 million for the site in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title = Apple sets stage for San Jose campus with 15,000 workers|url = http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_28578891/apple-sets-stage-san-jose-campus-15-000 |website = www.mercurynews.com |date = August 3, 2015 |access-date = October 23, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122134804/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_28578891/apple-sets-stage-san-jose-campus-15-000 |archive-date = November 22, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> ===Wealth=== [[File:Median housing price by metro area.webp|thumb|Median housing price by metro area]] It is situated in the most affluent county in [[California]] and one of the most affluent counties in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/summary_file/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701094816/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/summary_file/ |title=2012 American Community Survey |archive-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/richest-counties-in-the-united-states.html |title=Richest Counties In The United States |access-date=April 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103213/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/richest-counties-in-the-united-states.html |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/08/10/santa-clara-county-has-highest-median-household-income-in-nation-but-wealth-gap-widens/ |title=Santa Clara County has highest median household income in nation, but wealth gap widens |work=The Mercury News |date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104949/http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/08/10/santa-clara-county-has-highest-median-household-income-in-nation-but-wealth-gap-widens/ |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> With a median home price of $1,085,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/san-jose-median-home-price-1-million-2016-8 |title=The first US city where average homes cost over $1 million |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063740/http://www.businessinsider.com/san-jose-median-home-price-1-million-2016-8 |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the highest percentage of million-dollar (or more) homes in the United States,<ref name="NYT-20210617">{{cite news |last=Kolomatsky |first=Michael |title=Where Are the Million-Dollar Homes? - A new report reveals which U.S. metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/realestate/where-are-the-million-dollar-homes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/realestate/where-are-the-million-dollar-homes.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |date=June 17, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 18, 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the United States and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |title=13th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2017 |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123080849/http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/San-Jose-is-the-most-unaffordable-city-in-U-S-10878162.php |title=San Jose is the most 'unaffordable' major housing market in U.S., survey says |newspaper=Sfgate |date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061003/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/San-Jose-is-the-most-unaffordable-city-in-U-S-10878162.php |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Pereira |first1=Alyssa }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/architecture/2017-most-expensive-cities-hong-kong/index.html |title=The least affordable places to live in 2017 |author=Kate Springer |website=CNN |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519075641/http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/architecture/2017-most-expensive-cities-hong-kong/index.html |archive-date=May 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[cost of living]] in San Jose and the surrounding areas is among the highest in California and the nation, according to 2004 data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fedc.com/ACCRACostofLivingIndex2ndQuarter2004.htm |title=The Ten Most and Least Expensive Urban Areas in the ACCRA Cost of Living Index (COLI) – Second Quarter 2004 |publisher=FEDC.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040909231151/http://www.fedc.com/ACCRACostofLivingIndex2ndQuarter2004.htm |archive-date=September 9, 2004 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> Housing costs are the primary reason for the high cost of living, although the costs in all areas tracked by the [[ACCRA Cost of Living Index]] are above the national average. Households in the city limits have the highest [[disposable income]] of any city in the U.S. with over 500,000 residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose – Accolades |publisher="America's Most Livable Communities" (Partners for Livable Communities, Washington, D.C.) |url=http://www.mostlivable.org/general/san-jos-city-home.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110226175457/http://www.mostlivable.org/general/san-jos-city-home.html |archive-date=February 26, 2011 |access-date=April 7, 2008 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose, Capital of Silicon Valley: #1 Community for Innovators in U.S. |publisher=City of San Jose |date=March 27, 2008 |url=http://www.sjeconomy.com/aboutsj/communityinnovators.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302151726/http://www.sjeconomy.com/aboutsj/communityinnovators.asp |archive-date=March 2, 2004 |access-date=April 7, 2008 }}</ref> === Silicon Valley === {{main|Silicon Valley}} [[File:San Jose Convention Center plaza, WWDC17.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]] 2017 at the [[San Jose Convention Center]].]] The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as Silicon Valley. Area schools such as the [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], [[San Jose State University]], [[San Francisco State University]], [[California State University, East Bay]], [[Santa Clara University]], and [[Stanford University]] pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year. San Jose residents produce more U.S. patents than any other city.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mostlivable.org/cities/sanjose/home_accolades.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061106074340/http://www.mostlivable.org/cities/sanjose/home_accolades.html |archive-date=November 6, 2006 |title=America's most livable:San Jose, California |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref> On October 15, 2015, the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] opened a satellite office in San Jose to serve Silicon Valley and the Western United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2015/10/15/san-jose-u-s-satellite-patent-office-opens/ |title=San Jose: U.S. satellite Patent Office opens |work=The Mercury News |date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524235020/http://www.mercurynews.com/2015/10/15/san-jose-u-s-satellite-patent-office-opens/ |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/about-us/uspto-locations/silicon-valley-california |title=Silicon Valley U.S. Patent and Trademark Office |website=www.uspto.gov |access-date=June 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602144956/http://www.uspto.gov/about-us/uspto-locations/silicon-valley-california |archive-date=June 2, 2016 }}</ref> By April 2018, [[Google]] was in the process of planning the "biggest tech campus in Silicon Valley" in San Jose.<ref name=P>{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/california/mountainview/group-rallies-google-hq-makes-demands-sj-mega-campus |title=Group Rallies At Google HQ, Makes Demands For SJ Mega-Campus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 12, 2018 |publisher=Patch |access-date=April 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044753/https://patch.com/california/mountainview/group-rallies-google-hq-makes-demands-sj-mega-campus |archive-date=April 27, 2018 }}</ref> However, in April 2023, it was reported that [[Google]] paused on Google West San Jose Campus constructions due to slowing economic conditions and a decreased requirement for physical office space by tech companies,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/21/googles-80-acre-san-jose-mega-campus-on-hold-amid-economic-slowdown-.html |title=Google's 80-acre San Jose mega-campus is on hold as company reckons with economic slowdown |author=Jennifer Elias |date=April 21, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422004357/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/21/googles-80-acre-san-jose-mega-campus-on-hold-amid-economic-slowdown-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> although the tech ecosystem has also recently become more geographically dispersed.<ref name=NewYorkCloserThanEvertoBayAreaTech>{{cite news|url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech|title=New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech|author=Cara Eisenpress|newspaper=[[Crain Communications]]|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 29, 2023}}</ref> High economic growth during the [[Dot-com bubble|tech bubble]] caused employment, housing prices, and traffic congestion to peak in the late 1990s. As the economy slowed in the early 2000s, employment and traffic congestion was somewhat diminished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SANJ906URN |title=Unemployment Rate in San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA (MSA) |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=January 1, 1990 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203232327/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SANJ906URN |url-status=live }}</ref> In the mid-2000s, traffic along major highways again began to worsen as the economy improved. San Jose had 405,000 jobs within its city limits in 2006, and an unemployment rate of 4.6%. San Jose has the highest median income of any U.S. city with over 280,000 people. On March 14, 2013, San Jose implemented a public wireless connection in its downtown area. Wireless access points have been placed on outdoor light posts throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Louie |first1=David |title=More wireless broadband coverage coming to San Jose via light poles |url=https://abc7news.com/san-jose-wireless-wifi-strength-light-poles-pole/3382838/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |agency=ABC7 News |date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808095702/https://abc7news.com/san-jose-wireless-wifi-strength-light-poles-pole/3382838/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Media === {{Main|Media in the San Francisco Bay Area}} San Jose is served by Greater Bay Area media. Print media outlets in San Jose include ''[[The Mercury News]]'', the weekly ''[[Metro Silicon Valley]]'', ''El Observador'' and the ''Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal''. The Bay Area's [[NBC]] [[Owned-and-operated station|O&O]], [[KNTV]] 11, is licensed to San Jose. In total, broadcasters in the Bay Area include 34 television stations, 25 AM radio stations, and 55 FM radio stations.<ref>[http://www.choisser.com/channels.html Digital/HDTV Television Channel List – SF Bay Area] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416090437/http://www.choisser.com/channels.html |date=April 16, 2010 }}. Choisser.com. Retrieved on April 14, 2011.</ref> In April 1909, [[Charles David Herrold]], an electronics instructor in San Jose, constructed a radio station to broadcast the human voice. The station, "San Jose Calling" (call letters FN, later FQW), was the world's first radio station with scheduled programming targeted at a general audience.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The station became the first to broadcast music in 1910. Herrold's wife Sybil became the first female "disk jockey" in 1912. The station changed hands a number of times before becoming today's{{when|date=May 2023}} [[KCBS (AM)|KCBS]] in San Francisco.<ref name="KQW">{{cite web |title=KQW Radio, San Jose |url=http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kqw/kqw_30th-anniv_nov-10-1945.shtml |publisher=Bay Area Radio Museum |author=Marty Cheek |access-date=June 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203083252/http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kqw/kqw_30th-anniv_nov-10-1945.shtml |archive-date=February 3, 2007 }}</ref> === Top employers === As of June 30, 2021, the top employers in the city were:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/80350/637751814286970000 |title=2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report |access-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106092924/https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/80350/637751814286970000 |url-status=live }}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! No. ! San Jose's Top Employers ! Employees |- |1 |[[Santa Clara County, California|County of Santa Clara]] |18,700 |- |2 |City of San Jose |7,627 |- |3 |[[Cisco Systems]] |7,500 |- |4 |[[PayPal]] |3,868 |- |5 |[[San Jose State University]] |3,650 |- |6 |[[Adobe Systems, Inc.]] |3,400 |- |7 |[[Kaiser Permanente]] |3,035 |- |8 |[[eBay]] |2,800 |- |9 |[[Western Digital]] |2,759 |- |10 |[[San Jose Unified School District ]] |2,679 |- |11 |[[Target Stores]] |2,437 |- |12 |[[Super Micro Computer, Inc.]] |2,230 |- |13 |[[IBM]] |2,200 |- |14 |[[Cadence Design Systems]] |1,956 |- |15 |[[Good Samaritan Hospital (San Jose)|Good Samaritan Hospital]] |1,850 |} == Culture == === Architecture === [[File:USA-San Jose-Scottish Rite Temple-1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Scottish Rite]] Temple of San Jose, on St. James Park, built 1924.]] Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby [[Mineta San Jose International Airport]] (also evidenced in the above panoramic), there is a height limit for buildings in the downtown area, which is underneath the final approach corridor to the airport. The height limit is dictated by local ordinances, driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by Federal Aviation Administration regulations. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately {{cvt|300|ft|m}} but can get taller farther from the airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff Review Agenda |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507.pdf |publisher=City of San Jose |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012158/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2008}}</ref> There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Services |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second_floor.asp |publisher=City of San Jose |date=February 6, 2006 |access-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402153817/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second_floor.asp |archive-date=April 2, 2008}}</ref> Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural "beauty" can be assigned to the re-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose Downtown Historic District |url=https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015831/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Exceptions to this include the [[Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)|Downtown Historic District]], the [[Hotel De Anza]], and the [[Hotel Sainte Claire]], both of which are listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] for their architectural and historical significance. [[File:Firehouse No. 1, San Pedro Square, San Jose (44518230154).jpg|thumb|right|[[San Pedro Square]] is one of San Jose's oldest neighborhoods.]] Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Building Policy |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ESD/natural-energy-resources/gb-policy.htm |date=April 10, 2007 |access-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401165425/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/natural-energy-resources/gb-policy.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}</ref> The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new [[San Jose City Hall|City Hall]], designed by Richard Meier & Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yoders |first=Jeff |title=San Jose's Richard Meier-designed city hall: To Leed, or Not to Leed |url=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/san-joses-richard-meier-designed-city-hall-leed-or-not-leed |work=Building Design and Construction |date=November 1, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810123942/http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6281251.html |archive-date=August 10, 2009 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as [[Shasta/Hanchett Park, San Jose, California|Hanchett Park]], [[Naglee Park, San Jose, California|Naglee Park]], [[Rose Garden, San Jose, California|Rose Garden]], and [[Willow Glen, California|Willow Glen]] (including [[Palm Haven]]). Styles include [[Mediterranean Revival architecture]], [[Spanish Colonial architecture]], [[Neoclassical architecture]], [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]], [[Mission Revival]], [[Prairie style]], and [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]] Victorian. Notable architects include [[Frank Delos Wolfe]], [[Theodore Lenzen]], Charles McKenzie,<ref name="then">{{cite news |title= Photos of homes in San Jose, California, then and now. |url= http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3.htm |author= Buena Vista Neighborhood Association |date= February 21, 2012 |access-date= August 16, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110020629/http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3.htm |archive-date= November 10, 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> and [[Julia Morgan]].<ref name="Morgan">{{cite news |title=Julia Morgan-designed mansion on The Alameda in San Jose will soon become office space |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/rose-garden/ci_15907062 |author=Mary Gottschalk / San Jose Mercury News |date=August 26, 2010 |access-date=June 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614023411/http://www.mercurynews.com/rose-garden/ci_15907062 |archive-date=June 14, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Visual arts === [[File:Happy Birthday San Jose (24637282368).jpg|thumb|left|Celebrations for the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the [[Peralta Adobe]] in 2017.]] Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,<ref>{{cite web |title=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28.pdf |website=City of San Jose |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2006}}</ref> and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development. Early public art included a statue of [[Quetzalcoatl]] (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [[Robert Graham (sculptor)|Robert Graham]] did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of [[feces]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott-herhold/ci_17274049?nclick_check=1 |work=San Jose Mercury News |date=February 2, 2011 |first=Scott |last=Herhold |access-date=April 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225457/http://www.mercurynews.com/scott-herhold/ci_17274049?nclick_check=1 |archive-date=January 25, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A statue of [[Thomas Fallon]] also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. [[Chicano]]/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846). They also protested the perceived "repression" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's [[Californio]] (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at [[Columbus Day]] and [[Dia de la Raza]] celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78.html |title=Fallon statue unveiled |work=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal |date=September 20, 2002 |access-date=June 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314193405/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78.html |archive-date=March 14, 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Thomas Fallon Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Thomas Fallon]], 10th [[Mayor of San Jose]].]] In 2001, the city-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [[shark]]s based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jim LaFrenere |url=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows_on_parade.htm |title=Chicago cows on parade exhibit |publisher=Chicagotraveler.com |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924112447/http://chicagotraveler.com/cows_on_parade.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2010 }}</ref> Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity. In 2006, [[Adobe Systems]] commissioned an art installation titled ''San Jose Semaphore'' by Ben Rubin,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBJbIP0fMr0C&pg=PA342 |title=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance |author=Chris Salter |first2=Peter |last2=Sellars |year=2010 |page=342 |isbn=978-0-262-19588-1 |publisher=The MIT Press |access-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBJbIP0fMr0C&pg=PA342 |url-status=live }} --via Google Books.</ref> at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html |title=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked |publisher=Adobe.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name=semaphore>{{cite web |url=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf |title=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore |date=August 14, 2007 |publisher=Ear Studio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted. San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of [[Diego Rivera]] and [[José Clemente Orozco]] of murals as public textbooks.<ref name=SJMN>{{cite news| title=San Jose's Disappearing Murals: 'It's Like Wiping Away People's History' |author=Leonardo Castaneda |publisher=Bay Area News Group |work=San Jose Mercury-News| page=A1 |date=December 16, 2018 }}</ref> Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably ''Mural de la Raza'', on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and ''Mexicatlan'' at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared.<ref name=SJMN /> The third mural, ''La Medicina y la Comunidad'' at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers.<ref name=SJMN /> Surviving Chicano history murals include ''Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe'' at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s ''Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird'' at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 ''Guadalajara Market No. 2'' by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, ''La Gran Culture Resonance''.<ref name=SJMN /> An unknown artist painted the ''Huelga Bird and Aztec City'' mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted ''The Aztec Calendar Handball Court'' at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of ''Chaco's Pachuco'' painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The ''Jerry Hernandez'' mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern-looking warrior.<ref name=SJMN /> === Performing arts === {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = left | footer = [[San Jose Civic]] (top) and the [[San Jose Center for the Performing Arts|Center for the Performing Arts]] (bottom). | image1 = Downtown San Jose, California 3 2017-06-12.jpg| | image2 = San Jose Center for Performing Arts.jpg }} The city is home to many performing arts companies, including [[Opera San Jose]], [[Symphony Silicon Valley]], [[Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley]], [[sjDANCEco]], The San Jose Symphonic Choir, Children's Musical Theater of San Jose,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmtsj.org/content/about-cmt-san-jose |title=ABOUT CMT San Jose |publisher=Cmtsj.org |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530032014/http://cmtsj.org/content/about-cmt-san-jose |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[San Jose Youth Symphony]], the [[San Jose Repertory Theatre]], City Lights Theatre Company, The Tabard Theatre Company, San Jose Stage Company, and the now-defunct [[American Musical Theatre of San Jose]] which was replaced by [[Broadway San Jose]] in partnership with [[Team San Jose]]. San Jose is also home to the [[San Jose Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org |title=San Jose Museum of Art |publisher=San Jose Museum of Art |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004102/http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org/ |archive-date=September 28, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums. The [[SAP Center at San Jose]] is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to [[Billboard Magazine]] and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the [[Manchester Evening News Arena]] in [[Manchester]], England, and the [[Bell Centre]] in [[Montreal]], Canada, for the period from January 1{{spaced ndash}}September 30, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh_weimers/10045287.htm?template=contentModules/printstory.jsp |date=October 29, 2004 |title=Who needs the Sharks? HP Pavilion thriving |first=Leigh |last=Weimers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309065548/http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh_weimers/10045287.htm?template=contentModules%2Fprintstory.jsp |archive-date=March 9, 2005 |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref> The annual [[Cinequest Film Festival]] in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important festival for independent films. The [[San Francisco Asian American Film Festival]] is an annual event, which is hosted in San Francisco, [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], and [[Downtown San Jose]]. Approximately 30 to 40 films are screened in San Jose each year at the Camera 12 Downtown Cinemas. The [[San Jose Jazz Festival]] is another of many events hosted throughout the year. The [[Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies]] houses the largest collection of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] in the world, outside of Europe, and is the only institution of its kind in [[North America]]. === Sports === {{See also|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}} [[File:SAP Center.jpg |thumb|upright|A [[San Jose Sharks]] hockey game at [[SAP Center]]]] [[File:Avaya Stadium 2016 screenshot 03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[PayPal Park]], home of the [[San Jose Earthquakes]]]] {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Club ! Sport ! Founded ! League ! Venue (capacity) |- |[[San Jose Sharks]] |[[Ice Hockey|Hockey]] |style="text-align:center;"|1991 |[[National Hockey League]] |[[SAP Center]] (17,562) |- |[[San Jose Earthquakes]] |[[Association football|Soccer]] |style="text-align:center;"|1995 |[[Major League Soccer]] |[[PayPal Park]] (18,000) |- |[[San Jose Barracuda]] |[[Ice Hockey|Hockey]] |style="text-align:center;"|2015 |[[American Hockey League]] |[[Tech CU Arena]] (4,200) |- |[[San Jose Giants]] |[[Baseball]] |style="text-align:center;"|1988 |[[California League]] |[[Excite Ballpark]] (4,200) |- |[[San Jose State Spartans]] |[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[College football|Football]] |align=center |1893 |[[Mountain West Conference]] |[[CEFCU Stadium]] (21,520) |} San Jose is home to the [[San Jose Sharks]] of the NHL, the [[San Jose Barracuda]] of the AHL, and the [[San Jose Earthquakes]] of Major League Soccer. The Sharks and the Barracuda play in the [[SAP Center at San Jose]]. The Earthquakes built an 18,000 seat [[PayPal Park|new stadium]] that opened in March 2015. San Jose was a founding member of both the [[California League]] and [[Pacific Coast League]] in minor league baseball. San Jose currently fields the [[San Jose Giants]], a Low-A affiliate of the [[San Francisco Giants]]. San Jose has been host to several [[United States Olympic Committee|U.S. Olympic team]] trials over the years. In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority held the trials for judo, taekwondo, trampolining and rhythmic gymnastics at the [[San Jose State Event Center]]. SAP Center hosted the Gymnastic trials in 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Field set for 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials - Gymnastics in San Jose, Calif. |url=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID=10284 |website=USA Gymnastics |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050112/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID=10284 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 2016 (women's only).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID=18902|title=Women's Olympic trials, Congress bring gymnastics community to San Jose this week|work=[[USA Gymnastics]]|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=February 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050115/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID=18902|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[U.S. Figure Skating Championships]] (used in Olympic years to select the Olympians) in 1996, 2012, and 2018. It was due to host the 2021 Championship, but that was moved to [[Las Vegas]] and it will instead host 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Figure skating nationals moving from San Jose to Las Vegas |url=https://apnews.com/article/skating-winter-olympics-figure-skating-san-jose-olympic-trials-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=AP News |date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050111/https://apnews.com/article/skating-winter-olympics-figure-skating-san-jose-olympic-trials-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, around 90 percent of the members of the United States Olympic team were processed at San Jose State University prior to traveling to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci_9980596 |title=Unseen Heroes: Olympians in 'lockdown' at SJSU on way to Beijing |author=Bruce Newman |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=July 24, 2008 |access-date=July 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201192559/http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci_9980596 |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2009 Junior Olympics for trampoline were also held here. In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All-Star [[Rugby Sevens]] Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown. San Jose State hosted the 2011 [[American Collegiate Hockey Association]] (ACHA) national tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose State Spartans Team History |url=http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html |publisher=sjsuhockey.net |year=2010 |access-date=May 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012055622/http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html |archive-date=October 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]] is also frequently held in San Jose. From 2005 to 2007, the [[San Jose Grand Prix]], an annual street circuit race in the [[Champ Car World Series]], was held in the downtown area. Other races included the [[Trans-Am Series]], the [[Toyota Atlantic Championship]], the United States Touring Car Championship, the [[Historic Stock Car Racing Series]], and the [[Formula D]] [[Drifting (motorsport)|Drift racing]] competition. In the 2010s, San Jose "aggressively wooed" the [[Oakland Athletics]] to relocate to San Jose from nearby Oakland, but the [[San Francisco Giants]] exercised a veto against this proposal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci_15883617 |title=How the A's ballpark plans stack up |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=August 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100608/http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci_15883617 |archive-date=April 26, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, the city of San Jose sued [[Major League Baseball]] for not allowing the Athletics to relocate to San Jose.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark-purdy-san-jose-takes-big.html |title=San Jose takes big swing at Major League Baseball |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624222013/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark-purdy-san-jose-takes-big.html |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |access-date=October 17, 2014 }}</ref> On October 5, 2015, the [[United States Supreme Court]] rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics, who in 2023 announced they would relocate to [[Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U-S-Supreme-Court-rejects-San-Jose-s-bid-to-6550805.php |title=U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose's bid to lure Oakland A's |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006050342/http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U-S-Supreme-Court-rejects-San-Jose-s-bid-to-6550805.php |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Landmarks === {{Main|List of attractions in Silicon Valley}} Notable landmarks in San Jose include [[Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose]], [[History Park at Kelley Park]], [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]], [[Plaza de César Chávez]], [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library]], [[Mexican Heritage Plaza]], [[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]], [[Lick Observatory]], [[Hayes Mansion]], [[SAP Center at San Jose]], [[Hotel De Anza]], [[San Jose Improv]], [[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose|Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose]], [[Peralta Adobe]], [[Excite Ballpark]], [[Spartan Stadium (San Jose, California)|Spartan Stadium]], [[Japantown, San Jose, California|Japantown San Jose]], [[Winchester Mystery House]], [[Raging Waters]], [[Circle of Palms Plaza]], [[San Jose City Hall]], [[San Jose Flea Market]], [[Oak Hill Memorial Park]], [[San Jose electric light tower]], and [[The Tech Museum of Innovation]]. <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="110px" perrow="2"> File:USA-San Jose-De Anza Hotel-3.jpg|[[Hotel De Anza]] File:Dolce Hayes Mansion at dusk (cropped).jpg|[[Hayes Mansion]] File:StJosephDusk.jpg|[[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]] File:San Pedro Square sign.jpg|[[San Pedro Square]] File:Chinese Cultural Garden Gate.jpg|The [[Chinese Cultural Garden]] File:San Jose Museum of Art - San Jose, CA - DSC03781.JPG|The [[San Jose Museum of Art]] File:USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-5 (cropped).jpg|The [[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)|Bank of Italy Building]] File:Winchester Mystery House San Jose 01.jpg|[[Winchester Mystery House]] File:Church of the Five Wounds, San Jose, California.jpg|[[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]] File:Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03877.JPG|[[San José State University]] File:Hotel Sainte Claire, on a sunny day.JPG|The historic Sainte Claire Hotel, today [[The Westin San Jose]] File:California Thaeatre in San Jose (cropped).jpg|[[SoFA District|California Theatre]] </gallery> ==== Museums and institutions ==== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | footer = The Trianon Theatre, in [[Downtown San Jose]] (top), and [[Rosicrucian Park]], in [[Rose Garden, San Jose, California|Rose Garden]] (bottom). | image1 = Trianon Theatre, San Jose.jpg | image2 = Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum grounds2.jpg }} * [[The Tech Museum of Innovation]] * [[Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies]], which houses the largest collection of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] in the world outside of Europe * [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library]], the largest U.S. public library west of the Mississippi River * [[San Jose Museum of Art]], contemporary art museum with a collection of West Coast artists * [[Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose]] * [[History Park at Kelley Park]] * [[Mexican Heritage Plaza]], a [[Chicano]] museum and cultural center * [http://maclaarte.org/ Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana], is an inclusive contemporary arts museum grounded in the Chicano/Latino experience * [[Portuguese Historical Museum]] * [[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]], the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at [[Rosicrucian Park]] * [[East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library|San Jose East Carnegie Branch Library]] is notable as it is the last Carnegie library still operating in San Jose, and is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. * [[San Jose Steam Railroad Museum]], proposed, artifacts and rolling stock are kept at the fairgrounds and Kelley Park * [[History San José]] * [[Japanese American Museum of San Jose]], a museum of [[Japanese-American]] history * [[Bank of America Building (San Jose, California)|Old Bank of America Building]] a historic landmark * [[San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles]], the first museum in America dedicated solely to quilts and textiles as an art form * [[Viet Museum]], a museum of [[Vietnamese-American]] history == Law and government == {{main|Government of San Jose|San Jose City Council|Mayor of San Jose}} {{see also|List of pre-statehood mayors of San Jose}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = | image1 = San Jose City Hall-03.jpg | caption1 = [[San Jose City Hall]] was designed by [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]]-winning architect [[Richard Meier]]; {{Circa|2005}}. }} === Local === San Jose is a [[charter city]] under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.<ref name="LCCC">{{cite web |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html |title=List of California Charter Cities |work=The California Planners' Book of Lists |year=1999 |access-date=June 9, 2007 |publisher=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html |archive-date=February 8, 2007}}</ref> The city has a [[council-manager government]] with a [[city manager]] nominated by the mayor and elected by the [[city council]]. The [[San Jose City Council]] is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms; the even-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd-numbered district council members beginning in 1996.<ref name=Charter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm |title=San Jose City Charter |publisher=Sanjoseca.gov |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents. Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.<ref name="Charter"/> [[File:Matt Mahan Web Summit 2015 3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Matt Mahan]] is the current [[Mayor of San Jose]].]] The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [[budget]] for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [[recall election]]. Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor.<ref name=Charter/> Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]]. Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the [[Local Agency Formation Commission]] (LAFCO).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov |title=Local Agency Formation Commission |publisher=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212043113/http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov/ |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [[urban sprawl]]. The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists. San Jose is the [[county seat]] of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]].<ref name="county charter">{{cite web |url=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County_Charter.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County_Charter.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2007 |title=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 |publisher=Santa Clara County |access-date=February 16, 2008 }}</ref> Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp=Contacts |title=County of Santa Clara Contacts |access-date=February 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184343/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp=Contacts |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> San Jose is protected by the [[San Jose Police Department]] and [[San Jose Fire Department]]. Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned [[San Jose Water Company]] and Great Oaks Water Company. The [[San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility]] provides [[Tertiary treatment|advanced wastewater treatment]] and [[reclaimed water]]. === State and federal === [[File:Old Superior Court - San Jose, CA - DSC03821.JPG|thumb|right|[[Santa Clara County Superior Court]]]] In the [[California State Senate]], San Jose is split between the [[California's 10th State Senate district|10th]], [[California's 15th State Senate district|15th]], and [[California's 17th State Senate district|17th]] districts,<ref name=ssd>{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |access-date = October 10, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> represented by {{Representative|casd|10|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|casd|15|fmt=spfl}}, and {{Representative|casd|17|fmt=spfl}} respectively. In the [[California State Assembly]], San Jose is split between the [[California's 23rd State Assembly district|23rd]], [[California's 24th State Assembly district|24th]], [[California's 25th State Assembly district|25th]], [[California's 26th State Assembly district|26th]], and [[California's 28th State Assembly district|28th]] districts,<ref name=sad>{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |access-date = October 10, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> represented by {{Representative|caad|23|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|caad|24|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|caad|25|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|caad|26|fmt=spfl}}, and {{Representative|caad|28|fmt=spfl}}, respectively. Federally, San Jose is split between California's [[California's 17th congressional district|17th]], [[California's 18th congressional district|18th]], and [[California's 19th congressional district|19th]] congressional districts,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |access-date = September 27, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = September 30, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> represented by {{Representative|cacd|17|fmt=pfl}}, {{Representative|cacd|18|fmt=pfl}}, and {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=pfl}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|17 |access-date=March 13, 2013}}</ref> Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the [[California Courts of Appeal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ |title=Courts of Appeal: Sixth District San Jose |publisher=California State Courts |access-date=February 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014717/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ |archive-date=July 22, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also home to one of three courthouses of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]], the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument |title=Court Info: San Jose |publisher=United States District Court for the Northern California District |access-date=February 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211114946/http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument |archive-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref> === Crime === {{main|San Jose Police Department}} Like most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.<ref name="FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010">{{cite web |title=FBI Uniform Crime Reports |url=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeTrendsInOneVarLarge.cfm}}</ref> From 2002 to 2006, [[Morgan Quitno Press]] named San Jose the safest city in the United States with a population over 500,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=SJPD Efforts To Maintain Safest Big City Status |url=http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507_08.02.pdf |publisher=City of San Jose |access-date=August 28, 2021 |date=September 11, 2007 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060036/http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507_08.02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.<ref name="San Jose crime rate surpasses U.S. average, arrests plummet">{{cite news |title=San Jose crime rate surpasses U.S. average, arrests plummet |newspaper=The Mercury News |date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci_24737175/san-jose-crime-rate-surpasses-u-s-average-arrests-plummet |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218223300/http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci_24737175/san-jose-crime-rate-surpasses-u-s-average-arrests-plummet |archive-date=December 18, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, [[SmartAsset]] ranked San Jose tied as the 10th safest city in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Geier |first1=Ben |title=Safest Cities in America – 2021 Edition |url=https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest-cities-in-america-2021 |publisher=SmartAsset |access-date=August 28, 2021 |date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060037/https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest-cities-in-america-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, violent crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in 2017 while the homicide rate has been the highest since 2016; property crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in over ten years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crime Statistics - Annual |url=https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime-stats-maps/crime-statistics-annual |publisher=San Jose Police Department |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060031/https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime-stats-maps/crime-statistics-annual |url-status=live }}</ref> ;2021 mass shooting {{main|2021 San Jose shooting}} On May 26, 2021, a [[mass shooting]] occurred at a [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority]] (VTA) [[rail yard]] in San Jose. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.<ref name=AP.Shooting>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/san-jose-shootings-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f |title=Authorities ID 8 victims of California railyard shooting |work=Associated Press |last1=Gecker |first1=Jocelyn |last2=Mendoza |first2=Martha |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152444/https://apnews.com/article/san-jose-shootings-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NBCBayArea.Home>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south-bay/bomb-squad-police-search-home-of-suspect-in-san-jose-mass-shooting/2554947/ |title=Bomb Squad, Police Search Home of Suspect in San Jose VTA Yard Mass Shooting |publisher=NBC Bay Area |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526184330/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south-bay/bomb-squad-police-search-home-of-suspect-in-san-jose-mass-shooting/2554947/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee-samuel-cassidy-named-as-gunman-in-san-jose-rail-yard-mass-shooting |title=Gunman in San Jose Mass Shooting Identified as Employee Samuel Cassidy |publisher=The Daily Beast |last=Rohrlich |first=Justin |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526185619/https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee-samuel-cassidy-named-as-gunman-in-san-jose-rail-yard-mass-shooting |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police-deputies-respond-to-shooting-near-downtown-san-jose/2554847/ |title=Mass Shooting Leaves 8 Dead at VTA Yard in San Jose |publisher=NBC Bay Area |date=2021-05-26 |access-date=2021-05-26 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152619/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police-deputies-respond-to-shooting-near-downtown-san-jose/2554847/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting led to a day-long suspension of [[light rail]] services in the area.<ref name=CNN.Shooting>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san-jose-shooting/index.html |title=Gunman who killed eight co-workers at California transit facility knew victims well, mayor says |publisher=CNN |last1=Levenson |first1=Eric |last2=Chan |first2=Stella |last3=Mossburg |first3=Cheri |last4=Murphy |first4=Paul P. |date=2021-05-26 |access-date=2021-05-26 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526163614/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san-jose-shooting/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/police-respond-shooting-san-jose-california/story?id=77916470 |title=Co-workers of suspect among 8 shot to death at California transit facility |publisher=ABC News |last1=Shapiro |first1=Emily |last2=Pereira |first2=Ivan |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144419/https://abcnews.go.com/US/police-respond-shooting-san-jose-california/story?id=77916470 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref name="MercuryNews Angst">{{cite news |title=Victims, shooter identified in Bay Area's deadliest mass shooting |first1=Maggie |last1=Angst |first2=John |last2=Woolfolk |first3=Aldo |last3=Toledo |first4=Julia Prodis |last4=Sulek |first5=Robert |last5=Salonga |first6=Jason |last6=Green |work=[[The Mercury News]]|location=San Jose, California |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active-shooter-response-underway-near-san-jose-vta-light-rail-yard/ |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144856/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active-shooter-response-underway-near-san-jose-vta-light-rail-yard/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, roughly a month following the shooting, San Jose became the first city in the United States to require gun owners to carry liability insurance after a unanimous vote by the city council.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/san-jose-becomes-1st-city-in-ca-to-pass-sweeping-gun-reforms/amp/|title = San Jose becomes 1st city in CA to pass sweeping gun reforms|newspaper = Kron4|date = June 30, 2021|access-date = June 30, 2021|archive-date = July 2, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210702022108/https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/san-jose-becomes-1st-city-in-ca-to-pass-sweeping-gun-reforms/amp/|url-status = live}}</ref> == Education == === Higher education === {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 200px | footer = [[Stanford University]], 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world. | image1 = Stanford University Oval and Quad Aerial View 2007.jpg }} [[File:Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03886.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[San José State University]] is the [[List of oldest schools in California|oldest public university]] on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and the founding campus of the [[California State University]].]] [[File:USA-Santa Clara-Mission-3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Santa Clara University]] is ranked as one of the best universities in the [[Western United States]] by [[U.S. News & World Report]].]] [[File:Lick Observatory Shane Telescope.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The [[University of California]] operates [[Lick Observatory]], on [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]], in [[East San Jose]].]] San Jose is home to several colleges and [[university|universities]]. The largest is [[San Jose State University|San José State University]], which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the [[California State University]] (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Majors and Programs |url=https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid=12&navoid=4146 |website=San Jose State University |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112233446/https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid=12&navoid=4146 |url-status=live }}</ref> The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Jose State University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/san-jose-state-university-1155/overall-rankings |website=US News |publisher=US News and World Report |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155324/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/san-jose-state-university-1155/overall-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref> San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS) [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] college football team; [[Stanford University]] and [[U.C. Berkeley]] are the other two. [[California University of Management and Technology]] (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley. The [[University of Silicon Valley]] is located in the [[Rincon, San Jose|Golden Triangle]] of [[North San Jose]]. [[Lincoln Law School of San Jose]] and [[University of Silicon Valley Law School]] offer law degrees, catering to working professionals. [[National University (California)|National University]] maintains a campus in San Jose. The San Jose campus of [[Golden Gate University]] offers business bachelor and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degrees. In the San Jose metropolitan area, [[Stanford University]] is in [[Stanford, California]], [[Santa Clara University]] is in [[Santa Clara, California]], and [[U.C. Santa Cruz]] is in [[Santa Cruz, California]]. Within the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], other universities include [[U.C. Berkeley]], [[U.C. San Francisco]], [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law|U.C. Hastings College of Law]], [[University of San Francisco]], and [[California State University, East Bay]]. The San Jose area's [[community college]]s, [[San Jose City College]], [[West Valley College]], [[Mission College (Santa Clara, California)|Mission College]] and [[Evergreen Valley College]], offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [[Palmer College of Chiropractic]] is also located in San Jose. WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs. The [[University of California]] operates [[Lick Observatory]] atop [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]]. [[Western Seminary]] has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate-level programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose |title=Western Seminary San Jose Campus |publisher=www.westernseminary.edu |access-date=November 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231549/http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Hispanic University]] offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhu.edu/ |title=National Hispanic University |publisher=National Hispanic University |access-date=May 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230213/http://www.nhu.edu/ |archive-date=May 24, 2017 }}</ref> === Primary and secondary education === Until the opening of [[Abraham Lincoln High School (San Jose, California)|Lincoln High School]] in 1943, San Jose students only attended [[San Jose High Academy|San Jose High School]]. San Jose has 127 elementary, 47 middle, and 44 public high schools. Public education in the city is provided by four high school districts, fourteen [[elementary education|elementary]] districts, and four [[unified school district]]s (which provide both elementary and high schools). In addition to the main [[San Jose Unified School District]] (SJUSD) and other Districts within San Jose such as the [[Alum Rock Unified School District]] and the [[East Side Union High School District]], other nearby unified school districts of nearby cities are [[Milpitas Unified School District]], [[Morgan Hill Unified School District]], and [[Santa Clara Unified School District]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The public schools in San Jose declared bankruptcy in 1983; at that time, it was the largest US school district to declare bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Jose Schools Can Cut Pay, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules |date=August 30, 1983 |agency=[[United Press International]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=B8}}</ref> Observers identified the reasons as a drop of 5,000 students in the preceding years, the difficulties imposed on school finances by ''[[Serrano v. Priest]]'' in 1968, the reduction of tax monies because of [[1978 California Proposition 13]], and the local teacher's union contract requiring a raise in pay.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.edweek.org/education/judge-upholds-san-jose-bankruptcy-but-schools-to-open-on-time/1983/09 |date=September 1983 |title=Judge Upholds San Jose Bankruptcy, But Schools To Open on Time |last=Hardy |first=Charles |magazine=[[Education Week]] |access-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911020806/https://www.edweek.org/education/judge-upholds-san-jose-bankruptcy-but-schools-to-open-on-time/1983/09 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Private schools in San Jose, CA|Private schools in San Jose]] are primarily run by religious groups.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California|Catholic Diocese of San Jose]] has the second-largest student population in Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD;{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including five high schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools_results.asp?show=all |title=Schools |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]] |access-date=June 18, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173701/http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools_results.asp?show=all |archive-date = September 27, 2007}}</ref> Other private religious schools are [[Baptist]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianschoolsanjose.org/ |title=Liberty Baptist School- Christian School, San Jose, CA |publisher=Christianschoolsanjose.org |access-date=January 19, 2014 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094459/https://www.libertybaptistschool.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Non-denominational Christianity|non-denominational Protestant]], and [[Wisconsin Synod|Wisconsin Synod Lutheran]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aspire. Learn. Succeed. |url=https://school.apostles-lutheran.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225530/https://school.apostles-lutheran.net/ |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Secular private schools include [[Cambrian Academy]] and [[Harker School]]. === Libraries === {{main|San José Public Library}} [[File:2008-0817-SJSU-MLKlib.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library]] is the single largest library building in the [[Western United States]].]] The [[San José Public Library]] system is unique in that the [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library]] combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. In 2003, construction of the library, which now holds more than 1.6 million items, was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi, with eight floors that result in more than {{cvt|475000|sqft|m2}} of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes.<ref>[http://www.sjlibrary.org/history-king-library SJ Library MLK History of the King Library] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929185904/http://www.sjlibrary.org/history-king-library |date=September 29, 2013 }} (Mentions joint university/city status, collection size and size of construction project.)</ref> The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the ''Biblioteca Latinoamericana'' ('Latin American Library') which specializes in Spanish language works.<ref>[http://www.sjpl.org/locations Locations page at SJ Library site] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075739/http://www.sjpl.org/locations |date=September 28, 2013 }} (See BL article for its references.)</ref> The [[East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library]], a [[Carnegie library]] opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. As the result of a bond measure passed in November 2000, a number of brand new or completely reconstructed branches have been completed and opened. The yet-to-be-named brand new Southeast Branch is also planned, bringing the bond library project to its completion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm |title=Bond Projects for Branch Libraries page at the SJ Library site |publisher=Sjlibrary.org |access-date=July 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613044713/http://sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> The San Jose system (along with the university system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by ''[[Library Journal]]'' in 2004.<ref>[http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf San Jose 2003–2004 Annual Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145814/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf |date=May 14, 2012 }} "In 2004, San José Public Library and San José State University Library were jointly named Library of the Year by the Library Journal."</ref> == Transportation == Like other American cities built mostly after World War II, San Jose is highly automobile-dependent, with 76 percent of residents driving alone to work and 12 percent carpooling in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |title=Table S0801. Commuting Characteristics By Sex, 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (San Jose, California), U.S. Census Bureau |date=2017 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city set an ambitious goal to shift motorized trips to walking, bicycling, and public transit in 2009 with the adoption of its Envision San Jose 2040 General Plan. In 2018, the city extended these goals to 2050 with its San Jose Climate Smart plan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/15/san-jose-unveils-new-climate-plan/ |title=San Jose Unveils New Climate Plan |last=Deruy |first=Emily |date=February 15, 2018 |work=The Mercury News |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031929/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/15/san-jose-unveils-new-climate-plan/ |archive-date=December 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Public transit === {{main|Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority}}{{see also|Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area|Silicon Valley BART extension|San Jose Diridon station}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | footer = The [[VTA light rail]] system serves 11 million people annually in Santa Clara Valley. | image1 = VTA train at Baypointe station, March 2005.jpg }} [[File:Diridon Station San Jose.JPG|thumb|left|[[San Jose Diridon station|Diridon Station]] will be the largest multi-modal transportation hub in the [[Western United States]] with the arrival of [[California High-Speed Rail]] and [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]].]] Rail service to and from San Jose is provided by [[Amtrak]] (the Sacramento–San-Jose [[Capitol Corridor]] and the [[Seattle]]–Los-Angeles [[Coast Starlight]]), [[Caltrain]] (commuter rail service between San Francisco and [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]]), [[Altamont Corridor Express|ACE]] (commuter rail service to [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] and [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]), and the local [[VTA light rail]] system connecting downtown to [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]], [[Campbell, California|Campbell]], and [[Almaden Valley, San Jose, California|Almaden Valley]], operated by the [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority]] (VTA). Historic [[streetcar]]s from [[History Park at Kelley Park|History Park]] operate on the light rail lines in downtown during holidays. Long-term plans call for [[BART]] to be expanded to Santa Clara from the [[Berryessa/North San José station]]. Originally, the extension was to be built all at once, but due to the recession, sales tax revenue has dramatically decreased. Because of this, the extension will be built in two phases. Phase 1 extended service to San Jose with the completion of the Milpitas and Berryessa BART stations on June 13, 2020. In addition, San Jose will be a major stop on the future [[California High-Speed Rail]] route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Goll |title=BART-San Jose planners in it for the long haul |url=http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/03/16/story4.html |newspaper=San Jose Business Journal |date=March 13, 2009 |access-date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114080843/http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/03/16/story4.html |archive-date=November 14, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[San Jose Diridon station|Diridon Station]] (formerly Cahill Depot, 65 Cahill Street) is the meeting point of all regional commuter rail service in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc7news.com/5254419/ |title=Central Valley high-speed rail may help solve Bay Area housing, job crisis |last1=Miguel |first1=Ken |last2=Lim |first2=Dion |date=April 23, 2019 |website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en |access-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423120942/https://abc7news.com/5254419/ |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was built in 1935 by the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], and was refurbished in 1994. [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] also operates many bus routes in San Jose and the surrounding communities, as well as offering [[paratransit]] services to local residents. Additionally, the [[Highway 17 Express]] bus line connects central San Jose with [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]. Intercity bus providers include [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], [[BoltBus]], [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]], [[California Shuttle Bus]], [[TUFESA]], [[List of California cities with Aeroméxico bus service from Tijuana airport|Intercalifornias]], [[Chinatown bus lines|Hoang]], and [[Chinatown bus lines|USAsia]].<ref>{{cite web |title = AIBRA – Find a Station |access-date = May 2, 2015|url = http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426091154/http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm |archive-date = April 26, 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> [[FlixBus]] also services the city with a stop at 129 W San Carlos. === Air === [[File:Airbus A-300 UPS takes off (5863558111) (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Jose International Airport]] is ranked as the best-run airport in the United States, by the [[American City Business Journals|ACBJ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/03/16/san-jose-sjc-airport-ranking-flights-sfo.html |title=San Jose's SJC flies past SFO to the top of rankings as America's best-run airport |website=Silicon Valley Business Journal |access-date=November 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517230218/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/03/16/san-jose-sjc-airport-ranking-flights-sfo.html |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] San Jose is served by [[San Jose International Airport|Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport]] {{cvt|2|mi|km|spell=in}} northwest of downtown, and by [[Reid-Hillview Airport|Reid-Hillview Airport of Santa Clara County]], [[general aviation]] airport located in the eastern part of San Jose. San Jose residents also use [[San Francisco International Airport]], a major international hub located {{cvt|35|mi|km}} to the northwest, and [[Oakland International Airport]], another major international airport located {{cvt|35|mi|km}} to the north. The airport is also near the intersections of three major freeways, [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]], [[Interstate 880 (California)|Interstate 880]], and [[California State Route 87|State Route 87]]. === Highways === The San Jose area is served by a freeway system that includes three [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate freeways]] and one [[United States Numbered Highways|U.S. Route]]. It is, however, the largest city in the country not served by a [[List of Interstate Highways|primary (one- or two-digit route number) Interstate]]; most of the Interstate Highway Network [[Interstate Highway System#Planning|was planned]] by the early 1950s well before San Jose's rapid growth decades later. [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. 101]] runs south to the [[California Central Coast]] and Los Angeles, and then runs north up near the eastern shore of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] to San Francisco. [[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]] also heads to San Francisco, but goes along just to the west of the cities of the San Francisco Peninsula. [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]] heads north to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], running parallel to the southeastern shore of [[San Francisco Bay]]. [[Interstate 680 (California)|I-680]] parallels I-880 to [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], but then cuts northeast to the eastern cities of the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. [[File:HTC Columbia (5584076774).jpg|thumb|right|The 2010 [[Amgen Tour of California|Amgen ''Tour of California'']] outside the [[Fairmont San Jose]].]] Several state highways also serve San Jose: [[California State Route 17|SR 17]], [[California State Route 85|SR 85]], [[California State Route 87|SR 87]] and [[California State Route 237|SR 237]]. Additionally, San Jose is served by a system of county-wide expressways, which includes the [[Almaden Expressway]], [[Capitol Expressway]], [[San Tomas Expressway]], and [[Lawrence Expressway]]. Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to manage congestion on San Jose freeways. This includes expanding [[California State Route 87|State Route 87]] to add more lanes near the downtown San Jose area. The interchange for I-280 connecting with I-680 and U.S. 101 was named the [[Joe Colla Interchange]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100ACR102 |title=Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 102 – Joe Colla Interchange |publisher=California State Legislature |date=August 30, 2010 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110181018/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100ACR102 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Major highways:''' {{Div col|colwidth=14em}} * [[File:I-280 (CA).svg|20px]] [[Interstate 280 (California)|Interstate 280]] * [[File:I-680 (CA).svg|20px]] [[Interstate 680 (California)|Interstate 680]] * [[File:I-880 (CA).svg|20px]] [[Interstate 880 (California)|Interstate 880]] * [[File:US 101 (1961 cutout).svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]] * [[File:California 17.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 17|State Route 17]] * [[File:California 82.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 82|State Route 82]] * [[File:California 85.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 85|State Route 85]] * [[File:California 87.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 87|State Route 87]] * [[File:California 130.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 130|State Route 130]] * [[File:California 237.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 237|State Route 237]] {{Div col end}} === Bicycling === {{main|Cycling in San Jose, California}} Central San Jose has seen a gradual expansion of bike lanes over the past decade, which now comprise a network of car-traffic-separated and buffered bike lanes. [[San Jose Bike Party]] is a volunteer-run monthly social cycling event that attracts up to 1,000 participants during summer months to "build community through bicycling". Fewer than one percent of city residents ride bicycles to work<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |title=Table S0801, Commuting Characteristics By Sex, 2012–2017 American Community Survey for San Jose, California. |date=December 31, 2018 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 22, 2015 |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as their primary mode of transportation, a statistic unchanged in the past ten years. Typically, between 3 and 5 residents are struck and killed by car drivers while bicycling on San Jose streets each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/08/bay-areas-dangerous-roads-fatal-crashes-up-43-percent-from-2010-to-2016/ |title=Bay Area's dangerous roads: Fatal crashes up 43 percent from 2010 to 2016 |date=December 8, 2017 |website=The Mercury News|language=en-US |access-date=January 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145240/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/08/bay-areas-dangerous-roads-fatal-crashes-up-43-percent-from-2010-to-2016/ |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Notable people == {{main|List of people from San Jose, California}} == Sister cities == San Jose has one of the oldest [[Twin towns and Sister cities|Sister City programs]] in the nation. In 1957, when the city established a relationship with Okayama, Japan, it was only the third Sister City relationship in the nation, which had begun the prior year. The Office of Economic Development coordinates the San Jose Sister City Program which is part of [[Sister Cities International]]. {{As of|2014}}, there are eight [[sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |title=Sister City Program |publisher=The City of San Jose |access-date=March 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524232806/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |archive-date=May 24, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/ |title=Pacific Neighbors San Jose Sister Cities Program |access-date=February 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819121500/http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/ |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=24em}} * [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]], Japan (established on May 26, 1957)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/e_m07_06_01.html |title=Northern and Central California Sister Cities in Japan |access-date=June 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026210709/https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/e_m07_06_01.html |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[San José, Costa Rica]] (1961) * [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] (1975) * [[Tainan City|Tainan]], Taiwan (1977) * [[Dublin]], Ireland (1986)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjosedublin.org/ |title=San-Jose–Dublin Sister City Program |access-date=February 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721052508/http://www.sanjosedublin.org/ |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia (1992) * [[Pune]], India (1992) * [[Guadalajara]], Mexico (2014)<ref name="San Jose and Pune Celebrate Sister City Relationship With India National Independence Day Flag Raising">{{cite web |title=San Jose and Pune Celebrate Sister City Relationship With India National Independence Day Flag Raising |url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/san-jose-pune-celebrate-sister-city-relationship-with-india-national-independence-day-887744.htm |access-date=February 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530214801/http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/san-jose-pune-celebrate-sister-city-relationship-with-india-national-independence-day-887744.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="San Jose Sister Cities">{{cite web |title=San Jose Sister Cities |url=http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/sister-cities/pune-india/ |access-date=February 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505134134/http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/sister-cities/pune-india/ |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Div col end}} == See also == {{portal|San Francisco Bay Area}} {{div col}} * [[List of people from San Jose, California]] * [[List of streets in San Jose, California]], with name origins * [[List of tallest buildings in San Jose, California]] * [[Northern California Megaregion]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=council>{{cite web |url = http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=146 |title = City Council |publisher = San Jose, California |access-date = December 8, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216223748/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=146 |archive-date = December 16, 2014 }}</ref> <ref name=incorporated>{{cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s |access-date=August 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archive-date=November 3, 2014 }}</ref> <ref name=elevation>{{Cite GNIS|1654952|San Jose |access-date=January 11, 2015}}</ref> }} == Further reading == {{refbegin}} * Beilharz, Edwin A.; and DeMers Jr., Donald O.; ''San Jose: California's First City''; 1980, {{ISBN|0-932986-13-7}} * The [http://www.sjpl.org/caroom California Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110181020/http://www.sjpl.org/caroom |date=November 10, 2013 }}, the San Jose Library's collection of research materials on the history of San Jose and Santa Clara Valley. {{refend}} == External links == <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ |PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | |is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | |See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | |If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | |replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | |to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | |and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================== {{No more links}} =========================--> {{Sister project links|San Jose, California|voy=San Jose, California}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sanjose.org/ Visit San Jose], official tourism website * [https://www.sjchamber.com/ San Jose Chamber of Commerce] * {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/California/Localities/S/San_Jose/|San Jose}} * [https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/ Santa Clara County: California's Historic Silicon Valley], [[National Park Service]] * [http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/hamcam/ Up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera] {{San Jose, California}} {{Neighborhoods of San Jose}} {{Silicon Valley}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to San Jose |list = {{Neighborhoods of San Jose}} {{SF Bay Area}} {{California}} {{California county seats}} {{San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions|nocat=1}} {{Santa Clara County}} }} {{USPopulousCities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:San Jose, California| ]] [[Category:1777 establishments in Alta California]] [[Category:1850 establishments in California]] [[Category:Cities in Santa Clara County, California]] [[Category:Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:County seats in California]] [[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|California]] [[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1777]] [[Category:Silicon Valley]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in California]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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