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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Country in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe}} {{other uses}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Romania | common_name = Romania | native_name = {{native name|ro|România}} | image_flag = Flag of Romania.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Romania.svg | coa_size = 70 | national_anthem = "[[Deșteaptă-te, române!]]"<br />("Awaken thee, Romanian!")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Romania (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Romania.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green|legend=EU-Romania.svg}} | capital = [[Bucharest]] | coordinates = {{Coord|44|25|N|26|06|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|title=Constitution of Romania|publisher=Cdep.ro|access-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214119/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> | languages2_type = Recognised minority<br />languages<!--Protected and/or co-official (regional) languages--><ref>{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> | languages2 = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title= ''See here'' | [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[German language|German]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | [[Romani language|Romani]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Rusyn language|Ruthenian]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Dobrujan Tatar|Tatar]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | [[Yiddish]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 89.3% [[Romanians]] | 6.0% [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] | 3.4% [[Romani people in Romania|Romani]] | 1.2% [[Minorities in Romania|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21|language=ro}}</ref> | demonym = [[Romanians|Romanian]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 84.79% [[Christianity]] ** 73.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] ** 6.44% [[Protestantism]] ** 4.49% [[Catholic Church in Romania|Catholicism]] ** 0.24% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |0.8% [[Irreligion in Romania|no religion]] |0.44% [[Religion in Romania|other]] <!--|13.95% either missing data or unanswered, of which:--> |9.01% unanswered |4.94% missing data }} | religion_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | religion_ref = <ref name="Census2021-Religion">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.04.1-si-Tabel-2.04.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21|language=ro}}</ref><ref name="Contributors 2022 Kivu">{{cite web |first=Mircea | last=Kivu | title=Un recensământ cu grave probleme | website=Contributors | date=2022-08-19 | url=https://www.contributors.ro/un-recensamant-cu-grave-probleme/ | access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref> | government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Romania|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Klaus Iohannis]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Marcel Ciolacu]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of Romania|President of the Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Nicolae Ciucă]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Alfred Simonis]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Romania|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]] | established_date1 = 1330 | established_event2 = [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]] | established_date2 = 1346 | established_event3 = [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|Little Union]] | established_date3 = 24 January 1859 | established_event4 = [[Romanian War of Independence|De jure Independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]] | established_date4 = 9 May 1877/1878 | established_event5 = [[Great Union]] | established_date5 = 1 December 1918/1921 | established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Romania|Military dictatorship]] | established_date6 = 1941 | established_event7 = [[People's Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]] | established_date7 = 30 December 1947 | established_event8 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 109|Joined]] the [[United Nations]] | established_date8 = 14 December 1955 | established_event9 = [[Romanian Revolution|Current state form]] | established_date9 = 27 December 1989<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsJADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|title=Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach|first=Robert|last=Elgie|date=28 November 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137346223|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu3TAAAAMAAJ&q=emblem|title=Romania Directory|date=1 April 1990|publisher=Editura Cronos|isbn=9789739000000|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/20050|title=DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ|website=legislatie.just.ro}}</ref> | established_event13 = [[Romanian constitution|Constitution adopted]] | established_date13 = 8 December 1991 | established_event14 = [[Enlargement of NATO#Vilnius Group|Joined]] [[NATO]] | established_date14 = 29 March 2004 | established_event15 = [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]] | established_date15 = 1 January 2007 | area_km2 = 238,398 | area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (pg.17)|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] (www.insse.ro/cms/en) |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054533/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf}}</ref> | area_rank = 81st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 92,043 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 3 | population_estimate = 19,051,562<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf |title=Populaţia rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2023 |publisher=INSSE (www.insse.ro) |access-date=2023-08-30|language=ro}}</ref> | population_census = {{decreaseNeutral}} 19,053,815<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2021 |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2024-03-04|language=ro}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = January 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 63rd | population_census_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]] | population_census_rank = 67th | population_density_km2 = 79.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 218.6 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 136th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $817.986 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=968,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Romania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 35th | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,179<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 48th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $369.971 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 43th | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $19,530<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 56th | Gini = 31.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.827 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 53rd | currency = [[Romanian leu]] | currency_code = RON | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | drives_on = [[driving side|right]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | calling_code = +40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines | patron_saint = [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]] | cctld = [[.ro]]<sup>a</sup> | official_website = https://www.gov.ro/ | footnote_a = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states. | today = }} '''Romania'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg}} {{respell|roh|MAY|nee|ə}}; {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}}} is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Southeastern Europe]].<ref> *{{Cite web |title=Romania |url=https://www.presidency.ro/en/president/romania |website=presidency.ro |publisher=[[President of Romania|Presidential Administration of Romania]] |quote=Geographical Facts ― Romania lies in the northern hemisphere, in the south-eastern Central Europe at the junction with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and at the crossroad of important routes. |access-date=26 February 2024}} *{{cite journal |access-date=26 February 2024 |first=Peter |last=Jordan |journal=Europa Regional |year=2005 |title=Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien |trans-title=The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=162–173 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) |location=[[Leipzig]] |via=Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) |url=http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html}} *{{cite journal |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |title=Romania: a geopolitical outline |first=Radu |last=Săgeată |journal=Potsdamer geographische Forschungen - Am östlichen Rand der Europäischen Union |publisher=[[University of Potsdam]] |location=[[Brandenburg]] |date=2009-12-02 |issue=28 |pages=45–58 |language=en |isbn=978-3-940793-97-3 |access-date=29 February 2024}} *{{cite book |last=Coord. Andrei |first=Tudorel |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/romania_in_cifre_2019_2.pdf |title=ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic |trans-title=ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]] |year=2019 |location=[[Bucharest]] |page=5 |quote=Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation] |language=ro |issn=2066-4079 |access-date=29 February 2024}} *{{Cite web |url=https://dig.watch/countries/romania |title=Romania |website=dig.watch |publisher=Geneva Internet Platform - Digital Watch Observatory |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=19 March 2024}} *{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp071613 |title=Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity |website=imf.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |author=Christine Lagarde |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=1 March 2024 |quote=Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge. |language=en}}</ref><ref> *{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |title=7 Invitees - Romania at a glance |website=nato.int |publisher=[[NATO]] |date=19 February 2004 |access-date=28 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in South-East Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. [...] The parallel of 45º north latitude (midway between the Equator and the North Pole) crosses Romania 70 km north of the capital, and the meridian of 25º east longitude (midway between the shore of the Atlantic and the Ural Mountains) passes 90 km west of Bucharest. Romania is situated at the contact of Central Europe with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, [...] its territory constituting a bridge between Central and Southeastern Europe and the Near East. |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029052253/https://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |url-status=live}} *{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=B8 |title=GDP growth (annual %) - Central Europe and the Baltics |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 March 2024}} *{{Cite web |url=https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |title=Central Europe: Higher funding costs in bond markets |website=economic-research.bnpparibas.com |publisher=[[BNP Paribas]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024}} *{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |title=The Evolution of Central Europe |date=Dec 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |access-date=Mar 2, 2024}} *{{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-europe/ |title=The lessons from the last 100 years of Central Europe's history |date=Nov 13, 2018 |author=Prince Michael of Liechtenstein}} → {{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-european-countries/ |title=The Central European dilemma |date=Nov 4, 2021 |publisher=GIS Reports |access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |title=The future of Romania in Europe, its relations with Moldova and the continental chessboard with Russia |website=blue-europe.eu |publisher=Blue Europe - The European Think Hub |author=Henrique Horta |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=26 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, on the western beaches of the Black Sea. [...] Minor geographical modifications have been made since [the 19th century], but the majority of what is now modern Romania is made up of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. [...] Wallachia’s development was influenced by South Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of its proximity to the Balkans. [...] The Transylvanian Highlands are connected to Central Europe, where the Catholic religion and Austro-Hungarian influences can still be seen today. [...] However, Moldavia has a significant cultural impact, and was impacted by Eastern European elements like the Orthodox religion and the Russian Empire. [...] In this context, Romania is seen as being on the outskirts of South, East, and Central Europe. [...] Constanza’s deep-water port serves as a geo-economic center connecting the markets of Central and Eastern Europe by road, rail, and air. [...] Romania has a fair share of geopolitical goals due to its location at the intersection of Central, East, and South Europe. |language=en}}</ref> It borders [[Ukraine]] to the north and east, [[Hungary]] to the west, [[Serbia]] to the southwest, [[Bulgaria]] to the south, [[Moldova]] to the east, and the [[Black Sea]] to the southeast. It has a predominantly [[continental climate]], and an area of {{convert|238397|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest country]] in Europe and the [[List of European Union member states by population|sixth-most populous]] member state of the [[European Union]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]], followed by [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Iași]], [[Timișoara]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], [[Brașov]], and [[Galați]]. Europe's second-longest river, the [[Danube]], rises in Germany's [[Black Forest]] and flows southeast for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, before emptying into Romania's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania Geography |url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=aboutromania.com}}</ref> Settlement in what is now Romania began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] followed by written records attesting the kingdom of [[Dacia]], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|its conquest]], and subsequent [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during [[late antiquity]]. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a [[personal union]] of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Danubian Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. During [[World War I]], after declaring its [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in 1914, Romania [[Romania in World War I|fought]] together with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]], and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|title=Romania during the period of neutrality|last=Stoleru|first=Ciprian|date=13 September 2018|website=Europe Centenary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June 1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], [[Romania in World War II|fighting against the Soviet Union]] until August 1944, when it [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the [[Red Army]], Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania (1989–present)|began a transition]] towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]]. Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income country]],<ref name="WB GROUP"/> with a very high [[Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]<ref name="UNHDR"/> and a highly complex economy,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |title=Country & Product Complexity Rankings |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |publisher=[[The Atlas of Economic Complexity]]}} → {{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/185 |title=Romania |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] - Growth Lab |quote=Romania is a high-income country, ranking as the 45th richest economy per capita [in 2021] out of 133 studied. [...] Romania ranks as the 19th most complex country in the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranking. Compared to a decade prior, Romania's economy has become more complex, improving 9 positions in the ECI ranking. [...] Romania is more complex than expected for its income level. |date=2022 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> that is emerging to be a [[middle power]] in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions |url=http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |website=ier.gov.ro |publisher=European Institute of Romania |author=Radu Magdin |date=February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Clingendael Institute |language=en}}</ref> Romania ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Băzăvan |first=Adrian |date=2023-08-20 |title=România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa |url=https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Cred în România |language=ro-RO}}</ref> being the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|44th largest by nominal GDP]], and the 36th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest and cheapest internet speeds]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=30 de ani de Internet în România. Țara noastră rămâne în primele 10 state din lume la viteza de navigare grație rețelelor fixe |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=www.digi24.ro |language=ro}}</ref> Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and OMV [[Petrom]]. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic [[Romanians]] and religiously identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]], speaking [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (more specifically [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]). Romania is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Schengen Area]], [[NATO]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. ==Etymology== {{Main|Name of Romania}} "Romania" derives from the local name for [[Romanians|Romanian]] ({{lang-ro|român}}), which in turn derives from [[Latin]] [[wikt:romanus|''romanus'']], meaning "[[Roman people|Roman]]" or "of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=rom%C3%A2n |title=''Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 1998; ''New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language'', 2002 |publisher=Dexonline.ro |access-date=25 September 2010 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517200517/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv%3Drom%25C3%25A2n |archive-date=17 May 2016 }}</ref> This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in [[Transylvania]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|it|... si dimandano in lingua loro Romei ... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano, ...}} |author=Cl. Isopescu|title=Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento|journal=Bulletin de la Section Historique|volume=XVI|year=1929|pages=1–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote={{lang|it|Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli ...}}|first=Maria|last=Holban|title=Călători străini despre Țările Române|language=ro|publisher=Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică|year=1983|volume=II|pages=158–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |quote={{lang|fr|Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur ... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ...}} |title=Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48|first=Paul|last=Cernovodeanu|journal=Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medievală|volume=IV|year=1960|page=444|language=ro}}</ref> The oldest known surviving document written in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "[[Neacșu's letter|Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung]]",<ref>{{Citation |last=Iliescu |first=Maria |title=History of the Romanian Lexicon |date=2021-05-26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-08-22 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }}</ref> is notable for including the first documented occurrence of ''Romanian'' in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as {{lang|ro|Țara Rumânească}}. ==History== <!---PLEASE stop expanding this section, ESPECIALLY without adding references. It is already too large. Expand the sub-articles instead.----> {{Main|History of Romania}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:Oase 2 skull (Homo sapiens).jpg|thumb|alt=A partially reconstructed skull|Skull from the [[Peștera cu Oase]] (the oldest known remains of ''Homo sapiens'' in Europe){{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}}]] Human remains found in [[Peștera cu Oase]] ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in Europe.{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}} [[Neolithic]] agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from [[Thessaly]] in the 6th millennium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=125–127}} Excavations near a [[salt spring]] at [[Vânători-Neamț|Lunca]] yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Patrick |last=Gibbs |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/weller/ |title=Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/ |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} which were larger than {{convert|800|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html |title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity |author= John Noble Wilford |publisher= [[The New York Times]] (30 November 2009)|date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170423023342/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= 23 April 2017 }}</ref>{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}} The [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]]—the best known [[archaeological culture]] of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]—flourished in [[Muntenia]], southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia in the 3rd millennium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}} The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of [[Bronze Age]] societies.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}} ===Antiquity=== {{Main|Romania in Antiquity}} {{See also|Legacy of the Roman Empire}} [[File:Dacia 82 vChr.png|left|thumb|Maximum territorial extent of the [[Dacia|Kingdom of Dacia]] during [[Burebista]]'s reign (early 40s BC)]] Greek colonies established on the [[Black Sea]] coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=3}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=3}} Among the native peoples, [[Herodotus]] listed the [[Getae]] of the Lower Danube region, the [[Agathyrsi]] of Transylvania and the [[Syginnae]] of the plains along the river [[Tisza]] at the beginning of the 5th century BC.{{sfn|Rustoiu|2005|pp=32, 35–36}} Centuries later, [[Strabo]] associated the Getae with the [[Dacians]] who dominated the lands along the southern [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the 1st century BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}} [[Burebista]] was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=14}} He also conquered the Greek colonies in [[Dobruja]] and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the [[Balkan Mountains]] between around 55 and 44 BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=14–15}} After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}} [[File:Sarmizegetusa Regia.JPG|thumb|alt=Remains of circular buildings in a glade|Ruins of sanctuaries at [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]] (Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus)]] The Romans reached [[Dacia]] during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}} [[Dacia]] was again united under [[Decebalus]] around 85 AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=15}} He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=9–10}} Emperor [[Trajan]] transformed [[Banat]], [[Oltenia]] and the greater part of Transylvania into a new [[Roman province|province]] called [[Roman Dacia]], but Dacian, [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=68–69, 97–98}} The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=13–14}} Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the [[origin of the Romanians]]—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' [[ethnogenesis]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=19–20}} The [[Carpians]], [[Goths]] and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=14}} The Romans could not resist, and Emperor [[Aurelian]] ordered the evacuation of the province [[Dacia Trajana]] in the 270s.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=105–107}} Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=8, 10}} The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as [[Scythia Minor (Roman province)|Scythia Minor]]) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=108, 110–111}} === Middle Ages === {{Main|Romania in the Early Middle Ages|Romania in the Middle Ages|Founding of Wallachia|Founding of Moldavia}} [[File:Gutthiuda.jpg|thumb|left|Gutthiuda, or the land of the [[Gothic language|Gothic]]-speaking [[Thervingi]], and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)]] The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their [[suzerainty]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=116–117, 165}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}} The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the [[Huns]] invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|p=151}} The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=151, 207–208}} The [[Gepids]] took possession of the former Dacia province.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=54}} Place names that are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.{{sfn|Opreanu|2005|p=131}} The first [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,{{sfn|Heather|2010|pp=395–397}} in Transylvania around 600.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=97–99}} The nomadic [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=62–63}} The [[Bulgars]], who also came from the European [[Pontic steppe]], occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}} [[File:Balkans850.png|thumb| [[First Bulgarian Empire]] (681–1018) around 850]] After the [[Avar Khaganate]] collapsed in the 790s, the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river [[Tisa]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=16}} The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, [[Slavs]] and [[Vlachs]] (or Romanians) but the [[Slavicisation]] of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern [[Transylvania]] around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=2001 |chapter=Southern Transylvania under Bulgar Rule |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html}}</ref> The [[Council of Preslav]] declared [[Old Church Slavonic]] the language of liturgy in the country in 893.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=168, 177}} The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=37}} The [[Hungarians|Magyars]] (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the [[Pechenegs]] jointly forced them to abandon this region for the [[Great Hungarian Plain|lowlands along the Middle Danube]] around 894.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=123, 178}} Centuries later, the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—[[Glad (duke)|Glad]], [[Menumorut]] and the Vlach [[Gelou]]—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=20}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=14–15}} The ''Gesta'' also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, [[Khazars]], and [[Székelys]]—inhabiting the same regions.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=140}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=36}} The reliability of the ''Gesta'' is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=15–16 (note 41)}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=111}} The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=182–183}} [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=189–190}} and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=152}} The first [[king of Hungary]], [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established [[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholic bishoprics]] (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=248–250}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=40–41}} Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the [[Oghuz Turks]] followed them, and the nomadic [[Cumans]] became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=304–305}} Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=157}} Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their [[Balkan Peninsula|Balkan]] homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=183}} [[File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg|thumb|[[Vlad III of Wallachia]] (also known as Vlad the Impaler), medieval ruler of Wallachia]] Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|pp=158–159}}{{sfn|Bóna|1994|pp=144–145}} The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around 1200.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}} Colonists from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]—the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=43}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=21}} A high-ranking royal official, styled [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]], ruled the Transylvanian [[Counties of Hungary (before 1920)|counties]] from the 1170s, but the Székely and Saxon [[Seat (territorial administrative unit)|seats]] (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=41–43}} Royal charters wrote of the "[[Vlachs]]' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of [[Romanian district|autonomous Romanian communities]].{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=189}} Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=408}} Also in the 13th century, the [[Republic of Genoa]] started establishing [[Genoese colonies|colonies]] on the Black Sea, including [[Calafat]], and [[Constanța]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heyd|first=Guglielmo|title=Le Colonie Commerciali Degli Italiani in Oriente Nel Medio Evo|publisher=HardPress Publishing|pages=97|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iliescu|first=Octavian|title=Revue Roumaine d'Histoire (Contributions à l'histoire des colonies génoises en Roumanie aux XIIIe – XVe siècles)|publisher=Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie|pages=25–52}}</ref> The Mongols destroyed large territories during [[Mongol invasion of Europe|their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe]] in 1241 and 1242.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=43–44}} The Mongols' [[Golden Horde]] emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but [[Béla IV]] of Hungary's land grant to the [[Knights Hospitallers]] in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local [[Vlach]] rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=407, 414}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=44}} [[Basarab I of Wallachia]] united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=45}} He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the [[Battle of Posada]] and secured the independence of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]] in 1330.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=46}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} The second Romanian principality, [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]], achieved full autonomy during the reign of [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan I]] around 1360.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=17}} A local dynasty ruled the [[Despotate of Dobruja]] in the second half of the 14th century, but the [[Ottoman Empire]] took possession of the territory after 1388.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=202}} Princes [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea I]] and [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad III of Wallachia]], and [[Stephen the Great|Stephen III of Moldavia]] defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=26–29}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=60–61, 63–66}} A military commander of Romanian origin, [[John Hunyadi]], organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in 1456.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=61–62}} Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and [[Transylvanian peasant revolt|they rose up in an open rebellion]] in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=30–31}} The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the [[Unio Trium Nationum|Union of the Three Nations]], became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} The Orthodox Romanian ''[[Knez (Vlach leader)|knezes]]'' ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} === Early Modern Times and national awakening === {{Main|Early Modern Romania|Romanian War of Independence}} The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=52–53}} Transylvania and [[Maramureș]], along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=41}} Reformation spread and four denominations—[[Reformed Church in Romania|Calvinism]], [[Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania|Lutheranism]], [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarianism]], and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=69}} although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|p=419}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=71}} {{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=400 |image1=Mihai 1600.png |image2=MihaiViteazul.jpg|footer=During the [[Long Turkish War]], [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian Prince]] [[Michael the Brave]] (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], and [[Transylvania]], covering most of the present-day territory of Romania. }} The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the [[Holy League (1594)|Holy League]] against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=54}} The Wallachian prince, [[Michael the Brave]], united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=55–56}} The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=35}} Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—[[Gabriel Bethlen]] of Transylvania, [[Matei Basarab]] of Wallachia, and [[Vasile Lupu]] of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=75–76}} The united armies of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the [[Habsburg monarchy]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=79}} The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the [[church union|union with the Roman Catholic Church]] in 1699.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=42}} The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=60}} The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=61}} The organisation of the [[Transylvanian Military Frontier]] caused further disturbances, [[Siculicidium|especially among the Székelys in 1764]].{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=432–434}} Princes [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] of Moldavia and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=44–45}} The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the [[Fener|Phanar]] district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=73–74}} The [[Phanariotes|Phanariot]] princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=74–75, 78}} The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or [[Bukovina]], in 1775, and the [[Russian Empire]] seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or [[Bessarabia]], in 1812.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=92}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=75–76}} A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} The [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Uniate bishop]], [[Inocențiu Micu-Klein]] who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=89–90}}{{sfn|Trócsányi|Miskolczy|1994|pp=427–428}} Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a [[Supplex Libellus Valachorum|plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation]] in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=87}}[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|right|Animated map depicting the territorial changes of Romania from 1859 to 2010]] The [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the [[Danubian Principalities]]) in 1774.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=68}} Taking advantage of the [[Greek War of Independence]], a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=103–104}} After a [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|new Russo-Turkish War]], the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]] strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=81}} [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]] and other leaders of the [[Moldavian Revolution of 1848|1848 revolutions in Moldavia]] and [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848|Wallachia]] demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=99}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] as the [[Flag of Romania|national flag]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian revolutionaries]] after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=100}} Bishop [[Andrei Șaguna]] proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=99}} [[File:Alexander Johann Cuza Kriehuber (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], the first [[Domnitor]] (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866]] === Independence and monarchy === {{Main|Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|United Principalities|4 = Kingdom of Romania}} The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|Great Powers]] in 1856.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} After [[Ad hoc Divans|special assemblies]] convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|the unification of the two principalities]], the Great Powers did not prevent the election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] as their collective ''[[domnitor]]'' (or ruling prince) in January 1859.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=108}} The [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|united principalities]] officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February 1862.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=105–106}} Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=109–111}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=109–111}} Cuza's successor, a German prince, [[Carol I of Romania|Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] (or Carol I), was elected in May.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=111}} The parliament adopted the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|first constitution of Romania]] in the same year.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=112}} The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the [[Congress of Berlin]] and Carol I was crowned king in 1881.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a [[Greater Romania]], the government did not openly support their [[Irredentism|irredentist]] projects.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=166}} The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=157}} Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Leaders of the [[Romanian National Party]] proposed the federalisation of [[Austria-Hungary]] and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=145}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=118–119}} ===World Wars and Greater Romania=== {{Main|Romania in World War I|Greater Romania|Romania in World War II}} [[File:Austria-Hungary (ethnic).jpg|thumb|left|Late 19th century ethnic map of Central Europe depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue. [[Hungarians]] are marked in yellow and [[Germans]] in pink.]] Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=149–150}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=165}} Romania seized [[Southern Dobruja]] from Bulgaria in the [[Second Balkan War]] in 1913.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the [[Triple Entente]] of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=150}} The country remained neutral when [[World War I]] broke out in 1914, but Prime Minister [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]] started negotiations with the Entente Powers.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}} After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)|Treaty of Bucharest]], Romania entered the war against the [[Central Powers]] in 1916.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=122}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=151}} The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early 1917.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=169–170}} After the [[October Revolution]] turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|harsh peace treaty]] with the Central Powers in May 1918,{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} but the collapse of Russia also enabled the [[union of Bessarabia with Romania]].{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=170–171}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Germany capitulated]] on 11 November 1918.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} [[File:King Carol I of Romania with his nephew and great nephew.jpg|thumb|right|upright|King [[Carol I of Romania]] with his nephew [[Ferdinand I of Romania]] and great-nephew [[Carol II of Romania]]]] Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=155}} The [[General Congress of Bukovina]] proclaimed [[Union of Bukovina with Romania|the union of the province with Romania]] on 28 November 1918, and the [[1918 Romanian National Assembly election|Grand National Assembly]] proclaimed [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom]] on 1 December.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=156}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=124–125}} Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the [[Soviet Union]] did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=125}} Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war {{convert|137000|to|295000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}} A new electoral system granted [[voting rights]] to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=167}} [[Gender equality]] as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} [[Calypso Botez]] established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=180}} Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the population, but the [[1923 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] declared it a unitary national state in 1923.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=189}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=127}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=158, 183}} Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=183}} [[Agriculture in Romania|Agriculture]] remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the [[interwar period]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=128}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=179}} Two parties, the [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] and the [[National Peasants' Party]], dominated political life, but the [[Great Depression in Romania]] brought about significant changes in the 1930s.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=129}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–169}} The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and [[anti-Semitic]] [[Iron Guard]] and the authoritarian tendencies of [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]].{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=167–168}} The King promulgated a [[1938 Constitution of Romania|new constitution]] and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=174–175}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=207}} [[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained after the end of World War II.]] The 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] convinced King Carol II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=198}} The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade [[Adolf Hitler]] to guarantee Romania's frontiers.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=198–199}} Romania was forced to [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union]] on 26 June 1940, [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary on 30 August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=131–132}} After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]], on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a [[National Legionary State|national-legionary state]] under the leadership of General [[Ion Antonescu]].{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=133}} Antonescu signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23 November.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=213}} The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=214–215}} [[File:Operation Tidal Wave in 1943.jpg|thumb|right|American [[B-24 Liberator]] flying over a burning oil refinery at [[Ploiești]], as part of [[Operation Tidal Wave]] on 1 August 1943. Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the [[Axis powers|Axis]], Romania was a prime target of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.]] Romania entered [[World War II]] soon after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=208}} The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]] (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=216–217}} Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |author=International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |title=Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations |work=Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority) |date=28 January 2012 |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |access-date=28 January 2012 |author-link=Wiesel Commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184554/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=222}} but their fundamental rights were limited.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=210}} After the September 1943 [[Armistice of Cassibile|Allied armistice with Italy]], Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, ''Joining Hitler's Crusade'', p. 78]</ref><ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 9</ref> After the [[Operation Margarethe|German occupation of Hungary]] in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to [[extermination camp]]s from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.<ref name="Commission"/>{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=689}} After the Soviet victory in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1943, [[Iuliu Maniu]], a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=211–212}} To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)|Social Democratic]] and [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist]] parties.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=219}} After a successful Soviet offensive, the young [[King Michael's Coup|King Michael I ordered Antonescu's arrest]] and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=215}} Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but [[Joseph Stalin]] regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=215, 221}} Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, [[Petru Groza]], the prime minister in March 1945.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=223–224}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=138}} In February 1947, the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]] confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.{{sfn|Köpeczi|1994|p=692}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=224}} === Communism === {{Main|Socialist Republic of Romania}} [[File:Mihai I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|King [[Michael I of Romania]] was forced to [[Abdication|abdicate]] by the communists in late December 1947, simultaneously with the [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]] of the country.]] During the [[Soviet occupation of Romania]], the communist-dominated government called for new [[1946 Romanian general election|elections]] in 1946, which they [[Electoral fraud|fraudulently won]], with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.<ref>Giurescu, "'Alegeri' după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113</ref> Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|title=Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced [[King Michael I]] to [[Abdication|abdicate]] and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a [[people's republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|title=Romania|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania – Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies ([[SovRom]]s) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Carmen|last=Rîjnoveanu|title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict|year=2003 |page=1|publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195137/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution|place=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-90-5823-027-0|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu|title=On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism|language=ro|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year=2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=978-973-669-175-1}}</ref> In 1948, the state began to [[nationalization in Romania|nationalise]] private firms and to [[collectivization in Romania|collectivise]] agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stan|last=Stoica|title=Dicționar de Istorie a României|publisher=Editura Merona|location=Bucharest|year=2007|pages=77–78; 233–34|language=ro|isbn=978-973-7839-21-3}}</ref> Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the [[Securitate]]—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of [[purges]] during which numerous "[[enemies of the state]]" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as [[extrajudicial killing]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Cicerone|last=Ionițoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar|publisher=Editura Mașina de scris|location=Bucharest|year=2000|isbn=978-973-99994-2-7|language=ro}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|anti-communist resistance]] was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securității, ''Bande, bandiți si eroi; Grupurile de rezistență și Securitatea (1948–1968)'', Editura Enciclopedica, București, 2003</ref> A [[Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania|2006 commission]] estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite report|title=Raportul Comisiei Prezidențiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|publisher=Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România|date=15 December 2006|url=http://old.presidency.ro/static/rapoarte/Raport_final_CPADCR.pdf|pages=215–217}}</ref> [[File:Ceausescu Anul Nou.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], who ruled Romania as its communist leader from 1965 until 1989]] In 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only [[Warsaw Pact]] country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Ceaușescu even [[Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968|publicly condemned the action]] as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".<ref>{{cite AV media|language=ro|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|title=Political Tension 1968|publisher=British Pathé|date=21 August 1968|location=Bucharest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235945/http://www.britishpathe.com/video/political-tension/query/nicolae|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's [[Six-Day War]] and established diplomatic relations with [[West Germany]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191547/http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> At the same time, close ties with the [[Arab world|Arab countries]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–[[Egypt]] and Israel–PLO peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|publisher=Country Studies.us|title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191645/http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> [[File:Revolutia Bucuresti 1989 000.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|The [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in the [[Iron Curtain]] that brought an end to communist rule.]] As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),<ref>{{cite web |last=Deletant|first=Dennis|title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989|publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117154720/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> the influence of international financial organisations—such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[World Bank]]—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's [[autocracy|autocratic]] rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity steps]] that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe [[Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality|cult of personality]], which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent [[Romanian Revolution]] of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. After a trial, [[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad]] at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.<ref>{{cite news |title=EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Ceausescu Wept as He Faced Firing Squad, Footage Shows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/23/world/evolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html |newspaper=The New York Times | date=23 April 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upheaval in the East; Report on Ceausescus' Burial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html |website=New York Times | date=27 January 1990 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation. === Contemporary period === {{Main|History of Romania since 1989}} [[File:RO B University square rally.jpg|thumb|right|An anti-communist and anti-[[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN) rally in Bucharest (1990)]] After the 1989 revolution, the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (FSN), led by [[Ion Iliescu]], took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carothers|first=Thomas|title=Romania: The Political Background|url=http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|quote=This seven-year period can be characterised as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy.|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827222957/http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hellman|first=Joel|title=Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist|journal=Transitions World Politics|volume=50|issue=2|date=January 1998|pages=203–234|doi=10.1017/S0043887100008091|s2cid=55115094}}</ref> In March 1990, [[Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș|violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș]] as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of [[1990 Romanian general election|that year's legislative elections]] and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the [[Golaniad]]. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013205/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_interna/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and foreign media,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013250/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/vocile_presei/presa_internationala/ |archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> and is remembered as the [[June 1990 Mineriad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bohlen|first=Celestine |title=Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|quote=Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania descended on the capital city today|access-date=31 August 2008|work=The New York Times|date=15 June 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|title=Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc|publisher=mineriade.iiccr.ro|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011847/http://mineriade.iiccr.ro/cronologie_evenimente/1990/|archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PDSR then PSD) and the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 [[Emil Constantinescu]] was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while [[Traian Băsescu]] was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.<ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002223/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-6689374-presa-internationala-despre-alegerile-din-romania-traian-basescu-castigat-limita-romanii-mici-sperante-dezghete-ajutorul-fmi.htm |date=4 March 2016}}. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> In 2009, the country was bailed out by the [[International Monetary Fund]] as an aftershock of the [[Great Recession in Europe]].<ref name="igber">{{cite news|last1=Reguly|first1=Eric|title=In Gold Blood|url=https://www.newsweek.com/gold-blood-251438 |publisher=Newsweek|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Sibiu]] former [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania|FDGR/DFDR]] mayor [[Klaus Iohannis]] was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]], who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the [[Romanian diaspora]] in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|title=Romania profile – Leaders – BBC News-GB|work=BBC News |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717161427/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17776564|archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister [[Viorica Dăncilă]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/romania-centrist-president-re-elected-by-a-landslide-klaus-iohannis|title=Romanian centrist president re-elected by a landslide|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=24 November 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[File:Protest against corruption - Bucharest 2017 - Piata Universitatii - 5.jpg|thumb|Romania saw large waves of protests against judicial reforms of the [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|PSD]]-[[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)|ALDE]] government during the [[2017–2019 Romanian protests]].]] The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|title=Deindustrialization and Urban Shrinkage in Romania. What Lessons for the Spatial Policy?|first=Claudia|last=Popescu|access-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231182636/http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/97/93|archive-date=31 December 2016 }}</ref> Corruption has been a [[Corruption in Romania|major issue]] in contemporary Romanian politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-mayors/romanias-powerful-mayors-tumble-in-corruption-crackdown-idUKKCN0RV3IO20151001|title=Romania's powerful mayors tumble in corruption crackdown|first=Luiza|last=Ilie|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=October 2015}}</ref> In November 2015, massive [[2015 Romanian protests|anti-corruption protests]] which developed in the wake of the [[Colectiv nightclub fire]] led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183 Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest nightclub fire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115091112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34720183|date=15 November 2015}}". [[BBC News]]. 4 November 2015.</ref> During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the [[2017–2018 Romanian protests|biggest protests since 1989]] took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38876134|title=Huge Romania rally despite decree repeal|date=6 February 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|title=Thousands of Romanians rally against ruling party's judicial overhaul|first=Radu-Sorin|last=Marinas|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A [[National Anticorruption Directorate]] was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in [[Belgium]], [[Norway]] and [[Spain]].<ref>[http://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml Direcția Națională Anticorupție]</ref> Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the [[National Anticorruption Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241712.htm|title=2015 Investment Climate Statement - Romania|work=The US Department of State|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> ==== NATO and EU integration ==== [[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|left|Romania joined the [[European Union]] in 2007 and signed the [[Treaty of Lisbon]].]] After the end of the [[Cold War]], Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining [[NATO]] in 2004, and hosting the [[2008 Bucharest summit|2008 summit]] in Bucharest.<ref>{{cite news|title=NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher=[[NATO]]|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134550/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|archive-date=11 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the [[European Union]] and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|full member]] on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=31 August 2008|date=26 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203223404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |title=Adevarul|publisher=Adevarul.ro|access-date=25 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920030429/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html Human Development Report 2009 – Country Fact Sheets – Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131652/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ROM.html |date=1 November 2013}}. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642# Tracking the Millennium Development Goal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126063611/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/factsheets_00.cfm?c=ROM&cd=642 |date=26 November 2013}}. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 21 August 2010.</ref> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the [[Great Recession|late 2000s' recession]] leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.<ref name=wsj4dec09>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Romania Faces Crucial Vote|date=4 December 2009|author=Joe Parkinson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710033758/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125988241065975639|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ROU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084621/https://www.imf.org/external/country/ROU/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Romania and the IMF|archive-date=9 April 2015|website=IMF}}</ref> Worsening economic conditions led to [[2012 Romanian constitutional crisis|unrest]] and triggered a political crisis in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html|title=Romanian Politics in 2012: Intra-Cabinet Coexistence and Political Instability|work=South-East European Journal of Political Science|author1=Gheorghe Stoica|author2=Lavinia Stan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152657/http://www.seejps.ro/volume-i-number-iii-ideologies-and-patterns-of-democracy/38-romanian-politics-in-2012-intra-cabinet-coexistence-and-political-instability.html |archive-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> [[File:2008 Bucharest summit (5).JPG|thumb|right|Romania joined [[NATO]] in 2004 and hosted [[2008 Bucharest summit|its 2008 summit]] in Bucharest.]] Near the end of 2013, ''[[The Economist]]'' reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|title=Romania is booming|newspaper=The Economist|date=17 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164338/http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/12/what-britain-forgets|archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Human Development Index]] ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<ref name="UNDP2016">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825175902/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanians emigrated]] to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|title=Report: Romanian diaspora, fifth largest in the world|website=Romania Insider|date=16 July 2019}}</ref> ==Geography and climate== {{Main|Geography of Romania|Climate of Romania}} [[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Topographic map of Romania]] Romania is the largest country in [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]] and the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe, having an area of {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=yearbook>{{cite report|publisher=National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|access-date=7 June 2018| title= Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2017|date=2018}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]]. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}—the highest is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|11}} They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus, the [[Pannonian Plain]] and the [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains. Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Central European mixed forests]], [[East European forest steppe]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]], and [[Pontic steppe]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of [[Protected areas of Romania|protected areas in Romania]] covering 13 [[national park]]s and three [[biosphere]] reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee)|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008 }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archive-date=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008 }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130}}</ref> Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 }}</ref> The [[fauna of Romania]] consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 [[invertebrate]] and 707 [[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|access-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> and 20% of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]] Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}} in the south and {{convert|8|°C}} in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately {{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|29}} There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoromania.ro/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|title=Meteo Romania | Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref> ==Governance== {{Main|Politics of Romania|Government of Romania}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = left | caption_align = center | total_width = 340 | image1 = EPP_Athens,_2-3_December,_2022_(52539790143)_(cropped).jpg | image2 = Marcel_Ciolacu_-_18.06.2022,_Ședința_comună_a_Parlamentelor_Republicii_Moldova_și_României_(cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[Klaus Iohannis]]<br /><small>[[President of Romania|President]]</small> | caption2 = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]</small> | alt1 = | alt2 = }} The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on [[Constitution of France|the constitution of France's Fifth Republic]] and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Romania as a "[[Defective democracy|flawed democracy]]" in 2023. [[Freedom House]] also considers Romania to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a [[semi-presidential]] republic where executive functions are held by both the [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=14 March 1990 |access-date=29 August 2011|isbn=9780191599156 }}</ref> The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] being the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910190947/http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=[[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] -—Romania |title=Presentation |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]], is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituțională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituțională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Romanian Legal system |publisher=CIA Factbook |year=2000 |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including [[judicial reform]]s, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm#|title=Post-Accession (Anti-)Corruption Record in Romania and Bulgaria|journal=L'Europe en Formation|volume=364 |issue=2 |last1=Tanasoiu |first1=Cosmina |last2=Racovita |first2=Mihaela |date=2012 |pages=243–263 |doi=10.3917/eufor.364.0243 }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Romania}} [[File:Diplomatic missions of Romania.PNG|thumb|230px|right|Diplomatic missions of Romania]] [[File:Secretary Tillerson and Romanian President Iohannis Meet Before Reporters in Washington (34356507264).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first [[NATO]] member state that agreed to support increasing its [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|defence]] spending after the 2017 Trump–Iohannis meeting at the [[White House]].]] Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref> In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=ro|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914103728/http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae /> Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae /> Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the [[Schengen Area]], and its bid to join was approved by the [[European Parliament]] in June 2011, but was rejected by the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]] in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the [[rule of law]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romanias-schengen-accession-in-jeopardy-over-rule-of-law/|title=Romania's Schengen Accession in Jeopardy Over Rule of Law|date=14 May 2019|website=Schengen Visa Info}}</ref> a fundamental principle of EU membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europarlamentti.info/en/values-and-objectives/values/|title=EU|website=europarlamentti.info}}</ref> In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Note: Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Hillary Clinton]], US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512144240/http://www.bucharestherald.com/politics/34-politics/3116-hillary-clinton-romania-one-of-the-most-trustworthy-and-respectable-partners-of-the-usa-|title=Bucharest Herald Resources & Information|archive-date=12 May 2009|url-status=dead|website=www.bucharestherald.com}}</ref> [[Romanian-Moldovan relations|Relations with Moldova]] are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a [[History of Moldavia|common history]].<ref name=mae /> A [[Unification of Moldova and Romania|movement for unification of Moldova and Romania]] appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule<ref name=cfis>{{cite journal|url=http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |title=Romania'S Relations with the Republic of Moldova |author1=Gabriel Andreescu |author2=Valentin Stan |author3=Renate Weber |journal=[[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]] |publisher=Centre for International Studies |date=30 October 1994 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223003657/http://studint.ong.ro/moldova.htm |archive-date=23 February 2008 }}</ref> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<ref name=Ihrig>{{cite web|url=http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|title=Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth|first=Stefan|last=Ihrig|access-date=17 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001165700/http://www.desk.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/es_5_Ihrig.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> After the [[2009 Moldovan protests|2009 protests in Moldova]] and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|title=Moldova, Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations|work=[[People's Daily]]|access-date=11 August 2011|date=29 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022407/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6967255.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|Romanian Armed Forces|Military history of Romania}} {{See also|Romania–United States relations}} [[File:Exercitiu de debarcare a infanteristilor marini pe plaja de la Vadu.jpg|thumb|Romanian marine troopers during a combined Dutch–Romanian exercise at [[Corbu, Constanța|Vadu]] beach]] The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|land]], [[Romanian Air Force|air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|naval forces]] led by a [[Chief of the Romanian General Staff|Commander-in-chief]] under the supervision of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|Ministry of National Defence]], and by the [[President of Romania|president]] as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref> Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|date=7 July 2023|publisher=NATO|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|title=Romania intends to buy F35 fighter jets - president|website=SeeNews |access-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040215/https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army. The Air Force operates [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU|F-16AM/BM MLU]] fighters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806190518/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|url-status=dead|title=Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s|first=David|last=Donald|archive-date=6 August 2016|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> [[C-27J Spartan]] and [[C-130 Hercules]] [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]], as well as [[IAR 330]] and [[IAR 316]] helicopters.<ref>{{cite news |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|title = World Air Forces 2023|newspaper = Flight Global|publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2022 |doi = |access-date= 12 January 2023}}</ref> A [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement#Romania|procurement program]] for [[F-35]] [[fifth-generation fighter]]s is also currently being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|title=Romania eyes 32 F-35s under $6.5 billion deal|author=Jaroslaw Adamowski|website=defensenews.com|date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two [[Type 22 frigate]]s acquired from the British [[Royal Navy]],<ref name="awst_20061211">{{cite magazine|title=Spartan Order|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> as well as four corvettes. The [[Romanian Danube Flotilla|River Flotilla]] operates [[Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitor|Mihail Kogălniceanu]] and [[Smârdan-class river monitor]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref> Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] beginning in 2002,<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania: 2 soldiers killed, 1 injured in Afghanistan |date = 7 May 2016 |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = [[Colorado Springs Gazette]] |url = http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042701/http://gazette.com/romania-2-soldiers-killed-1-injured-in-afghanistan/article/feed/346495 |archive-date = 17 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://washington.mae.ro/en/local-news/1554|title=Joint Press Conference of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and US President Donald Trump, Rose Garden, White House – Embassy of Romania to the United States of America|website=washington.mae.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Romania To Send 450 More Troops To Afghanistan |date = 21 December 2014 |agency = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url = http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |access-date = 7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065348/http://www.rferl.org/content/romania-troops-afghanistan/26755040.html |archive-date = 19 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title = Romania ends combat mission in Afghanistan with visit from Prime Minister |date = 30 June 2014 |agency = [[Associated Press]] |url = http://www.rs.nato.int/article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171014093902/https://www.rs.nato.int/pagenotfound.aspx?page=article/isaf-news/romania-ends-combat-mission-in-afghanistan-with-visit-from-prime-minister.html.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date = 14 October 2017 |access-date = 7 July 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Romanian troops participated in the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]], reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the ''[[Regele Ferdinand frigate|Regele Ferdinand]]'' participated in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |title=''Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament'' |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=22 March 2011 |language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033747/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |archive-date=25 March 2011 }}</ref> In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the [[Romania–United States relations|Romania-United States agreement]] signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System|ballistic missile defence system]] in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental [[NATO missile defence system|missile shield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |title=Romania ratifies US missile shield agreement |publisher=SpaceWar |date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202181841/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Romania_ratifies_US_missile_shield_agreement_999.html |archive-date=2 February 2013 }}</ref> The [[Aegis Ashore]] missile system based at [[Deveselu Military Base|Deveslu]] became operational in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/05/12/aegis-ashore-site-in-romania-declared-operational|title=Aegis Ashore Site in Romania Declared Operational| first=Sam|last=LaGrone|website=news.usni.org|date=12 May 2016|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== <!---[[File:Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg|thumb|Map of [[Development regions of Romania|Romania's eight development regions]]. The forty-one local administrative units (counties) are also highlighted, but Bucharest and [[Ilfov county]] are shown combined. The two form a development region of their own, surrounded by the [[Sud (development region)|Sud region]].]]---> {{Main|Administrative divisions of Romania}} Romania is divided into 41 [[Counties of Romania|counties]] (''județe'', pronounced judetse) and the municipality of [[Bucharest]]. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]] responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<ref name="descopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |title=Geografia Romaniei |publisher=descopera.net |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219224756/http://descopera.net/romania_geografie.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> Each county is subdivided further into [[cities of Romania|cities]] and [[Communes of Romania|communes]], which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|17}} A total of 103 of the larger cities have [[Municipalities of Romania|municipality]] status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six [[sectors of Bucharest|sectors]]<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|6}} and has a prefect, a general mayor (''primar''), and a general city council. The NUTS-3 ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.<ref name=nuts /> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four [[macroregions of Romania|macroregions]]) and NUTS-2<ref name="LEGE nr.151 din 15 iulie 1998">{{cite web|title=LEGE nr. 151 din 15 iulie 1998|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|language=ro|access-date=1 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235242/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=17411|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> (eight [[Development regions of Romania|development regions]]) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.<ref name=nuts>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118234301/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts |archive-date=18 January 2008 |title=Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Romanian counties map |Map=Regiuni de dezvoltare.svg}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]] !Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | title=2011 Regions Population | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043140/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | archive-date=29 September 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban centre]]<sup>*</sup><ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_3.xlsx | title = Population at 20 October 2011 | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 5 July 2013 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | language = ro}}{{dead link|date=June 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#a1e0a1;"|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest]] |34,159 |2,600,132 |[[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|Cluj-Napoca]] (411,379) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#dedfde;"|[[Centru (development region)|Centru]] |34,082 |2,360,805 |[[Brașov metropolitan area|Brașov]] (369,896) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#f9e185;"|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Nord-Est]] |36,850 |3,302,217 |[[Iași metropolitan area|Iași]] (382,484) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#d296de;"|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Sud-Est]] |35,762 |2,545,923 |[[Constanța metropolitan area|Constanța]] (425,916) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#fab485;"|[[Sud - Muntenia (development region)|Sud – Muntenia]] |34,489 |3,136,446 |[[Ploiești metropolitan area|Ploiești]] (276,279) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#e4d59e;"|[[București - Ilfov]] |1,811 |2,272,163 |[[Bucharest metropolitan area|Bucharest]] (2,272,163) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#a3c5f8;"|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Sud-Vest Oltenia]] |29,212 |2,075,642 |[[Craiova metropolitan area|Craiova]] (356,544) |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background:#fab1b1;"|[[Vest (development region)|Vest]] |32,028 |1,828,313 |[[Timișoara metropolitan area|Timișoara]] (384,809) |} <!-- |- | <sup>*</sup><small>Together with its metropolitan area.</small> -->{{Clear}} ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Romania}} {{Further|Agriculture in Romania|Industry of Romania}} In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737 billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $38,721.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=11 April 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> According to the World Bank, Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]].<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> However, the [[Great Recession]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20 billion bailout program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|url-status=dead|title=Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Romania |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,<ref name="Romania1">{{cite web |title= În luna Iunie 2023, câștigul salarial mediu brut pe economie a fost 7364 LEI și cel net 4600 LEI |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |publisher= National Institute of Statistics - Romania |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 }}</ref> [[File:Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|The [[CEC Palace]], situated on Bucharest's [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]]]] [[File:Bucharest - Smârdan Street (28547822606).jpg|thumb|left|The old [[Bucharest Stock Exchange]] Palace (presently, Bucharest's Chamber of Commerce and Industry), situated in the capital's historical city centre]] Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archive-date=12 June 2014 }}</ref> As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=[[IMF]]|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |url-status=dead |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|title=Romania |publisher=heritage.org |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2007|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|title=Romania – share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product 2018|website=Statista}}</ref> Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=15 June 2018|title=Farmers in the EU – statistics – Statistics Explained|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615181335/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|access-date=26 March 2021|url-status=dead|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.<ref name="business-review.eu">{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|title=FDI stock in Romania approaches EUR 84 bln|date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.<ref name="business-review.eu"/> Some companies that have invested in Romania include Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Procter & Gamble, Citibank, and IBM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willis|first=Terri|title=Romania: Enchantment of the World|publisher=[[Children's Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-516-21635-X|pages=80–81|language=English}}</ref> According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.<ref name="doingbusiness.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|title=Explore Economies|website=World Bank}}</ref> The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.<ref name="doingbusiness.org"/> [[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] (2009)]] Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banca Națională a României – "The History of the Romanian Leu" Exhibition|url=https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|website=www.bnr.ro|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the [[euro]] in 2029.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | title=Romania wants to push euro adoption by 2026 | date=20 March 2023 }}</ref> In January 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be US$122 billion according to CEIC data.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/romania/external-debt |title=Romania External Debt 2004–2020 Monthly USD mn CEIC Data |website=ceicdata.com |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> ===Infrastructure=== {{Main|Transport in Romania|Energy in Romania}} [[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|Romania's [[Roads in Romania|road network]]]] [[File:Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015.svg|thumb|Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015]] According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at {{convert|86080|km|0|abbr=out}}.<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |title=Length of roads in Romania 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] |access-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231241/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 }}</ref> The World Bank estimates the railway network at {{convert|22298|km}} of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm|title=Reteaua feroviara |language=ro |publisher=cfr.to |access-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608211134/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> Romania's [[Căile Ferate Române|rail transport]] experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=978-1-85743-412-5}}</ref> accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<ref name="Europaworld" /> [[Bucharest Metro]], the only [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures {{convert|61.41|km|2|abbr=on}} with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html|title=Metrorex ridership |language=ro |publisher=Financial Week newspaper |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516140935/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> There are [[List of airports in Romania|sixteen international commercial airports]] in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls|title=Ann. aero database|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |title=Country Comparison-Electricity Consumptiom |website=cia.gov |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2233rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |title=Planul Național de Acțiune în Domeniul Energiei din Surse Regenerabile (PNAER) |language=ro |date=2010 |access-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211040927/https://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |title=Raport Anual 2015 energie |access-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095255/http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 }}</ref> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |title=Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges Vol.IV(LXVII) No. 4/2015 37 – 44Romanian Oil Industry Decline |last=Lazar |first=Cornel and Mirela |website=upg-bulletin-so.ro |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421143536/http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2015-4/4.Lazar_Lazar.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 }}</ref> With one of the largest reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[shale gas]] in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ |title=World Shale Resource Assessments |website=eia.gov |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Hontz-Ward |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |title=Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine Crisis |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Voanews.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818030644/http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |archive-date=18 August 2014 }}</ref> and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]] further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |title=Contractul pentru unitățile 3 și 4 de la centrala nucleară Cernavodă se va parafa în mai. Chinezii vor avea 51% din acțiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=Economie.hotnews.ro |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090341/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|title=Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet|newspaper=[[Gândul]]|date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080533/http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|archive-date=9 April 2015|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to ''[[The Independent]]'', it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110431/https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/|url-status=dead|title=• Chart: Blistering broadband: Europe's fastest downloaders | Statista|archive-date=22 February 2017|website=www.statista.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|title=Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628104937/http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> with [[Timișoara]] ranked among the highest in the world.<ref name=Akamai>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking|publisher=Net Index|date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706191940/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}} {{See also|Seven Natural Wonders of Romania|Seven Wonders of Romania}} Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism|access-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405043639/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<ref name="business review website">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |title=Worldbank Tourism in Romania |website=worldbank.org |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191802/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |archive-date=25 August 2017 }}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114100/http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Gandul Newspaper |title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400 million |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5 million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|access-date=11 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015139/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> The popular summer attractions of [[Mamaia]] and other [[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Black Sea Resorts]] attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanța] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104448/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html |date=2 November 2012 }}, 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea |publisher=UnseenRomania |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--Galleries or clusters of images are generaly discouraged as they cause undue weight to one particular section of a summary article and may cause accessibility problems(?) . See WP:GALLERY for more information.---> {{multiple image|perrow=2|align=right|total_width=300 |image1=Manastirea putna1.jpg|caption1=[[Putna Monastery]] in [[Bukovina]], one of the [[Churches of Moldavia|medieval churches of Moldavia]] |image2=Pelicani din Delta Dunarii.PNG|caption2=The [[Danube Delta]] with its wildlife |image3=Castelul Bran2.jpg|caption3=[[Bran Castle]] |image4=Black Sea beach in Mamaia (6117712232).jpg|caption4=[[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Mamaia Black Sea resort]]}} Most popular skiing resorts are along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and in [[Poiana Brașov]]. [[List of castles in Romania|Castles, fortifications, or strongholds]] as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]], [[Brașov]], [[Alba Iulia]], [[Baia Mare]], [[Bistrița]], [[Mediaș]], [[Cisnădie]], [[Sebeș]], or [[Sighișoara]] also attract a large number of tourists. [[Bran Castle]], near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being [[Dracula in popular culture|Dracula]]'s Castle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|title=Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar și de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turiști|website=www.digi24.ro|date=21 February 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103842/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Turism in Romania |url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060849/http://turism.ro/statiuni.php |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Turism.ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 1957 |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909134147/http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com}}</ref> [[Rural tourism]], focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local [[folklore]] and [[Tradition|customs]], has become an important alternative,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|date=5 July 2008|title=Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802065943/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|archive-date=2 August 2008}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] and its Dracula's Castle, the [[Churches of Moldavia|painted churches of northern Moldavia]], and the [[wooden churches of Maramureș]], or the [[villages with fortified churches in Transylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=ro|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053130/http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Via Transilvanica]] long-distance [[hiking]] and [[cycling]] [[trail]], which crosses 10 counties in the [[Transylvania]], [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] regions of the country further promotes rural [[slow tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concept - Via Transilvanica |url=https://www.viatransilvanica.com/en/concept/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.viatransilvanica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064035/http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/|url-status=dead|title=How important is tourism in Romania's economy?|publisher=romania-insider.com|archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.<ref name="romania-insider.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055850/http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/|url-status=dead|title=Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania Insider<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.<ref name="romania-insider.com" /> ===Science and technology=== {{Main|Science and technology in Romania|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}} Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] built the first airplane to take off under its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|access-date=7 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224335/http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|title=AUREL VLAICU|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926114207/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|title=Henri Coandă|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095740/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50 types of bacteria;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|title=Victor Babeș, savantul român care a descoperit 50 de noi tipuri de microbi și un vaccin împotriva turbării|website=adevarul.ro|date=27 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|title=Nicolae Paulescu was a Romanian scientist who claimed to have been the first person to discover insulin, which he called pancreine.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> while [[Emil Palade]] received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to [[cell biology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesise [[amphetamine]], and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Elaine A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20|title=The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes|date=10 January 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8012-8|language=en}}</ref> During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by [[research and development]] spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|title=R&D expenditure in the EU remained stable in 2016 at just over 2% of GDP|date=1 December 2017|publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|title=Romania, last in the EU on R&D expenditure|publisher=Romania Insider|date=10 January 2019}}</ref> The country joined the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|title=Romania accedes to ESA Convention|publisher=European Space Agency|date=20 January 2011}}</ref> and [[CERN]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|publisher=CERN|date=5 September 2016|title=CERN welcomes Romania as its twenty-second Member State}}</ref> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania loses voting right at European Space Agency due to unpaid debts|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|work=Romania Insider|date=3 October 2018}}</ref> In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Romania's high hopes for science |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |doi=10.1038/news.2011.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |volume=469 |issue=7329 |pages=142–143 |doi=10.1038/469142a |pmid=21228844 |bibcode=2011Natur.469..142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Romania was ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP | Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archive-date=6 September 2011 }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guiana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014 }}</ref> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archive-date=8 December 2014 }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Romania|Romanians}} {{See also|Demographic history of Romania|Immigration to Romania|Minorities in Romania}} [[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|thumb|170px|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]] [[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|170px|Ethnic map of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] based on the 1930 census data]] According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Romania's population was 19,053,815.<ref name="Census2021"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. According to the 2021 Romanian census, [[Romanians]] made up 89.33% of the population, [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] 6.05% and the [[Romani people|Roma]] 3.44% of the population,<ref name="Census2021" /> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141449/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Official Statistics |url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> According to the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Romani people|Roma]] makes up 8.32% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding, strategy, facts and figures and contact details for national Roma contact points in Romania |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians in Romania|Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=ro |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" /> The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|url-status=dead|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|archive-date=27 May 2016|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> The [[birth rate]] (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1"/> with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.<ref name = "cia.gov1"/><ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064345/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032354/http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=Europe :: Romania — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=29 September 2021}}</ref> The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url=http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207131655/http://focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|title=Focus-Migration: Romania|website=focus-migration.hwwi.de|language=de|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720111251/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916021316/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm |date=16 September 2015 }} European Parliament</ref> === Languages === {{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}} {{bar box |float = right |titlebar = #ddd |title = Language frequency as spoken<br/> in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Language">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după limba maternă (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21|language=ro}}</ref> |left1 = Language |right1 = Percentage |bars = {{bar percent|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|yellow|91.55}} {{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|green|6.28}} {{bar percent|[[Romani language|Romani]]|orange|1.20}} {{bar percent|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|blue|0.25}} {{bar percent|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|red|0.10}} {{bar percent|[[German language|German]]|purple|0.10}} {{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|cyan|0.09}} {{bar percent|[[Minorities in Romania|Others]]|grey|0.43}} }} [[File:Limba romana Atlanticul-800px.png|thumb|right|Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language]] The official language is Romanian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but shares many features equally with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically Italian, French, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|title=Romanian Translation {{!}} Romanian, Italian, English & French translations|website=Parolando|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ''ă'', ''â'', ''î'', ''ț'', and ''ș''), totaling 31.<ref name=":1" /> Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=Iarna Ucraineană – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| access-date=5 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archive-date=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 17,101 native speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], 15,943 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and 14,414 native speakers of [[Russian language|Russian]] living in Romania.<ref name="Census2021-Language"/><ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date= 6 January 2016 }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church}} {{bar box |float = right |titlebar = #ddd |title = Religion in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> |left1 = Religion |right1 = Percentage |bars = {{bar percent|[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]|blue|73.86}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholic]]|red|3.89}} {{bar percent|[[Calvinism|Reformed]]|yellow|2.60}} {{bar percent|[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]|purple|2.12}} {{bar percent|[[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic]]|orange|0.61}} {{bar percent|[[Baptists|Baptist]]|violet|0.54}} {{bar percent|[[Adventism]]|cyan|0.35}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslims]]|green|0.31}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Others]]|olive|1.13}} {{bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[Agnosticism]]|grey|0.43}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Non-Religious]]|black|0.37}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Undeclared Religion, or indirectly counted (data missing)]]|olive|13.94}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Refused to declare]]|olive|9}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Were not even asked this question]]|olive|4.94}}<ref name="Contributors 2022 Kivu"/> }} Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> 73.86% of respondents identified as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], with 73.42% belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other denominations include [[Religion in Romania#Protestantism|Protestantism]] (6.22%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]] (3.89%), and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]] (0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 [[Islam in Romania|Muslims]] (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are [[Irreligion|irreligious]], 57,205 are [[Atheism|atheist]], 25,485 are [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> The Romanian Orthodox Church is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, with a [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|date=8 November 2017|website=pewforum.org|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a [[Latin]] culture and uses a [[Romance languages|Romance]] liturgical language.<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Profiles of the Eastern Churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100346/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=29 December 2016 }} at cnewa.org</ref> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001948/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|url-status=dead|title=European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Romania has the [[Eastern Orthodoxy by country|world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017}}</ref> ===Urbanisation=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan areas in Romania}} Although 54.0% of the population lived in [[urban areas]] in 2011,<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census (final results)|publisher=INSSE|access-date=28 August 2012|language=ro|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |title=Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989 |publisher=Businessday.ro |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> Counties with over {{frac|2|3}} urban population are [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], while those with less than a third are [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]] (30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County|Giurgiu]] and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]].<ref name="Census2011" /> Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> Its [[larger urban zone]] has a population of almost 2.2 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> which are planned to be included into a [[Bucharest metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] up to 20 times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archive-date=3 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref> Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="RPL2021"/> [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|Metropolitan areas]] have been constituted for most of these cities. {{Largest cities of Romania}} === Education === {{Main|Education in Romania}} [[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]] [[File:Bucuresti, Romania. SPITALUL COLTEA (B-II-m-A-18220.02).jpg|thumb|The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|title=Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari|date=25 January 2011|publisher=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro}}</ref>]] Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in [[kindergarten]] (three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|title=Romania Literacy|publisher=indexmundi.com|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro}}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|title=14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare|newspaper=BitTV.Info|date=4 July 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012132814/https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|archive-date=12 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|title=Ministrul Educației: Grupa mare la grădiniță devine obligatorie. Altminteri nu mai poți fi înscris la pregătitoare|newspaper=EduPedu|date=10 May 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928025531/https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|archive-date=28 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Peer tutoring|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=21 October 2016 }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref> Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. [[Ciprian Manolescu]] managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=IMO team record|access-date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220172111/http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Olympiad in Informatics]] with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=ro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> ===Healthcare=== {{Main|Healthcare in Romania}} Romania has a [[universal health care]] system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224020850/http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 |date=24 February 2013 }}, Mediafax.ro</ref> It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html "Romania, 4th in Europe in TB"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021156/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629012915/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/133347/bolnavii-nostri-vs-ai-lor-cate-spitale-are-romania-fata-de-alte-state-ue.html "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania compared to other EU countries"], ''Wall-Street.ro''</ref> with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090250/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<ref>[https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153028/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A |date=23 June 2007 }}, ''Institutul Național de Statistică''</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html ""De profesie: medic în România". Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html |date= 1 July 2013 }}, ''Adevărul'', 2 April 2013</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Romania|National symbols of Romania}} === Arts and monuments === {{Main|Romanian literature|Cinema of Romania|Music of Romania|List of World Heritage Sites in Romania}} {{See also|List of films shot in Romania}} [[File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Sibiu]] was the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].]] [[File:Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara - Rectorat.jpg|upright=1|thumb|right|[[Timișoara]] was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2021 and is currently holding this title in 2023 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] postponement.]] The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the [[Transylvanian School]] scholars.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |title=Cultural aspects |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archive-date= 7 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă]], and [[Mihai Eminescu]], the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul (poem)|Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |title=Mihai Eminescu |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Marcel Janco]],<ref>Tom Sandqvist, ''DADA EAST: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire'', London [[MIT Press]], 2006.</ref> [[Mircea Eliade]], [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Marin Preda]], [[Liviu Rebreanu]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ștefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel with a Book in His Hands|language=ro|publisher=Mașina de scris|year=1999|page=8|isbn=978-973-99297-4-5}}</ref> [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Emil Cioran]], and [[Constantin Brâncuși]]. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture ''[[Bird in Space]]'', was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |title=Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000 |publisher=Antiques and the Arts Online |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213032919/http://www.antiquesandthearts.com/AW-2005-05-10-12-15-39p1.htm |archive-date=13 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |publisher=Romanian Information Center in Brussels |title=November 9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M |access-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223741/http://crib.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en&id=31&s=15441&arhiva=true |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Romanian-born Holocaust survivor [[Elie Wiesel]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1986, while [[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian]] writer [[Herta Müller]] received the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2009/muller/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Prominent Romanian painters include: [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ștefan Luchian]], [[Ion Andreescu]] [[Nicolae Tonitza]], and [[Theodor Aman]]. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include: [[Ciprian Porumbescu]], [[Anton Pann]], [[Eduard Caudella]], [[Mihail Jora]], [[Dinu Lipatti]], and especially [[George Enescu]]. The annual [[George Enescu Festival]] is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|title=George Enescu, the composer|publisher=International Enescu Society|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019234345/http://enescusociety.org/georgeenescu.php|archive-date=19 October 2007}}</ref> Contemporary musicians like [[Angela Gheorghiu]], [[Gheorghe Zamfir]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |date=17 January 2006 |publisher=CBC Radio |title=Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir |access-date=31 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050304/http://www.cbc.ca/insite/SOUNDS_LIKE_CANADA/2006/1/17.html |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|publisher=Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage|title=Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe|access-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182752/http://www.gheorghe-zamfir.com/English/diskographie-e.htm|archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> [[Inna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|title=Inna Biography|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605041033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/99efca32-eea1-45fb-92cb-8798976a9769|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> [[Alexandra Stan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313115304/http://www.vh1.in/music/features/list/10-one-hit-wonders/alexandra-stan-mr-saxobeat |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=10 One-Hit Wonders to Be or Not to Be? |publisher=vh1.i |date=7 March 2014 }}</ref> and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Arsenie |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |title=Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!" |publisher=EVZ.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160313/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/eurovision-2010-romania-bronz-germania-locul-intai-896221.html |archive-date=28 August 2011 }}</ref> In cinema, several movies of the [[Romanian New Wave]] have achieved international acclaim. At the [[Cannes Film Festival]], ''[[The Death of Mr. Lazarescu]]'' by [[Cristi Puiu]] won the {{lang|fr|[[Un Certain Regard#Prix Un Certain Regard winners|Prix Un Certain Regard]]}} in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moartea Domnului Lazarescu|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/moartea-domnului-lazarescu|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|publisher=Association Française du Festival International du Film|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> while ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]'' by [[Cristian Mungiu]] won the festival's top prize, the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]}}, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|title=Cannes 2007 Winners|publisher=Alternative Film Guide|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704025549/http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/cannes-2007-winners/|archive-date=4 July 2008}}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], ''[[Child's Pose (film)|Child's Pose]]'' by [[Călin Peter Netzer]] won the [[Golden Bear]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|title=Romanian film "Child's Pose" wins Berlin Golden Bear|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Mike Collett-White|date=16 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175514/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/16/us-berlin-idUSBRE91F09P20130216|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The list of World Heritage Sites includes [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|six cultural sites]] located within Romania, including eight [[painted churches of northern Moldavia]], eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the [[Horezu Monastery]], and the [[Historic Centre of Sighișoara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031080733/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/romania.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=World Heritage Site – Romania |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=31 January 2008 }}</ref> The city of Sibiu, with its [[Brukenthal National Museum]], was selected as the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007|title=Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007|date=5 April 2004|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904005053/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2008|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/sibiu-2019/ |title=Sibiu 2019 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=europeanregionofgastronomy.org |publisher=International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism |access-date=June 10, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of [[Peleș Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peles.ro/ |title=Muzeul National Peles | Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor |publisher=Peles.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828061821/http://peles.ro/ |archive-date=28 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Corvin Castle]], and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |title=Castelul Bran |publisher=Viaromania.eu |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008083620/http://www.viaromania.eu/atractii.cfm/2-castelul_bran.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> === Holidays, traditions, and cuisine === {{See also|Romanian dress|Folklore of Romania|Romanian cuisine}} [[File:Sibiu Christmas Market opening 2008.JPG|thumb|right|The Christmas market in [[Sibiu]] is one of the most famous in Europe.]] There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the [[Great Union Day]], celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.<ref>[http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html "Public holidays enacted by labour code"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618111421/http://www.codulmuncii.ro/titlul_3/capitolul_2/sectiunea_3_1.html |date=18 June 2017 }}, Labor code, 22 March 2017</ref> Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: ''[[plugușorul]]'', ''[[sorcova]]'', ''ursul'', and ''capra''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Improve It Grup S.R.L |url=http://www.traditii.ro/ |title=Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara |publisher=Traditii.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903100510/http://www.traditii.ro/ |archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Insider |first=Romania |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |title=Winter holidays and Christmas traditions in Romania: the Bear dance, the Masked carolers and the Goat |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205257/http://www.romania-insider.com/winter-holidays-and-christmas-traditions-in-romania-the-bear-dance-the-masked-carolers-and-the-goat/71966/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> The traditional [[Romanian dress]] that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |title=ROMANIA – Traditions and Folklore – Official Travel and Tourism Information |publisher=Romaniatourism.com |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723010711/http://romaniatourism.com/traditions-folklore.html |archive-date=23 July 2014 }}</ref> There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |title=Ministrul Agriculturii: UE accepta ca mieii de Pasti si porcii de Craciun sa fie sacrificati in mod traditional – Actualitate |publisher=HotNews.ro |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210220/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-2158404-ministrul-agriculturii-accepta-mieii-pasti-porcii-craciun-fie-sacrificati-mod-traditional.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> In the Easter, traditions such as [[Easter egg|painting the eggs]] are very common. On 1 March ''[[mărțișor]]'' gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |url=http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |title=Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans |publisher=Foreigners in Uk |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210746/http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-martisor_a_spring_celebration_for_eastern_europeans_3823.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> Romanian cuisine has been influenced by [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]] and [[German cuisine]] (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the [[Habsburg monarchy]]), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the [[Balkans|Balkan region]] such as the [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Bulgarian cuisine|Bulgarian]], or [[Serbian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |title=Christina Bradatan, Cuisine and Cultural Identity in Balkans |publisher=Scholarworks.iu.edu |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210757/http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/362/437 |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Ciorbă]]'' includes a wide range of [[sour soup]]s, while ''[[mititei]]'', ''[[mămăligă]]'' (similar to [[polenta]]), and ''[[Sarma (food)|sarmale]]'' are featured commonly in main courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|title=Romanian Recipes – like mom used to make|last=Recipes|first=Gourmet European|website=www.gourmet-european-recipes.com-gb|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221024611/http://www.gourmet-european-recipes.com/romanian-recipes.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|title=28 Romanian Foods The Whole World Should Know – oneJive|website=onejive.com-US|date=5 March 2014|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812062847/http://onejive.com/28-romanian-foods-the-whole-world-should-know/|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |title=Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc. |publisher=Bucataras.ro |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105071413/http://www.bucataras.ro/retete-traditionale/140/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: ''[[kofta|chiftele]]'', ''[[tobă]]'' and ''[[tochitură]]'' at Christmas; ''[[drob]]'', ''[[Paska (bread)|pască]]'' and ''[[cozonac]]'' at Easter and other Romanian holidays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430044201/http://gastronomie.ele.ro/Bucatarie_romaneasca_--a304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2007 |title=Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole |publisher=Gastronomie.ele.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Țuică]]'' is a strong plum [[brandy]] reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the [[List of countries by plum production|largest plum producers in the world]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |title=Țuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003 |publisher=Regard-est.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192047/http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=868 |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name=educations>{{cite web |url=http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |title=Study in Romania |publisher=Educations.com |date=5 February 2008 |access-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228090407/http://www.educations.com/Study_in_Romania__d2929.html |archive-date=28 December 2010 }}</ref> Traditional alcoholic beverages also include [[Romanian wine|wine]], ''[[rakia|rachiu]]'', ''[[Pálinka|palincă]]'' and ''[[vișinată]]'', but [[Beer in Romania|beer]] consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kirinholdings.com/en/newsroom/release/2009/1221_01.html#table3 |title=Beer consumption per capita in 2008 |publisher=kirinholdings.co.jp |access-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref> ===Media=== {{main|Media of Romania}} === Sports === <!--- Section basically just name spam---> {{Main|Sport in Romania}} {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 280 | image1 = Nadia Comăneci from acrofan.jpg | image2 = Gheorghe Hagi.JPG | image3 = 20170613 Handball AUT-ROU 8446.jpg | image4 = Simona Halep Roland Garros 2018.jpg | footer = Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): [[Nadia Comăneci]], [[Gheorghe Hagi]], [[Simona Halep]], and [[Cristina Neagu]] | align = | direction = | alt1 = | caption1 = | caption2 = }} [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players {{As of|2018|lc=y}}. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/news/football-impact-calculated-by-frf-reach-eur-740-million-anually-182339|title=Football's impact in the Romanian economy reaches EUR 740 million annually, FRF estimates show|date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to UEFA. The [[Romania national football team]] played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three [[FIFA World Cup]]s, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], eventually being ranked 3rd by [[FIFA]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140951/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Associations – Romania – Men's|website=FIFA.com}}</ref> The core player of this [[golden generation]] was [[Gheorghe Hagi]], who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|title=Gheorghe Hagi: the Maradona of the Carpathians|first=Steven|last=Scragg|date=24 August 2017|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105145958/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful players include the [[European Golden Shoe]] winners: [[Dudu Georgescu]], [[Dorin Mateuț]] and [[Rodion Cămătaru]], [[Nicolae Dobrin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theversed.com/53825/nicolae-dobrin-romanias-greatest-player/|title=Nicolae Dobrin: Romania's true greatest ever player|date=1 August 2017|website=The Versed}}</ref> [[Ilie Balaci]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2577339.html|title=Romania mourns Ilie Balaci|website=UEFA.com| date=21 October 2018 }}</ref> [[Florea Dumitrache]],<ref name=EFY>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/europa-poy70.html|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 1970|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> [[Mihai Mocanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liga2.prosport.ro/special/adio-mihai-mocanu-4586453|title=Adio, Mihai Mocanu! | Liga 2|website=liga2.prosport.ro|date=21 June 2009}}</ref> [[Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)|Michael Klein]],<ref name=frf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/fotbal/stiri-fotbal/echipa-de-vis-all-time-a-romaniei-1304038|title=Echipa de vis all-time a Romaniei|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Mircea Rednic]],<ref name=frf/> [[Cornel Dinu]],<ref name=EFY/> [[Mircea Lucescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|title=Video Un Rio Formidabil: Mircea Lucescu, atacant dreapta în echipa de vis|website=Stiriletvr.ro|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823153414/http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Costică Ștefănescu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/21/romania-costica-stefanescu-dies|title=Former Romania captain Costica Stefanescu dies aged 62|newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press|date=21 August 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Ion Dumitru|Liță Dumitru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/steaua/stiri-steaua/concluzia-dura-a-unei-legende-de-la-steaua-totul-e-un-dezastru-interviu-1455965|title=Concluzia dura a unei legende de la Steaua: Totul e un dezastru! – Interviu|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Lajos Sătmăreanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/exclusiv-angelo-niculescu-mi-a-zis-ca-nu-ma-baga-pentru-ca-sunt-maghiar-si-partidul-crede-ca-vand-meciul-sper-sa-nu-prind-ziua-cand-ne-vor-bate-iar-17720289|title=EXCLUSIV | "Angelo Niculescu mi-a zis că nu mă bagă pentru că sunt maghiar şi Partidul crede că vând meciul. Sper să nu prind ziua când ne vor bate iar"|website=Telekomsport.ro|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Ștefan Sameș]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/sport/fotbal-intern/ne-a-parasit-stefan-sames-fostul-mare-fundas-al-stelei-584901.html|title=Ne-a părăsit Ştefan Sameş, fostul mare fundaş al Stelei|website=jurnalul.antena3.ro}}</ref> [[László Bölöni|Ladislau Bölöni]],<ref name="lequipe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sport/fotbal/lequipe-nicolae-dobrin-cel-mai-valoros-jucator-roman-din-istorie-cine-sunt-urmatorii-in-top-5-526988|title=L'Equipe: Nicolae Dobrin, cel mai valoros jucător român din istorie. Cine sunt următorii în Top 5|website=www.digi24.ro|date=8 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Anghel Iordănescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistavip.net/Sarbatoritul_saptamanii/La_multi_ani_Anghel_Iordanescu!/1247/|title=La multi ani Anghel Iordanescu!|website=www.revistavip.net}}</ref> [[Miodrag Belodedici]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/may/17/miodrag-belodedici-european-cup-football|title=Miodrag Belodedici: the fugitive libero who conquered Europe twice | Jonathan Wilson|first=Jonathan|last=Wilson|newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 May 2011|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Helmuth Duckadam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-happened-helmuth-duckadam-i-saved-four-penalties-win-european-cup-it-was-my-last-ever|title=What happened to Helmuth Duckadam? "I saved four penalties to win the European Cup... but it was my last ever game"|first1=Future Publishing Limited Quay|last1=House|first2=The|last2=Ambury|first3=Bath BA1 1UA All rights reserved|last3=Engl|first4=Wales company registration|last4=number 2008885|date=19 February 2019|website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> [[Marius Lăcătuș]],<ref name=frf/> [[Victor Pițurcă]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanatik.ro/victor-piturca-amintiri-tarzii-cu-gerd-muller-al-romaniei-18351299|title=Victor Pițurcă. Amintiri târzii cu 'Gerd Muller al României' – Fanatik.ro|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> and many others, and most recently [[Gheorghe Popescu (footballer, born 1967)|Gheorghe Popescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2945212/|title=Barca ex-captain Popescu turns 51|website=Tribuna.com|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111202/https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2020-03-06-barca-excaptain-popescu-turns-51/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Florin Răducioiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930190749/https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2020|title=Florin Răducioiu returns to AC Milan|date=24 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dorinel Munteanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/sport/sporturi/kicker---nemuritorul--dorinel-munteanu-105820|title=Kicker: "Nemuritorul" Dorinel Munteanu | Romania Libera|website=romanialibera.ro|date=11 September 2007}}</ref> [[Dan Petrescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/news/petrescu-set-reject-crystal-palace|title=Petrescu set to reject Crystal Palace|date=19 November 2013|website=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> [[Adrian Mutu]],<ref name="UEFA">{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=449591.html|title=Roménia na máxima força|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Cristian Chivu]],<ref name="UEFA"/> or [[Cosmin Contra]].<ref name="UEFA"/> Romania's home ground is the [[Arena Națională]] in Bucharest. The most successful club is [[CSA Steaua București (football)|Steaua București]], who were the first Eastern European team to win the [[UEFA Champions League]] in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.<ref>[Champions League: Once feared across Europe, Chelsea opponents Steaua Bucharest went the way of the Wall]</ref> [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]] reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] semi-final in [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/campionate-externe/cum-putea-dinamo-domina-europa-in-viziunea-lui-lucescu-ce-strategie-ar-trebui-sa-aplice-8049036|title=Cum putea Dinamo domina Europa, în viziunea lui Lucescu! Ce strategie ar trebui să aplice!|website=ProSport|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=405244.html|title=Bucharest back to 1980s best|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realitateadearad.net/index.php/2019/04/17/arad-batrana-doamna-uta-arad-implineste-joi-74-de-ani-lansare-de-carte-si-o-inedita-expozitie-care-este-povestea-campioanei-provinciei/|title=Arad: "Bătrâna Doamnă", UTA Arad, împlinește, joi, 74 de ani. Lansare de carte și o inedită expoziție. Care este povestea "Campioanei Provinciei"|first=Boitiu|last=Ciprian|date=17 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/istoria-unei-legende-stadionul-central-din-craiova-a-gazduit-multe-partide-memorabile_824557.html|title=Video Istoria unei legende|website=Stiriletvr.ro|date=10 November 2017 }}</ref> [[FC Petrolul Ploiești|Petrolul Ploiești]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcpetrolul.ro/fc-petrolul-uta-arad-duelul-celor-zece-titluri/|title=FC Petrolul – UTA Arad/Duelul celor zece titluri! – FC Petrolul Ploiești|website=fcpetrolul.ro|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> [[CFR Cluj]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20522181|title=Man Utd 0–1 CFR Cluj|date=5 December 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[FC Astra Giurgiu|Astra Giurgiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/95424/el-roma-and-astra-giurgiu-celebrate|title=EL: Roma and Astra Giurgiu celebrate | Football Italia|website=www.football-italia.net|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and [[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/viitorul-confirmed-as-romanian-champions-after-row-over-rules_sto6251972/story.shtml|title=Viitorul confirmed as Romanian champions after row over rules|date=13 July 2017|website=Eurosport}}</ref> (the latter having recently merged with [[FCV Farul Constanța]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fuziunea-farul-viitorul-anuntata-oficial-gica-hagi-revine-pe-banca-ce-nume-va-avea-noua-echipa-1152789|title=Fuziunea Farul – Viitorul, anunțată oficial! Gică Hagi revine pe bancă. Ce nume va avea noua echipă|trans-title=The Farul – Viitorul merger, officially announced! Gica Hagi returns to the bench. What name will the new team have |publisher=digisport.ro|language=ro|date=21 June 2021|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Tennis is the second most popular sport.<ref name="Hotnews">{{Cite web|date=13 June 2014|title=Studiu IRES: Fotbalul, cel mai iubit sport in Romania; Simona Halep, locul patru in clasamentul celor mai mari sportivi romani ai tuturor timpurilor – Fotbal – HotNews.ro|url=https://sport.hotnews.ro/stiri-fotbal-17477396-studiu-ires-fotbalul-cel-mai-iubit-sport-romania-simona-halep-locul-patru-clasamentul-celor-mai-mari-sportivi-romani-tuturor-timpurilor.htm|website=sport.hotnews.ro}}</ref> Romania reached the [[Davis Cup]] finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/teams/team.aspx?id=ROU|title=Davis Cup – Teams|website=www.daviscup.com}}</ref> In singles, [[Ilie Năstase]] was the [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|first year-end World Number 1]] in the [[ATP rankings]] in 1973, winning several [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles. Also [[Virginia Ruzici]] won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, [[Simona Halep]] won the French Open in 2018 and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as [[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|WTA's World Number 1]]. And in doubles [[Horia Tecău]] won three Grand Slams and the [[ATP Finals]] final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.<ref>{{Citation| url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/horia-tecau/t749/overview| title=Horia Tecau| work=atptour.com| access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> The second most popular [[team sport]] is [[team handball|handball]].<ref name="Hotnews" /> The [[Romania men's national handball team|men's]] team won the [[World Men's Handball Championship|handball world championship]] in [[1961 World Men's Handball Championship|1961]], [[1964 World Men's Handball Championship|1964]], [[1970 World Men's Handball Championship|1970]], [[1974 World Men's Handball Championship|1974]] making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The [[Romania women's national handball team|women's]] team won the [[IHF World Women's Handball Championship|world championship]] in [[1962 World Women's Handball Championship|1962]] and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the [[EHF Champions League]] a total of three times, [[CSA Steaua București (handball)|Steaua București]] won in [[1967–68 European Cup (handball)|1968]] as well as [[1976–77 European Cup (handball)|1977]] and [[CS Dinamo București (men's handball)|Dinamo București]] won in [[1964–65 European Cup (handball)|1965]]. The most notable players include [[Ștefan Birtalan]], [[Vasile Stîngă]] (all-time top scorer in the national team) and [[Gheorghe Gruia]] who was named the best player ever in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handball World Mourns the Loss of Icon, Friend & Teacher|url=https://archive.ihf.info/en-us/mediacentre/news/newsdetails.aspx?ID=3000|access-date=9 July 2020|website=archive.ihf.info|language=en-US}}</ref> In present-day [[Cristina Neagu]] is the most notable player and has a record four [[IHF World Player of the Year]] awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neagu and Hansen named 2018 World Players of the Year | IHF|url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828133048/https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/neagu-and-hansen-named-2018-world-players-year|archive-date=28 August 2019|website=www.ihf.info}}</ref> In women's handball, powerhouse [[CSM București (women's handball)|CSM București]] lifted the [[Women's EHF Champions League|EHF Champions League]] trophy in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romaniajournal.ro/sports/womens-handball-csm-bucharest-wins-champions-league-trophy/|title=Women's handball: CSM Bucharest wins Champions League trophy!|date=8 May 2016 }}</ref> Popular [[individual sport]]s include [[combat sport]]s,<ref name=Hotnews/> [[martial arts]],<ref name=Hotnews/> and swimming.<ref name=Hotnews/> In [[professional boxing]], Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include [[Lucian Bute]], [[Leonard Doroftei|Leonard Dorin Doroftei]], [[Adrian Diaconu]], and [[Mihai Leu|Michael Loewe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport.ro/box/jo-jo-dan-le-poate-calca-pe-urme-lui-leu-doroftei-bute-si-diaconu-saptamana-viitoare-sunt-crescut-in-rahova.html|title=Jo Jo Dan le poate calca pe urme lui Leu, Doroftei, Bute si Diaconu saptamana viitoare: "Sunt crescut in Rahova, asta spune tot"|website=Sport.ro}}</ref> Another popular combat sport is [[kickboxing|professional kickboxing]], which has produced prominent practitioners including [[Daniel Ghiță]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/5/20/5734956/kickboxings-top-heavyweights-ghita-and-verhoeven-go-to-war-on-twitter|title=Ghita vs. Verhoeven: Kickboxing's top heavyweights go to war on Twitter|publisher=[[SB Nation|Bloodyelbow.com]]|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> and [[Benjamin Adegbuyi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|title=Adegbuyi: 'I'll show Wilnis why I'm ranked #1 at Heavyweight'|website=Fight Site|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706075540/http://fightbreak.com/news/k1-boxing/adegbuyi-ill-show-wilnis-why-im-ranked-1-at-heavyweight/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania's 306 [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|all-time Summer Olympics medals]] would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the [[1984 Summer Olympics medal table|medal rankings]]. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=28796&L=1|title=Romanian Results and Medals in the Olympic Games|website=www.olympiandatabase.com}}</ref> [[Artistic gymnastics|Gymnastics]] is the country's major medal-producing sport,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romaniangymnastics.ro/tokyo-2020.html|title=Tokyo 2020 >> Romaniangymnastics.ro|website=www.romaniangymnastics.ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> with Olympic and sport icon [[Nadia Comăneci]] becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/07/20/10-gymnast-nadia-comaneci-olympics-montreal/87357146/|title=40 years after perfect 10, gymnast Nadia Comaneci remains an Olympic icon|first=Nancy|last=Armour|website=USA Today}}</ref> Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers [[Elisabeta Lipa]] (1984–2004) and [[Georgeta Damian]] (2000–2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/countries/romania.htm|title=Romania at the Olympic Games|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/news/analysis-what-to-expect-from-romania-at-rio-2016-olympic-games-113774|title=Analysis. What to expect from Romania at Rio 2016 Olympic Games|date=26 July 2016|website=Business Review|language=ro|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal |Romania}} * [[Outline of Romania]] *''[[100 Greatest Romanians]]'' ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== ===Secondary sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} * {{cite book |last=Georgescu |first=Vlad |author-link=Vlad Georgescu |year=1991 |title=The Romanians: A History |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8142-0511-2}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gyóni |first1=Mátyás |editor1-last=Elekes |editor1-first=Lajos |title=A legrégibb vélemény a román nép eredetéről |journal=Századok |date=1944 |volume=78 |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13695/1/Szazadok_1944.pdf |trans-title=The oldeest opinion of the origin of the Romanian people |location=[[Budapest]] |language=hu}} * {{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |year=2010 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-973560-0}} * {{cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Hitchins |year=2014 |title=A Concise History of Romania |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-69413-1}} [https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Romania-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521694132/ excerpt] * Hitchins, Keith. ''Rumania 1866-1947'' (1994) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) [https://www.amazon.com/Rumania-1866-1947-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221266/ excerpt] * {{cite book |last=Köpeczi |first=Béla |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=663–692 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher=Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=978-963-9465-12-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005a |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous'' Gesta Hungarorum'': Truth and Fiction |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn=978-973-7784-01-8}} * {{cite book |last=Opreanu |first=Coriolan Horațiu |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=59–132 |chapter=The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}} * {{cite book|last=Pohl |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Pohl |editor1-last=Geary |editor1-first=Patrick J. |editor2-last=Klaniczay |editor2-first=Gábor |title=Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2013 |pages=13–50 |chapter=''National origin narratives in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy'' |isbn=978-90-04-24487-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=1999 |title=Romanians and Romania: A Brief History |publisher=Boulder |isbn=978-0-88033-440-2}} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |year=2013 |title= Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991470-8}} * {{cite book |last=Rustoiu |first=Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=31–58 |chapter=Dacia before the Romans |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}} * {{cite book |last=Sălăgean |first=Tudor |editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Bolovan |editor2-first=Ioan | title=History of Romania: Compendium |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) |year=2005 |pages=133–207 |chapter=Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD) |isbn=978-973-7784-12-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Schramm |first=Gottfried |year=1997 |title=Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter ''[=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words]'' |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag |isbn=978-3-486-56262-0 |language=de}} *{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}} * Stavrianos, L.S. '' The Balkans Since 1453'' (1958), major scholarly history; [https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst online free to borrow] * {{cite book |last1=Trócsányi |first1=Zsolt |last2=Miskolczy |first2=Ambrus |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=413–523 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Vékony |first=Gábor |year=2000 |title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians |publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing |isbn=978-1-882785-13-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko}} {{Refend}} ===Primary sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * ''[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryh00herogoog/page/n236 <!-- pg=215 --> The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson. * ''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons. {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|collapsible=collapsed|Romania|voy=Romania}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]. * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania Romania Article and Country Profile] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania Romania Profile] from [[Balkan Insight]]. * [https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data] from [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ Romania]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. <!-- This list has grown out of proportion and needs to be examined to comply with [[WP:policies and guidelines| ]]. Rated as a B-class article it needs to also adhere to the standards or be reassessed. See talk. * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ro/ Romania] information from the [[United States Department of State]]. * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/romania/ro.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132810/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/romania.htm Romania] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Romania}} * {{wikiatlas|Romania}} * {{osmrelation-inline|90689}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RO Key Development Forecasts for Romania] from [[International Futures]]. * [http://www.dreptonline.ro/resurse/resource.php Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English] --> ;Government * [http://www.presidency.ro/ Romanian Presidency] * [http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html Romanian Parliament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228063121/http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html |date=28 December 2006 }} ;Culture and history links * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&language=en&page=Treasures&country=Romania Treasures of the national library of Romania] * [http://historo.wordpress.com/ Historic Houses of Romania] {{Romania topics}} {{Navboxes |title=Related topics |list1= {{Sovereign states of Europe}} {{Member states of the European Union}} {{European Economic Area (EEA)}}}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|46|N|25|E|type:country|display=title}} [[Category:Romania| ]] [[Category:1859 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Balkan countries]] [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of the European Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Romanian is an official language]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1859]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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