Provinces and territories of Canada

{{short description|Top-level subdivisions of Canada}}
{{Redirect|Canadian Province|the historic colony|Province of Canada|the biological term|Circumboreal Region}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name={{ubl|Provinces and territories of Canada}}
|alt_name=
| map=[[File:Political map of Canada.svg|350px|A map of Canada showing its 10 provinces and 3 territories]]
| category=[[Federated state]]
| current_number={{ubl|10 provinces|3 territories}}
| number_date=
| population_range=
| territory=
| area_range=
| government= [[Constitutional monarchy]] | subdivision=
}}

[[Canada]] has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national [[administrative division]]s under the jurisdiction of the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]]. In the 1867 [[Canadian Confederation]], three provinces of [[British North America]]—[[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and the [[Province of Canada]] (which upon Confederation was divided into [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]])—united to form a [[federation]], becoming a fully [[Independence|independent country]] over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|world's second-largest country]] by area.

The major difference between a Canadian [[province]] and a [[territory]] is that provinces receive their power and authority from the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (formerly<ref>Name changed only in Canada by the [[Canada Act 1982]] (UK), s. 1</ref> called the ''[[British North America Acts|British North America Act, 1867]]''), whereas territories are [[federal territories]] whose governments are [[creature of statute|creatures of statute]] with powers delegated to them by the [[Parliament of Canada]]. The powers flowing from the ''Constitution Act'' are divided between the [[Government of Canada]] (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional amendment]], whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the [[Parliament of Canada]] or government.

In modern [[Canadian federalism|Canadian constitutional theory]], the provinces are considered to be [[sovereignty|co-sovereign]] within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian [[monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Crown]], the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]]. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities are [[Devolution#Canada|devolved]] directly from the federal level, and as a result, have a [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]] that represents the federal government.

==Provinces==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; text-align: center;"
|+ {{sronly|Provinces of Canada}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal {{abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}}]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cities
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Entered Confederation<ref name="(Canada)2004">{{cite book|author=Reader's Digest Association (Canada)|author2=Canadian Geographic Enterprises|title=The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41|year=2004|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-082-9|page=41|access-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090030/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41|archive-date=May 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Official<br>language(s)<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2012 |first1=Olivier |last1=Coche |first2=François |last2=Vaillancourt |first3=Marc-Antoine |last3=Cadieux |first4=Jamie Lee |last4=Ronson |url=http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/official-language-policies-of-canadian-provinces.pdf |access-date=August 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428174237/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/official-language-policies-of-canadian-provinces.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Population
! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="3" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=StatsCan>{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm|title=Land and freshwater area, by province and territory|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2005|access-date=August 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063547/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm|archive-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Seats<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |title=Guide to the Canadian House of Commons |publisher=Parliament of Canada |year=2012 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627214354/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Capital<ref name="canada1"/>
! scope="col" | Largest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |title=Census Profile |publisher=Statistic Canada |year=2013 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074653/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |archive-date=February 8, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |2021 census<ref name=StatCan2021>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=October 11, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Q4 2023<br>estimates<ref name="pop">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2023 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010937/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2023 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Land
! scope="col" | Water
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" | [[House of Commons of Canada|Commons]]
! scope="col" | [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ontario]]
| ON
| colspan="2"| [[Toronto]]
| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
| [[English language|English]]{{efn|name=english|De facto; French has limited constitutional status.}}
| {{right|14,223,942}}
| {{right|15,801,768}}
| {{right|917,741}}
| {{right|158,654}}
| {{right|1,076,395}}
| 121
| 24
|-
! scope="row" | [[Quebec]]
| QC
| [[Quebec City]]
| [[Montreal]]
| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
| [[French language|French]]{{efn|As established under the [[Charter of the French Language]]. English has limited constitutional status in Quebec.}}
| {{right|8,501,833}}
| {{right|8,948,540}}
| {{right|1,356,128}}
| {{right|185,928}}
| {{right|1,542,056}}
| 78
| 24
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nova Scotia]]
| NS
| colspan="2" | [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]{{efn|Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of [[Administrative divisions of Nova Scotia|regional municipalities]]; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.}}
| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
| English{{efn|name=english}}
| {{right|969,383}}
| {{right|1,066,416}}
| {{right|53,338}}
| {{right|1,946}}
| {{right|55,284}}
| 11
| 10
|-
! scope="row" | [[New Brunswick]]
| NB
| [[Fredericton]]
| [[Moncton]]
| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
| English, French{{efn|As established under [[Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].}}
| {{right|775,610}}
| {{right|842,725}}
| {{right|71,450}}
| {{right|1,458}}
| {{right|72,908}}
| 10
| 10
|-
! scope="row" | [[Manitoba]]
| MB
| colspan="2" | [[Winnipeg]]
| {{dts|July 15, 1870}}
| English{{efn|name=english}}
| {{right|1,342,153}}
| {{right|1,465,440}}
| {{right|553,556}}
| {{right|94,241}}
| {{right|647,797}}
| 14
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | [[British Columbia]]
| BC
| [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]
| [[Vancouver]]
| {{dts|July 20, 1871}}
| English{{efn|name=english}}
| {{right|5,000,879}}
| {{right|5,581,127}}
| {{right|925,186}}
| {{right|19,549}}
| {{right|944,735}}
| 42
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | [[Prince Edward Island]]
| PE
| colspan="2" | [[Charlottetown]]
| {{dts|July 1, 1873}}
| English{{efn|name=english}}
| {{right|154,331}}
| {{right|175,853}}
| {{right|5,660}}
| {{right|0}}
| {{right|5,660}}
| 4
| 4
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saskatchewan]]
| SK
| [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
| [[Saskatoon]]
| {{dts|September 1, 1905}}
| English{{efn|name=abandsk}}
| {{right|1,132,505}}
| {{right|1,218,976}}
| {{right|591,670}}
| {{right|59,366}}
| {{right|651,036}}
| 14
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | [[Alberta]]
| AB
| [[Edmonton]]
| [[Calgary]]
| {{dts|September 1, 1905}}
| English{{efn|name=abandsk|As established under Languages Acts passed by Alberta and Saskatchewan's respective legislatures in 1988. French has limited constitutional status.}}
| {{right|4,262,635}}
| {{right|4,756,408}}
| {{right|642,317}}
| {{right|19,531}}
| {{right|661,848}}
| 34
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
| NL
| colspan="2" | [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]
| {{dts|March 31, 1949}}
| English{{efn|name=english}}
| {{right|510,550}}
| {{right|540,418}}
| {{right|373,872}}
| {{right|31,340}}
| {{right|405,212}}
| 7
| 6
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" colspan="6" | Total provinces
! {{right|{{nts|36873821}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|40397671}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|5490918}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|572013}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|6062931}}}}
! {{nts|335}}
! {{nts|102}}
|}

==Territories==
There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent [[sovereignty]] and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27/index.html | title=Northwest Territories Act | year=1986 | publisher=Department of Justice Canada | access-date=March 25, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515072706/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27/index.html | archive-date=May 15, 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-2.01/FullText.html | title=Yukon Act | year=2002 | publisher=Department of Justice Canada |access-date=March 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528193436/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y%2D2.01/FullText.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-28.6/index.html|title=Nunavut Act|year=1993|author=Department of Justice Canada |access-date=January 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105214204/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-28.6/index.html|archive-date=January 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> They include all of mainland Canada north of [[60th parallel north|latitude 60° north]] and west of [[Hudson Bay]] and all islands north of the Canadian mainland (from those in [[James Bay]] to the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]]). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence{{clarify|reason=The concept of precedence has not been introduced or explained in this article. It is not clear from context what this means.|date=April 2021}} (each province has precedence over all the territories, regardless of the date each territory was created).

Another territory, the [[District of Keewatin]], existed from October 7, 1876, until September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the [[Keewatin Region]]. It occupied the area that is now the [[Kenora District]] of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut. The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ {{sronly|Territories of Canada}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}}]]
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cities<ref name="canada1"/>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Entered Confederation<ref name="(Canada)2004"/>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Official languages
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Population<ref name="pop"/>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="3" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=StatsCan/>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Seats<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
|-
! scope="col" | Capital
! scope="col" | Largest
! scope="col" |2021 census<ref name=StatCan2021/>
! scope="col" |Q4 2023<br>estimates<ref name="pop"/>
! scope="col" | Land
! scope="col" | Water
! scope="col" | Total
! [[House of Commons of Canada|Commons]]
! [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]
|-
| align=left | {{nowrap|[[Northwest Territories]]}}
| NT
| colspan="2" | [[Yellowknife]]
| {{dts|July 15, 1870}}
| [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]], [[Cree language|Cree]], English, French, [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Inuinnaqtun]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Inuvialuktun]], [[Slavey language|North Slavey]], [[Slavey language|South Slavey]], [[Dogrib language|Tłįchǫ]]<ref name="lang">[http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/T1.01.01_Official%20Languages%20Act.pdf Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722182727/http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/T1.01.01_Official%20Languages%20Act.pdf |date=July 22, 2014}} (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)</ref>
| {{right|41,070}}
| {{right|44,760}}
| {{right|1,183,085}}
| {{right|163,021}}
| {{right|1,346,106}}
| 1
| 1
|-
| align=left | [[Yukon]]
| YT
| colspan="2" | [[Whitehorse]]
| {{dts|June 13, 1898}}
| English, French<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/yukon_e.php |title=OCOL – Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages |year=2011 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725222019/http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/yukon_e.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{right|40,232}}
| {{right|45,148}}
| {{right|474,391}}
| {{right|8,052}}
| {{right|482,443}}
| 1
| 1
|-
| align=left | [[Nunavut]]
| NU
| colspan="2" | [[Iqaluit]]
| {{dts|April 1, 1999}}
| Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French<ref>{{cite web|url=http://langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages/|title=Nunavut's Official Languages|publisher=Language Commissioner of Nunavut|year=2009|access-date=August 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112846/http://langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages|archive-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref>
| {{right|36,858}}
| {{right|40,817}}
| {{right|1,936,113}}
| {{right|157,077}}
| {{right|2,093,190}}
| 1
| 1
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" colspan="6" | Total territories
! {{right|{{nts|118160}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|130725}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|3593589}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|328150}}}}
! {{right|{{nts|3921739}}}}
! 3
! 3
|}

==Population==
{{main|Population of Canada by province and territory}}

[[File:2016 Canada Pop Pie.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Breakdown of Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory]]
The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]. Its four largest provinces by area ([[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]]) are also (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous; together they account for 86% of the country's population. The territories (the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nunavut]] and [[Yukon]]) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national [[population density]] value.<ref name=":1">[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf Series A2-14. Population of Canada] by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976</ref>

Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the [[Canada 2011 Census|2006]] and [[Canada 2016 Census|2011]] censuses. Except for [[New Brunswick]], all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was [[Nunavut]] with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by [[Alberta]] with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E|title=2016 Census profiles|date=2016|website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of [[Western Canada|the West]] relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of [[Atlantic Canada]] has declined.<ref name=":1" />

==Territorial evolution==
{{main| Territorial evolution of Canada}}
{{See also|Former colonies and territories in Canada}}

[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|right|alt=When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.|Territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories]]
[[File:Stained glass, Oh Canada Royal Military College of Canada Club Montreal 1965.jpg|upright=1.15|right|thumb|"[[O Canada]] we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall, [[Royal Military College of Canada]] featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965]]

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003">{{cite book|first=Janet|last=Ajzenstat|title=Canada's Founding Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3|year=2003|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8607-5|page=3|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073840/https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to this, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada. Over the following years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) were added as provinces.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003"/>

The British Crown had claimed two large areas north-west of the Canadian colony, known as [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]], and assigned them to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5&nbsp;million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996">{{cite book|first1=James Stuart|last1=Olson|first2=Robert|last2=Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5|page=538|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506081515/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996"/> The North-West Territories encompassed all of current [[Northern Canada|northern]] and western Canada, except for the British holdings in the [[Arctic Archipelago|Arctic islands]] and the [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|Colony of British Columbia]]. NWT included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec. After the province of Manitoba was established in 1870, in a small area in the south of today's province, almost all of present-day Manitoba was still contained in the NWT. (Manitoba expanded to its present size in 1912.)<ref name="Gough2010"/>

The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898 the Yukon Territory, later renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike gold fields]]. On September 1, 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.<ref name="Gough2010"/> In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the [[District of Ungava]].<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |title=Territorial evolution| author= Atlas of Canada |access-date=January 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135304/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |archive-date=February 2, 2007}}</ref>

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a [[British Empire|British colony]] over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |title=Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864–1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |year=2000 |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922063836/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.<ref name="Clarke2010">{{cite book|first=Sandra|last=Clarke|title=Newfoundland and Labrador English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7|year=2010|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2617-5|page=7|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512031858/https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7|archive-date=May 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In the middle of the [[Great Depression in Canada]], Newfoundland underwent a prolonged [[financial crisis|economic crisis]], and the legislature turned over political control to the [[Newfoundland Commission of Government]] in 1933.<ref name="FriesenHarrison2010">{{cite book|first1=John W.|last1=Friesen|first2=Trevor W.|last2=Harrison|title=Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-371-0|page=115|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429195319/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115|archive-date=April 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Canada's participation in the Second World War]], in a [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|1948 referendum]], a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.<ref name="Blake1994">{{cite book|first=Raymond Benjamin|last=Blake|title=Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6978-8|page=4|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The province was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book|first=Fred M.|last=Shelley|title=Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-106-2|page=175|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175|archive-date=April 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bermuda]], the last British North American colony,<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Civil List of the Province of Lower-Canada 1828: Governor |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=STAFF of the ARMY in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1890 |title=Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852—1886. |location=London |publisher=Meteorological Council. HMSO |page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=Douglas MacMurray |author-link= |date=1961 |title=The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans |page=55 |isbn=}}</ref> which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two [[Imperial fortress]] colonies in British North America{{snd}} the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |author-link= |date=1909 |title=Responsible Government in The Dominions  |location=London |publisher=Stevens and Sons Ltd |page=5 |isbn= |quote=<!--Bermuda is still an Imperial fortress-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair |last=May|author-link= |date=1903 |title=Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence |url= |location=London |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |page=145 |isbn= |quote=<!-- In the North American and West Indian station the naval base is at the Imperial fortress of Bermuda, with a garrison numbering 3068 men, of whom 1011 are Colonials; while at Halifax, Nova Scotia, we have another naval base of the first importance which is to be classed amongst our Imperial fortresses, and has a garrison of 1783 men.-->}}</ref> Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's [[North America Station]] (or, depending on the time period and the extent of the Western Hemisphere it included, the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station'', the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'', the ''North America and West Indies Station'', and finally the ''America and West Indies Station'') main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses. The squadron of the station was based at [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]], during the summers and [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda]], in the winters until the 1820s, when Bermuda (which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water) became the main base year round.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stranack, Royal Navy |first=Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D |date=1977 |title=The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975 |url= |location=Bermuda |publisher=Island Press Ltd <!--., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition)--> |page= |isbn=9780921560036}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/983/multiple=1&unique_number=1147 |title=World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated-->  |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ingham-Hind |first=Jennifer M. |title=Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps |year=1992 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Island Press |isbn=0969651716}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward C. Harris |title=Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 |year=1997 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560111}}</ref> A large [[Bermuda Garrison|British Army garrison in Bermuda]], which fell under the [[Commander-in-Chief, North America#Commanders-in-Chief, Maritime provinces 1783–1875|commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia]], existed to defend the colony as a naval base (and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary), as well as to support amphibious operations throughout the region (such as the [[Chesapeake campaign]] during the [[American War of 1812]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Edward Cecil |date=January 21, 2012 |title=Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20120121/bermudas-role-in-the-sack-of-washington/ |work=The Royal Gazette |location=City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grove |first=Tim |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Fighting The Power |url=https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/fighting-the-power/ |magazine=Chesapeake Bay Magazine |location=Annapolis |publisher=Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref> Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willock [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Roger |title=Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920 |year=1988 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Donald Craigie  |date=1965 |title=The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870-1914  |location=Baltimore, Maryland, US |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |page=14 |isbn= |quote=<!-- There were more than 44,000 troops stationed overseas in colonial garrisons, and slightly more than half of these were in imperial fortresses: in the Mediterranean, Bermuda, Halifax, St. Helena, and Mauritius. The rest of the forces were in colonies proper, with a heavy concentration in New Zealand and South Africa. The imperial government paid approximately £1,715,000 per annum toward the maintenance of these forces, and the various colonial governments contributed £370,000, the largest amounts coming from Ceylon and Victoria in Australia.-->}}</ref> Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which would be withdrawn when that dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a ''[[general officer commanding]]'' and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation  |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope & Co. |page=29 |isbn= |quote=<!-- Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa Lucia).-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy, R.N. |first=Captain W. R. |date=July 1, 1885 |title=An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies |url= |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine  |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |access-date= |page=111 |quote=<!--As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=VERAX |first=(anonymous) |date=May 1, 1889 |title=The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) |url= |magazine=The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs |location= |publisher=LR Hamersly & Co. |access-date= |page=552 |quote=<!--The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval attack on the American coasts and commerce.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Alexander  |date=1898 |title=MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co.|page=184 |isbn= |quote=<!--There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.-->}}</ref> Bermuda was consequently left out of the confederation of Canada, though it retained naval links with Halifax and the [[state church]] (or ''established church''), the [[Church of England]], continued to place Bermuda under the [[Diocese of Newfoundland|bishop of Newfoundland]] until 1919 (Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglican.bm/index.php/worship/our-churches.html |title=Our Churches: Pembroke Parish |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican Church of Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://anglicanenl.net/home/our-history |title=Our History |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican East NL |publisher=Anglican Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/anglicanism.php |title=The Church of England |last=Piper |first=Liza |date=2000 |website=Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romancatholicbermuda.bm/about-us |title=A History Of Our Church |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |publisher=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda was established in 12th June 1967. Bermuda was served by the Diocesan clergy of Halifax until 1953, after which pastoral responsibility transferred to the Congregation of the Resurrection.}}</ref>

In 1903, resolution of the [[Alaska boundary dispute|Alaska Panhandle Dispute]] fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary.<ref name="Laxer2010">{{cite book|first=James|last=Laxer|title=The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215|year=2010|publisher=Doubleday Canada|isbn=978-0-385-67290-0|page=215|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430173323/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a [[Labrador#Boundary dispute|boundary dispute]] between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador enlarged at Quebec's expense; this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949.<ref name="Cukwurah1967">{{cite book|first=A. Oye|last=Cukwurah|title=The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186|year=1967|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=186|id=GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125410/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186|archive-date=May 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="School2013"/> Yukon lies in the western portion of Northern Canada, while Nunavut is in the east.<ref name="Nuttall2012">{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Nuttall|title=Encyclopedia of the Arctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-436-8|page=301|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506200637/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering {{convert|{{#expr:1346106+482443+2093190}}|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in land area.<ref name=StatsCan/> They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.<ref name="Development2002">{{cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19832-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga/page/16 16]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into [[Districts of the Northwest Territories|several districts]] for ease of administration.<ref name="WaldmanBraun2009">{{cite book|first1=Carl|last1=Waldman|first2=Molly|last2=Braun|title=Atlas of the North American Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2671-5|page=234|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202620/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234|archive-date=May 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="ForsythMuller2001">{{cite book|last1=McIlwraith|first1=Thomas Forsyth|first2=Edward K.|last2=Muller|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=359|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506120037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

==Government==
{{Main|Canadian federalism}}
{{See also|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Office-holders of Canada|Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories}}
Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many [[Public good (economics)|public good]]s such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.<ref name="Mahler1987">{{cite book|first=Gregory S.|last=Mahler|title=New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3289-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl/page/86 86]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> They receive "[[transfer payment]]s" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.<ref name="Peach2007">{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Peach|title=Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52|year=2007|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-315-8|page=52|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510100747/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52|archive-date=May 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.<ref name="Peach2007"/>

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]]. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as [[Legislative Council#Part of a bicameral legislature|legislative councils]], with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.<ref name="Maclure2003wt">{{cite book|first=Jocelyn|last=Maclure|title=Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7111-2|page=162|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132404/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the [[House of Assembly]], and Quebec where it is called the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]].<ref name="Tidridge2011nm">{{cite book|first=Nathan|last=Tidridge|title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0|page=281|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004708/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.<ref name="Pinto2012">{{cite book|first=Laura Elizabeth|last=Pinto|title=Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-6158-5|page=325|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132945/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325|archive-date=May 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]. The head of government of each province, called the [[Premier (Canada)|premier]], is generally the head of the party with the most seats.<ref name="Barnhart2004">{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Barnhart|title=Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7|year=2004|publisher=University of Regina Press|isbn=978-0-88977-164-2|page=7|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102212/https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7|archive-date=May 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.<ref name="Zellen2009iu">{{cite book|first=Barry Scott|last=Zellen|title=On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3280-7|page=54|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430214327/https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The King's representative in each province is the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]].<ref name="Tidridge2011po">{{cite book|first=Nathan|last=Tidridge|title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-55488-980-8|page=94|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617041001/https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94|archive-date=June 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In each of the territories there is an analogous [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]], but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.<ref name="PikeMcCreery2011fr">{{cite book|first1=Corinna|last1=Pike|first2=Christopher|last2=McCreery|title=Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0016-1|page=183|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529022104/https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183|archive-date=May 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto;"
|+ Federal, provincial, and territorial terminology compared
! Jurisdiction
! Legislature
! Lower house
! Members of lower house
! Superior court
! Head of government
! Viceroy
|-
! scope="row" | Canada
| Parliament
| House of Commons
| Member of Parliament (MP)
| Federal Court
| Prime minister
| Governor general
|-
| colspan="7"|
|-
! scope="row" | Ontario
| Parliament
| Legislative Assembly
| Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP){{efn|name=OLA2| Members were previously titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".}}
| Superior Court of Justice
| rowspan="10" | Premier
| rowspan="10" | Lieutenant governor
|-
! scope="row" | Quebec{{efn|name=National Assembly| Quebec's lower house was previously called the "Legislative Assembly" with members titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly". The name was changed at the same time Quebec's upper house was abolished.}}
| Legislature
| National Assembly
| Member of the National Assembly (MNA)
| Superior Court
|-
! scope="row" | Nova Scotia
| rowspan="1" | General Assembly
| rowspan="1" |House of Assembly
| rowspan="7" |Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
| rowspan="1" |Supreme Court
|-
! scope="row" | New Brunswick
| rowspan="2" | Legislature
| rowspan="6" | Legislative Assembly
| rowspan="2" | Court of King's Bench
|-
! scope="row" | Manitoba
|-
! scope="row" | British Columbia
| rowspan="1" | Parliament
| rowspan="2" | Supreme Court
|-
! scope="row" | Prince Edward Island{{efn|name=pei la| Prince Edward Island's lower house was previously called the "House of Assembly" and its members were titled "Assemblyman". After the abolition of its upper house, assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed "Legislative Assembly". Later, this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".}}
| rowspan="1" | General Assembly
|-
! scope="row" | Saskatchewan
| rowspan="2" | Legislature
| rowspan="2" | Court of King's Bench
|-
! scope="row" | Alberta
|-
! scope="row" | Newfoundland and Labrador
| rowspan="1" | General Assembly
| rowspan="1" |House of Assembly
| Member of the House of Assembly (MHA)
| rowspan="1" |Supreme Court
|-
| colspan="7"|
|-
! scope="row" | Northwest Territories
| Assembly
| rowspan="3" | Legislative Assembly
| rowspan="3" | Member of the Legislative Assembly
| rowspan="2" | Supreme Court
| rowspan="3" | Premier{{efn|name=government leader| In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled "Government Leader".}}
| rowspan="3" |Commissioner
|-
! scope="row" | Yukon
| Legislature
|-
! scope="row" | Nunavut
| Assembly
| Court of Justice
|}

===Provincial legislature buildings===
<gallery class="center" width="165" height="120" perrow="5">
File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg|[[Alberta Legislature Building]]
File:British Columbia Parliament Buildings - panoramio.jpg|[[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]]
File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg|[[Manitoba Legislative Building]]
File:New Brunswick Legislature.png|[[New Brunswick Legislative Building]]
File:Confederation Building (front), St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.jpg|[[Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Newfoundland and Labrador Confederation Building]]
File:Province House (Nova Scotia).jpg|[[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Nova Scotia Province House]]
File:Ontario Legislative Building, Toronto, South view 20170417 1.jpg|[[Ontario Legislative Building]]
File:282 - Birthplace of Canada Charlottetown PEI.JPG|[[Province House (Prince Edward Island)|Prince Edward Island Province House]]
File:Quebec City (14765614666).jpg|[[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament Building]]
File:Saskatchewan legislative building.jpg|[[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]]
</gallery>

===Territorial legislature buildings===
<gallery class="center" width="165px" height="120px" perrow="3">
File:Northwest Territories Legislative Building.jpg|[[Northwest Territories Legislative Building]]
File:Leg Building Iqaluit 2000-08-27.jpg|[[Legislative Building of Nunavut|Nunavut Legislative Building]]
File:Yukon Legislature main entrance.jpg|[[Yukon Legislative Building]]
</gallery>

=== Map ===
{{Canada image map}}

==Provincial political parties==
[[File:GoverningPoliticalPartyByProvince.png|right|250px|thumb|The governing political party or parties in each Canadian province. Multicoloured provinces are governed by a coalition or minority government consisting of more than one party.]]
[[File:Provincial Parties Oct 2023.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Map depicting the elected provincial political parties represented at the riding level. Updated after the 2023 Manitoba general election.]]

Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.<ref name="Cross2011">{{cite book|first=William |last=Cross|title=Political Parties|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4111-5|pages=17–20}}</ref> For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]], and neither do provincial Green Parties to the [[Green Party of Canada]].

Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal [[New Democratic Party]]—meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.

The [[Liberal Party of Canada]] shares such an organizational integration with [[Atlantic Canada]] provincial Liberals in [[New Brunswick Liberal Association|New Brunswick]], [[Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Nova Scotia Liberal Party|Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island Liberal Party|Prince Edward Island]]. Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart.<ref name="Cross2011"/>

Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the [[Alberta Party]] and [[Saskatchewan Party]].

The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty]], represented by the [[Parti Québécois]] and [[Québec solidaire]], and [[Quebec federalist ideology|federalism]], represented primarily by the [[Quebec Liberal Party]].<ref name="Gagnon2000pm">{{cite book|first=Alain-Gustave|last=Gagnon|title=The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209|year=2000|publisher=IRPP|isbn=978-0-88645-184-4|pages=209–210|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505184122/https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209|archive-date=May 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|[[Coalition Avenir Québec]]|italic=no}}, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.

Currently, the one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the [[Yukon Liberal Party|Liberals]] in [[2021 Yukon general election|Yukon]]. They are in government with a formal [[confidence and supply]] agreement from the [[Yukon New Democratic Party]]. 

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+ Provincial/territorial governments
! scope="col" | Province/territory
! scope="col" | [[Premier (Canada)|Premier]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/PremiersTerritorialLeaders.aspx |title=Premiers |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party in government<ref name="autogenerated1" />
! scope="col" | Party main ideology
! scope="col" | Party political position
! scope="col" | Majority/<br />minority
! scope="col" | Lieutenant governor / <br />commissioner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/LieutenantGovernors.aspx |title=Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Last election
!Next election
|-
! scope="row" | Alberta
| [[Danielle Smith]]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} |
| [[United Conservative Party|United Conservative]]
| [[Conservatism]] {{nowrap|([[Conservatism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] {{nowrap|to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]}}
| Majority
| [[Salma Lakhani]]
| data-sort-value="2023-05-29"|[[2023 Alberta general election|2023]]
| data-sort-value="2027-05-31"|[[32nd Alberta general election|2027]]
|-
! scope="row" | British Columbia
| [[David Eby]]
| {{Canadian party colour|BC|NDP|background}} |
| [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
| [[Social democracy]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
| Majority
| [[Janet Austin]]
| data-sort-value="2020-10-24"|[[2020 British Columbia general election|2020]]
| data-sort-value="2024-10-19"|[[2024 British Columbia general election|2024]]
|-
! scope="row" | Manitoba
| [[Wab Kinew]]
| {{Canadian party colour|MB|NDP|background}} |
| [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democratic]]
| [[Social democracy]]
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
| Majority
| [[Anita Neville]]
| data-sort-value="2023-10-03"|[[2023 Manitoba general election|2023]]
| data-sort-value="2027-10-05"|[[44th Manitoba general election|2027]]
|-
! scope="row" | New Brunswick
| [[Blaine Higgs]]<ref name=GallantDefeat>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-confidence-vote-liberals-gallant-1.4888347|title=Brian Gallant's minority government defeated after losing confidence vote|last=Poitras|first=Jacques|date=November 2, 2018|publisher=CBC News}}</ref>
| {{Canadian party colour|NB|Progressive Conservative|background}} |
| [[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|Progressive Conservative]]
| [[Liberal conservatism]]
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| Majority
| [[Brenda Murphy]]
| data-sort-value="2020-09-14"|[[2020 New Brunswick general election|2020]]
| data-sort-value="2024-10-21"|[[2024 New Brunswick general election|2024]]
|-
! scope="row" | Newfoundland and Labrador
| [[Andrew Furey]]
| {{Canadian party colour|NL|Liberal|background}} |
| [[Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Liberal]]
| [[Liberalism]] {{nowrap|([[Liberalism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
| Majority
| [[Joan Marie Aylward]]
| data-sort-value="2021-03-25"|[[2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2021]]
| data-sort-value="2025-10-14"|[[52nd Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2025]]
|-
! scope="row" | Nova Scotia
| [[Tim Houston]]
| {{Canadian party colour|NS|PC|background}} |
| [[Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia|Progressive Conservative]]
| [[Red Tory]]ism
| [[Centrism|Centre]] {{nowrap|to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]}} 
| Majority
| [[Arthur Joseph LeBlanc]]
| data-sort-value="2021-08-17"|[[2021 Nova Scotia general election|2021]]
| data-sort-value="2025-07-15"|[[Next Nova Scotia general election|2025]]
|-
! scope="row" | Ontario
| [[Doug Ford]]
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} |
| [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]]
| [[Conservatism]] {{nowrap|([[Conservatism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
| [[Centrism|Centre]] {{nowrap|to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]}}
| Majority
| [[Edith Dumont]]
| data-sort-value="2022-06-02"|[[2022 Ontario general election|2022]]
| data-sort-value="2026-06-04"|[[44th Ontario general election|2026]]
|-
! scope="row" | Prince Edward Island
| [[Dennis King (politician)|Dennis King]]
| {{Canadian party colour|PE|PC|background}} |
| [[Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island|Progressive Conservative]]
| [[Progressive conservatism]]
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| Majority
| [[Antoinette Perry (lieutenant governor)|Antoinette Perry]]
| data-sort-value="2023-10-02"|[[2023 Prince Edward Island general election|2023]]
| data-sort-value="2027-10-04"|[[68th Prince Edward Island general election|2027]]
|-
! scope="row" | Quebec
| [[François Legault]]
| {{Canadian party colour|QC|CAQ|background}} |
| {{lang|fr|[[Coalition Avenir Québec]]|italic=no}}
| [[Quebec nationalism]]
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| Majority
| [[Manon Jeannotte]]
| data-sort-value="2022-10-03"|[[2022 Quebec general election|2022]]
| data-sort-value="2026-10-05"|[[44th Quebec general election|2026]]
|-
! scope="row" | Saskatchewan
| [[Scott Moe]]
| {{Canadian party colour|SK|Saskatchewan|background}} |
| [[Saskatchewan Party]]
| [[Conservatism]] {{nowrap|([[Conservatism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] {{nowrap|to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]}}
| Majority
| [[Russell Mirasty]]
| data-sort-value="2020-10-26"|[[2020 Saskatchewan general election|2020]]
| data-sort-value="2024-10-28"|[[2024 Saskatchewan general election|2024]]
|-
! scope="row" | Northwest Territories
| [[R. J. Simpson]]
| {{Canadian party colour|NT|Non-partisan|background}} |
| colspan="4" {{nonpartisan|''[[Consensus government in Canada|Nonpartisan consensus government]]''}}
| [[Margaret Thom]]
| data-sort-value="2023-11-14"|[[2023 Northwest Territories general election|2023]]
| data-sort-value="2027-10-05"|[[2027 Northwest Territories general election|2027]]
|-
! scope="row" | Nunavut
| [[P.J. Akeeagok]]
| {{Canadian party colour|NU|Non-partisan|background}} |
| colspan="4" {{nonpartisan|''[[Consensus government in Canada|Nonpartisan consensus government]]''}}
| [[Eva Aariak]]
| data-sort-value="2021-10-25"|[[2021 Nunavut general election|2021]]
| data-sort-value="2025-10-27"|2025
|-
! scope="row" | Yukon
| [[Ranj Pillai]]
| {{Canadian party colour|YT|Liberal|background}} |
| [[Yukon Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| [[Liberalism]] {{nowrap|([[Liberalism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
| [[Centrism|Centre]]
| Minority
| [[Angélique Bernard]]
| data-sort-value="2021-04-12"|[[2021 Yukon general election|2021]]
| data-sort-value="2025-11-03"|[[40th Yukon general election|2025]]
|}

==Ceremonial territory==
The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], near [[Vimy]], Pas-de-Calais, and the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]], near [[Beaumont-Hamel]], both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.<ref name="Wilson2012">{{cite book|first=John|last=Wilson|title=Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0345-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils/page/38 38]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".<ref>{{cite web
| title = Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial
| publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada
| date = August 8, 1998
| url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials/ww1mem/Vimy/vmemory#one
| access-date = July 20, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409062438/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials%2Fww1mem%2FVimy%2Fvmemory#one
| archive-date = April 9, 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].<ref name="Wilson2012"/> These sites do not, however, enjoy [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial status]] and are thus subject to French law.

==Proposed provinces and territories==
{{main|List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada}}
Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|amendment]] for the creation of a new province<ref name="amendment">An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.</ref> but the creation of a new territory requires only an [[Acts of Parliament#Canada|act of Parliament]], a [[Parliamentary procedure|legislatively]] simpler process.<ref name="Nicholson1979">{{cite book|first=Norman L.|last=Nicholson|title=The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174|year=1979|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7705-1742-7|pages=174–175|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624010940/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174|archive-date=June 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2004, Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]] surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert [[Territorial claims in the Arctic|sovereignty in the Arctic]], particularly as [[global warming]] could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex [[Northwest Passage#International waters dispute|international waters disputes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 2004 |title=Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status |publisher=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/11/22/provinces041122.html |url-status=dead |access-date=January 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225050248/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/11/22/provinces041122.html |archive-date=February 25, 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Canada provinces map|border=none|align=right|prefix =History of|the=the|map=Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|caption=History by province or territory}}
{{portal|border=no|Canada|Ontario}}
* [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies]]
**[[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Canadian provinces and territories|Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
* [[Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories]]
* [[List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States]]
* [[List of regions of Canada]]
*[[List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures]]
* [[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]
* [[Provincial and territorial museums of Canada]]
* [[List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories]]
**[[List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product]]
**[[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols]]
**[[List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate]]
**[[List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index]]
**[[Population of Canada by province and territory]]
**[[List of Canadian flags]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="canada1">
{{cite web |url = http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |title=Provinces and Territories |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2013 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209021646/http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name="Gough2010">{{cite book |first=Barry M. |last=Gough |title=Historical Dictionary of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA141 |year=2010 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University |isbn=978-0-8108-7504-3 |pages=141–142 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074918/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA141 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="School2013">{{cite book |first1=Michael M. |last1=Atkinson |first2=Gregory P. |last2=Marchildon |first3=Peter W. B. |last3=Phillips |first4=Daniel |last4=Béland |first5=Kenneth A. |last5=Rasmussen |first6=Kathleen |last6=McNutt |title=Governance and Public Policy in Canada: A View from the Provinces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkdktaOtprEC&pg=PA19 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0493-3 |page=19 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkdktaOtprEC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{main|Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first1=Keith |last1=Brownsey |first2=Michael |last2=Howlett|title=The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3Ky0-JAAbYC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-368-5}}
* {{cite book|first1=Christopher |last1=Moore |author1-link=Christopher Moore (Canadian historian) |first2=Bill |last2=Slavin |first3=Janet |last3=Lunn|title=The Big Book of Canada: Exploring the Provinces and Territories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Dmi_sb_ufgC&pg=PA1|year=2002|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|isbn=978-0-88776-457-8}}
* {{cite book |first1=A. Paul |last1=Pross |first2=Catherine A. |last2=Pross |title=Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces: a Prescriptive Study |location=Toronto, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-8020-1827-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentpublis0000pros}}
*{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Tomblin|title=Ottawa and the Outer Provinces: The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUnFSlFnGZUC&pg=PR1|year=1995|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-1-55028-476-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|c=category:Provinces and territories of Canada|voy=Canada|n=Portal:Canada|s=Portal:Canada|d=Q2879|v=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|q=no|b=no}}
*[https://archive.today/20130806101230/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/common/provterr.shtml Provincial and territorial government web sites] – Service Canada (archived August 6, 2013)
*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/provinceterritory/Provincialterritoriallegislatures.aspx Provincial and territorial legislature web sites] – Parliament of Canada
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162009/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm Difference between provinces and territories] – Intergovernmental Affairs (archived February 27, 2014)
* [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/reference/province-eng Provincial and territorial statistics] – Statistics Canada
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171122105414/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/newcomers/pt/ Provincial and territorial immigration information] – Citizenship and Immigration Canada (archived November 22, 2017)
* [http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.0 Canadian governments compared] – University of Public Administration

{{Provinces and territories of Canada}}
{{Politics of Canadian provinces}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Provinces and territories of Canada| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Canada| ]]
[[Category:Lists of provinces and territories of Canada| ]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in North America|Canada 1]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|Provinces, Canada]]