Prophet

{{Short description|Intermediary between humanity and the divine}}
{{other uses}}
{{distinguish|Profit (disambiguation){{!}}Profit}}
{{religious text primary|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Jesaja (Michelangelo).jpg|thumb|[[Isaiah]], an important Biblical prophet, in fresco on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]] by [[Michelangelo]]]]

In [[religion]], a '''prophet''' or '''prophetess''' is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a [[divinity|divine being]] and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the [[supernatural]] source to other people.<ref>{{Citation|title=prophet|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/prophet|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mw1.m-w.com/dictionary/prophet |title=prophet – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628232343/http://mw1.m-w.com/dictionary/prophet |archive-date=2012-06-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The message that the prophet conveys is called a [[prophecy]].

Prophethood has existed in many cultures and religions throughout history, including [[Mesopotamian religion]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Islam]], the [[Baháʼí Faith]], and [[Thelema]].

== Etymology ==
The English word ''[[wiktionary:prophet|prophet]]'' is the [[transliteration]] of a compound [[Greek language|Greek]] word derived from ''pro'' (before/toward) and ''phesein'' (to tell); thus, a [[wiktionary:προφήτης|προφήτης]] (''prophḗtēs'') is someone who conveys messages from the divine to humans, including occasionally foretelling future events. In a different interpretation, it means [[advocacy|advocate]] or [[public speaking|speaker]].  It is used to translate the Hebrew word נָבִיא (''nāvî'') in the Septuagint and the Arabic word نبي (''nabī''). [[W.F. Albright]] points to the Akkadian [[Nabu]] for the origin of these Hebrew (נָבִיא (''nāvî'') and the Arabic نبي (''nabī'') words.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/43721226</ref>

The Akkadian ''nabû'' means "announcer" or "authorised person",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Richter |first=Thomas |title=Nabû |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/nabu-e815710 |encyclopedia=Brill’s New Pauly |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |access-date=2022-10-14}}</ref> derived from the [[Semitic root]] {{smallcaps|n-b-y}} or {{smallcaps|nbʾ}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Semitic Roots Appendix |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/semitic.html |website=The American Heritage Dictionary |access-date=6 December 2019 |quote=nbʾ To name, proclaim, summon."}}</ref> It is cognate with {{lang-syc|[[:Wiktionary:ܢܒܝܐ|ܢܒܝܐ]]|nəḇiyyā}}, {{lang-ar|[[:Wiktionary:نبي|نبي]]|nabiyy}}, and {{lang-he|[[:Wiktionary:נביא|נביא]]|nāḇi}},<ref>p.1571, Alcalay. An alternative translation of this Hebrew word is derived from an Akkadian word "Nabu," meaning to call. The Hebrew "Navi" has a passive sense and means "the one who has been called" (see HALOT, p.661).</ref> all meaning 'prophet'.

In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the word נָבִיא (''nāvî''), "spokesperson", traditionally translates as "prophet". The second subdivision of the [[Tanakh]], [[Nevi'im]], is devoted to the Hebrew prophets. The meaning of ''navi'' is perhaps described in [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 18:18,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:18|105}}</ref> where [[God]] said, "...and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him." Thus, a ''navi'' was thought to be the "mouth" of God. A Jewish tradition was that the root [[Nun (letter)|nun]]-[[Bet (letter)|bet]]-[[Aleph|alef]] ("navi") is based on the two-letter root nun-bet which denotes hollowness or openness; to receive transcendental wisdom, one must make oneself "open".<ref>[[Rashbam]]'s comment to [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 20:7.{{Bibleverse||Genesis|20:7|105}}</ref>

==Mesopotamian origins==
{{main|Sumerian religion}}
{{see also|Nabu}}
[[File:Image from page 39 of "Ancient seals of the Near East" (1940).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Late Assyrian seal. Worshipper between [[Nabu]] and [[Marduk]], standing on their servant dragon [[Mušḫuššu]], eighth century BCE.]]
Before the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prophetic tradition established by Zoroaster, various ancient civilizations had individuals who served as intermediaries between humanity and the divine. In ancient [[Sumer]], for instance, figures such as the "[[Ensi (Sumerian)|ensi]]" or "[[lugal]]" fulfilled roles akin to prophets, offering guidance and interpreting divine will through rituals, omens, and prayers.  The ''ensi'' was considered a representative of the city-state's patron deity.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=H. W. F. Saggs |last=Saggs |first=H. W. F. |year=1988 |title=[[The Greatness That Was Babylon]] |edition=rev.}}{{incomplete citation|date=March 2024}}</ref> The functions of a {{Lang|sux|lugal}} would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, and military defence against external enemies.<ref name= Westenholz>{{cite journal |last= Westenholz |first=Aage |year=2002 |title= The Sumerian city-state: A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center |editor1-first= Morgens Herman |editor1-last=Hansen |journal= Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter |number= 27 |location=Copenhagen |publisher=C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42. |pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century BC.)</ref> The ''ensis'' of Lagash would sometimes refer to the city's patron deity, [[Ningirsu]], as their {{Lang|sux|lugal}} ("master"). All of the above is connected to the possibly priestly or sacral character of the titles ''ensi''<ref name=glassner1>Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48</ref> and especially ''en'' (the latter term continuing to designate priests in subsequent times). 

These prophets, while lacking the systematic theological framework found in later traditions, laid the groundwork for the concept of prophethood by demonstrating a connection with the divine and providing spiritual leadership within their communities. Despite the absence of codified scripture or organized religious institutions, these pre-Zoroastrian prophetic figures played a crucial role in shaping early religious thought and practices, paving the way for the structured prophetic tradition that emerged with Zoroaster and subsequent religious traditions.

== Zoroastrianism ==
{{main|Zoroaster}}
[[File:CIMRM_44-Mithraic_pater_(Dura_Europos)_B.jpg|thumb |upright|3rd-century [[Mithraic]] depiction of Zoroaster found in [[Dura Europos]], [[Syria]] by [[Franz Cumont]]]]

[[Zoroastrianism]], among the world's earliest recorded [[Monotheism|monotheistic religions]], holds a significant position in shaping the concept of prophets and prophecy. Founded by the revered figure [[Zoroaster]] (or Zarathustra) in ancient Persia around the 6th century BCE, Zoroastrianism introduced fundamental ideas that profoundly influenced subsequent religious and philosophical traditions, particularly in its portrayal of prophetic figures.{{sfnp|Boyce|2001|p=26}}

At the heart of Zoroastrian belief lies the concept of a singular supreme deity, [[Ahura Mazda]], engaged in an eternal struggle against the forces of darkness and chaos, embodied by [[Angra Mainyu]]. Zoroaster, as the primary prophet of this faith, received divine revelations and visions from Ahura Mazda, which formed the basis of the [[Avesta]], the sacred scripture of Zoroastrianism.{{sfnp|Boyce|1984|p=1}}

Zoroaster's role as a prophet established a template for future religious leaders and visionaries. He articulated monotheistic principles, [[ethical dualism]], and the idea of a cosmic battle between good and evil, influencing not only the religious landscape of [[ancient Persia]] but also later traditions such as [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and [[Thelema]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John Joseph |last=Saunders |chapter=II The Prophet |isbn=978-1-134-93005-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_d2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |title=A History of Medieval Islam |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

The legacy of Zoroastrianism in shaping the understanding of prophets is profound. Zoroaster's direct communication with the divine, his role as a mediator between humanity and the divine will, and his teachings about moral righteousness laid the groundwork for the concept of prophethood as it evolved in subsequent religious traditions.{{sfnp|Kriwaczek|2003}}

Influence from Zoroastrian thought can be seen in the characterization of prophets as individuals chosen by a single supreme deity to convey divine messages, guide communities, and uphold moral principles. The structured prophetic tradition established by Zoroaster set a precedent for future prophets, shaping how societies perceive and interact with visionary figures throughout history.<ref>{{cite book |last=Levitin |first=Dmitri |year=2015 |title=Ancient Wisdom in the Age of the New Science: Histories of Philosophy in England, C. 1640-1700 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107105881}}</ref>

While other ancient civilizations may have had individuals who served similar functions, Zoroastrianism's systematic approach to prophecy and its enduring influence on subsequent religious thought solidified its place in history as a foundational example of prophetic tradition, enriching humanity's understanding of the divine and the role of prophets in conveying its will.{{sfnp|Kriwaczek|2003}}

== Judaism ==
{{See also|Nevi'im|Prophets in Judaism}}
[[File:Duccio di Buoninsegna 066.jpg|thumb|[[Malachi]], one of the last prophets of Israel, painting by Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1310 (Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, [[Siena Cathedral]]). ''"He <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Mashiach]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> will turn the hearts of the parents to their children, and the hearts of the children to their parents" (Malachi 4:6)''<ref>cf. “If anyone comes to me and does not hate father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters—yes, even their own life—such a person cannot be my <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Christ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> disciple.” ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 14:26)</ref>]]

In addition to writing and speaking messages from God, [[Israelites |Israelite]] or [[Kingdom of Judea| Judean]] ''nevi'im'' ("spokespersons", "prophets") often acted out prophetic [[parable]]s in their life.<ref>''All the Parables of the Bible'', Herbert Lockyer, Zondervan, 1963.</ref> For example, in order to contrast the people's disobedience with the obedience of the [[Rechabite]]s, God has [[Jeremiah]] invite the Rechabites to drink wine, in disobedience to their ancestor's command. The Rechabites refuse, for which God commends them.<ref>Jeremiah 35:13–16, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2004</ref><ref>Commentary on Jeremiah 35, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> Other prophetic parables acted out by Jeremiah include burying a linen belt so that it gets ruined to illustrate how God intends to ruin Judah's pride.<ref>Jeremiah 13, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref><ref name="cj13">Commentary on Jeremiah 13, Jeremiah, The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, 1984</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Lamentations, Tremper Longman, Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.</ref> Likewise, Jeremiah buys a clay jar and smashes it in the [[Gehenna |Valley of Ben Hinnom]] in front of elders and priests to illustrate that God will smash the [[Kingdom of Judah| nation of Judah]] and the city of Judah beyond repair.<ref>Jeremiah 19, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> God instructs Jeremiah to make a yoke from wood and leather straps and to put it on his own neck to demonstrate how God will put the nation under the yoke of [[Nebuchadnezzar II| Nebuchadnezzar]], king of [[Babylon]].<ref>Jeremiah 27–28, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> In a similar way, the prophet [[Isaiah]] had to walk stripped and barefoot for three years to illustrate the coming captivity,<ref>Isaiah 20, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> and the prophet [[Ezekiel]] had to lie on his side for 390 days and to eat measured food to illustrate the coming siege.<ref>Ezekiel 4, ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004</ref>

Prophetic assignment is usually portrayed as rigorous and exacting in the Hebrew Bible,<ref>Commentary on Jeremiah, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Isaiah (Commentary), John Goldingay, Hendrickson, 2001</ref><ref>Commentary on Isaiah 6:8–13, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> and prophets were often the target of persecution and opposition.<ref name="ReferenceB">’’Jeremiah (Prophet)’’, The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 3, Doubleday, 1992</ref> God's personal prediction for Jeremiah, "And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail against thee,"<ref>Jeremiah 1:19</ref> was performed many times in the [[Bible prophecy|biblical narrative]] as Jeremiah warned of destruction of those who continued to refuse repentance and accept more moderate consequences.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>’’Jeremiah, Lamentations’’, F.B. Huey, Broadman Press, 1993</ref> In return for his adherence to God's discipline and speaking God's words, Jeremiah was attacked by his own brothers,<ref>Jeremiah 12:6, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> beaten and put into the stocks by a priest and [[false prophet]],<ref>Jeremiah 20:1–4, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref><ref>The NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, 1995, p. 1501</ref> imprisoned by the king,<ref>Jeremiah 37:18, Jeremiah 38:28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> threatened with death,<ref>Jeremiah 38:4, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> thrown into a cistern by Judah's officials,<ref>Jeremiah 38:6, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> and opposed by a false prophet.<ref>Jeremiah 28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> Likewise, Isaiah was told by his hearers who rejected his message, "Leave the way! Get off the path! Let us hear no more about the [[Book of Isaiah#"Holy One of Israel"|Holy One of Israel]]!"<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Isaiah 30:11, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref> The life of [[Moses]] being threatened by [[Pharaoh of the Exodus|Pharaoh]] is another example.<ref>Exodus 2, Exodus 10:28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref>

According to I [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]] 9:9,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|9:9|105}}, Hebrew – English Bible</ref> the old name for navi is ''ro'eh'', רֹאֶה, which literally means "seer". That could document an ancient shift, from viewing prophets as seers for hire to viewing them as moral teachers. L. C. Allen (1971) comments that in the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] Era, there were essentially seer-priests belonging to a guild, who performed [[divination]], rituals, and sacrifices, and were scribes; and beside these were canonical prophets, who did none of these things (and condemned divination), but came to deliver a message.<ref>Discussed more recently in Morris Silver, ''Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel'' (Dordrecht NL: Springer Science and Business Media, 2013), 154-75. 
{{ISBN|9789400974180}}</ref> The seer-priests were usually attached to a local shrine or temple, such as [[Shiloh (biblical city)|Shiloh]], and initiated others into that priesthood, acting as a mystical [[Guild|craft-guild]] with apprentices and recruitment. Canonical prophets were not organised this way.

Some examples of prophets in the Tanakh include [[Abraham]], Moses, [[Miriam]], Isaiah, [[Samuel]], Ezekiel, [[Malachi]], and [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]]. Jewish tradition - unlike Christian and Islamic practice - does not regard [[Daniel (biblical figure) |Daniel]] as a prophet.

A Jewish tradition suggests that there were twice as many prophets as the number which left Egypt, which would make 1,200,000 prophets.<ref name="jfaq"/> The [[Talmud]] recognizes [[Prophets in Judaism#The 48 Prophets |48 male prophets]] who bequeathed permanent messages to mankind.<ref name="jfaq"/> According to the Talmud, there were also seven women counted as prophetesses whose message bears relevance for all generations: [[Sarah]], [[Miriam]], [[Deborah| Devorah]], [[Hannah (Bible) |Hannah]] (mother of the prophet Samuel), [[Abigail]] (a wife of [[David |King David]]), [[Huldah]] (from the time of Jeremiah), and [[Esther]].<ref name="jfaq"/> The Talmudic and Biblical commentator [[Rashi]] points out that [[Rebecca]], [[Rachel]], and [[Leah]] were also prophets.<ref>Rashi on Genesis 29:34.</ref>
[[Isaiah 8#Verse 3|Isaiah 8:3-4]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Isaiah-Chapter-8_Original-1611-KJV/ | title = 1611 King James Bible: Book of Isaiah, chapter 8, verse 3-4. | website = kingjamesbibleonline.org | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219105523/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Isaiah-Chapter-8_Original-1611-KJV | archive-date = February 19, 2017 | url-status = live}}: "And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son. Then said the LORD to me, Call his name Mahershalalhashbaz."</ref> refers to his wife "the prophetess", who bore his son [[Maher-shalal-hash-baz]]; she is not referred to elsewhere.

Prophets in the Tanakh are not always Jews;<ref name="jfaq">{{cite web | url = http://www.jewfaq.org/prophet.htm | title = Prophets and Prophecy}}</ref>
note for example the non-Jewish prophet [[Balaam]] in [[Book of Numbers| Numbers]] 22.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Numbers|24:1–24:18|105}}</ref> According to the Talmud, [[Obadiah]] is said to have been a convert to Judaism.

The last ''nevi'im'' mentioned in the [[Jewish Bible]] are [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)| Zechariah]], and [[Malachi]], all of whom lived at the end of the 70-year [[Babylonian exile]] of {{circa}} 586 to 539 BCE. The [[Talmud]] ([[Sanhedrin (tractate)| Sanhedrin]] 11a) states that Haggai, Zachariah, and Malachi were the last prophets, and later times have known only the "[[Bath Kol]]" (בת קול, lit. ''daughter of a voice'', "voice of God").

== Christianity ==
{{Main|Prophets of Christianity}}

=== Traditional definitions ===
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 139.png|thumb|right|The Vision of Isaiah is depicted in this 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]].]]

In [[Christianity]], a prophet (or seer) is one inspired by God through the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] to deliver a message. This includes the prophets of ancient Israel as well as those who function(ed) as prophets in the Church. Concerning the latter concept, some [[Christian denominations]] limit a prophet's message to words intended only for the entire church congregation, excluding personal messages not intended for the body of believers; but in the [[Bible]] on a number of occasions prophets were called to deliver personal messages.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Matthew|14:1–7|9}}, {{Bibleverse|2|Kings|3:11|9}}</ref> The reception of a message is termed [[revelation]] and the delivery of the message is termed prophecy.

The term "prophet" applies to those who receive public or [[private revelation]]. Public revelation, in Catholicism, is part of the [[Deposit of faith]], the revelation of which was completed by Jesus; whereas private revelation does not add to the Deposit. The term "deposit of faith" refers to the entirety of Jesus Christ's revelation, and is passed to successive generations in two different forms, sacred scripture (the Bible) and sacred tradition.

The Bible applies the appellation '[[false prophet]]' to anyone who preaches a Gospel contrary to that delivered to the apostles and recorded in Sacred Scripture.<ref name="Nei2019">{{cite book |last1=Nei |first1=Briana |title=Revealed in Ephesians: The Mystery of Who I Am in Christ |date=25 January 2019 |publisher=WestBow Press |isbn=978-1-9736-4773-7 |language=English |quote=Anyone who contradicts scripture, preaches another gospel or denies the divinity of Christ is a false prophet. Paul said, “But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you ...}}</ref> One [[Old Testament]] text in [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:21–22|9}}</ref> contains a warning against those who prophesy events which do not come to pass and says they should be put to death. Elsewhere a false prophet may be someone who is purposely trying to deceive, is delusional, under the influence of [[Satan]] or is speaking from his own spirit.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Ezekiel|13:3|9}}, "Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe unto the foolish prophets, that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing!"</ref>

==== Catholicism ====
Six of the [[Twelve Minor Prophets|Minor Prophets]] are commemorated in December. Each encouraged people to return to God, to repent of past sins, and to recognize God's presence even in their difficulties.<ref>[https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2021/12/01/advent-and-the-jewish-prophets/ Beutner, Dawn. "Advent and the Jewish Prophets", ''The Catholic World Report'', December 1, 2021]</ref>

"Jesus Christ is the one whom the Father anointed with the Holy Spirit and established as priest, prophet, and king. The whole People of God participates in these three offices of Christ and bears the responsibilities for mission and service that flow from them."<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church, §783</ref> The laity act prophetically when they speak the truth, and live the Gospel by example before their families, neighbors, and co-workers.<ref>CCC, 905</ref> The Old Testament prophets defended the poor and powerless "and inspire Catholic Social Teaching on the preferential option for the poor, workers’ rights, and justice and peace."<ref>[https://www.usccb.org/offices/new-american-bible/roots-catholic-social-teaching-found-old-testament-prophets Colecchi, D.Min., Stephen M., "Roots of Catholic Social Teaching Found in the Old Testament Prophets", USCCB]</ref>

=== Ongoing prophecy ===
[[File:Mattia Preti - San Giovanni Battista Predicazione.jpg|thumb|''St. John the Baptist Preaching'', {{circa|1665}}, by [[Mattia Preti]]]]
Christians who believe that the [[Holy Spirit]] continues to give [[spiritual gifts]] to Christians are known as [[Cessationism versus continuationism|continuationists]].<ref name="Bellini2015">{{cite web |last1=Bellini |first1=Peter |title=Pentecostals Don't Have a Copyright on the Holy Spirit (Part I) |url=https://www.seedbed.com/pentecostals-dont-have-a-copyright-on-the-holy-spirit/ |access-date=20 August 2021 |language=English |date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="DawsonHornbacher2019">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Steve |last2=Hornbacher |first2=Mark |title=Ordinary Christians, Extraordinary Signs: Healing in Evangelization |date=10 April 2019 |publisher=The Word Among Us Press |isbn=978-1-59325-007-2 |language=English |quote=The Catholic Church is "continuationist," rather than "cessationist." What does that mean? Cessationism is the belief that the signs and wonders of the New Testament Church—the extraordinary spiritual gifts (charisms) like tongues, prophecy, or healing—were only intended for a time and ceased to be present in the Church after that period of time had elapsed. Continuationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the signs and wonders of the early Church have continued.}}</ref> These charismata may include prophecy, [[Glossolalia|tongues]], [[faith healing|miraculous healing]] ability, and discernment (Matthew 12:32 KJV "Whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of Man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.").<ref name="DawsonHornbacher2019"/> [[Cessationism|Cessationists]] believe that these gifts were given only in New Testament times and that they ceased after the last [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostle]] died.<ref name="DawsonHornbacher2019"/>

The [[last prophet]] of the [[Old Covenant]] before the arrival of Jesus is [[John the Baptist]].<ref>(cf. {{Bibleverse|Luke|16:16|KJV}})</ref><ref name="MacArthur2006">{{cite book |author=[[John F. MacArthur]]|title=John 1-11 MacArthur New Testament Commentary |date=1 March 2006 |publisher=Moody Publishers |isbn=978-0-8024-8044-6 |page=124 |language=English |quote=John the Baptist was the last prophet under the old covenant (Luke 16:16); Jesus came as the mediator of the new covenant (Heb. 8:6; 12:24), which He ratified by His sacrificial death (Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:25).}}</ref> [[New Testament]] passages that explicitly discuss prophets existing after the death and resurrection of [[Christ]] include [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 11:10,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Revelation|11:10|9}}</ref> [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 10:40–41 and 23:34,<ref>Gospel of Matthew {{Bibleverse-nb||Matthew|10:40–41|9}}, {{Bibleverse-nb||Matthew|23:34|9}}</ref> [[Gospel of John|John]] 13:20 and 15:20<ref>Gospel of John {{Bibleverse-nb||John|13:20|9}}, {{Bibleverse-nb||John|15:20|9}}</ref> and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 11:25–30, 13:1 and 15:32.<ref>Acts of the Apostles {{Bibleverse-nb||Acts|11:25–30|9}}, {{Bibleverse-nb||Acts|13:1|9}}, {{Bibleverse-nb||Acts|15:32|9}}</ref>

The ''[[Didache]]'' gives extensive instruction in how to distinguish between true and false prophets, as well as commands regarding tithes to prophets in the church.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-roberts.html| title = Early Christian Writings: Didache (Chapters 11–15)}}</ref> [[Irenaeus]], wrote of 2nd-century believers with the gift of prophecy,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103506.htm| title = ''Against Heresies'', Book V Chapter 6.1}}</ref> while [[Justin Martyr]] argued in his ''Dialogue with Trypho'' that prophets were not found among the Jews in his time, but that the church had prophets.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html| title = Early Christian Writings: ''Dialogue with Trypho'' (Chapter LXXXII)}}</ref> ''[[The Shepherd of Hermas]]'' describes revelation in a vision regarding the proper operation of prophecy in the church.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/shepherd.html| title = Early Christian Writings: Shepherd of Hermas (Eleventh Commandment)}}</ref> [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] mentions that [[Quadratus of Athens|Quadratus]] and Ammia of [[Alaşehir|Philadelphia]] were both prominent prophets following the age of the Twelve Apostles.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm| title = ''Ecclesiastical History'', Book III, Chapter 37.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm| title = ''Ecclesiastical History'', Book V, Chapter 17.2–4}}</ref> [[Tertullian]], writing of the church meetings of the [[Montanism|Montanists]] (to whom he belonged), described in detail the practice of prophecy in the 2nd-century church.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0310.htm| title = ''A Treatise on the Soul'', Chapter 9}}</ref>

A number of later Christian saints were said to have powers of prophecy, such as [[Columba of Iona]] (521–597), [[Saint Malachy]] (1094–1148) or [[Padre Pio]] (1887–1968).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Is a Prophet?|url=https://slife.org/prophet/|date=2019-05-24|website=The Spiritual Life|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> [[Marian apparition]]s like those at [[Fátima, Portugal|Fatima]] in 1917 or at [[Kibeho]] in Rwanda in the 1980s often included prophetic predictions regarding the future of the world as well as of the local areas they occurred in.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marianapparitions.org/marian_apparitions/index.html |title=The Miracle Hunter : Marian Apparitions |website=marianapparitions.org |access-date=June 10, 2016}}</ref>

Prophetic movements in particular can be traced throughout the Christian Church's history, expressing themselves in (for example) [[Montanism]], [[Novatianism]], [[Donatism]], [[Franciscan]]ism, [[Anabaptist|Anabaptism]], [[Camisard]] enthusiasm, [[Puritan]]ism, [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakerism]], [[Quietism (Christian philosophy)|Quietism]], [[Lutheranism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brill.com/products/book/lay-prophets-lutheran-europe-c-1550-1700 |title=Jürgen Beyer, ''Lay prophets in Lutheran Europe (c. 1550–1700)'' (Brill's series in church history and religious culture 74), Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2017 |access-date=2017-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923052427/http://www.brill.com/products/book/lay-prophets-lutheran-europe-c-1550-1700 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Radical Pietism]]. Modern Pentecostals and Charismatics, members of movements which together comprised approximately 584 million people {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}},<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/''Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population''], p. 67. See also ''The New International Dictionary'', "Part II Global Statistics: A Massive Worldwide Phenomenon".</ref> believe in the contemporary function of the gift of prophecy, and some in these movements, especially those within the [[Apostolic-Prophetic Movement]], allow for idea that God may continue to gift the church with some individuals who are prophets.

Some Christian sects recognize the existence of "modern-day" prophets. One such denomination is [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], which teaches that God still communicates with mankind through prophecy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/prophets.shtml | title=BBC - Religions - Mormon: Living prophets }}</ref>

==== Latter Day Saint movement ====
[[File:Joseph Smith, Jr. portrait owned by Joseph Smith III.jpg|upright|thumb|A portrait of [[Joseph Smith]]]]

{{Main|Prophet, seer, and revelator|List of Book of Mormon prophets|President of the Church|Revelation (Latter Day Saints)}}

[[Joseph Smith]], who established the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] in 1830, is considered a prophet by members of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], of which [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) is the largest denomination. Additionally, many churches within the movement believe in a succession of modern prophets (accepted by Latter Day Saints as "[[Prophet, seer, and revelator|prophets, seers, and revelators]]") since the time of Joseph Smith. [[Russell M. Nelson]] is the current Prophet and President of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].

==== Adventism ====
[[Baptism|Baptist]] preacher [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] is credited with beginning the mid-19th century North American religious movement now known as [[Adventism]]. He announced a [[Second Coming]], resulting in the [[Great Disappointment]].

==== Seventh-day Adventist ====
{{Main|Inspiration of Ellen G. White}}

The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], which was established in 1863, believes that [[Ellen G. White]], one of the church's founders, was given the [[Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)|spiritual gift of prophecy]].

==== Branch Davidians ====
The [[Branch Davidians]] are a religious cult which was founded in 1959 by [[Benjamin Roden]] as an offshoot of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. [[David Koresh]], who died in the [[Waco Siege]] in 1993, called himself their final prophet and [[List of people claimed to be Jesus#20th century|"the Son of God, the Lamb"]] in 1983.

==Manichaeism==
{{main|Manichaeism|Mani (prophet)}}
[[File:Seal_of_Mani_(cleaned_up)._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani,_possibly_3rd_century_CE,_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_Médailles,_Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Sealstone of Mani]], rock crystal, possibly 3rd century AD, Iraq. [[Cabinet des Médailles]], Paris.<ref name="SPL160">{{cite book |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |page=93}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Believers, Proselytizers, & Translators The Sogdians |url=https://sogdians.si.edu/believers-proselytizers-translators/ |website=sogdians.si.edu}}</ref> The seal reads ''"Mani, messenger of the messiah"'', and may have been used by Mani himself to sign his epistles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=GULÁCSI |first1=ZSUZSANNA |title=The Prophet's Seal: A Contextualized Look at the Crystal Sealstone of Mani (216-276 C.E.) in the Bibliothèque nationale de France |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2010 |volume=24 |page=164 |jstor=43896125 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43896125.pdf |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>]]

[[Mani (prophet)|Mani]]{{efn|[[Middle Persian]]: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 ''Māni'', [[New Persian]]: {{Nobold|{{lang|fa|{{nq|مانی}}}}}} ''Māni'', [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{Nobold|{{lang|zh|{{nq|摩尼}}}}}} ''Móní'', [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''Mānī'', [[Koine Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Μάνης}}, Latin ''{{lang|la|Manes}}''; also {{lang|grc|Μανιχαῖος}}, Latin ''{{lang|la|Manichaeus}}'', from Syriac {{lang|syr|ܡܐܢܝ ܚܝܐ}} ''Mānī ḥayyā'' "Living Mani"}} ({{lang-fa|مانی}}, {{circa|April AD&nbsp;216}}–2 March AD&nbsp;274 or 26 February AD&nbsp;277) was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]{{efn|{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=111}}: "He was Iranian, of noble Parthian blood..."}} prophet and the founder of [[Manichaeism]], a religion most prevalent in [[late antiquity]].

Mani was born in or near [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] (south of modern [[Baghdad]]) in [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name=ICS>{{citation|last=Taraporewala|first=I.J.S.|title=Manichaeism|publisher=Iran Chamber Society|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/manichaeism2.php|access-date=2015-01-12}}</ref> at the time part of the [[Parthian Empire]]. [[Seven Scriptures of Mani|Seven of his major works]] were written in [[Syriac language|Syriac]], and the eighth, dedicated to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian emperor]] [[Shapur I]], was written in [[Middle Persian]].<ref name= "Henning">Henning, W.B., ''The Book of Giants'', BSOAS, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52–74: "...Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition.  There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of Sām, Narīmān, etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language."</ref> He died in [[Gundeshapur]].

Manichaeism teaches an elaborate [[dualistic cosmology]] describing the [[conflict between good and evil|struggle]] between a [[Goodness and value theory|good]], [[Spirituality|spiritual]] world of [[light]], and an [[evil]], material world of [[darkness]].<ref>{{Iranica|cosmogony-iii}}</ref> Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came. Mani's teaching was intended to "combine",<ref name="Turner-1993">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Alice K. |title=The History of Hell |publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-15-140934-1 |edition=1st |location=United States |pages=50 |language=en-US}}</ref> succeed, and surpass the teachings of [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Marcionism]],<ref name="Turner-1993" /> [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic]] and [[Rabbinic Judaism]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostic movements]], [[Ancient Greek religion]], [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian]] and [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|other Mesopotamian religions]],<ref>Widengren, Geo ''Mesopotamian elements in Manichaeism (King and Saviour II): Studies in Manichaean, Mandaean, and Syrian-gnostic religion'', Lundequistska bokhandeln, 1946.</ref> and [[Greco-Roman mysteries|mystery cults]].<ref name="Hopkins-2001">{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Keith |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47286228 |title=A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity |date=July 2001 |publisher=[[Plume (publisher)|Plume]] |isbn=0-452-28261-6 |location=New York |pages=246, 263, 270 |oclc=47286228}}</ref><ref name="Arendzen-1910-1">Arendzen, John (1 October 1910). "[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09591a.htm Manichæism]". ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 9. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.</ref> It reveres Mani as the final prophet after [[Zoroaster]], the [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Jesus Christ]].

Manichaeism was quickly successful and spread far through [[Aramaic]]-speaking regions.<ref name="BeDuhnMirecki2007">{{cite book|author1=Jason BeDuhn|author2=Paul Allan Mirecki|title=Frontiers of Faith: The Christian Encounter With Manichaeism in the Acts of Archelaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQd8b5s5QBUC&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16180-1|page=6}}</ref> It thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as the [[Han Dynasty]] and as far west as the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Andrew Welburn, ''Mani, the Angel and the Column of Glory: An Anthology of Manichaean Texts'' (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1998), p. 68</ref> It was briefly the main rival to [[early Christianity]] in the competition to replace classical [[polytheism]] before the [[spread of Islam]]. Under the Roman [[Dominate]], Manichaeism was persecuted by the Roman state and was eventually stamped out in the Roman Empire.<ref name="ReferenceC">R. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3611-0}} p. 37</ref> While most of Manichaeism's original writings have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1=Iain |editor-last1=Gardner |editor-first2=Samuel N. C. |editor-last2=Lieu | author-link2=Samuel N. C. Lieu|title=Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2004}}</ref>

Manichaeism has survived longer in the east than it did in the west. Although it was thought to have finally faded away after the 14th century in [[South China]],<ref>[[Jason BeDuhn|Jason David BeDuhn]] ''The Manichaean Body: In Discipline and Ritual'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000 republished 2002 p.IX</ref> contemporary to the decline of the [[Church of the East]] in [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]], there is a growing corpus of evidence that shows Manichaeism persists in some areas of China, especially in [[Fujian]],<ref name="Li-2004">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Linzhou |title=福州摩尼教重要遗址——福州台江义洲浦西福寿宫 |year=2004 |edition=1 |pages=44 |language=zh}}</ref><ref name="Chen-2004">{{Cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Yizhou |title=福建摩尼教寺院遗址考 |last2=Tu |first2=Yuanji |year=2004 |edition=1 |pages=82 |language=zh}}</ref> where numerous Manichaean relics have been discovered over time. The currently known sects are notably secretive and protective of their belief system, in an effort to remain undetected. This stems from fears relating to persecution and suppression during various periods of Chinese history.<ref name="Clarence, 2021">{{cite web |last1=Clarence |first1=Siut Wai Hung |title=The Forgotten Buddha: Manichaeism and Buddhist Elements in Imperial China |url=https://blog.nus.edu.sg/imperialchina/2021/12/23/research-2021-4/ |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

== Islam ==
{{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}
{{Islamic prophets}}

The [[Quran]] identifies a number of men as "[[Prophets of Islam]]" ({{lang-ar|نبي}} ''nabī''; pl. {{lang|ar|أنبياء}} ''anbiyāʾ''). [[Muslim]]s believe such individuals were assigned a special mission by [[God in Islam|God]] to guide humanity. Besides [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]], this includes prophets such as [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham (''Ibrāhīm'')]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses (''Mūsā'')]] and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus (''ʿĪsā'')]].

[[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|A [[depictions of Muhammad|depiction of Muhammad]] receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], 1307, [[Ilkhanate]] period.]]
Although only twenty-five prophets<ref>{{cite book|last= Wheeler|first= Brannon M.|title= Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&pg=PA8|series= Comparative Islamic studies|publisher= [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|access-date=2011-01-29|date=2002-06-18|isbn= 978-0-8264-4957-3|page= 8|quote= There are 25 prophets mentioned by name in the Quran [...] Among those mentioned by name are: [[Adam]] (mentioned 25 times by name), [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] (1), [[Noah]] (43), [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]] (7), [[Salih]] (10), [[Abraham]] (69), [[Ishmael]] (12), [[Isaac]] (17), [[Jacob]] (16), [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]] (27), [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] (27), [[Shoaib|Shuayb]] (11), [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] (4), [[Dhul-Kifl|Dhu al-Kifl]] (2), [[Moses]] (137), [[Aaron]] (20), [[David]] (16), [[Solomon]] (17), [[Elijah]] (1), [[Elisha]] (2), [[Jonah]] (4), [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] (7), [[John the Baptist|John]] (5), [[Jesus]] (25), [[Muhammad]] (4).}}</ref> are [[Prophets and messengers named in the Quran|mentioned by name in the Quran]], a [[hadith]] (no. 21257 in ''[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]'')<ref>{{cite web| url = http://islamic-replies.ucoz.com/Number_Prophets_and_Messengers.html| title = Number Of Prophets & Messengers}}</ref> mentions that there were (more or less) 124,000 prophets in total throughout history. Other traditions place the number of prophets at 224,000. Some scholars hold that there are an even greater number in the history of mankind, and only God knows.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The Quran says that God has sent a prophet to every group of people throughout time and that Muhammad is the last of the prophets, sent for the whole of humankind.<ref>{{qref|16|36|b=y}}</ref> The message of all the prophets is believed to be the same. In Islam, all prophetic messengers are prophets (such as [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Muhammad]]) though not all prophets are prophetic messengers. The primary distinction is that a prophet is required to demonstrate God's law through his actions, character, and behavior without necessarily calling people to follow him, while a prophetic messenger is required to pronounce God's law (i.e. revelation) and call his people to submit and follow him. Muhammad is distinguished from the rest of the prophetic messengers and prophets in that God commissioned him to be the prophetic messenger to all of mankind. Many of these prophets are also found in the texts of Judaism (The Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings) and Christianity.<ref>(see [[Biblical narratives and the Quran]])</ref>

Muslims often refer to Muhammad as "the Prophet", in the form of a noun.<ref>''Chambers 21st Century Dictionary''. p. 1111</ref><ref>Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion, William A. Graham, William Albert Graham – 1993, p93</ref><ref>The militia – Page 100, James B. Whisker – 1992 "The work of Mohammed (569–632), commonly called the Prophet, the Koran was revealed in a series of visions over a period of many years beginning in 610"</ref><ref>Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’ 26 (Part 26): Al-Ahqaf 1 To Az-Zariyat 30, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman – 2009</ref> Jesus is the result of a [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]] in Islam as in Christianity, and is regarded as a prophet.<ref>{{qref|3|45|b=y}}</ref>

Traditionally, four prophets are believed to have been sent [[Islamic holy books|holy books]]: the [[Torah in Islam|Torah (''Tawrat'')]] to Moses, the [[Zabur|Psalms (''Zābūr'')]] to David, the [[Gospel in Islam|Gospel(''Injil'')]] to Jesus, and the Quran to Muhammad; those prophets are considered "Messengers" or ''rasūl''. Other main prophets are considered messengers or ''nabī'', even if they didn't receive a Book from God. Examples include the messenger-prophets [[Aaron#Islam|Aaron (''Hārūn'')]],  [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael (''Ismāʿīl'')]] and [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph (''Yūsuf'')]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Although it offers many incidents from the lives of many prophets, the Quran focuses with special narrative and rhetorical emphasis on the careers of the first four of these five major prophets.{{who?|date=September 2023}}
Of all the figures before Muhammad, the significance of Jesus in Islam is reflected in his being mentioned in the [[Quran]] in 93 [[Ayah|verses]] with various titles attached such as "Son of [[Mary in Islam|Mary]]" and other relational terms, mentioned directly and indirectly, over 187 times.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus the Messiah in Muslim thought|last=Schumann, Olaf H.|date=2002|publisher=ISPCK/HMI|isbn=81-7214-522-5|location=Delhi|oclc=51207017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus in the Qur'ān|last=Parrinder, Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder|date=2 May 2013|isbn=978-1-85168-999-6|location=London|oclc=826659885}}</ref> He is thus [[List of people mentioned by name in the Quran#Prophets|the most mentioned person]] in the Quran by reference; 25 times by the name Isa, third-person 48 times, first-person 35 times, and the rest as titles and attributes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding Islam and Christianity|last=McDowell, Josh.|authorlink=Josh McDowell|others=Walker, Jim, 1956-|isbn=978-0-7369-4991-0|location=Eugene, Oregon|oclc=859328502|date = October 2013}}</ref> Moses (''Musa'') and Abraham (''Ibrahim'') are also referred to frequently in the Quran. As for the fifth, the [[Quran]] is frequently addressed directly to Muhammad, and it often discusses situations encountered by him. Direct use of his name in the text, however, is rare. Rarer still is the mention of Muhammad's contemporaries.

Several prominent exponents of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] [[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Imams]] explained that throughout history there have been six enunciators ({{transliteration|ar|natiqs}}) who brought the exoteric ({{transliteration|ar|[[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]}}) revelation to humans, namely: [[Adam (prophet of Islam)|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Muhammad]]. They speak of a seventh enunciator ({{transliteration|ar|natiq}}), the Resurrector (Qa’im), who will unveil the esoteric ({{transliteration|ar|[[Batin (Islam)|batin]]}}) meaning of all the previous revelations. He is believed to be the pinnacle and purpose of creation. The enunciators (sing. {{transliteration|ar|natiq}}) who are the Prophets and the [[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Imams]] in their respective times, are the highest hierarch ({{transliteration|ar|hadd}}). The enunciators ({{transliteration|ar|natiqs}}) signal the beginning of a new age ({{transliteration|ar|dawr}}) in humankind, whereas the [[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Imams]] unveil and present the esoteric ({{transliteration|ar|[[Batin (Islam)|batin]]}}) meaning of the revelation to the people. These individuals are both known as the ‘Lord of the Age’ ({{transliteration|ar|sahib al-’asr}}) or the ‘Lord of the Time’ ({{transliteration|ar|sahib al-zaman}}). Through them, one can know God, and their invitation to humans to recognize God is called the invitation ({{transliteration|ar|[[Dawah|da’wa]]}}).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique|authorlink=Shafique Virani|title=Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus|url=https://www.academia.edu/41992496|journal=Studies in Islamic Historiography|year=2019|pages=147–169|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004415294_007|isbn=9789004415294|s2cid=214047322}}</ref>

According to [[Shia Islam]], all Prophets and [[Shia Imams|Imams]] are [[infallible]] and the belief in their abstinence from intentional and unintentional sins is a part of the creed. Thus, it is accordingly believed that they are the examples to be followed and that they act as they preach. This belief includes some [[Wali|ʾAwliyāʾ]] such as [[Shia view of Fatimah|Lady Fatima]] and [[Mary in Islam|Lady Mary]].

=== Ahmadiyya ===
{{Main|Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)}}
[[File:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. 1897).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad]] (1835–1908), a religious leader from [[British Raj|India]], and founder of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam]].<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/>]]

During his lifetime, [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad]] said that he was a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|prophet]] of [[God in Islam|God]] and became the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam]],<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/> which embodied the ''[[Mahdi|Mahdī]]'' of [[Islam]]<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/> and fulfilled the messianic prophecies regarding the coming of a [[Messiah|savior]] to various other religious traditions, including [[Christianity]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Upal |author-first=M. Afzal |author-link=Afzal Upal |year=2021 |chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=637–657}}</ref>

Followers of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam]] believe that Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad was a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|prophet]] of [[God in Islam|God]],<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/> who is said to be a fulfillment of the various Islamic prophecies regarding the [[Second Coming|second advent]] of [[Jesus]] (''[[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]]'') before the [[Islamic eschatology|end of time]].<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016">{{cite book |last1=Korbel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Preckel |first2=Claudia |year=2016 |chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426 |editor1-last=Bentlage |editor1-first=Björn |editor2-last=Eggert |editor2-first=Marion |editor3-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Hans-Martin |editor4-last=Reichmuth |editor4-first=Stefan |editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism |series=Numen Book Series |volume=154 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=426–442 |doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034 |isbn=978-90-04-32511-1}}</ref>

Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries.<ref name="Valentine">{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |page=xv passim}}</ref> Its adherents consider Ahmad to have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|Jesus]] in accordance with their reading of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set in motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace.<ref>{{cite book |first=Antonio R. |last=Gualtieri |title=Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA18 |year=1989 |publisher=Guernica Editions |isbn=978-0-920717-41-7 |pages=18–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=116–17, 121 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Adil Hussain |last=Khan |title=From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0253015297 |pages=2, 42–48}}</ref> They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the [[Sahabah|early Muslim community]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Antonio R. |last=Gualtieri |title=Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and orthodoxy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA22 |year=1989 |publisher=Guernica Editions |isbn=978-0-920717-41-7 |page=22}}</ref> Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam.<ref name="Valentine"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Louis J. |first=Hammann |url=https://www.alislam.org/introduction/intro-louis-hammann.html |title=Ahmaddiyyat - an introduction |publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [online] |year=1985 |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611191746/https://www.alislam.org/introduction/intro-louis-hammann.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Baháʼí Faith ==
{{Main|Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)}}
[[File:Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí) in 1868.jpg|thumb|upright|Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith]]

The [[Baháʼí Faith]] refers to what are commonly called prophets as "Manifestations of God" who are directly linked with the concept of [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive revelation]]. Baháʼís believe that the will of God is expressed at all times and in many ways, including through a series of divine messengers referred to as "Manifestations of God" or "divine educators".<ref name="eor">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Hutter | first = Manfred |authorlink=Manfred Hutter| editor = Ed. Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Religion | title = Bahā'īs | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | volume = 2 | location = Detroit | isbn = 0-02-865733-0 | pages = 737–740 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 }}</ref> In expressing God's intent, these Manifestations are seen to establish religion in the world. Thus they are seen as an intermediary between God and humanity.<ref name="manifestation">{{cite journal | first = Juan | last = Cole | title = The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings| year = 1982 | journal = [[Baháʼí studies#Journals|Baháʼí Studies]] | volume = monograph 9 | pages = 1–38 | url = http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation}}</ref>

The Manifestations of God are not seen as incarnations of God, and are also not seen as ordinary mortals. Instead, the Baháʼí concept of the Manifestation of God emphasizes simultaneously the humanity of that intermediary and the divinity in the way they show forth the will, knowledge and attributes of God; thus they have both human and divine stations.<ref name="manifestation" />

In addition to the Manifestations of God, there are also minor prophets. While the Manifestations of God, or major prophets, are compared to the Sun (which produces its own heat and light), minor prophets are compared to the Moon (which receives its light from the sun). Moses, for example, is taught as having been a Manifestation of God and his brother Aaron a minor prophet. Moses spoke on behalf of God, and Aaron spoke on behalf of Moses ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 4:14–17).<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|4:14–17|9}}</ref> Other Jewish prophets are considered minor prophets, as they are considered to have come in the shadow of the dispensation of Moses to develop and consolidate the process he set in motion.

== Native Americans ==
{{See also|Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans}}
{{unsourced|section|date=March 2024}}
The [[Great Peacemaker]] (sometimes referred to as ''Deganawida'' or ''Dekanawida'') co-founded the [[Iroquois#Iroquois Confederacy|Haudenosaunee league]] in [[pre-Columbian]] times. In retrospect, his [[Great Peacemaker#Prophecy of the boy seer|prophecy of the boy seer]] could appear to refer to the conflict between natives and Europeans (white serpent).

From 1805 until the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] that falsified his predictions in 1811, the "[[Shawnee]] prophet" [[Tenskwatawa]] led an Indian alliance to stop Europeans from taking more and more land going west. He reported [[vision (spirituality)|vision]]s he had. He is said to have accurately predicted a [[solar eclipse]]. His brother [[Tecumseh]] re-established the alliance for [[Tecumseh's War]], that ended with the latter's death in 1813. Tecumseh fought together with British forces that, in the area of the [[Great Lakes]], occupied essentially today's territory of [[Canada]].

[[Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)|Francis the Prophet]], influenced by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, was a leader of the [[Red Stick]] faction of the [[Muscogee|Creek]] Indians. He traveled to England in 1815 as a representative of the "four Indian nations" in an unsuccessful attempt to get Great Britain to help them resist the expansionism of the white settlers.

20 years later (1832), [[Wabokieshiek]], the "[[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]] Prophet", after whom [[Prophetstown, Illinois|Prophetstown]] has been named, (also called "White Cloud") said that British forces would support the Indians in the [[Black Hawk War]] against the United States as 20 years earlier (based on "visions"). They did not, and he was no longer considered a "prophet".

In 1869, the [[Northern Paiute|Paiute]] [[Wodziwob]] founded the [[Ghost Dance]] movement. The dance rituals were an occasion to announce his visions of an earthquake that would swallow the whites. He seems to have died in 1872.

The [[Northern Paiute]] [[Wovoka]] said he had a vision during the [[solar eclipse]] of January 1, 1889, that the Paiute dead would come back and the whites would vanish from America, provided the natives performed [[Ghost Dance]]s. This idea spread among other Native American peoples. The government were worried about a rebellion and sent troops, which lead to the death of [[Sitting Bull]] and to the [[Wounded Knee massacre]] in 1890.

== Thelema ==
{{main|Thelema}}
[[File:Aleister Crowley, Magus.png|thumb|right|alt=Crowley wearing ceremonial garb|Crowley as Prophet of the [[Aeon (Thelema)#Aeon_of_Horus|Aeon of Horus]] with the [[Stele of Revealing]] and ''[[The Book of the Law]]'', 1912]]

[[Aleister Crowley]] (1875–1947) was an English [[occult]]ist, philosopher, [[ceremonial magic]]ian, poet, painter, novelist and [[mountaineer]]. He founded the religion of [[Thelema]], identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the [[Æon of Horus]] in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.

According to Crowley's later statements, on 8 April he heard a disembodied voice identifying itself as that of [[Aiwass]], the messenger of Horus, or [[Heru-ra-ha|Hoor-Paar-Kraat]]. Crowley said that he wrote down everything the voice told him over the course of the next three days, and titled it ''Liber AL vel Legis'' or ''[[The Book of the Law]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Booth|1y=2000|1pp=184–88|2a1=Sutin|2y=2000|2pp=122–25|3a1=Kaczynski|3y=2010|3pp=127–29}} The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a new [[Aeon (Thelema)|Aeon]], and that Crowley would serve as its prophet. It stated that a supreme moral law was to be introduced in this Aeon, "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law," and that people should learn to live in tune with their Will. This book, and the philosophy that it espoused, became the cornerstone of Crowley's religion, [[Thelema]].{{sfnm|1a1=Booth|1y=2000|1pp=184–88|2a1=Sutin|2y=2000|2pp=125–33}}

In 1924, Crowley traveled to [[Tunisia]] for a magical retreat in [[Nefta]], where he also wrote ''To Man'' (1924), a declaration of his own status as a prophet entrusted with bringing Thelema to humanity.{{sfnm|1a1=Booth|1y=2000|1pp=412–17|2a1=Sutin|2y=2000|2pp=319–20|3a1=Kaczynski|3y=2010|3pp=413–15|4a1=Churton|4y=2011|4pp=287–88}} Crowley believed that the twentieth century marked humanity's entry to the Aeon of Horus, a new era in which humans would take increasing control of their destiny. He believed that this Aeon follows on from the Aeon of Osiris, in which paternalistic religions like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism dominated the world, and that this in turn had followed the Aeon of Isis, which was maternalistic and dominated by goddess worship.{{sfnm|1a1=Drury|1y=2012|1p=210|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=3}} He believed that Thelema was the proper religion of the Aeon of Horus,{{sfn|Asprem|2013|p=88}} and also deemed himself to be the prophet of this new Aeon.{{sfn|Djurdjevic|2014|p=51}}

Thelema revolves around the idea that human beings each have their own [[True Will]] that they should discover and pursue, and that this exists in harmony with the Cosmic Will that pervades the universe.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=174|2a1=Drury|2y=2012|2p=209}} Crowley referred to this process of searching and discovery of one's True Will to be "the [[Great Work (Thelema)|Great Work]]" or the attaining of the "[[Bornless Ritual|knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel]]".{{sfn|Asprem|2013|pp=88–89}} His favoured method of doing so was through the performance of the Abramelin operation, a ceremonial magic ritual obtained from a 17th-century grimoire.{{sfn|Asprem|2013|p=89}} The moral code of "Do What Thou Wilt" is believed by Thelemites to be the religion's ethical law, although the historian of religion Marco Pasi noted that this was not [[anarchistic]] or [[libertarian]] in structure, as Crowley saw individuals as part of a wider societal organism.{{sfn|Pasi|2014|p=49}}

== Secular usage ==
The designation of "[[Victorian era|Victorian]] prophet" has been used in reference to cultural critics of the era, such as [[Thomas Carlyle]] and [[John Ruskin]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Reinhard |first=Randall Gene |date=2020-02-11 |title=Edward Irving, Thomas Carlyle, and the making of the 'Victorian Prophet' |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/36814 |language=en |doi=10.7488/era/116}}</ref>

In the late 20th century the appellation of ''prophet'' has been used to refer to individuals particularly successful at analysis in the field of economics, such as in the derogatory ''prophet of greed''. Alternatively, social commentators who suggest escalating crisis are often called ''prophets of doom.''<ref>{{cite web | title = Ruff sees more rough times ahead – MarketWatch | access-date = 2009-04-09 | url = http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/ruff-sees-more-rough-times/story.aspx?guid=%7B0354D5FB%2D2AE2%2D48CB%2DA7F0%2D4B06FBE5EE61%7D&dist=TNMostRead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Nouriel Roubini: I fear the worst is yet to come – Times Online | access-date = 2009-04-09 | url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article5014463.ece | quote = ...after making a series of uncannily accurate predictions about the global meltdown, Roubini has become the prophet of his age... | work=The Times | location=London | first=Dominic | last=Rushe | date=2008-10-26}}</ref>

Scientists analyzing data to forecast future events can also be considered prophets in a secular sense. In 2020, [[Ann Druyan]] stated that, "The only prophets that I’m really impressed by are the climate scientists of the past seventy years." She included her late husband, [[Carl Sagan]], among the modern-day prophets, with the disclaimer that "[a] lot of the things that he speculated about haven’t turned out to be true, but all those people are human. They were just using their knowledge and their intelligence to make good guesses."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Rob |title=Exploring Possible Worlds with Ann Druyan |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/06/exploring-possible-worlds-with-ann-druyan/ |website=Skeptical Inquirer |date=30 June 2020 |publisher=Center for Inquiry |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asprem |first=Egil |title=Arguing with Angels: Enochian Magic and Modern Occulture |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4384-4191-7 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |oclc=809317694}}
* {{Cite book |last=Booth |first=Martin |title=A Magick Life: The Biography of Aleister Crowley |publisher=Coronet Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-340-71806-3 |location=London |oclc=59483726 |author-link=Martin Booth}}
* {{cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |year=1984 |title=Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism |publisher=Manchester University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-23902-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=Aleister Crowley: The Biography |publisher=Watkins Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78028-012-7 |location=London |oclc=701810228 |author-link=Tobias Churton}}
* {{Cite book |last=Djurdjevic |first=Gordan |title=India and the Occult: The Influence of South Asian Spirituality on Modern Western Occultism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-40498-5 |location=New York City |oclc=870285576}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |year=2016 |title=Lucifer Over Luxor: Archaeology, Egyptology, and Occultism in Kenneth Anger's Magick Lantern Cycle |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1503457/ |journal=Present Pasts |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.5334/pp.73 |doi-access=free |issn=1759-2941}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Pathways in Modern Western Magic |publisher=Concrescent Scholars |location=Richmond, CA |last=Drury |first=Nevill |editor-last=Drury |editor-first=Nevill |pages=205–245 |isbn=978-0-9843729-9-7 |oclc=814283519 |contribution=The Thelemic Sex Magick of Aleister Crowley}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt |title=The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-285449-0 |location=New York |oclc=41452625 |author-link=Ronald Hutton |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Richard |title=Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley |publisher=North Atlantic Books |year=2010 |edition=Revised and Expanded |location=Berkeley, California |author-link=Richard Kaczynski |isbn=978-1-55643-899-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Kriwaczek |first=Paul |year=2003 |title=In Search of Zarathustra: The First Prophet and the Ideas that Changed the World |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0375415289}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pasi |first=Marco |title=Aleister Crowley and the Temptation of Politics |publisher=Acumen |others=Ariel Godwin (translator) |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84465-696-7 |location=Durham |oclc=872678868 |orig-year=1999}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutin |first=Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/details/dowhatthouwiltli0000suti |title=Do What Thou Wilt: A Life of Aleister Crowley |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-312-25243-4 |location=New York |oclc=43581537 |author-link=Lawrence Sutin |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Aune |first=David E. |author-link=David Edward Aune |year=1983 |chapter=Ancient Israelite Prophecy and Prophecy in Early Judaism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cY3kedl8NMC&pg=PA81 |title=Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=81–147 |isbn=978-0-8028-0635-2 |oclc=9555379 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Cicero |first=Marcus Tullius |author-link=Marcus Tullius Cicero |year=1997 |title=De divinatione |translator=Arthur Stanley Pease |place=Darmstadt |publisher=Wissenschaflliche Buchgesellschaft |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dawson |first=Lorne L. |date=October 1999 |title=When Prophecy Fails and Faith Persists: A Theoretical Overview |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-pdf/3/1/60/302991/nr_1999_3_1_60.pdf |journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=60–82 |doi=10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.60 |doi-access=free |issn=1092-6690 |lccn=98656716 |access-date=20 September 2021 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Forbes |year=1997 |title=Prophecy and Inspired Speech: in Early Christianity and Its Hellenistic Environment |place=Peabody, Mass. |publisher=Hendrickson |isbn=1-56563-269-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Helm |first=June |author-link=June Helm |year=1994 |title=Prophecy and Power among the Dogrib Indians |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-2373-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Clifford S. |last=Hill |year=1991 |title=Prophecy, Past and Present: an Exploration of the Prophetic Ministry in the Bible and the Church today |place=Ann Arbor, Mich. |publisher=Vine |isbn=0-8028-0635-X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Pasi |first=M. |year=2021 |chapter=Aleister Crowley and Islam |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Sedgwick |editor2-first=F. |editor2-last=Piraino |title=Esoteric Transfers and Constructions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |pages=151-193 |series=Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-61788-2_8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Rowley |first=H. H. |author-link=H. H. Rowley |year=1956 |title=Prophecy and Religion in Ancient China and Israel |place=New York |publisher=Harper & Brothers |ref=none}}{{ISBN?}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Prophet}}
{{Commons category|Prophets}}
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prophet Etymology of the English word "prophet"]
* [http://www.propheticmidrash.com/ Prophetic Midrash: An interdenominational, multilingual list of prophets, broadly defined]
* {{cite web | title=Prophets, a Mormon Perspective | work=Mormon.org | url=http://www.mormon.org/learn/0,8672,805-1,00.html | access-date=August 5, 2005}}

{{Middle Eastern mythology}}
{{Zoroastrianism}}
{{Prophets in the Hebrew Bible|categories=no}}
{{Manichaeism footer}}
{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{LDSpriesthood}}
{{Baháʼí}}
{{Thelema series}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prophets| ]]
[[Category:Religious belief and doctrine]]