Plywood

{{Short description|Manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Spruce plywood.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Softwood]] plywood made from [[spruce]]]]
[[File:How-To-Make-Plywood.gif|thumb|300px|The principle of making plywood]]

'''Plywood''' is a [[composite material]] manufactured from thin layers, or "plies", of [[wood veneer]] that are glued together with adjacent layers, having both glued with each other at right angle or at 90 degrees angle. It is an [[engineered wood]] from the family of manufactured boards, which include [[medium-density fibreboard]] (MDF), [[oriented strand board]] (OSB), and [[particle board]] (or chipboard).

All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets ([[cellulose]] cells are long, strong and thin) to form a [[composite material]]. This alternation of the grain is called ''cross-graining'' and has several important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed at the edges; it reduces expansion and shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across all directions.  There is usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—this reduces warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd number of composite parts, it has high [[stiffness]] perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply. 

Smaller, thinner, and lower quality plywoods may only have their plies (layers) arranged at right angles to each other. Some better-quality plywood products will by design have five plies in steps of 45 degrees (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees), giving strength in multiple axes.

The word ''ply'' derives from the French verb {{lang|fr|plier}},<ref>Collins Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd Edition, London, 1986, p.1181</ref> "to fold", from the Latin verb {{lang|la|plico}}, from the ancient Greek verb {{lang|grc|πλέκω}}.<ref>Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.421</ref>

==History==
The ancient Egyptians and Greeks cut wood thinly and [[glue]]d it together in layers with the grain in perpendicular directions as fine wood was in short supply. This is believed to have been done purely for cosmetic and economical purposes but it turned out to be a great alternative to pure wood as it reduced flex, making it a versatile building material.
<ref>O'Halloran, M.R., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_lGeGsuaAC&dq=ancient+Greek+plywood&pg=PA917 Wood: Structural Panels]"; pp. 917-921 in Andreas Mortensen, ed., ''Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials'', Elsevier, 2006.</ref> 

In 1797 [[Samuel Bentham]] applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood.<ref name="Plywood">{{cite web|title=Plywood|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/plywood|work=Gale's How Products are Made|publisher=The Gale Group Inc.|access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>   Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were [[flat sawn]], [[rift sawing|rift sawn]] or [[quarter sawn]]; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length.{{citation needed|date = November 2019}}

About fifty years later [[Immanuel Nobel]], father of [[Alfred Nobel]], realized that several thinner layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than a single thick layer of wood. Understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood, he invented the [[Lathe#Rotary lathes|rotary lathe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thetimberpanel.blogspot.com/2013/09/nobel-plywood.html|title=Nobel Plywood|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary ''Robert'' describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry ''Déroulage''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dérouler|url=http://historique.fracademic.com/18379d%C3%A9rouler|work=Le Robert Historique de la langue française|publisher=Dictionnaires Robert|access-date=26 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224050/http://historique.fracademic.com/18379d%C3%A9rouler|url-status=dead}}</ref>  One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacturing was an established process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Plywood|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/plywood|encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia|access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>  and industrial production there started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4&nbsp;ft by 8&nbsp;ft (1.22 m by 2.44 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material.<ref name="Plywood"/>

Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made ''artist boards'' for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply) were produced and sold in New York as early as 1880.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muller|first=Norman E.|title=An early example of a plywood support for painting|journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation|volume=31|issue=2|pages=257–260|jstor=3179496|year=1992|doi=10.2307/3179496}}</ref>

There were experiments with gluing plywood with phenolic resins, mostly in the form of an alcoholic solution or powder, which, however, did not provide sufficient accuracy of application. Around 1930 a dry process of gluing veneers to plywood with phenolic resin in form of a [[Tego film|film]] has begun to spread in the production of waterproof plywood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sorensen |first=Ray |date=1934-01-01 |title=Dry Film Gluing in Plywood Manufacture |url=https://cybra.lodz.pl/Content/6335/WDI_56_1.pdf |journal=Journal of Fluids Engineering |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1115/1.4019652 |issn=0097-6822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Louis |date=1941-08-01 |title=Phenolic Resins for Plywood |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50380a005 |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry |language=en |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=975–980 |doi=10.1021/ie50380a005 |issn=0019-7866}}</ref> 

==Structural characteristics==
A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to [[bending]]. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in [[tension (physics)|tension]], the other in [[compression (physical)|compression]]. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the central layer. [[Shear stress]], by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibres. Within Europe basic plywood can be divided into three main categories: birch plywood (density approx. {{val|680|u=kg/m3}}), mixed plywood (density approx. {{val|620|u=kg/m3}}) and conifer plywoods (density 460–{{val|520|u=kg/m3}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.woodproducts.fi/content/plywood|title = Front Page}}</ref>

==Types==
[[File:plywood.jpg|thumb|right|Average-quality plywood with 'show veneer']]
[[File:multiplex.png|thumb|right|High-quality concrete pouring plate in plywood]]
[[File:Birke Multiplex.JPG|thumb|right|Extremely high-quality 29-ply [[Birch]] plywood]]

Different varieties of plywood exist for different applications:

''See also: [[pulpwood]]''

===Softwood===
[[Softwood]] plywood is usually made either of [[Cedrus|cedar]], [[Douglas fir]] or [[spruce]], [[pine]], and [[fir]] (collectively known as [[spruce-pine-fir]] or SPF) or [[redwood]] and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes.<ref>O'Halloran, p. 221.</ref>

The most common dimension is {{convert|1.2|x|2.4|m}} or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4&nbsp;feet × 8&nbsp;feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4&nbsp;mm to 4.3&nbsp;mm. The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. [[Roofing material|Roofing]] can use the thinner {{convert|5/8|in|mm|adj=on|order=flip}} plywood. Subfloors are at least {{convert|3/4|in|mm|order=flip}} thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor [[joist]]s. Plywood for flooring applications is often [[tongue and groove]] (T&G); This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the {{convert|1/2|to|1|in|mm|adj=on|order=flip}} range. 

===Hardwood===
[[Hardwood]] plywood is made out of wood from [[dicot]] trees (oak, beech and mahogany) and used for demanding end uses. Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness, durability and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel-carrying capacity. Hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness, and damage- and wear-resistance.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestindustries.fi/infokortit/handbookplywood/Documents/HandbookOfFinnishPlywood.pdf |title=Handbook of Finnish plywood |publisher=Finnish Forest Industries Federation |date=2002 |isbn=952-9506-63-5 |access-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200306/http://www.forestindustries.fi/infokortit/handbookplywood/Documents/HandbookOfFinnishPlywood.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

=== Tropical===
Tropical plywood is made of mixed hardwood species of [[tropical timber]].  Originally from the Asian region, it is now also manufactured in African and South American countries.  Tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality.  It is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards.  Tropical plywood is widely used in the UK, Japan, United States, Taiwan, Korea, Dubai, and other countries worldwide.  It is used for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost.  However, many countries' forests have been over-harvested, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, largely due to the demand for plywood production and export.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainforestrelief.org/What_to_Avoid_and_Alternatives/Rainforest_Wood/What_to_Avoid_What_to_Choose/By_Tree_Species/Tropical_Woods/L/Lauan_.html|title=Lauan (Shorea spp.)|website=www.rainforestrelief.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>

===Aircraft===
[[File:De Havilland DH-98 Mosquito ExCC.jpg|thumb|[[de Havilland Mosquito|De Havilland DH-98 Mosquito]] was made of curved and glued veneers]]

High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used in the construction of air assault gliders during [[World War II]] and also several [[fighter aircraft]], most notably the multi-role British [[De Havilland Mosquito|Mosquito]]. Nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder", plywood was used for the wing surfaces, and also flat sections such as bulkheads and the webs of the wing spars. The fuselage had exceptional rigidity from the bonded ply-balsa-ply 'sandwich' of its [[monocoque]] shell; elliptical in cross-section, it was formed in two separate mirror-image halves, using curved moulds.

Structural aircraft-grade plywood is most commonly manufactured from African mahogany, spruce or birch veneers that are bonded together in a hot press over hardwood cores of basswood or poplar or from European Birch veneers throughout. Basswood is another type of aviation-grade plywood that is lighter and more flexible than mahogany and birch plywood but has slightly less{{Citation needed|reason=da012|date=April 2013}} structural strength. Aviation-grade plywood is manufactured to a number of specifications including those outlined since 1931 in the Germanischer Lloyd Rules for Surveying and Testing of Plywood for Aircraft and MIL-P-607, the latter of which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for three hours to verify the adhesive qualities between the plies meets specifications. Aircraft grade plywood is made from three or more plies of birch, as thin as {{convert|1/64|in|mm|order=flip}} thick in total, and is extremely strong and light. 

Howard Hughes' [[H-4 Hercules]] was constructed of plywood. The plane was built by the [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] employing a plywood-and-resin [[Duramold]] process.<ref>Winchester, Jim. "Hughes H-4 'Spruce Goose'." ''Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft''. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-59223-480-6}} p. 113.</ref> The specialized wood veneer was made by Roddis Manufacturing in [[Marshfield, Wisconsin]].<ref>[http://www.marshfieldnewsherald.com/article/20131023/MNH01/310230453/Marshfield-women-recall-building-engineering-marvels-skies?nclick_check=1 Marshfield women recall building engineering marvels of the skies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217024344/http://www.marshfieldnewsherald.com/article/20131023/MNH01/310230453/Marshfield-women-recall-building-engineering-marvels-skies?nclick_check=1 |date=2014-12-17 }}, Marshfield News Herald</ref>

===Decorative (overlaid)===
Usually faced with [[hardwood]], including [[ash (tree)|ash]], [[oak]], [[Erythrobalanus|red oak]], [[birch]], [[maple]], [[mahogany]], [[shorea]] (often called lauan, meranti, or Philippine mahogany, though having no relation to true mahogany), [[rosewood]], [[teak]] and a large number of other hardwoods.

===Flexible===
Flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts, a practice which dates back to the 1850s in furniture making.{{facts|date=December 2018}} At {{convert|3/8|in}} thick, mahogany three-ply "wiggle board" or "bendy board" come in {{convert|4|×|8|ft}} sheets with a very thin cross-grain central ply and two thicker exterior plies, either long grain on the sheet, or cross grain. Wiggle board is often glued together in two layers once it is formed into the desired curve, so that the final shape will be stiff and resist movement. Often, decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer.

In the United Kingdom single-ply sheets of veneer were used to make [[Top hat|stove pipe hats]] in Victorian times, so flexible modern plywood is sometimes known there as "hatters ply",{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} although the original material was not strictly plywood, but a single sheet of veneer.

===Marine===
Marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers, with few defects so it performs longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack. Its construction is such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods. Each wood veneer will be from tropical hardwoods and have negligible core gap, limiting the chance of trapping water in the plywood and hence providing a solid and stable glue bond. It uses an exterior Weather and Boil Proof (WBP) glue similar to most exterior plywoods.

Marine plywood can be graded as being compliant with [[BS 1088]], which is a [[British Standard]] for marine plywood and IS:710 is Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for marine grade plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine plywood and most of the standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a [[Lloyd's of London]] stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are [[Aucoumea klaineana|Okoumé]] or [[Shorea|Meranti]].

In the UK, one can find builders' merchants advertising a grade of ply as "marine ply" that does not conform to [[BS 1088]] - generally online adverts for these products will include a caveat along the lines of "not suitable for boat

In India,marine ply is popularly called "Kitply" after the brand which popularised the concept of water proof marine plywood in the 1980"s.

===Other===
Other types of plywoods include fire-retardant, moisture-resistant, wire mesh, sign-grade, and pressure-treated. However, the plywood may be treated with various chemicals to improve the plywood's fireproofing. Each of these products is designed to fill a need in industry.

Baltic Birch plywood is a product of an area around the Baltic Sea. Originally manufactured for European cabinet makers but now popular in the United States as well. It is very stable composed of an inner void-free core of cross-banded birch plys with an exterior grade adhesive. The face veneers are thicker than traditional cabinet grade

== Production ==
[[File:Sandakan Sabah Plywood-Factory-20a.jpg|thumb|Logs for plywood construction in a plywood factory]]
Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a [[sawmill]]. The log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it, causing a thin layer of wood to peel off (much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll). An adjustable nosebar, which may be solid or a roller, is pressed against the log during rotation, to create a "gap" for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar.  The nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled; it controls vibration of the peeling knife; and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness.  In this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer, which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions, to allow it to shrink (depending on wood species) when dried.  The sheets are then patched, graded, glued together and then baked in a press at a temperature of at least {{convert|140|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and at a pressure of up to {{convert|1.9|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} (but more commonly 200 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled, re-sized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended.

[[File:Joensuu plywood mill (1).jpg|thumb|A plywood mill in [[Joensuu]], [[Finland]]]]
Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive [[urea-formaldehyde]] glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-resistant [[resorcinol-formaldehyde]] or [[Phenol formaldehyde resin|phenol-formaldehyde]] glue to prevent [[delamination]] and to retain strength in high [[humidity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldwoodply.com/boat.php|title = Marine Plywood Grades and Specifications - Boat Marine Plywood &#124;Goldwood Industries}}</ref>

The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations. As a result, many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde-emitting glue systems, denoted by an "E" rating. Plywood produced to "E0" has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions.<ref>[http://www.ewp.asn.au/newsandmedia/downloads/media_release_-_formaldehyde_emissions.pdf Engineered Wood Products Association of Australasia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044838/http://www.ewp.asn.au/newsandmedia/downloads/media_release_-_formaldehyde_emissions.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 2012-02-10.</ref>

In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. [[Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification]] (PEFC) [[Forest Stewardship Council]] (FSC), [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED), [[Sustainable Forestry Initiative]] (SFI), and Greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user.<ref>[http://www.prowoodworkingtips.com/Plywood.html Pro Woodworking Tips.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005212434/http://prowoodworkingtips.com/Plywood.html |date=2010-10-05 }}. Pro Woodworking Tips.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-10.</ref>

==Sizes==
The most commonly used thickness range is from {{convert|1/8|to|3.0|in|mm}}. The sizes of the most commonly used plywood sheets are 4 x 8 feet (1220 x 2440&nbsp;mm)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldwoodply.com/goldwood.php|title=Mr Plywood India: Mr Plywood Yamunanagar, Mr Grade Plywood Manufacturers in Yamuna Nagar, India}}</ref> which was first used by the Portland Manufacturing Company, who developed what we know of as modern veneer core plywood for the 1905 Portland World Fair. A common metric size for a sheet of plywood is 1200 x 2400&nbsp;mm. {{convert|5|xx|5|ft|mm}} is also a common European size for Baltic birch ply, and aircraft ply.<ref>[http://www.cps.gov.on.ca/english/plans/E9000/9011/M-9011L.pdf Metric conversions, Canadian government publication] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216044053/http://www.cps.gov.on.ca/english/plans/E9000/9011/M-9011L.pdf |date=2010-02-16 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 2012-02-10.</ref>

Sizes on specialised plywood for concrete-forming can range from {{convert|abbr=on|15/64|to|13/16|in|mm|0}}, and a multitude of formats exist, though 15&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{convert|abbr=on|750|xx|1,500|mm|in|disp=x| (.59in&nbsp;×&nbsp;|)}} (19/32in&nbsp;×&nbsp;2&nbsp;ft-6in&nbsp;×&nbsp;4&nbsp;ft-11in)<!--todo: replace with convert template once it supports fractional ft-inch output in ranges--> is very commonly used.

Aircraft plywood is available in thicknesses of {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0}} (3 ply construction) and upwards; typically aircraft plywood uses veneers of 0.5&nbsp;mm&nbsp;(approx&nbsp;1/64&nbsp;in) thickness although much thinner veneers such as 0.1&nbsp;mm are also used in construction of some of the thinner panels.

== Grades ==
Grading rules differ according to the country of origin. The most popular standards are the British Standard (BS) and the American Standard (ASTM). Joyce (1970), however, list some general indication of grading rules:<ref>Joyce, Ernest. 1970. ''The Technique of Furniture Making''. London: B. T. Batsford Limited.</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Typical Western grades, after Joyce
|-
!scope="col"| Grade
!scope="col"| Description
|-
!scope="row"| A 
| Face and back veneers practically free from all defects.
|-
!scope="row"| A/B 
| Face veneers practically free from all defects. Reverse veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.
|-
!scope="row"| A/BB 
| Face as A but reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.
|-
!scope="row"| B
| Both side veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations.
|-
!scope="row"| B/BB 
| Face veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations. Reverse side permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.
|-
!scope="row"| BB 
| Both sides permitting jointed veneers, large knots, plugs, etc.
|-
!scope="row"| C/D 
| For structural plywood, this grade means that the face has knots and defects filled in and the reverse may have some that are not filled. Neither face is an appearance grade, nor are they sanded smooth. This grade is often used for sheathing the surfaces of a building prior to being covered with another product like flooring, siding, masonry, or roofing materials.
|-
!scope="row"| WG 
| Guaranteed well glued only. All broken knots plugged.
|-
!scope="row"| X 
| Knots, knotholes, cracks, and all other defects permitted.
|-
!scope="row"| WBP 
| Weather and boil proof glue used in marine plywood. Designation replaced by EN 314-3.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Grades according to Japan Plywood Inspection Corporation (JPIC) Standards
|-
!scope="col"| Grade
!scope="col"| Description
|-
!scope="row"| BB/CC 
| Face as BB, back as CC. BB as very little knots of less than 1/4&nbsp;inches, slight discoloration, no decay, split and wormholes mended skillfully, matched colors, no blister, no wrinkle. Most popular choice for many applications like furniture, packing and construction.
|}

== Applications ==
Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping.

Exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects the strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved where the moisture content remains relatively low. Subzero conditions do not affect the dimensional or strength properties of plywood,  making some special applications possible.

Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British [[de Havilland Mosquito]] bomber, with a fuselage made of birch plywood sandwiching a [[Ochroma pyramidale|balsa]] core, and using plywood extensively for the wings. Plywood was also used for the hulls in the [[Chine (boating)|hard-chine]] [[Motor Torpedo Boat]]s (MTB) and [[Motor Gun Boat]]s (MGB) built by the [[British Power Boat Company]] and [[Vosper & Company|Vosper]]'s, American [[PT boat]]s, and the [[Higgins boat|Higgins landing craft]] critical to the D-Day landings. The American designers [[Charles Eames|Charles]] and [[Ray Eames]] are known for their plywood-based furniture, as is Finnish Architect Alvar Aalto and his firm [[Artek (company)|Artek]], while [[Phil Bolger]] has designed a wide range of boats built primarily of plywood. Jack Köper of Cape Town designed the plywood [[Dabchick (dinghy)|Dabchick sailing dinghy]], which {{as of|2015|lc=y}} is still sailed by large numbers of teenagers.
[[File:Detrola Model 579 (1946).jpg|thumb|[[Detrola Radio & Television Corporation|Detrola]] Model 579 (1946) radio, made of plywood]]
Plywood is often used to create curved surfaces because it can easily bend with the grain. Skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as the top smooth surface over bent curves to create transition that can simulate the shapes of ocean waves.

===Softwood plywood===
Typical end uses of spruce plywood are:
*Floors, walls, and roofs in home constructions
*Wind bracing panels
*Vehicle internal body work
*Packages and boxes
*Fencing

There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce plywood. For these coated plywoods there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but the lightness of spruce is a benefit, e.g.:
*Concrete shuttering panels
*Ready-to-paint surfaces for constructions

===Hardwood plywood===
[[Phenolic resin]] film coated (Film Faced) [[hardwood]] plywood is typically used as a ready-to-install component e.g.:
*Panels in concrete form work systems
*Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles
*Container floors
*Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and factories
*Scaffolding materials

::("Wire" or other styles of imprinting available for better traction)

Birch plywood is used as a structural material in special applications e.g.:
*[[Wind turbine]] blades
*Insulation boxes for [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) carriers

Smooth surface and accurate thickness combined with the durability of the material makes birch plywood a favorable material for many special end uses e.g.:
*High-end loud speakers
*Die-cutting boards
*Supporting structure for parquet
*Playground equipment
*Furniture
*Signs and fences for demanding outdoor advertising
*Musical instruments
*Sports equipment

===Tropical plywood===
Tropical plywood is widely available from the South-East Asia region, mainly from [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]].

*Common plywood
*Concrete panel
*Floor base
*Structure panel
*Container flooring
*Lamin board
*[[Laminated veneer lumber]] (LVL)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}


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[[Category:Plywood| ]]
[[Category:Engineered wood]]
[[Category:Composite materials]]