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Do not fill this in! {{short description|U.S. state}} {{about|the U.S. state}} {{Redirect|Penn.|other uses|Penn (disambiguation){{!}}Penn}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Use American English|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox U.S. state | name = Pennsylvania | official_name = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania | native_name = ''Pennsylvanie ([[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]])'' | image_flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg | flag_link = Flag of Pennsylvania | image_seal = Seal of Pennsylvania.svg | nicknames = Keystone State;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/things/4280/symbols_of_pennsylvania/478690 |title=Symbols of Pennsylvania |publisher=Portal.state.pa.us |access-date=May 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014215922/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Quaker State | motto = Virtue, Liberty and Independence | Former = Province of Pennsylvania | OfficialLang = None | Languages = [[English language|English]] 90.15%<br />[[Spanish language|Spanish]] 4.09%<br />[[German language|German]] (including [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]) 0.87%<br />[[Chinese language|Chinese]] 0.47%<br />[[Italian language|Italian]] 0.43%<ref>{{cite web| title=Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010| url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&SRVY_YEAR=2010&geo=state&state_id=42&mode=geographic| publisher=MLA Data Center| access-date=November 4, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527233532/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2010%26geo%3Dstate%26state_id%3D42%26mode%3Dgeographic| archive-date=May 27, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = [[List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories|Pennsylvanian]]<br />[[List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories|Pennamite]]<br />''[[List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories|Pennsylvanier]]'' (Pennsylvania Dutch) | image_map = Pennsylvania in United States.svg | seat = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] | LargestCity = [[Philadelphia]] | LargestCounty = [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] | LargestMetro = [[Delaware Valley]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Josh Shapiro]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = [[Austin Davis (politician)|Austin Davis]] (D) | Legislature = {{nowrap|[[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]]}} | Upperhouse = [[Pennsylvania State Senate|State Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[Bob Casey Jr.]] (D)}}<br>{{nowrap|[[John Fetterman]] (D)}} | Representative = 9 Democrats<br>8 Republicans | postal_code = PA | TradAbbreviation = Pa., Penn., Penna. | anthem = "[[Pennsylvania (song)|Pennsylvania]]"<br>{{center|[[File:"Pennsylvania" - Regional anthem of Pennsylvania.ogg]]}} | population_rank = 5th | population_as_of = 2020<ref name="Bureau 2021">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Pennsylvania |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PA |date=July 1, 2022 |accessdate=June 6, 2023 |website=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> | 2020Pop = 13,002,700 | population_density_rank = 9th | 2000DensityUS = 290 | 2000Density = 112 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $68,957<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|21st]] | area_rank = 33rd | area_total_sq_mi = 46,055 | area_total_km2 = 119,283 | area_land_sq_mi = 44,816.61 | area_land_km2 = 116,074 | area_water_sq_mi = 1,239 | area_water_km2 = 3,208 | area_water_percent = 2.7 | AdmittanceOrder = 2nd | AdmittanceDate = December 12, 1787 | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] | utc_offset1 = −05:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −04:00 | Longitude = 74°41′ to 80°31′ W | Latitude = 39°43′ to 42°16′ N | width_mi = 283 | width_km = 455 | length_mi = 170 | length_km = 273 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)|Mount Davis]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}} | elevation_max_ft = 3,213 | elevation_max_m = 979 | elevation_ft = 1,100 | elevation_m = 340 | elevation_min_point = [[Delaware River]] at {{nowrap|[[Delaware]] border}}<ref name=USGS /> | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_min_m = 0 | iso_code = US-PA | website = https://pa.gov | Capital = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] | Representatives = }} {{Infobox region symbols|country=United States |image_flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg |image_seal = Seal of Pennsylvania.svg |image_arms = Coat of arms of Pennsylvania.svg |state = Pennsylvania |bird = [[Ruffed grouse]] |dog = [[Great Dane]] |fish = [[Brook trout]] |amphibian = [[Eastern Hellbender]] |flower = [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain laurel]] |insect = Firefly (Colloquially "Lightning Bug") (''[[Photuris pensylvanica]]'') |mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] |tree = [[Eastern hemlock]] |beverage = [[Milk]] |food = [[Chocolate Chip Cookie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/pennsylvania/state-food-agriculture-symbol/chocolate-chip-cookie|year=2016|access-date=February 22, 2016|title=Cookie Candidates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307141648/http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/pennsylvania/state-food-agriculture-symbol/chocolate-chip-cookie|archive-date=March 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |dance = [[Polka]] |fossil = [[Trilobite]] |soil = Hazleton |image_route = PA-18.svg |image_quarter = 1999 PA Proof.png |quarter_release_date = 1999 }} '''Pennsylvania''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Pennsylvania.ogg|ˌ|p|ɛ|n|s|ɪ|l|ˈ|v|eɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|PEN|sil|VAY|nee|ə}}, {{Literal translation|Penn's forest}}),<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Pennsylvania|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> officially the '''Commonwealth of Pennsylvania'''{{efn|Pennsylvania is one of [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|only four U.S. states]] to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with [[Massachusetts]], [[Virginia]], and [[Kentucky]].}} ([[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]: {{Lang|pdc|Pennsylvanie}}),<ref name="thegermanpioneer">{{cite book|title=Der Deutsche Pionier: Erinnerungen aus dem Pionier-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika ..., Volumes 3 to 5|year=1871|pages=88}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] spanning the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]], [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]], [[Appalachia]]n, and [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes]] regions of the [[United States]]. Pennsylvania borders [[Delaware]] to its southeast, [[Maryland]] to its south, [[West Virginia]] to its southwest, [[Ohio]] and the [[Ohio River]] to its west, [[Lake Erie]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] to its north, the [[Delaware River]] and [[New Jersey]] to its east, and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] to its northwest. Pennsylvania is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|fifth-most populous state in the United States]], with over 13 million residents as of the [[2020 United States census]].<ref name="Bureau 2021" /> The state is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|33rd-largest]] by area and has the [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|ninth-highest population density]] among all states. The largest [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) is the southeastern [[Delaware Valley]], which includes and surrounds [[Philadelphia]], the state's [[List of cities in Pennsylvania|largest]] and [[List of United States cities by population|nation's sixth-most populous]] city. The second-largest metropolitan area, [[Greater Pittsburgh]], is centered in and around [[Pittsburgh]], the state's second-largest city. The state's subsequent five most populous cities are [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], and [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]].<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="pennsylvaniagermansociety">{{cite book |title=Proceedings and Addresses, Volumes 1 to 2|author=Pennsylvania-German Society|year=1891|publisher=Pennsylvania-German Society|pages=35}}</ref> The state capital is [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]. [[Geography of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania's geography]] is highly diverse. The [[Appalachian Mountains]] run through the center of the state; the [[Allegheny Mountains|Allegheny]] and [[Pocono Mountains|Pocono]] mountains span much of [[Northeastern Pennsylvania]]; close to [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|60% of the state is forested]]. While it has only {{convert|140|mi|km|0}} of waterfront along [[Lake Erie]] and the Delaware River,<ref name="Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/states/shorelines.pdf |title=General Coastline and Shoreline Mileage of the United States |publisher=NOAA Office of Coastal Management |access-date=December 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225011959/https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/states/shorelines.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pennsylvania has the most [[List of rivers of Pennsylvania|navigable rivers]] of any state in the nation, including the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]], Delaware, [[Genesee River|Genesee]], [[Ohio River|Ohio]], [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]], and others. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 through a royal [[land grant]] to [[William Penn]], son of [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|the state's namesake]]. Prior to that, between 1638 and 1655, a southeast portion of the state was part of [[New Sweden]], a [[Swedish Empire]] colony. Established as a haven for religious and political tolerance, the [[British colonization of the Americas|colonial-era]] [[Province of Pennsylvania]] was known for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, [[County commission|innovative government system]], and [[religious tolerance|religious pluralism]]. Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the [[American Revolution]] and the ultimately successful quest for independence from the [[British Empire]], hosting the [[First Continental Congress|First]] and [[Second Continental Congress]] leading to the adoption of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].<ref name="American Creation">{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Joseph |url=https://archive.org/details/americancreation0000elli_t3w8 |title=American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic |date=2007 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-26369-8 |location=New York |pages=55–56 |author-link=Joseph Ellis |url-access=registration}}</ref> On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/pennsylvania U.S. News | Best States | Pennsylvania]</ref> The bloodiest battle of the [[American Civil War]], at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] over three days in July 1863, proved the war's turning point, leading to the [[Conclusion of the American Civil War|Union's preservation]]. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state's manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, [[skyscraper]]s, and military hardware used in U.S.-led victories in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and the [[Cold War]]. Since the state's 1787 founding, a [[List of people from Pennsylvania|number of influential Pennsylvanians]] have proven national and global leaders in their respective fields. Pennsylvania also has accumulated a lengthy list of [[List of Pennsylvania firsts|firsts among U.S. states]], including founding the nation's [[Library Company of Philadelphia|first library]] (1731), the [[Schuylkill Fishing Company|first social club]] (1732), the [[American Philosophical Society|first science organization]] (1743), the [[Pennsylvania Ministerium|first Lutheran church]] (1748), the [[Pennsylvania Hospital|first hospital]] (1751), the [[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|first medical school]] (1765), the [[Pennsylvania Packet|first daily newspaper]] (1784), the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts|first arts institution]] (1805), the [[Walnut Street Theatre|first theatre]] (1809), the [[Wharton School|first business school]] (1881), and other firsts among the nation's 50 states. ==History== {{Main|History of Pennsylvania}} {{See also|List of Pennsylvania firsts|List of people from Pennsylvania}} ===Indigenous settlement=== Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends to thousands of years before the foundation of the colonial [[Province of Pennsylvania]] in 1681. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] believe the first [[Peopling of the Americas|settlement of the Americas]] occurred at least 15,000 years ago during the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]], though it is unclear when humans first entered the area now known as Pennsylvania. There also is uncertainty regarding the date when ancestors of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] crossed the two continents, arriving in [[North America]]; possibilities range between 30,000 and 10,500 years ago.<ref name="PHMC Paleoindian2">{{cite web |title=Paleoindian Period – 16,000 to 10,000 years ago |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/paleoindian_period/405749 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref> [[Meadowcroft Rockshelter]] in [[Jefferson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania|Jefferson Township]] includes the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania and perhaps all of North America,<ref name="Meadow2">[http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2013/08/11/ancient-pa-dwelling-still-dividing-archaeologists/ Ancient Pa. Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists]</ref> including the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the [[Clovis culture]].<ref name="PHMC12">{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania on the Eve of Colonization |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001405/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref><ref name="Meadow2" /> By 1000 CE, in contrast to their nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]] [[Paleo-Indians|ancestors]], the native population of Pennsylvania had developed [[Agriculture|agricultural]] techniques and a mixed food economy.<ref name="PHMC Late Woodland2">{{cite web |title=Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Delaware River Valleys |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321213816/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |archive-date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}</ref> By the time [[European colonization of the Americas]] began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania.<ref name="PHMC12" /> The first, the [[Lenape]], spoke an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] and inhabited the eastern region of the state, then known as [[Lenapehoking]]. It included most of [[New Jersey]], the [[Lehigh Valley]], and [[Delaware Valley]] regions of eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. The Lenape's territory ended somewhere between the [[Delaware River]] in the east and the [[Susquehanna River]] in central Pennsylvania. The [[Susquehannock]], who spoke an [[Iroquoian language]], were based in [[Western Pennsylvania]] from [[New York (state)|New York]] state in the north to [[West Virginia]] in the southwest that included the Susquehanna River to the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]] and [[Monongahela River|Monongahela]] rivers near present-day [[Pittsburgh]].<ref>"On the Susquehannocks: Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds - The Historical Society of Baltimore County". www.HSOBC.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref> European disease and constant warfare with several neighbors and groups of Europeans weakened these tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the [[Wyandot people|Hurons]] and [[Iroquois]] blocked them from proceeding west into Ohio during the [[Beaver Wars]]. As they lost numbers and land, they abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes located more to the north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian [[Petun]].<ref>"Early Indian Migration in Ohio". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref>Garrad, Charles "Petun and the Petuns"</ref> They were fragmented into three groups during the Beaver Wars: the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of [[Ohio]], and the Tiontatecaga of the Kanawha River in southern West Virginia. South of the Allegheny River was a nation known as Calicua.<ref>(Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area – geographical sunny climate. also 1536, Cauca River, linking Cali, important for higher population agriculture and cattle raising and Colombia's coffee is produced in the adjacent uplands. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit, a port an hour south of Cancún. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut)</ref> They may have been the same as the [[Monongahela culture]] and little is known about them except that they were probably a [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] culture. Archaeological sites from this time in this region are scarce. ===17th century=== {{Main|Province of Pennsylvania}} [[File:William_Penn.png|thumb|[[William Penn]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] and son of a [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|prominent admiral]], founded the colonial [[Province of Pennsylvania]] in 1681.]] In the 17th century, the [[New Netherland|Dutch]] and the [[Virginia Company|English]] each claimed both sides of the [[Delaware River]] as part of their colonial lands in America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles O. |title=Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States |date=1932 |publisher=[[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] and [[American Geographical Society]] |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=John K. |location=New York and Washington, D.C. |pages=Plate 42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=17–23}}</ref><ref name="Van Zandt2">{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=1976 |series=Geological Survey Professional Papers |volume=909 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=74, 92}}</ref> The Dutch were the first to take possession.<ref name="Van Zandt2" /> By June 3, 1631, the Dutch began settling the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] by establishing the [[Zwaanendael Colony]] on the site of present-day [[Lewes, Delaware]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |pages=9–12}}</ref> In 1638, Sweden established [[New Sweden|New Sweden Colony]] in the region of [[Fort Christina]] on the site of present-day [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region, including parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but settled few colonists there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |title=New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1 |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company |year=1964 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |page=12}}</ref> On March 12, 1664, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II of England]] gave [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]] a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant and other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for [[New Netherland]], which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=4 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=278–280}}</ref> On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day [[New Jersey]] to [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]] and [[George Carteret]] for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when [[New Amsterdam]] was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in [[New York Harbor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=1976 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n88 79]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=6 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=375–377}}</ref> This conquest continued, and was completed in October 1664, when the British captured [[Fort Casimir]] in what today is [[New Castle, Delaware]]. The [[Peace of Breda]] between England, France, and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667,<ref>{{cite book |last=Farnham |first=Mary Frances |title=Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine |publisher=Collections of the [[Maine Historical Society]], 2nd Series. |year=1901–1902 |volume=7 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=311, 314}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |title-link=Consolidated Treaty Series |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=231}}</ref> although there were temporary reversions. On September 12, 1672, during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], the Dutch reconquered [[New York Colony]]/[[New Amsterdam]], establishing three County Courts, which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |pages=[https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/page/507 507]–508 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407175836/https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and reverted all political situations to the ''status quo ante bellum''. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.<ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=13 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=136}}</ref> By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, and the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.<ref>{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |volume=12 |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |page=515}}</ref> Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.<ref>{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7 |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |pages=119, 198}}</ref> On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428183155/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp|date=April 28, 2011}}. This charter, granted by [[Charles II (England)]] to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral William Penn]], whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, [[William Penn]] purchased, a quit-claim from the [[James II (England)|Duke of York]] to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664</ref> to [[Quakers|Quaker]] leader William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}</ref> (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Worth |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681£71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064027/http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681£71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Measuring Worth}}</ref> owed to William's father. The transaction represents one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.<ref name="quapoly2">{{cite web |date=March 28, 2006 |title=Quakers and the political process |url=http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050103/http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Pym.org}}</ref> Penn proposed that the land be called New Wales, but there were objections to that name, so he recommended Sylvania (from the [[Latin]] ''silva'': "forest, woods"). The King named it Pennsylvania (literally "Penn's Woods") in honor of Admiral Penn. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh |url=http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222003958/http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |publisher=Britannia.com |quote=This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name}}</ref> Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the [[county commission]] and [[Freedom of religion|freedom of religious conviction]].<ref name="quapoly2" /> What had been Upland on the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware border was renamed as [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]] when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681.<ref>{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |volume=7 |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes |publisher=[[Oceana Publications]] |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=8 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=243}}</ref> Penn signed a peace treaty with [[Tamanend]], leader of the Lenape, which began a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yount |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82 |title=How the Quakers invented America |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7425-5833-5 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084151/https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82&dq&hl=en |archive-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The [[Treaty of Shackamaxon|treaty]] of William Penn was never violated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Sydney G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13 |title=The Quaker Colonies |publisher=Echo Library |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4068-5110-6 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320020816/http://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13&dq&hl=en |archive-date=March 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | Treaty of Shackamaxon |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/treaty-of-shackamaxon-2/ |website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Respectfully Remembering the Affable One |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/ |website=Hidden City Philadelphia}}</ref> ===18th century=== {{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution}}{{Further|George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|Philadelphia campaign|Constitutional Convention (United States)}} [[File:Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG|thumb|[[Shelter House]] in [[Emmaus, Pennsylvania|Emmaus]], constructed in 1734 by [[Pennsylvania Dutch|Pennsylvania German]] settlers, is the oldest continuously occupied building structure in the [[Lehigh Valley]] and one of the oldest in Pennsylvania<ref>[https://shelterhouseemmaus.org/about/ Shelter House official website], retrieved May 4, 2022</ref>]] [[File:Independence_Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]], where the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] were adopted in 1776 and 1787-88, respectively]] Between 1730 and when the Pennsylvania Colony was shut down by [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] with the [[Currency Act]] in 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued bills of credit, which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the government used discretion and did not issue excessive amounts that inflated the currency. [[Benjamin Franklin]] had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, was never to be disputed. The currency also met with "cautious approval" by [[Adam Smith]].<ref>Hamilton, Alexander and Syrett, Harold C. ''The Papers of Alexander Hamilton''. 1963, page 240.</ref> The [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]] was founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1740, becoming one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] and the first college established in the state and one of the first in the nation; today, it is an [[Ivy League]] university that is ranked one the world's best universities.<ref name="oldestcolleges2">{{cite web |title=The Five Oldest Colleges in Pennsylvania |url=https://classroom.synonym.com/five-oldest-colleges-pennsylvania-7886287.html |access-date=February 25, 2022 |publisher=Classroom}}</ref> [[Dickinson College]] in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]] was the first college founded after the states united.<ref name="oldestcolleges2" /> Established in 1773, Dickinson was ratified five days after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] on September 9, 1783, and was founded by [[Benjamin Rush]] and named after [[John Dickinson]]. [[James Smith (frontiersman)|James Smith]] wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania. This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state."<ref>{{cite web |year=1799 |title=An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) : during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59 |url=https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131120248/https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2014 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Lexington : John Bradford}}</ref> The ensuing hostilities became known as [[Pontiac's War]]. After the [[Stamp Act Congress]] of 1765, delegate [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] of Philadelphia wrote the [[Declaration of Rights and Grievances]]. The Congress was the first meeting of the [[Thirteen Colonies]], called at the request of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] assembly, but only nine of the 13 colonies sent delegates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726144043/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html |archive-date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |newspaper=The Library of Congress}}</ref> Dickinson then wrote ''[[Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania|Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies]]'', which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dickinson Letters |url=http://18thcenturyreadingroom.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_18thcenturyreadingroom_archive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708021458/http://18thcenturyreadingroom.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_18thcenturyreadingroom_archive.html |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=18thcenturyreadingroom.blogspot.com}}</ref> When the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the [[First Continental Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807142344/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html |archive-date=August 7, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]], which also met in Philadelphia beginning in May 1775, authored and signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in Philadelphia,<ref>{{cite web |date=July 20, 2010 |title=Library of Congress: Primary documents—The Declaration of Independence |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804073324/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html |archive-date=August 4, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> but when Philadelphia fell to the [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British]] in the [[Philadelphia Campaign]], the Continental Congress moved west, where it met at the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to [[York, Pennsylvania|York]]. In York, the Second Continental Congress adopted the [[Articles of Confederation]], largely authored by Pennsylvania delegate [[John Dickinson]], that formed 13 independent States{{efn|At the time, Vermont has not yet seceded from New York State.}} into a new union. Later, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new nation.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Nine Capitals of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320084755/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Senate.gov}}</ref> The Constitution was drafted and signed at the [[Pennsylvania State House]] in Philadelphia, now known as [[Independence Hall]], the same building where the Declaration of Independence was previously adopted and signed in 1776.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution FAQs |url=http://constitutioncenter.org/learn/educational-resources/constitution-faqs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616141646/http://constitutioncenter.org/learn/educational-resources/constitution-faqs |archive-date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2016 |publisher=National Constitution Center}}</ref> On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806055850/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> five days after [[Delaware]] became the first. At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies. Because a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke [[German language|German]], the Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in the discussion about it. [[Frederick Muhlenberg|Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg]], a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister and the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]], acted as chairman of Pennsylvania's ratifying convention.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pennsylvania-ratifies-the-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013064640/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pennsylvania-ratifies-the-constitution |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC}}</ref> For half a century, the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] met at various places in the Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.<ref name="legiscap2">{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania's Capitals |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000615224551/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2000 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Legis.state.pa.us}}</ref> However, events such as the [[Paxton Boys]] massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware of the need for a central capital. In 1799, the General Assembly moved to the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] Courthouse.<ref name="legiscap2" /> ===19th century=== {{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War|Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg Address|Industrial Revolution in the United States}} [[File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], fought July 1–3, 1863 in [[Gettysburg Battlefield|Gettysburg]], was the Civil War's [[List of costliest American Civil War land battles|deadliest battle]] but also is widely considered the [[Turning point of the American Civil War|war's turning point]] in the [[Union Army|Union's]] ultimate victory. The battle is depicted in this 1887 [[Thure de Thulstrup]] painting, ''Battle of Gettysburg''.]] [[File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg|thumb|On November 19, 1863, [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]] (center, facing camera) arrived in [[Gettysburg National Cemetery|Gettysburg]] and delivered the [[Gettysburg Address]], considered one of the best-known speeches in American history.<ref name="Conant 2015 ix2">{{cite book |last=Conant |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022745-6 |location=New York |page=ix}}</ref><ref name="Holsinger 1999 1022">{{cite book |last=Holsinger |first=M. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA102 |title=War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-29908-7 |location=Westport, CT |page=102}}</ref>]] The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] Court House until December 1821<ref name="legiscap2" /> when the [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style Hills Capitol, named for Lancaster architect [[Stephen Hills]], was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] by the son and namesake of [[John Harris, Sr.]], a [[Yorkshire]] native who founded a trading post and ferry on the east shore of the [[Susquehanna River]] in 1705.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |title=History of John Harris |url=http://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408203618/http://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |archive-date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Mrs. Carlyle C. Browne (descendant of Sarah Ann Harris, fifth daughter of Alfred Bingham Harris, and granddaughter of Elisha John Harris of the Mansion, Harrisburg PA, USA)}}</ref> The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty [[flue]].<ref name="legiscap2" /> The General Assembly met at a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist Church]] until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that some alleged had been rigged, [[Chicago]] architect [[Henry Ives Cobb]] was asked to design and build a replacement building. However, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project. When they dubbed the roughly finished somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete, the General Assembly refused to occupy the building. In 1901, political and popular indignation prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; [[Joseph Miller Huston]] of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] that incorporated Cobb's building into a magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in 1907.<ref name="legiscap2" /> [[James Buchanan]], a [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin County]] native, served as the 15th U.S. president and was the first president to be born in Pennsylvania.<ref name="jimbo2">{{cite web |title=James Buchanan White House biography |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803013954/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |archive-date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the major turning point of the [[American Civil War]], took place near [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]] in July 1863.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Gettysburg |url=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114202108/http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref> An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the [[Union Army]] forces, including 8,600 African American [[military volunteer]]s. The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-aligned [[Cameron machine]], established by [[Simon Cameron|U.S. Senator Simon Cameron]],<ref name="chapter12">[https://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=1 Chapter One: 1. Pennsylvania's Bosses and Political Machines]. ''ExplorePAHistory.com''. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</ref> later the [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] under [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]]. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son [[J. Donald Cameron]], whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd [[Matthew Quay]] and finally to [[Boies Penrose]]. The post-Civil War era, known as the [[Gilded Age]], saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. [[Andrew Carnegie]] founded the [[Carnegie Steel Company]] in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Charles M. Schwab]] founded [[Bethlehem Steel]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]. Other titans of industry, including [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[Jay Gould]], also operated in Pennsylvania. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. [[oil industry]] was born in [[Western Pennsylvania]], which supplied the vast majority of [[kerosene]] for years thereafter. As the [[Pennsylvania oil rush]] developed, Pennsylvania's oil boom towns, such as [[Titusville, Pennsylvania|Titusville]], rose and later fell. Coal mining, primarily in the state's [[Coal Region]] in the northeast region of the state, also was a major industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1903, [[Milton S. Hershey]] began construction on a chocolate factory in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]]; [[The Hershey Company]] grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. [[Heinz Company]] was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as [[Henry Demarest Lloyd]] put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".<ref name="NCBB2">{{cite web |title=Chapter 2: Pennsylvania Under the Reign of Big Business |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=2 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}}</ref> Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} The growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led to a rise of [[union busting]] with several private police forces springing up.<ref name="NCBB2" /> Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania was the location of two hugely prominent strikes, the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]] and the [[Coal Strike of 1902]]. The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the coal and iron police were banned.<ref name="LSO2">{{cite web |title=Overview: Labor's Struggle to Organize |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-22 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Bethlehem_Steel.jpg|thumb|[[Bethlehem Steel]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 19th and 20th century. In 1982, however, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003.]] At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, [[logging]], [[coal mining]], [[textile]] production, and other forms of industrial [[manufacturing]]. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the [[Spanish–American War]]. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in [[World War I]], and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the military. On May 31, 1918, the [[Pittsburgh Agreement]] was signed in [[Pittsburgh]] to declare the formation of the independent state of [[Czechoslovakia]] with future Czechoslovak president [[Tomáš Masaryk]]. In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners went on strike during the [[UMW General coal strike (1922)|UMW General coal strike]], shutting down most coal mines within the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=August 5, 1922 |title=The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, August 05, 1922, Image 1 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn78000395/1922-08-05/ed-1/seq-1/ |via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zimand |first= |orig-date=May 1922. Print |title=Labor Age |pages=4–7, 15–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/v11n05-may-1922-LA/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> In 1923, [[Calvin Coolidge|President Calvin Coolidge]] established the [[Allegheny National Forest]] under the authority of the [[Weeks Act]] of 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Area |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/allegheny/about-forest/about-area |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033332/http:/www.fs.usda.gov/main/allegheny/about-forest/about-area |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> The forest is located in the northwest part of the state in [[Elk County, Pennsylvania|Elk]], [[Forest County, Pennsylvania|Forest]], [[McKean, Pennsylvania|McKean]], and [[Warren County, Pennsylvania|Warren]] Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the [[Allegheny River]] basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Forests of the United States |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028014355/http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |access-date=June 16, 2018 |publisher=Forest History Society}}</ref> Pennsylvania manufactured 6.6 percent of total U.S. military armaments produced during [[World War II]], ranking sixth among the 48 states.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p. 111</ref> The [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] served as an important naval base, and Pennsylvania produced important military leaders, including [[George C. Marshall]], [[Henry H. Arnold|Hap Arnold]], [[Jacob L. Devers|Jacob Devers]], and [[Carl Spaatz]]. During the war, over a million Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} The [[Three Mile Island accident]] was the most significant [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|nuclear accident]] in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824203624/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Laura |last2=Hall |first2=Kenji |last3=Magnier |first3=Mark |date=March 18, 2011 |title=In Japan, workers struggling to hook up power to Fukushima reactor |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/18/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-main-20110319 |url-status=live |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322152850/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/18/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-main-20110319 |archive-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref> The state was hard-hit by the decline and restructuring of the steel industry and other heavy industries during the late 20th century. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in the state's largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the [[List of most populous cities in the United States by decade|top ten most populous cities in the United States]] by 1950, and Philadelphia dropped to the fifth and currently the [[List of United States cities by population|sixth-largest city]] after decades of being among the top three. After 1990, as information-based industries became more important in the economy, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system. Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local taxes.<ref>William F. Stine, "Does State Aid Stimulate Public Library Expenditures? Evidence from Pennsylvania's Enhancement Aid Program" ''Library Quarterly'' (2006) 76#1 107-139.</ref> New ethnic groups, especially [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics and Latinos]], began entering the state to fill low-skill jobs in agriculture and service industries. For example, in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]], [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] immigrants brought the [[Spanish language]], increased [[Catholicism]], high birth rates, and cuisine when they were hired as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities, they made up half or more of the population.<ref>Victor M. Garcia, "The Mushroom Industry And The Emergence Of Mexican Enclaves In Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1960-1990" ''Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies (JOLLAS)'' (2005) 1#4 pp 67-88.</ref> [[Stateside Puerto Ricans]] built a large community in the state's third-largest city, [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], where they comprise over 40% of the city's population as of 2000.<ref>Gilbert Marzan, "Still Looking for that Elsewhere: Puerto Rican Poverty and Migration in the Northeast." ''Centro Journal'' (2009) 21#1 pp 100-117 [https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/377/37721248005.pdf online].</ref> In the 20th century, as Pennsylvania's historical national and even global leadership in [[mining]] largely ceased and its [[steelmaking]] and other heavy manufacturing sectors slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these industries. Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare. Similarly, Philadelphia has a concentration of university expertise. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's growing industries of the postindustrial era. As in the rest of the nation, most residential population growth has occurred in suburban rather than central city areas, although both major cities have had significant revitalization in their downtown areas.<ref>Ashok K. Dutt, and Baleshwar Thakur, ''City, Society, and Planning'' (Concept Publishing Company, 2007) pp. 55–56</ref> Philadelphia anchors the [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|seventh-largest]] [[metropolitan area]] in the country and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, and Pittsburgh is the center of the nation's 27th-largest metropolitan areas. As of 2020, the [[Lehigh Valley]] in eastern Pennsylvania is the nation's 69th-largest metropolitan area.<ref name="Kraus2">{{cite news |last1=Kraus |first1=Scott |title=No end in sight to Valley's population growth |url=http://articles.mcall.com/2012-07-14/news/mc-allentown-growth-figures-20120714_1_population-growth-new-residents-macungie-and-bethlehem-townships |url-status=dead |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007013920/http://articles.mcall.com/2012-07-14/news/mc-allentown-growth-figures-20120714_1_population-growth-new-residents-macungie-and-bethlehem-townships |archive-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref> Pennsylvania also has [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|six additional metropolitan areas]] that rank among the nation's 200-most populous metropolitan areas. Philadelphia forms part of the [[Northeast megalopolis]] and is associated with the [[Northeastern United States]]. Pittsburgh is part of the [[Great Lakes megalopolis]] and is often associated with the [[Midwestern United States]] and [[Rust Belt]]. ===21st century=== {{further|Pittsburgh synagogue shooting|United Airlines Flight 93}} [[File:Flight93Crash.jpg|thumb|The [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] crash site of [[United Airlines Flight 93|Flight 93]], one of four planes hijacked in the [[September 11 attacks]]; the site is now a [[Flight 93 National Memorial|national memorial]]. Flight 93 passengers wrestled with [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|al-Qaeda terrorist hijackers]] for control of the plane, preventing it from being flown into the [[White House]] or [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]].<ref name="Sources and detailed information2">[https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm "Sources and detailed information"], National Park Service website</ref>]] On September 11, 2001, during the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on the United States]], the small town of [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] received worldwide attention after [[United Airlines Flight 93]] crashed into a field in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]], {{convert|1.75|mi|km}} north of the town, killing all 40 civilians and four [[Al-Qaeda]] hijackers on board. The hijackers had intended to crash the plane into either the [[United States Capitol]] or [[The White House]].<ref name="Sources and detailed information2" /> After learning from family members via air phone of the earlier attacks on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], however, Flight 93 passengers on board revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target and the heroism of the passengers has been commemorated.<ref>Alexander Riley, ''Angel patriots: The crash of United Flight 93 and the myth of America'' (NYU Press, 2015) pp 1–34.</ref> Since 2003, the [[Tekko (convention)|Tekko]] [[anime]] convention has been held annually in Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tekko 2019 |url=http://www.teamtekko.us/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222153355/http://www.teamtekko.us/about/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=About Tekko}}</ref> In October 2018, the [[Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation]], a [[Conservative Judaism|conservative Jewish]] synagogue, experienced the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]], which resulted in 11 fatalities.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 28, 2018 |title='They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-date=October 29, 2018}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Pennsylvania}} {{Further|List of counties in Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania is {{convert|170|mi|km|0}} north to south and {{convert|283|mi|km|0}} east to west.<ref name="pageo">{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm |title=Pennsylvania geography |publisher=Netstate.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527020624/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of a total {{convert|46055|sqmi|km2|0}}, {{convert|44817|sqmi|km2|0}} are land, {{convert|490|sqmi|km2|0}} are inland waters, and {{convert|749|sqmi|km2|0}} are waters in [[Lake Erie]].<ref name="statabs">[http://compendia/statab/tables/06s0347.xls 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use]{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> It is the [[List of U.S. states by area|33rd-largest state]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml |title=Pennsylvania Time Zone |publisher=Timetemperature.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109233640/http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml |archive-date=January 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pennsylvania has {{convert|51|mi|km|0}}<ref name="Cr.nps.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm |title=National Park Service: Our Fourth Shore |publisher=Cr.nps.gov |date=December 22, 2003 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518085351/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm |archive-date=May 18, 2011 }}</ref> of coastline along [[Lake Erie]] and {{convert|57|mi|km|0}}<ref name="Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov" /> of shoreline along the [[Delaware River|Delaware Estuary]]. Of the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The boundaries of the state are the [[Mason–Dixon line]] (39°43' N) to the south, [[Twelve-Mile Circle]] on the Pennsylvania-[[Delaware]] border, the [[Delaware River]] to the east, 80°31' W to the west, and the [[42nd parallel north|42° N]] to the north, except for a short segment on the western end where a triangle extends north to [[Lake Erie]]. The state has five geographical regions: [[Allegheny Plateau]], [[Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians|Ridge and Valley]], [[Atlantic Coastal Plain]], [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]], and [[Erie Plain]]. ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of Pennsylvania}} [[File:Pennsylvania Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] in Pennsylvania]] [[File:Flickr - Nicholas T - Endless Mountains Landscape (1).jpg|thumb|Autumn in [[North Branch Township, Pennsylvania|North Branch Township]] in [[Wyoming County, Pennsylvania|Wyoming County]] in October 2011]] Pennsylvania's diverse topography produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, except for the southeastern corner, has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''). The southern portion of the state has a [[humid subtropical]] climate. The largest city, [[Philadelphia]], has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cfa''). Summers are generally hot and humid. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near [[Lake Erie]], can receive over {{convert|100|in|cm}} of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into autumn. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011; generally speaking, these tornadoes do not cause significant damage.<ref>[http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Pennsylvania.html/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517123642/http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Pennsylvania.html/|date=May 17, 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" | | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;" |Monthly Average High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities (in °F) |- ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:30px;" | City ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Jan. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Feb. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Mar. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Apr. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | May ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Jun. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Jul. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Aug. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Sep. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Oct. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Nov. ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;" | Dec. |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 36/20 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 40/22 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 49/29 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 61/39 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 72/48 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 80/58 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 84/63 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 82/61 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 75/53 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 64/41 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 52/33 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 40/24 |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 34/21 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 36/21 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 44/27 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 56/38 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 67/48 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 76/58 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 80/63 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 79/62 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 72/56 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 61/45 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 50/37 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 38/27 |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 37/23 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 41/25 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 50/33 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 62/42 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 72/52 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 81/62 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 85/66 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 83/64 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 76/56 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 64/45 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 53/35 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 41/27 |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Philadelphia]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 40/26 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 44/28 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 53/34 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 64/44 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 74/54 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 83/64 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 87/69 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 85/68 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 78/60 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 67/48 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 56/39 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 45/30 |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Pittsburgh]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 36/21 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 39/23 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 49/30 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 62/40 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 71/49 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 79/58 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 83/63 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 81/62 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 74/54 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 63/43 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 51/35 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 39/25 |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;" | [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 33/19 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 37/21 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 46/28 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 59/38 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 70/48 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 78/56 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 82/61 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 80/60 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 72/52 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 61/41 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 49/33 | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;" | 38/24 |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;" |Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=phi|title=National Weather Service Climate|author=National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team|access-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305104542/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=phi|archive-date=March 5, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Philadelphia/Allentown--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=bgm|title=National Weather Service Climate|author=National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team|access-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325204622/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=bgm|archive-date=March 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Scranton/Wilkes-Barre--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ctp|title=Climate Information—National Weather Service Central PA|author=National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team|access-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705132003/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ctp|archive-date=July 5, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Harrisburg--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pbz|title=National Weather Service Climate|author=National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team|access-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705132008/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pbz|archive-date=July 5, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Pittsburgh--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle|title=National Weather Service Climate|author=National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team|access-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528101832/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle|archive-date=May 28, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Erie--> |} ===Municipalities=== {{Main|List of municipalities in Pennsylvania}} {{See also|List of counties in Pennsylvania|List of cities in Pennsylvania|List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania|List of townships in Pennsylvania||List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population)|List of census-designated places in Pennsylvania|List of populated places in Pennsylvania}} Cities in Pennsylvania include [[Philadelphia]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Lebanon, Pennsylvania|Lebanon]], and [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] in the southeast, [[Pittsburgh]] in the southwest, and the tri-cities of [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], and [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] in the central east, known as the [[Lehigh Valley]]. The [[Northeastern Pennsylvania|northeast]] includes the former [[anthracite|anthracite coal]] mining cities of [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]], [[Pittston, Pennsylvania|Pittston]], [[Nanticoke, Pennsylvania|Nanticoke]], and [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania|Hazleton]]. [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] is located in the northwest. [[State College, Pennsylvania|State College]] is located in the central region. [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]] is in the north-central region with [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]], and the state capital [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] on the [[Susquehanna River]] in the east-central region of the state. [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]] and [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]] are in the state's west-central region. The state's three-most populated cities, in order of size, are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Allentown. {{Largest municipalities | country = Pennsylvania | stat_ref = Source:<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Pennsylvania{{!}}County | municipality_1 = Philadelphia{{!}}Philadelphia | div_1 = Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Philadelphia | pop_1 = 1,603,797 | img_1 = Philadelphia skyline from south street bridge.jpg | municipality_2 = Pittsburgh{{!}}Pittsburgh | div_2 = Allegheny County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allegheny | pop_2 = 302,971 | img_2 = Pittsburgh Skyline from West End Overlook 01.jpg | municipality_3 = Allentown, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allentown | div_3 = Lehigh County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lehigh | pop_3 = 125,845 | img_3 = Allentown.jpg | municipality_4 = Reading, Pennsylvania{{!}}Reading | div_4 = Berks County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Berks | pop_4 = 95,112 | img_4 = Reading_Urban.jpg | municipality_5 = Erie, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie | div_5 = Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie | pop_5 = 94,831 | img_5 = | municipality_6 = Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Upper Darby | div_6 = Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Delaware | pop_6 = 85,681 | img_6 = | municipality_7 = Scranton, Pennsylvania{{!}}Scranton | div_7 = Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lackawanna | pop_7 = 76,328 | img_7 = | municipality_8 = Bethlehem, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bethlehem | div_8 = Northampton County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Northampton | pop_8 = 75,781 | img_8 = | municipality_9 = Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lower Merion Township | div_9 = Montgomery County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Montgomery | pop_9 = 63,633 | img_9 = | municipality_10 = Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bensalem Township | div_10 = Bucks County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bucks | pop_10 = 62,707 | img_10 = | municipality_11 = Lancaster, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lancaster | div_11 = Lancaster County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lancaster | pop_11 = 58,039 | img_11 = | municipality_12 = Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Millcreek Township | div_12 = Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie | pop_12 = 54,073 | img_12 = | municipality_13 = Lower Paxton Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lower Paxton Township | div_13 = Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Dauphin | pop_13 = 53,501 | img_13 = | municipality_14 = Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Haverford Township | div_14 = Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Delaware | pop_14 = 50,431 | img_14 = | municipality_15 = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania{{!}}Harrisburg | div_15 = Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Dauphin | pop_15 = 50,099 | img_15 = | municipality_16 = York, Pennsylvania{{!}}York | div_16 = York County, Pennsylvania{{!}}York | pop_16 = 44,800 | img_16 = | municipality_17 = Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania{{!}}Wilkes-Barre | div_17 = Luzerne County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Luzerne | pop_17 = 44,328 | img_17 = | municipality_18 = Altoona, Pennsylvania{{!}}Altoona | div_18 = Blair County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Blair | pop_18 = 43,963 | img_18 = | municipality_19 = Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Hempfield Township | div_19 = Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Westmoreland | pop_19 = 41,466 | img_19 = | municipality_20 = Penn Hills, Pennsylvania{{!}}Penn Hills | div_20 = Allegheny County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allegheny | pop_20 = 41,059 | img_20 = }} ===Adjacent states and province=== * [[Ontario]] (Province of [[Canada]]) (Northwest) * [[New York (state)|New York]] (North and Northeast) * [[New Jersey]] (East and Southeast) * [[Delaware]] (Extreme Southeast) * [[Maryland]] (South) * [[West Virginia]] (Southwest) * [[Ohio]] (West) ==Demographics== {{Further|List of people from Pennsylvania}} {{US Census population | 1790 = 434373 | 1800 = 602365 | 1810 = 810091 | 1820 = 1049458 | 1830 = 1348233 | 1840 = 1724033 | 1850 = 2311786 | 1860 = 2906215 | 1870 = 3521951 | 1880 = 4282891 | 1890 = 5258113 | 1900 = 6302115 | 1910 = 7665111 | 1920 = 8720017 | 1930 = 9631350 | 1940 = 9900180 | 1950 = 10498012 | 1960 = 11319366 | 1970 = 11793909 | 1980 = 11863895 | 1990 = 11881643 | 2000 = 12281054 | 2010 = 12702379 | 2020 = 13002700 | estyear = 2023 | estimate = 12961683 | estref = | footnote = Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]], Pennsylvania had a population of 13,011,844, up from 12,702,379 in 2010. Pennsylvania is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|fifth-most populated state]] in the U.S. after [[California]], [[Florida]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Data |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data.html |access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> In 2019, net [[Human migration|migration]] to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to Pennsylvania was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. 7.2% of the population was foreign-born as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42000.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065329/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42000.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014|title=Pennsylvania United States Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>[https://data.census.gov/profile/Pennsylvania?g=040XX00US42#populations-and-people Pennsylvania QuickFacts]. Accessed July 12, 2023</ref> According to the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 12,691 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> ===Place of origin=== Among Pennsylvania residents, as of 2020, nearly three out of four, 74.5%, are native to the state and were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different U.S. state, 1.5% were born in [[Puerto Rico]], U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_SF4/DP02/0400000US42|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212102855/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_SF4/DP02/0400000US42|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results |access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref> Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%) with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%). The state's largest ancestry groups, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census, were [[German Americans|German]] 28.5%, [[Irish Americans|Irish]] 18.2%, [[Italian Americans|Italian]] 12.8%, [[African Americans]] 9.6%, [[English Americans|English]] 8.5%, [[Polish Americans|Polish]] 7.2%, and [[French Americans|French]] 4.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/08_3YR/DP3YR2/0400000US42 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212083238/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/08_3YR/DP3YR2/0400000US42 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |title=Puerto Ricans in Pennsylvania |access-date=November 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127044304/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, the top countries of origin for Pennsylvania's immigrants were [[India]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[China]], [[Mexico]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_pennsylvania.pdf|title=Immigrants in Pennsylvania}}</ref> ===Race and ethnicity=== [[File:Ethnic Origins in Pennsylvania.png|thumb|330x330px|Ethnic origins of Pennsylvanians]] The vast majority of Pennsylvania's population is made up of whites, blacks and Hispanics, with the latter two being minorities and having significant populations. The state's Hispanic or Latino American population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, marking one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic or Latino population is due to migration to the state mainly from [[Puerto Rico]], a U.S. territory, and to a lesser extent immigration from countries such as the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Mexico]], and various [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]n nations and a wave of Hispanic and Latinos leaving [[New York City]] and [[New Jersey]] for safer and more affordable living. The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, fueled by Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigration, and many Asian transplants moving to [[Philadelphia]] from New York City. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation. The African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population among the state's peers of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Ohio]], [[Illinois]], and [[Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data—2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |access-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203009/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref> Pennsylvania has a high in-migration of black and Hispanic people from other nearby states with the eastern and south-central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases.<ref name="pasdc.hbg.psu.edu">{{cite web |url=https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/sdc/pasdc_files/researchbriefs/2010_Census_PL94_Release_RB_FINAL.pdf |title=Research Brief : The Commonwealth's Official Source for Population and Economic Statistics |date=March 9, 2011 |website=Pasdc.hbg.psu.edu |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215817/https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/sdc/pasdc_files/researchbriefs/2010_Census_PL94_Release_RB_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/research/datacenter/puerto-ricans-leave-ny-report-tells-where-they-go|title=Puerto Ricans Leave N.Y. Report Tells Where They Go—Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños|website=cuny.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032407/http://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/research/datacenter/puerto-ricans-leave-ny-report-tells-where-they-go|archive-date=July 22, 2015}}</ref> The majority of Hispanic or Latino Americans in Pennsylvania are of [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Rican]] descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|website=census.gov|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213801/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story|title=Thedailyjournal—Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs|website=USA Today|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011425/http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story|archive-date=September 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the remaining Hispanic or Latino population is made up of [[Mexican American|Mexicans]] and [[Dominican American|Dominicans]], and the majority of Hispanics and Latinos are concentrated in Philadelphia, the [[Lehigh Valley]], and South Central Pennsylvania.<ref name="annest">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/asrh/2004/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls |title=Annual Estimates of the Population |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120132138/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/asrh/2004/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> The Hispanic or Latino population is greatest in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], and around Philadelphia. As of 2010, the vast majority of Hispanics and Latino Americans in Pennsylvania, about 85%, live within a {{convert|150|mi|km|adj=mid}} radius of Philadelphia, and about 20% live in the city itself. Among the state's black population, the vast majority in the state are African American. There are also a growing number of black residents of [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[African immigration to the United States|recent African]], and [[Black Hispanic|Hispanic or Latino]] origins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|website=census.gov|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212204/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most Blacks live in the Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, or South Central Pennsylvania. Non-Hispanic Whites make up the majority of Pennsylvania; they are mostly descended from German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Italian, and English immigrants. Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are recognized nationally for their [[Amish#Population and distribution|Amish communities]]. [[Wyoming Valley]], including [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]], has the highest percentage of white residents of any metropolitan area with a population of 500,000 or above in the U.S.; in Wyoming Valley, 96.2% of the population claim to be white with no Hispanic background. Pennsylvania's [[center of population]] is in [[Duncannon, Pennsylvania|Duncannon]] in [[Perry County, Pennsylvania|Perry County]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State—2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 3, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080918020344/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Racial and ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] |- ! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Alone ! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|73.4|%|2||background:gray}} |align=right| {{bartable|76.6|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|10.5|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |align=right| {{bartable|11.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} |align=right| {{bartable}} |align=right| {{bartable|8.1|%|2||background:green}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|3.9|%|2||background:purple}} |align=right| {{bartable|4.5|%|2||background:purple}} |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:gold}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:gold}} |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.02|%|2||background:pink}} |align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}} |- | Other |align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.3|%|2||background:brown}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ '''Historical racial and ethnic composition to 2010''' |- ! Racial and ethnic composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=May 4, 2014 }}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/PA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140111024022/http://censusviewer.com/city/PA|url-status=dead|title=censusviewer.com|date=January 11, 2014|archive-date=January 11, 2014}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=May 4, 2014 }}</ref> |- | [[White Americans|White]] || 88.5% || 85.4% || 81.9% |- | [[African Americans|Black]] || 9.2% || 10.0% || 10.9% |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] || 1.2% || 1.8% || 2.8% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.2% |- | [[Native Hawaiians]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islanders]] || – || – || – |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] || 1.0% || 1.5% || 2.4% |- | [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] || – || 1.2% || 1.9% |} ===Birth data=== ''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.'' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left;" |+ class="nowrap"|Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother |- ! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] ! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=Statistics|website=cdc.gov|access-date=June 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=Statistics|website=cdc.gov|access-date=June 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=Statistics|website=cdc.gov|access-date=June 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ! 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 67, Number 1, January 31, 2018 |access-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2018<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> ! 2019<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> ! 2020<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref> ! 2021<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> ! 2022<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> |- | [[White Americans|White]] | 109,007 (77.3%) | 110,809 (77.9%) | 109,595 (77.7%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |- | > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] | 98,751 (70.0%) | 99,306 (69.8%) | 97,845 (69.4%) | 94,520 (67.8%) | 92,297 (67.0%) | 90,862 (67.0%) | 88,710 (66.1%) | 85,956 (65.8%) | 88,168 (66.5%) | 85,031 (65.3%) |- | [[African Americans|Black]] | 24,770 (17.6%) | 24,024 (16.9%) | 24,100 (17.1%) | 18,338 (13.1%) | 18,400 (13.4%) | 17,779 (13.1%) | 17,585 (13.1%) | 17,118 (13.1%) | 16,748 (12.6%) | 16,616 (12.8%) |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] | 6,721 (4.7%) | 7,067 (5.0%) | 6,961 (4.9%) | 6,466 (4.6%) | 6,401 (4.6%) | 6,207 (4.6%) | 6,214 (4.6%) | 6,074 (4.6%) | 5,980 (4.5%) | 6,212 (4.8%) |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] | 423 (0.3%) | 368 (0.3%) | 390 (0.3%) | 86 (0.1%) | 135 (0.1%) | 128 (0.1%) | 119 (0.1%) | 83 (>0.1%) | 88 (>0.1%) | 202 (0.2%) |- | ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) | ''14,163'' (10.1%) | ''14,496'' (10.2%) | ''14,950'' (10.6%) | ''15,348'' (11.0%) | ''15,840'' (11.5%) | ''15,826'' (11.7%) | ''16,718'' (12.5%) | ''16,741'' (12.8%) | ''17,163'' (12.9%) | ''18,118'' (13.9%) |- | '''Total Pennsylvania''' | '''140,921''' (100%) | '''142,268''' (100%) | '''141,047''' (100%) | '''139,409''' (100%) | '''137,745''' (100%) | '''135,673''' (100%) | '''134,230''' (100%) | '''130,693''' (100%) | '''132,622''' (100%) | '''130,252''' (100%) |} * Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin have not been collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. ===Age and poverty=== As of the 2010 census, Pennsylvania had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in the nation at 15.4%, compared to a national average of 13.0%.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Table 16: Resident Population by Age and State: 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426204152/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017 compared to 13.4% for the U.S. as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/saipe.html?s_appName=saipe&map_yearSelector=2017&map_geoSelector=aa_c&s_state=42&menu=grid_proxy |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref> ===Languages=== [[File:Lancaster County Amish 03.jpg|thumb|An [[Amish]] family riding in a traditional [[Amish buggy]] in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]]; Pennsylvania has the largest [[Amish]] population of any state.]] As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age five and older spoke [[English language|English]] at home as a [[primary language]] while 4.1% (486,058) spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 0.9% (103,502) spoke [[German language|German]] including [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]], and 0.5% (56,052) spoke [[Chinese language|Chinese]], which includes [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age{{nbsp}}5 and older spoke a [[mother tongue]] other than English.<ref name="MLA Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |title=Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=June 19, 2006 }}</ref> ====Pennsylvania Dutch language==== {{Main|Pennsylvania Dutch language}} [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]], spoken by nearly one percent of Pennsylvania's population as of 2010, is often misleadingly called Pennsylvania Dutch. The term Dutch was used to mean German,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dutch&x=57&y=13 |title=Definition of "dutch" |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423143301/http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dutch&x=57&y=13 |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> including the [[Netherlands]], before the Latin name for them replaced it. When referring to the language spoken by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch|Pennsylvania Dutch people]], Pennsylvania German, it means [[German language|German]]". In fact, [[Germans]], in their own language, call themselves Deutsch, (Pennsylvania German: "Deitsch"). Pennsylvania Dutch is a descendant of German in the [[West Central German]] dialect family and is closest to [[Palatine German language|Palatine German]]. Pennsylvania German is still very vigorous as a first language among [[Amish|Old Order Amish]] and [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, principally in the [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] and [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks County]] areas; it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the [[Plain people|plain communities]], though a few words have passed into English usage. ===Religion=== {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Religious self-identification in Pennsylvania (April 2023 ''[[Franklin & Marshall College]]'' poll)<ref name="religion" /> | label1 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]] | value1 = 32 | color1 = White | label2 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value2 = 29 | color2 = DarkBlue | label3 = [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]] | value3 = 24 | color3 = Purple | label4 = Other | value4 = 14 | color4 = Teal}} Of the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], Pennsylvania and [[Rhode Island]] had the most religious freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220060046/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590|url-status=dead|title=Religious diversity in Pennsylvania|archive-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> [[Voltaire]], writing of [[William Penn]] in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God."<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Voltaire |first=François-Marie ("Voltaire") |last=Arouet |title=Philosophic Letters |date=1733}} Republished in: {{cite book |title=The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version |volume=XXXIX: Short Studies on English and American Topics |page=209 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Morley |editor2-first=William F. |editor2-last=Fleming |editor3-first=Tobias |editor3-last=Smollett |date=1901 |location=New York |publisher=E. R. DuMont |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OdENAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA209 |access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious [[Multiculturalism|diversity]], which continues to the present. Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379; of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA) at [[Pennsylvania State University]], the largest religious bodies in Pennsylvania by adherents were the [[Catholic Church]] with 3,503,028 adherents, the [[United Methodist Church]] with 591,734 members, and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 501,974 members. Since 2014, among the state's religious population, 73% were [[Christianity|Christian]], according to [[Pew Research Center]].<ref name="Pew Religion and Politics">{{cite web | title = Religious composition of adults in Pennsylvania | website = Religious Landscape Study | publisher = The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life | year = 2017 | url = http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/pennsylvania/ | access-date = October 5, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005201836/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/pennsylvania/ | archive-date = October 5, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2020, the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] estimated 68% of the population identified with Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRRI – American Values Atlas|url=http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-PA|access-date=February 7, 2022|website=ava.prri.org|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-PA|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2014, 47% of all Pennsylvanians identified as [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestants]], making [[Protestantism]] far and away the most prominent religious affiliation among Pennsylvanians. Among all self-identified Christians in the state, however, 24% identified as [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], the most of any Christian religious affiliation. In April 2023, a ''[[Franklin & Marshall College]]'' poll found that a plurality of Pennsylvania residents were [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]], with the rest predominately being [[Protestantism|Protestant]] or [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |last=Yost |first=Berwood |date=April 13, 2023 |title=Poll Release: April 2023 |url=https://www.fandmpoll.org/franklin-marshall-college-poll-april-2023/ |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Franklin & Marshall College Poll |language=en}}</ref> Pennsylvania, especially the [[Greater Pittsburgh]] area, has one of the largest communities of [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] in the nation, the third-highest by percentage of population and the largest outright in membership as [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1142p.asp|title=Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) States (2010)|author=Association of Religion Data Archives|date=2010|publisher=Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813175310/https://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1142p.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Presbyterian Church (USA)|American Presbyterian Church]], with about 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations, is the largest Presbyterian denomination, and the [[Presbyterian Church in America]] is also significant, with 112 congregations and approximately 23,000 adherents; the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)|EPC]] has around 50 congregations, including the [[Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians|ECO]], according to 2010 estimates. The fourth-largest [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denomination, the [[United Church of Christ]], has 180,000 members and 627 congregations in the state. The [[American Baptist Churches USA]], also referred to as the Northern Baptist Convention is based in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]]. Pennsylvania was the center state of the [[Evangelical and Reformed Church|German Reformed]] denomination from the 1700s.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/42/rcms2010_42_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175940/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/42/rcms2010_42_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] is one of the headquarters of the [[Moravian Church]] in the U.S. Pennsylvania also has a very large [[Amish]] population, second only to [[Ohio]] among U.S. states.<ref>{{cite web |author=Webb Design Inc. |url=http://www.visitamishcountry.com/ |title=Amish Country | Ohio | Visitor Information |publisher=Visitamishcountry.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220001106/http://www.visitamishcountry.com/ |archive-date=February 20, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2000, there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and an additional 146,416 [[Mennonite]]s and 91,200 [[Schwarzenau Brethren|Brethren]]. The total [[Anabaptism|Anabapist]] population including [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qcfamilytree.org/a-visit-to-spring-valley-bruderhof/|title=A visit to Spring Valley Bruderhof |website=qcfamilytree.org|language=en-US|access-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205811/http://qcfamilytree.org/a-visit-to-spring-valley-bruderhof/|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> was 232,631, about two percent of the population.<ref>Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: ''Anabaptist World USA'', Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario, 2001, pages 200–201.</ref> While Pennsylvania owes its existence to [[Quakers]], and much of the historic character of Pennsylvania is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents as of 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1076c.asp|title=Friends General Conference States (2010)—QuickLists—The Association of Religion Data Archives|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029044341/http://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1076c.asp|archive-date=October 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Economy== {{See also|List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income}} [[File:Pennsylvania vs US unemployment 1976-2021.png|thumb|{{legend|#4572A7|Pennsylvania's unemployment rate between 1976 and 2021}} {{legend|#AA4643|The U.S. unemployment rate during these years}}]] As of 2023, Pennsylvania's [[gross state product]] (GSP) of $974,558 billion is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|sixth-largest]] among all U.S. states behind [[California]], [[Texas]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Florida]], and [[Illinois]].<ref name="stategdp">{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-04/qgdpstate0519_4.pdf|title=Regional Economic Accounts|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501132003/https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-04/qgdpstate0519_4.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> If Pennsylvania [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|were an independent country]], its economy, as of 2023, would rank as the 20th-largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024038/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|archive-date=January 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On a per capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2021 per capita income of $$68,957 ranks 21st among the 50 states.<ref name="stategdp" /> As of 2016, there were 5,354,964 people in employment in Pennsylvania with 301,484 total employer establishments. As of January 2024, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%.<ref>[https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/Labor-and-Industry-Details.aspx?newsid=831 "Pennsylvania’s Unemployment Rate At 3.4% In January As Total Nonfarm Jobs Sets New Record High For Sixth Straight Month"], Pennsylvania Press Room, March 8, 2024</ref> The state has five manufacturing centers: [[Philadelphia]] in the southeast, [[Pittsburgh]] in the southwest, [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] in the northwest, [[Wyoming Valley|Scranton-Wilkes-Barre]] in the northeast, and the [[Lehigh Valley]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113215908/http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html|url-status=dead|title=Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization|archive-date=January 13, 2005}}</ref> Pennsylvania is home to 23 of the nation's 500 largest companies that comprise the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]], including two that rank in the top 100, [[Cencora]] (formerly AmeriSource Bergen) in [[Conshohocken, Pennsylvania|Conshocken]], which is the nation's 11th-largest company, and [[Comcast]] in Philadelphia, which is the 29th-largest.<ref>[https://patch.com/pennsylvania/across-pa/23-pa-companies-make-fortune-500-list-2023 "23 PA Companies Make Fortune 500 List For 2023"], Patch, June 6, 2023.</ref> Philadelphia is home to six of the ''Fortune'' 500 companies,<ref name="F500">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/PA.html |title=Fortune 500 |work=CNN|date=April 30, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822202259/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/PA.html |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> with more located in suburbs like [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]]; it is a leader in the financial<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phlx.com/ |title=Philadelphia stock exchange |publisher=Phlx.com |date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603041053/http://www.phlx.com/ |archive-date=June 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> and insurance industries. Pittsburgh is home to eight ''Fortune'' 500 companies, including [[U.S. Steel]], [[PPG Industries]], [[Heinz]], and [[GE Transportation]].<ref name="F500" /> Hershey is home to [[The Hershey Company]], one of the world's largest chocolate manufacturers. In eastern Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley has become an epicenter for the growth of the U.S. [[logistics]] industry, including [[warehousing]] and the [[intermodal freight transport|intermodal transport]] of goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inboundlogistics.com/articles/logistics-hotspots-nine-that-shine/|title=Eastern Pennsylvania: Epicenter of Growth|date=September 20, 2016 |publisher= Inbound Logistics|access-date=January 4, 2023}}</ref> Like many U.S. states, [[Walmart]] is the largest private employer in Pennsylvania. The state's second-largest employer is the [[University of Pennsylvania]], an [[Ivy League]] private [[research university]] in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramos |first=Stephanie |url=http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/node/27453 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120503100137/http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/node/27453 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |title=Wal-Mart tops Pa. list of largest private employers |publisher=Dailypennsylvanian.com |date=October 25, 2002 |access-date=July 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paworkstats.state.pa.us/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/pasep_t50.pdf |title=Pennsylvania Top 50 Employers |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |date=March 28, 2011 |access-date=July 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zzY0lHAq?url=http://www.paworkstats.state.pa.us/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/pasep_t50.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> Pennsylvania is home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the U.S., [[The York Water Company]]. As of 2018, Pennsylvania ranks first in the nation in a few economic sectors and niches, including barrels of [[beer]] produced annually (3.9 million), [[farmers' market]]s (over 6,000), [[food processing]] companies (2,300), hardwood [[lumber]] production (a billion board feet annually), [[Fungiculture|mushroom farms]] (68), [[natural gas]] production, [[potato chip]] manufacturing (24 facilities manufacturing one-fourth of the nation's total), and [[pretzel]] manufacturing (80 percent of the nation's total).<ref>[https://www.pennlive.com/news/2018/02/things_pennsylvania_ranks_numb.html "Pa. ranks No. 1 in many things. Not all are good."], PennLive, February 13, 2018</ref> ===Agriculture=== {{main|Agriculture in Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall among all states in agricultural production.<ref name="ag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414005319/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF|url-status=dead|title=Agricultural Census 2002|archive-date=April 14, 2008}}</ref> Its leading agricultural products are [[fungiculture|mushrooms]], apples, [[Christmas tree]]s, [[Egg (food)|layer chickens]], [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]], [[sod]], milk, [[maize|corn]] for [[silage]], grapes (including [[Grape juice|juice grapes]]), and horses production. Pennsylvania ranks eighth in the nation in [[winemaking]];<ref name="PAwine">{{cite web|url=http://www.pennsylvaniawine.com/Facts.aspx |title=Pennsylvania Wine facts |publisher=Pennsylvania Wine & Wineries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223213434/http://pennsylvaniawine.com/Facts.aspx |archive-date=February 23, 2009 }}{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}</ref> however, similar to [[New York (state)|New York]], it is not allowed to be sold in grocery stores. The [[Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture]] worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pennlive.com/food/index.ssf/2014/01/pa_preferred_pa_farm_show_pa_m.html |title=What is PA Preferred? Just a pretty logo or a way to build a brand? |work=[[The Patriot-News]] |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224040150/http://www.pennlive.com/food/index.ssf/2014/01/pa_preferred_pa_farm_show_pa_m.html |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cidepiqc.com/partners/state-of-pennsylvania/agribusiness/ |title=Agribusiness |website=CIDEP—Investment Attraction & Business Leads Generation |access-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910202950/http://cidepiqc.com/partners/state-of-pennsylvania/agribusiness/ |archive-date=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food [[manufacturing]] industry and over $1.7 billion in food product [[export]] as of 2011. ===Banking=== The first nationally chartered bank in the U.S., the [[Bank of North America]], was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is now part of [[Wells Fargo]]. Pennsylvania is home to the first nationally-chartered bank under the 1863 [[National Banking Act]]. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as [[PNC Financial Services|PNC]] and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is currently the state's largest and the nation's sixth-largest bank. ===Film=== {{See also|Harrisburg in film and television|List of films and television shows shot in Pennsylvania|List of films shot in the Lehigh Valley|List of films shot in Pittsburgh}} The [[Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit]] began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.<ref name="bizjournal">{{Cite news |title=Rendell signs film production tax credit law |newspaper=[[Philadelphia Business Journal]] |date=July 21, 2004 |url=http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2004/07/19/daily26.html |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903230427/http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2004/07/19/daily26.html |archive-date=September 3, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Gambling=== {{main|Gambling in Pennsylvania}} {{see also|List of casinos in Pennsylvania}} [[File:RiversCasino.jpg|thumb|[[Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh)|Rivers Casino]], located in the [[Chateau (Pittsburgh)|Chateau]] section of [[Pittsburgh]] on the [[Ohio River]], one of [[List of casinos in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania's 16 casinos]]]] Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. As of 2022, there are [[List of casinos in Pennsylvania|16 casinos]] in the state.<ref>[http://www.kyw1060.com/Pa%E2%80%94Lawmakers-Consider-Table-Games%E2%80%94More-Small-Cas/5763077] {{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2009-06-19-4392853-story.html|title = Casino table games in budget debate? Rendell won't say no, but stresses revenue wouldn't make a dent in deficit| date=June 19, 2009 }}</ref> Table games such as poker, roulette, blackjack, and craps were approved by the state legislature and signed into law in January 2010. Sports betting saw approval in 2018. Five years in, the state and local governments collected over $500 million in sportsbook tax revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molter |first=Michael |date=November 20, 2023 |title=Taxes From Pennsylvania Sports Betting Crosses $500 Million |url=https://www.legalsportsbetting.com/news/taxes-from-pennsylvania-sports-betting-crosses-500-million-11-20-2023/ |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=LegalSportsBetting.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Governance== {{Main|Government of Pennsylvania}} {{See also|Commonwealth (U.S. state)}} Pennsylvania has had five [[Pennsylvania Constitution|constitutions]] during its statehood:<ref name="jenkinslaw">{{cite web|author=Jenkins Law Library |url=http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php |title=23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000) |publisher=Jenkinslaw.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113203057/http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php |archive-date=January 13, 2010 }}</ref> [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1776-2/ 1776], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1790-2/ 1790], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1838-2/ 1838], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1874-2/ 1874], and [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/ 1968]. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a [[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|Frame of Government]], of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.<ref name="jenkinslaw" /> The capital of Pennsylvania is [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]. The legislature meets there in the [[Pennsylvania State Capitol|State Capitol]]. In a 2020 study, Pennsylvania was ranked as the 19th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Executive=== {{Main|List of Governors of Pennsylvania}} {{Further|List of Pennsylvania state agencies}} The current Governor is [[Josh Shapiro]]. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Austin Davis (politician)|Austin Davis]], [[Pennsylvania Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Michelle Henry]], [[Pennsylvania Auditor General|Auditor General]] [[Timothy DeFoor]], and [[Pennsylvania Treasurer]] [[Stacy Garrity]]. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for re-election every four years during the midterm elections. The elections for Attorney General, Auditor General, and Treasurer are held every four years coinciding with a Presidential election.<ref>"[https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_state_executive_offices#Current_officeholders Pennsylvania State Executive Offices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914040134/https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_state_executive_offices#Current_officeholders |date=September 14, 2016 }}", Ballotpedia, retrieved January 23, 2019.</ref> ===Legislative=== {{Main|Pennsylvania General Assembly}} [[File:Flying the Pride Flag over the Capitol (50035197647).jpg|thumb|The [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]]] Pennsylvania has a [[bicameral legislature]] that was established in the [[Pennsylvania Constitution]], which was ratified in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/BAH/dam/rg/rg7.htm |title=Pennsylvania State Archives |publisher=Phmc.state.pa.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914201845/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/rg/rg7.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]] includes 50 [[Pennsylvania Senate|Senators]] and 203 [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Representatives]]. [[Kim Ward|Kim L. Ward]] is currently [[President Pro Tempore]] of the State Senate, [[Joe Pittman (politician)|Joe Pittman]] the [[Majority Leader]], and [[Jay Costa]] the [[Minority Leader]].<ref>[https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate/officers.cfm Officers of the State Senate], PA State Senate. Retrieved June 7, 2023</ref> [[Joanna McClinton]] is [[Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Speaker]] of the House of Representatives, with [[Matthew Bradford]] as Majority Leader and [[Bryan Cutler]] as Minority Leader.<ref>[https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house/officers.cfm Officers of the State House], PA State House of Representatives. Retrieved June 7, 2023</ref> As of 2023, the Republicans hold the majority in the State Senate (28-22) and the Democrats in the State House (102-101). Pennsylvania is one of only two states that currently have divided party control of the state legislature.<ref>[https://documents.ncsl.org/wwwncsl/About-State-Legislatures/2023%20May%20State%20&%20Legislative%20Partisan%20Composi_Adam%20Kuckuk.pdf 2023 State and Legislative Partisan Competition], National Conference of State Legislatures</ref> ===Judiciary=== {{Main|Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts.<ref name="courts">{{cite web|url=http://www.aopc.org/T/CommonPleas/listofcounties.htm |title=Judicial districts |publisher=Aopc.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720213457/http://www.aopc.org/T/CommonPleas/listofcounties.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 }}</ref> With the exception of [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]], most have district justices and justices of the peace who preside over most preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.<ref name="courts" /> Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as [[appellate court]].<ref name="courts" /> The [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania|Superior Court]] hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the [[Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania|Commonwealth Court]] or [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]. The Superior Court also has original jurisdiction to review [[probable cause]] governmental requests for [[Warrant (law)|warrants]] in [[Telephone tapping|wiretap]] surveillance.<ref name="courts" /> The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.<ref name="courts" /> The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] is the state's final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected, and the [[chief justice]] of the state's Supreme Court is determined by seniority.<ref name="courts" /> ===Local government=== [[File:Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif|thumb|[[List of counties in Pennsylvania|Map of Pennsylvania's 67 counties]]]] Pennsylvania is divided into 67 [[county (United States)|counties]].<ref name="PA Manual 6-3">''The Pennsylvania Manual'', p. 6-3.</ref> Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|boroughs]], or [[Township (Pennsylvania)|townships]].<ref name="PA Manual 6-5">''Pennsylvania Manual'', p. 6-5.</ref> The most populous county in Pennsylvania and [[List of the most populous counties in the United States|24th-most populous county]] in the United States is [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]], which includes the city of [[Philadelphia]], with a 2020 population of 1,603,797; the state's least populous county is [[Cameron County, Pennsylvania|Cameron]] with a population of 4,547.<ref name="pasdc.hbg.psu.edu" /> There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified by population as either first-class, second-class, or third-class cities.<ref name="PA Manual 6-3" /><ref>''The Pennsylvania Manual'', p. 6-46.</ref> Philadelphia, the state's largest city with a population exceeding 1.6 million, is Pennsylvania's only first-class city.<ref name="PA Manual 6-5" /> [[Pittsburgh]] (303,000) and [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] (76,000) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively.<ref name="PA Manual 6-5" /> All of the state's remaining cities including [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], the state's third-largest city, and [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], its fourth-largest, to [[Parker, Pennsylvania|Parker]], the state's smallest city with a population of only 820, are designated as third-class cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Pennsylvania |year=2010 |website=Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-04-42.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709111603/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-04-42.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |format=[[Microsoft Excel|XLS]] |access-date=July 4, 2010 }}</ref> First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of [[mayor–council government]], whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a [[council–manager government]].<ref name="PA Manual 6-5" /> Pennsylvania boroughs are generally smaller in population than the state's cities, and most of the state's cities were incorporated as boroughs prior to being designated cities.<ref name="PA Manual 6-5" /> There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government.<ref name="PA Manual 6-3" /><ref name="PA Manual 6-5" /> The largest borough in Pennsylvania is [[State College, Pennsylvania|State College]] (40,501) and the smallest is [[Centralia, Pennsylvania|Centralia]]. Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships.<ref name="PA Manual 6-6">''The Pennsylvania Manual'', p. 6-6.</ref> Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than {{Convert|300|PD/sqmi}} and a [[referendum]] is passed supporting the change.<ref name="PA Manual 6-6" /> Pennsylvania's largest township is [[Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Upper Darby Township]] (85,681), and the smallest is [[East Keating Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania|East Keating Township]]. There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]] was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.<ref>''The Pennsylvania Manual'', p. 6-22.</ref> In 1975, [[McCandless Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|McCandless Township]] adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.<ref>Title 302, [[Pennsylvania Code]], Section 23.1–101.</ref> The state has 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) for a total of 2,562 municipalities. ===Taxation=== Pennsylvania had the 15th-highest state and local tax burden in the nation as of 2012, according to the [[Tax Foundation]].<ref name="Tax Foundation">{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania Tax Rates & Rankings {{!}} PA State Taxes |url=https://taxfoundation.org/state/pennsylvania/ |website=Tax Foundation |access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> Residents paid a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $4,589 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out-of-state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-07-03/news/29733315_1_shale-tax-extraction-tax-drilling-tax |title=Shale tax comes up dry for 3d year |date=July 3, 2011 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081641/http://articles.philly.com/2011-07-03/news/29733315_1_shale-tax-extraction-tax-drilling-tax |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically [[Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 80]], which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4527 |title=Gov Rendell says all of Pennsylvania's transit agencies will get I-80 toll $s |publisher=TOLLROADSnews |date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405231239/http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4527 |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}</ref> [[Sales tax]]es provide 39% of Pennsylvania's state revenue; [[State income tax|personal income taxes]] 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on [[Cigarette tax#Taxation|cigarettes]] and alcoholic beverages 5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revenue.pa.gov:443/Pages/default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515021138/http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208|url-status=dead|title=PA Department of Revenue Homepage|archive-date=May 15, 2008|website=Pennsylvania Department of Revenue}}</ref> The personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and [[lottery]] winnings (other than [[Pennsylvania Lottery]] winnings).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/personal_income_tax/11409 |title=Personal Income Tax |publisher=Portal.state.pa.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125171618/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/personal_income_tax/11409 |archive-date=November 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Counties, municipalities, and [[school district]]s levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a [[income tax|wage tax]] on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with [[home rule]] charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of Pennsylvania's sixty-seven counties levy a [[property tax|personal property tax]] on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings. With the exception of the city of [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district).<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Income Tax Information|url=http://dced.pa.gov/local-government/local-income-tax-information/#.WD8AMuYrJEY|website=PA Department of Community & Economic Development|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201022801/http://dced.pa.gov/local-government/local-income-tax-information/#.WD8AMuYrJEY|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Berkheimer|url=http://www.hab-inc.com/|website=Berkheimer|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015829/http://www.hab-inc.com/|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Keystone Collections Group|url=https://www.keystonecollects.com/|website=Keystone Collections Group|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024220252/https://www.keystonecollects.com/|archive-date=October 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jordan Tax Service|url=https://www.jordantax.com/|website=Jordan Tax Service|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206053931/http://www.jordantax.com/|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philadelphia]] has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits Tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income except interest from checking and savings accounts are required to file and pay the School Income-tax (SIT).<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Revenue|url=https://beta.phila.gov/departments/department-of-revenue/|website=City of Philadelphia|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014425/https://beta.phila.gov/departments/department-of-revenue/|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The complexity of Pennsylvania's local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing of collections to private entities is akin to [[tax farming]] and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing failure to file penalties even if they did not owe any tax. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Maryland]], [[Indiana]], and [[Iowa]], have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taking a Closer Look at Government: Pennsylvania's Local Taxation "System"|url=http://issuespa.org/content/taking-closer-look-government-pennsylvanias-local-taxation-system|website=issuespa.org|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015143/http://issuespa.org/content/taking-closer-look-government-pennsylvanias-local-taxation-system|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===State law enforcement=== {{see also|Crime in Pennsylvania}} The [[Pennsylvania State Police]] is the chief law enforcement agency in the Pennsylvania. ==Politics== {{main|Politics of Pennsylvania}} {{see also|Elections in Pennsylvania}} {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align: right;" width="32%" |+ Voter registration totals as of April 8, 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Pages/VotingElectionStatistics.aspx|title=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 2023 Voter Registration Statistics—Official May 22, 2023|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Party ! Registered voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | {{center|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]}} | style="text-align:center;" | 3,892,619 | style="text-align:center;" | 44.68% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | {{center|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]}} | style="text-align:center;" | 3,495,378 | style="text-align:center;" | 40.12% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | {{center|Unaffiliated}} | style="text-align:center;" | 981,763 | style="text-align:center;" | 11.27% |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | {{center|Other/minor parties}} | style="text-align:center;" | 342,574 | style="text-align:center;" | 3.93% |- ! colspan="2" | Total ! style="text-align:center;" | 8,712,334 ! style="text-align:center;" | 100.00% |- |} [[File:Pennsylvania Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|2020 U.S. presidential election results]] by county in Pennsylvania{{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]] Since the latter half of the 20th century, Pennsylvania has been perceived as a powerful [[swing state]], and winning Pennsylvania has since been deemed as essential to [[President of the United States|U.S. presidential candidates]]. Only twice between [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]] and [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]] (1932 and [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], with [[Herbert Hoover]] and [[Hubert Humphrey]], respectively) has a presidential candidate been able to win the [[White House]] without carrying Pennsylvania. Between 1992 and 2016, Pennsylvania trended [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] in presidential elections; [[Bill Clinton]] won the state twice by large margins and [[Al Gore]] won it by a slightly closer margin in 2000. In the 2004 presidential election, [[John F. Kerry]] beat President [[George W. Bush]] in Pennsylvania, 2,938,095 (51%) to 2,793,847 (48%). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat [[Barack Obama]] defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[John McCain]] in Pennsylvania, 3,276,363 (54%) to 2,655,885 (44%). In the [[2016 United States presidential election]], however, Republican [[Donald Trump]] broke the Democratic streak in the state, winning by 2,970,733 (48%) votes to 2,926,441 (47%) votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lancasteronline.com/news/local/donald-trump-becomes-st-republican-to-win-pennsylvania-since/article_9173e044-a647-11e6-885f-a35dd164ac8c.html|title=Donald Trump becomes 1st Republican to win Pennsylvania since 1988|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=LancasterOnline|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112051813/http://lancasteronline.com/news/local/donald-trump-becomes-st-republican-to-win-pennsylvania-since/article_9173e044-a647-11e6-885f-a35dd164ac8c.html|archive-date=November 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The state returned to the Democratic column in [[2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|2020]] by voting for [[Joe Biden]] over Trump, 3,458,229 (50%) to 3,377,674 (49%). The state holds 19 [[United States Electoral College|electoral]] votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of State Electoral Votes For The 2024 Election |url=https://state.1keydata.com/state-electoral-votes.php |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=state.1keydata.com}}</ref> In recent national elections since 1992, Pennsylvania had leaned Democrat. The state voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012. During the 2008 election campaign, a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million. However, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican U.S. Senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 after Republican Senator [[Arlen Specter]] switched party affiliation. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat and a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature, and the governorship. Democrats won back the governorship, however, four years later in the [[Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 2014|2014 election]]. It was the first time since a governor became eligible for reelection that an incumbent governor had been defeated in a reelection bid. Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh, and [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]] areas in the southwest, and [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]] in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs and the more rural areas in the state's central, northeastern, and western portions, some of which have long been considered among the nation's most conservative areas. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally moderate. In the 21st century, however, Pittsburgh suburbs, which historically had been Democrat strongholds, have swung more Republican. Democratic political consultant [[James Carville]] once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west, and Alabama in the middle", suggesting that political power in the state was based in its two largest cities, which have been reliably Democrat, offset by the state's large rural power base, which has proven equally reliably Republican. Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the "T" in statewide elections. The state's three valleys ([[Delaware Valley|Delaware]], [[Lehigh Valley|Lehigh]], and [[Wyoming Valley|Wyoming]] Valleys) and [[Greater Pittsburgh]] generally vote Democrat, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a shape that resembles a "T". Pennsylvania retains the [[death penalty]]. There is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State by State |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Federal representation=== {{Main|Pennsylvania's congressional districts}} {{see also|United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania's two [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] are [[Bob Casey Jr.]] and [[John Fetterman]], both of whom are [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]. Casey would seek reelection in 2024 should he seek another term. Fetterman was elected in 2022 to succeed retiring [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Pat Toomey]]. Pennsylvania has [[Pennsylvania's congressional districts|17 seats]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA |title=Pennsylvania's Members of Congress & Congressional District Map |access-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325150517/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA |archive-date=March 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Education== {{Main|Education in Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education. ===Primary and secondary education=== {{See also|List of high schools in Pennsylvania|List of school districts in Pennsylvania}} [[File:South Philly HS.JPG|thumb|[[South Philadelphia High School]] on [[Broad Street (Philadelphia)|Broad Street]] in [[South Philadelphia]] in February 2010]] Under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for children between ages eight and 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier, unless students are [[Homeschooling in the United States|homeschooled]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pde.state.pa.us/|title=Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE)|access-date=December 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202153904/http://www.pde.state.pa.us/|archive-date=December 2, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 are high school graduates; Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school. The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016:<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Education|title=Cohort Graduation Rate|url=http://www.education.pa.gov/Data-and-Statistics/Pages/Cohort-Graduation-Rate-.aspx#tab-1|access-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083645/http://www.education.pa.gov/Data-and-Statistics/Pages/Cohort-Graduation-Rate-.aspx#tab-1|archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Cohort !! All Students !! Male!! Female !! White !! Hispanic !! Black !! Asian !! Special Education |- | % graduating || 86.09 || 84.14 || 88.13 || 90.48 || 72.83 || 73.22 || 91.21 || 74.06 |} Among Pennsylvania high school graduates as of 2009, 27.5% of them went on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/|title=National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)|access-date=December 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116125625/http://nces.ed.gov/|archive-date=January 16, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in the nation in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for eighth grade students.<ref>'NCES'.</ref> In 1988, the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an alternative to compulsory school attendance. The law specifies varying geographic requirements and responsibilities on the part of parents and school districts.<ref>[http://www.pde.state.pa.us/home_education/site/default.asp Pennsylvania Department of Education: Home Education and Private Tutoring, Retrieved December 4, 2009.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105050517/http://www.pde.state.pa.us/home_education/site/default.asp |date=November 5, 2009 }}</ref> ===Higher education=== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania}} [[File:Benjamin Franklin statue in front of College Hall.JPG|thumb|The [[Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)|statue]] of [[Benjamin Franklin]] on the campus of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], an [[Ivy League]] institution in [[Philadelphia]] ranked one of world's top universities<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2022 |title=Best National University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2022 |title=2022 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=January 1, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2022 |title=QS World University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=Top Universities}}</ref>]] The [[Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education]] (PASSHE), which includes 14 state-owned universities and colleges, is Pennsylvania's [[public university]] system. [[West Chester University]] is by far the largest of the 14 with nearly 15,000 students. The [[Commonwealth System of Higher Education]] is the organizing body of Pennsylvania's four state-related schools, which include [[Pennsylvania State University]], [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]], the [[University of Pittsburgh]], and [[Temple University]]. There are 15 publicly funded two-year [[Community colleges in the United States|community colleges]] and technical schools in Pennsylvania that are separate from the PASSHE system, and many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges, and universities. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pennsylvania State University, the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and the University of Pittsburgh are members of the [[Association of American Universities]], an invitation-only organization of leading research universities. [[Lehigh University]] is a private research university located in Bethlehem. The Pennsylvania State University is Pennsylvania's [[land-grant university]], [[National Sea Grant College Program|Sea Grant College]] and, [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space Grant College]]. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the [[first university in the United States]] and established the country's [[First university in the United States#Establishment of quarterly-education schools, issuance of any kind of "doctoral" degree|first]] [[medical school in the United States|medical school]]. The University of Pennsylvania, founded in [[Philadelphia]] in 1740 by [[Benjamin Franklin]], is Pennsylvania's only [[Ivy League]] university, and is the geographically most southern of the nation's eight Ivy League universities. The [[Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine]] (LECOM) is a private graduate school of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie, a branch campus located in [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]], and two additional campuses outside Pennsylvania. With over 2,200 enrolled medical students, the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine is the largest medical school in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lecom.edu/about-lecom/quick-facts/|title=Quick Facts|access-date=August 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>"Enrollment booming with new, returning students". Bradenton Herald. April 8, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2012.</ref><ref>"Nation's largest medical school to open new $4M location at Seton Hill University". Popcitymedia.com. June 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.popcitymedia.com/devnews/lecom0625.aspx/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422130030/http://www.popcitymedia.com/devnews/lecom0625.aspx/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2012|title=Nation's largest medical school to open new $4M location at Seton Hill University|date=April 22, 2012|access-date=August 13, 2020}}</ref> The [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] is the first and oldest [[art school]] in the United States.<ref name="pafa.org">{{cite web|title=History of the School|url=http://www.pafa.org/School/Overview/History-of-the-School/350/|website=pafa.org|access-date=April 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615012302/http://www.pafa.org/School/Overview/History-of-the-School/350/|archive-date=June 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Philadelphia College of Pharmacy]], now a part of [[University of the Sciences|University of the Sciences in Philadelphia]], was the first [[pharmacy school]] in the United States.<ref name="usciences.edu">{{cite web|title=About—University of the Sciences|url=http://www.usciences.edu/about/|website=usciences.edu|access-date=April 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524050754/http://www.usciences.edu/about/|archive-date=May 24, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Recreation== {{see also|Gambling in Pennsylvania|List of festivals in Pennsylvania|List of Pennsylvania state parks}} [[File:Dorney Park Steel Force Thunderhawk.jpg|thumb|[[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]]'s [[Steel Force]] and [[Thunderhawk (Dorney Park)|Thunderhawk]] roller coasters in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]; Steel Force is the eighth-longest [[steel roller coaster]] in the world with a first drop of {{convert|205|ft|m}} and a top speed of {{convert|75|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdb.com/id276.htm |title=Rollercoaster Database: Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom) |access-date=July 10, 2008}}</ref>]] Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://philadelphiazoo.org/about-the-zoo/|access-date=February 12, 2020|title=Philadelphia Zoo}}</ref> Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the [[Erie Zoo]] and the [[Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium]]. The [[Lehigh Valley Zoo]] and [[ZooAmerica]] are other notable zoos. Pennsylvania is home to some of the most notable museums in the nation, including the [[Allentown Art Museum]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Carnegie Museums]] in [[Pittsburgh]], the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] in [[Philadelphia]], and [[:Category:Museums in Pennsylvania|several others]]. One unique museum is the [[Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houdini.org |title=Houdini Harry Houdini attractions magic Scranton Poconos Pocono birthday party show seance School Assembly Programs birthday |publisher=Houdini.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724162429/http://www.houdini.org/ |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pennsylvania is also home to the [[National Aviary]], located in Pittsburgh. All 121 [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|state parks]] in Pennsylvania feature free admission. Pennsylvania's notable amusement parks include [[Conneaut Lake Park]], [[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]], [[Dutch Wonderland]], [[DelGrosso's Amusement Park]], [[Great Wolf Lodge]], [[Hersheypark]], [[Idlewild Park]], [[Kalahari Resorts|Kalahari Resorts Poconos]], [[Kennywood]], [[Knoebels]], [[Lakemont Park]], [[Sandcastle Waterpark]], [[Sesame Place (Philadelphia)|Sesame Place]], and [[Waldameer Park]]. The largest indoor waterpark resort on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]] is [[Splash Lagoon]] in [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]]. The state's notable music festivals include [[Musikfest]], the nation's largest free music festival held annually each August in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musikfest.org/venues/ |title=Largest 10 day free music festival |publisher=Musikfest |access-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref> the [[Philadelphia Folk Festival]], [[Creation Festival]], and Purple Door. The [[Great Allentown Fair]], held annually at the [[Allentown Fairgrounds]] since the 19th century, is one of the nation's longest-running annual fairs. There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. [[White-tail deer]], [[American black bear|black bear]], [[cottontail rabbit]], [[squirrel]], [[turkey (bird)|turkey]], and [[grouse]] are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest [[wild turkey]] hunting states in the nation, alongside [[Texas]] and [[Alabama]]. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the state's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a legislative agency of the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]], reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide. The [[Boone and Crockett Club]] reports that five of the ten largest [[American black bear|black bear]] entries came from the state.<ref name="blackbear">{{cite web|url=http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407 |title=Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America's biggest black bears |last=Reilly |first=P. |publisher=[[Intelligencer Journal]] |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116162447/http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407 |archive-date=November 16, 2007 }}</ref> The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the [[Boone and Crockett Club|Boone and Crockett]] record books at {{convert|733|lb|abbr=on}} and a [[skull]] of 23 3/16, tied with a bear shot in [[California]] in 1993.<ref name="blackbear" /> As of 2007, Pennsylvania has the second highest number of Boone and Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, behind [[Wisconsin]]'s 299.<ref name="blackbear" /> ==Transportation== The [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]], abbreviated as PennDOT, is responsible for transport issues in Pennsylvania. ===Air=== {{See also|List of airports in Pennsylvania}} [[File:Philadelphia International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Philadelphia International Airport]], the busiest airport in the state and the [[List of the busiest airports in the United States|21st-busiest airport]] in the nation with nearly 10 million passengers annually as of 2021]] Pennsylvania has seven major airports: [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia International]], [[Pittsburgh International Airport|Pittsburgh International]], [[Lehigh Valley International Airport|Lehigh Valley International]], [[Harrisburg International Airport|Harrisburg International]], [[Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport|Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International]], [[Erie International Airport|Erie International]], and [[University Park Airport]]. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.<ref name="PennDOT fact 10" /> ===Bus and coach=== Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by [[Bolt Bus]], [[Fullington Trailways]], [[Greyhound Lines]], [[Martz Trailways]], [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]], [[OurBus]], [[Trans-Bridge Lines]], and various [[Chinatown bus lines|Chinatown bus]] companies. In 2018, [[OurBus]] began offering service from [[West Chester, Pennsylvania|West Chester]], [[Malvern, Pennsylvania|Malvern]], [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]], and [[Fort Washington, Pennsylvania|Fort Washington]] to [[New York City]]. ===Highways and roads=== {{See also|List of Interstate Highways in Pennsylvania|List of state routes in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Turnpike}} PennDOT owns {{Convert|39861|mi}} of the {{convert|121770|mi}} of roadway in the state, making it the fifth-largest state highway system in the United States.<ref name="PennDOT fact 7">"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 7.</ref> The [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] system is {{Convert|535|mi}} long, with the mainline portion stretching from [[Ohio]] to Philadelphia and [[New Jersey]].<ref name="PennDOT fact 7" /> It is overseen by the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission]]. Another major east–west route is [[Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 80]], which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the [[Delaware Water Gap]]. [[Interstate 90 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 90]] travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through [[Erie County, Pennsylvania|Erie County]], in the extreme northwestern part of the state. Primary north–south highways are [[Interstate 79 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 79]] from its terminus in Erie through [[Pittsburgh]] to [[West Virginia]], [[Interstate 81 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 81]] from [[New York (state)|New York state]] through [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton, Lackawanna County]] and [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] to [[Maryland]] and [[Interstate 476]], which begins {{Convert|7|mi|km}} north of the [[Delaware]] border, in [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Delaware County]] and travels {{Convert|132|mi|km}} to [[Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania|Clarks Summit]], where it joins I-81. All but {{Convert|20|mi|km}} of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]]. The highway south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to colloquially as the "Blue Route". ===Rail=== {{See also|List of Pennsylvania railroads|List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania}} [[File:Amtrak "Pennsylvanian" on Horseshoe Curve (8991394046).jpg|thumb|[[Amtrak]]'s [[Pennsylvanian (train)|''Pennsylvanian'']] on [[Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania)|Horseshoe Curve]] in [[Logan Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania|Logan Township]]]] [[SEPTA]] is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the [[commuter rail|commuter]], [[heavy rail|heavy]] and [[light rail]] transit, and [[transit bus]] service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. [[Pittsburgh Regional Transit]] is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.<ref>"2010 Public Transportation Fact Book", p. 8.</ref> Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by [[Amtrak]], with the majority of traffic occurring on the ''[[Keystone Service]]'' in the high-speed [[Keystone Corridor]] between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's [[30th Street Station]] before heading north to New York City, and the ''[[Northeast Regional]]'', which provides regular high-speed service up and down the [[Northeast Corridor]]. The ''[[Pennsylvanian (train)|Pennsylvanian]]'' follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)|Capitol Limited]]'' also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as [[Connellsville, Pennsylvania|Connellsville]], on its way from Chicago to [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="PennDOT fact 10" /> Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' passes through Erie once in each direction.<ref name="PennDOT fact 10" /> There are 67 [[short-line railroad|short-line]], freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.<ref name="PennDOT fact 10">"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 10.</ref> With more than four million [[inter-city rail]] passengers in 2018, Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation after [[Pennsylvania Station (New York)|Penn Station]] in [[Manhattan]] and [[Washington Union Station|Union Station]] in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="PhiladelphiaAmtrak">{{cite web |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/nationalfactsheets/Amtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf |title=FY 2018 Company Profile |website=www.amtrak.com |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> and North America's [[List of busiest railway stations in North America|12th-busiest]] train station overall. ===Water=== {{see also|Port of Philadelphia|Port of Pittsburgh}} The [[Port of Pittsburgh]] is the second-largest [[inland port]] in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the [[Port of Philadelphia]] is the 24th-largest port in the United States.<ref>Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, p. 5-4.</ref> Pennsylvania's only port on the [[Great Lakes]] is located in Erie. The [[Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two]] is the most-used [[Lock (water transport)|lock]] operated by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] of its 255 nationwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_699345.html|title=Corps shuts Highland Park lock for two weeks of repairs|last=Santoni|first=Matthew|date=September 14, 2010|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|access-date=September 14, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908040557/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_699345.html|archive-date=September 8, 2012}}</ref> The dam impounds the [[Allegheny River]] near [[Downtown Pittsburgh]]. ==Culture== {{See also|Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania|Culture of Philadelphia|Culture of Pittsburgh|LGBT culture in Philadelphia|List of museums in Pennsylvania|Music of Pennsylvania}} ===Food=== [[File:Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg|thumb|[[Pat's King of Steaks]] in [[South Philadelphia]] is widely credited with inventing the [[cheesesteak]] in 1933<ref name="Harry's Obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/us/22olivieri.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=''New York Times'', "Harry Olivieri, 90, Co-Inventor of Cheese Steak in Philadelphia, Dies" July 22, 2006 retrieved July 25, 2006 | work=The New York Times | date=July 22, 2006 | access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>]] [[File:Hershey Pennsylvania 1976.jpg|thumb|[[The Hershey Company]] in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania|Hershey]]]] In 2008, author Sharon Hernes Silverman wrote in the ''[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]'' that Pennsylvania was the [[snack food]] capital of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html |title=Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature—Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |publisher=Pittsburghlive.com |date=January 11, 2008 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108051209/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html |archive-date=November 8, 2009 }}</ref> It leads all other states in the manufacture of [[pretzel]]s and [[potato chip]]s. In 1861, as the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] was beginning, [[Sturgis Pretzel House]] in [[Lititz, Pennsylvania|Lititz]] was first to introduce the pretzel to American consumers. Two other Pennsylvania-based companies, Immergut Hand-Rolled Soft Pretzels in [[Intercourse, Pennsylvania|Intercourse]] and [[Snyder's of Hanover]] in [[Hanover, Pennsylvania|Hanover]], are leading national pretzel manufacturers. Two of the nation's three leading potato chip companies are based in Pennsylvania: [[Utz Brands]], which started making chips in Hanover in 1921, and [[Wise Foods]], which started making chips in [[Berwick, Pennsylvania|Berwick]] the same year; the third, [[Frito-Lay]] is owned by [[Plano, Texas]]-based [[PepsiCo]]. Additional Pennsylvania-based companies, including [[Herr's Snacks]] in [[Nottingham, Pennsylvania|Nottingham]], [[Martin's Potato Chips]] in [[Thomasville, Pennsylvania|Thomasville]], are popular chip manufacturers. [[The Hershey Company]] in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania|Hershey]] is a nearly $9 billion a year company and one of the world's leading manufacturers of [[chocolate]]; the company was founded in Hershey by [[Milton S. Hershey]] in 1894.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,4428241 |title=Chocolate Bunnies|website=The Southeast Missourian|agency=Associated Press|date=April 1, 1996|access-date=October 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420083939/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,4428241|archive-date=April 20, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashers.com/about-asher/directions-to-asher.html |title=Directions to Asher's—About Asher's |publisher=Ashers.com |access-date=November 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003045117/http://www.ashers.com/about-asher/directions-to-asher.html |archive-date=October 3, 2012 }}</ref> [[Gertrude Hawk Chocolates]] in [[Dunmore, Pennsylvania|Dunmore]]. Other notable companies include [[Just Born]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], makers of [[Hot Tamales]], [[Mike and Ike]]s, the Easter favorite marshmallow [[Peeps]], and [[Boyer Brothers]] of [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], which manufacturers Mallo Cups. The pretzel company [[Auntie Anne's]] began as a market-stand in [[Downingtown, Pennsylvania|Downingtown]], and now has corporate headquarters in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Company History: Auntie Anne's Pretzels | publisher = Auntie Anne's | access-date = February 6, 2009 | url = http://www.auntieannes.com/company_history.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090123132324/http://auntieannes.com/company_history.aspx | archive-date = January 23, 2009 | url-status=dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), [[Fasnacht (doughnut)|fasnachts]] (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and [[Shoofly pie]]. [[Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe]], headquartered in [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania]], specializes in potato bread, another [[Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch|traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food]]. [[D.G. Yuengling & Son]], America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in [[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]] since 1829. Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are [[cheesesteaks]], [[hoagies]], [[soft pretzels]], [[Italian water ice]], [[Irish potato candy]], [[scrapple]], [[Tastykake]], and [[Stromboli (food)|strombolis]]. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by [[H. J. Heinz Company|Henry John Heinz]] from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup is the Pittsburgh's [[Primanti Brothers Restaurant]] sandwiches, [[pierogies]], and [[city chicken]]. In northeastern Pennsylvania, Italian heritage has popularized a variety of pizza styles. Outside of [[Scranton]], in [[Old Forge, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania|Old Forge]], there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust, and American cheese. [[New York–style pizza]] is popular in [[Wilkes-Barre]]. [[Erie]] also has its share of unique foods, including Greek sauce and [[sponge candy]]. [[Sauerkraut]] along with pork and mashed potatoes is a traditional meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania; its tradition began with the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] who believe the meal leads to good luck in the new year to come. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in Pennsylvania}} ====Professional sports==== [[File:Super Bowl 402EF3AA.jpg|thumb|The [[Philadelphia Eagles]] are presented with the [[Vince Lombardi Trophy]] after winning [[Super Bowl LII]] on February 4, 2018]] [[File:Pittsburgh Steeler fans 15 Oct 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]' fans waving the [[Terrible Towel]], a tradition that dates back to [[1975 Pittsburgh Steelers season|1975]]]] [[File:Citizens Bank Park, May 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|South Philadelphia]], home of the [[Philadelphia Phillies]], the oldest continuous same-name, same-city franchise in American professional sports]] [[File:Pocono Victory Lane.JPG|thumb|[[NASCAR]] racing at [[Pocono Raceway]] in [[Long Pond, Pennsylvania|Long Pond]]]] Pennsylvania is home to eight major league professional sports teams: the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] of [[Major League Baseball]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]], the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]], and the [[Philadelphia Union]] of [[Major League Soccer]]. Among them, these teams have accumulated seven{{nbsp}}[[World Series]] championships (with the Pirates winning five and Phillies winning two), 16 [[National League (baseball)|National League]] pennants (with the Pirates winning nine and Phillies winning seven), three pre-[[Super Bowl]] era NFL championships (all won by the Eagles), seven [[Super Bowl]] championships (with the Steelers winning six and the Eagles one), two NBA championships (both won by the 76ers), and seven [[Stanley Cup]] championships (with the Penguins winning five and Flyers winning two). With [[Sports in Philadelphia|five professional sports teams]] and some of the most passionate sports fans in the nation, [[Philadelphia]] is often described as the nation's best sports city.<ref>[https://stanforddaily.com/2018/04/26/ziperski-philly-the-best-sports-city-in-america/ "Philly: the best sports city in America"], ''The Stanford Daily'', April 26, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.phillyvoice.com/jj-redick-sixers-76ers-philly-sports-town-nba-summer-league/ "JJ Redick calls Philly 'the greatest sports town in America"], Philly Voice, July 13, 2022</ref> In addition to its two Major League Baseball franchises, Pennsylvania is home to two [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]]-level teams, the highest level of [[Minor League Baseball]] play. The [[Lehigh Valley IronPigs]], affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies, are based in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], where they play at [[Coca-Cola Park]]. The [[Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders]], affiliated with the [[New York Yankees]], are based in [[Moosic, Pennsylvania|Moosic]], where they play at [[PNC Field]]. Pennsylvania is home to four [[Double-A (baseball)|Double-A level baseball]] teams: the [[Altoona Curve]], [[Erie SeaWolves]], [[Harrisburg Senators]], and [[Reading Fightin Phils]]. Pennsylvania has two [[collegiate summer baseball]] teams affiliated with the [[MLB Draft League]]: the [[State College Spikes]] and [[Williamsport Crosscutters]]. In independent baseball, the state has three teams, the [[Lancaster Barnstormers]], [[Washington Wild Things]], and [[York Revolution]]. In addition to its two National Hockey League teams, Pennsylvania has three [[American Hockey League]] [[ice hockey]] teams: the [[Hershey Bears]] affiliated with the [[Washington Capitals]], the [[Lehigh Valley Phantoms]] affiliated with the Philadelphia Flyers, and the [[Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins]] affiliated with the Pittsburgh Penguins. It also has an [[ECHL]]-level ice hockey team, the [[Reading Royals]], and an [[Arena Football League]] team, the [[Philadelphia Soul]]. These Pennsylvania-based developmental-level professional teams have accumulated 12 [[Triple-A National Championship Game|Triple-A]] and Double-A baseball league titles (Altoona Curve (1) Reading Fightin Phils (4), and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Senators (6)), 3 [[ArenaBowl]] championships (Soul), and 11 [[Calder Cup]]s (Bears). In addition to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, Pennsylvania has two [[United States soccer league system|lower level]] professional soccer teams: [[Philadelphia Union II]] of [[MLS Next Pro]] and the [[Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC]] of the [[USL Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brotherlygame.com/2018/10/8/17953280/penn-fc-to-go-on-hiatus-in-2019-join-new-usl-third-division-league-in-2020|title=Penn FC to go on hiatus in 2019, join new USL third division league in 2020|publisher=Brotherly Game|first=Chris|last=Bratton|date=October 8, 2018|access-date=November 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130112950/https://www.brotherlygame.com/2018/10/8/17953280/penn-fc-to-go-on-hiatus-in-2019-join-new-usl-third-division-league-in-2020|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1959, the [[Little League World Series]] has been held annually in August in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|South Williamsport]] near where [[Little League Baseball]] was founded in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].<ref name="LittleLeagueChronology">{{cite web|title=Little League Chronology |url=http://www.littleleague.org/learn/about/historyandmission/chronology.htm|website=LittleLeague.org|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629095428/http://www.littleleague.org/learn/about/historyandmission/chronology.htm|archive-date=June 29, 2016 }}</ref> In professional golf, [[Arnold Palmer]], one of the 20th century's most accomplished professional golfers, comes from [[Latrobe, Pennsylvania|Latrobe]], and [[Jim Furyk]], a current [[Professional Golfers' Association of America|PGA]] player grew up near in [[Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in [[Farmington, Pennsylvania|Farmington]] and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic played at Glenmaura National Golf Club in Moosi. Philadelphia is home to [[LOVE Park]] across from [[Philadelphia City Hall|City Hall]], a popular [[skateboard]] location that hosted [[ESPN]]'s [[X Games]] in 2001 and 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skateboard.about.com/cs/events/a/XGamesHistory_2.htm |title=X Games History—part 2 |publisher=Skateboard.about.com |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075533/http://skateboard.about.com/cs/events/a/XGamesHistory_2.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Motorsports==== In motorsports, the [[Mario Andretti]] dynasty of race drivers hails from [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]] in the [[Lehigh Valley]]. Pennsylvania racetracks include [[Jennerstown Speedway]] in [[Jennerstown, Pennsylvania|Jennerstown]], [[Lake Erie Speedway]] in [[North East, Pennsylvania|North East]], [[Lernerville Speedway]] in [[Sarver, Pennsylvania|Sarver]], and [[Pocono Raceway]] in [[Long Pond, Pennsylvania|Long Pond]], which is home to two [[NASCAR Cup Series]] races and an [[IndyCar Series]] race. The state is also home to [[Maple Grove Raceway]], near [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], which hosts major [[National Hot Rod Association]]-sanctioned drag racing events each year. There are also two [[motocross]] race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. [[High Point Raceway]] is located in [[Mount Morris, Pennsylvania]], and Steel City is located in [[Delmont, Pennsylvania]]. [[Horse racing]] tracks in Pennsylvania include [[Hollywood Casino at The Meadows|The Meadows]] in [[North Strabane Township, Pennsylvania|North Strabane Township]], [[Mohegan Pennsylvania]] in Wilkes-Barre, [[Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course|Penn National]] in [[Grantville, Pennsylvania|Grantville]], [[Presque Isle Downs & Casino|Presque Isle Downs]] in [[Summit Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania|Summit Township]], and [[Parx Casino and Racing|Parx Racing]], [[Harrah's Philadelphia]] in Chester, which was the home course of [[Smarty Jones]], winner of the [[2004 Kentucky Derby]] and [[2004 Preakness Stakes]]. Harrah's Philadelphia also hosts [[harness racing]] and Presque Isle Downs also hosts [[thoroughbred racing]]. ====College sports==== In [[college football]], three Pennsylvania universities compete in [[NCAA Division I]], the highest level of sanctioned collegiate play in the sport: [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]] in the [[Big Ten Conference]], [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pitt]] in the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]], and [[Temple Owls football|Temple]] in the [[American Athletic Conference]]. Over their respective college football histories, Penn State claims two [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]] (1982 and 1986) and seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986, and 1994) and Pitt has won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, and 1976) and had eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937, and 1976).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf |title=Panther History—Pitt Football 2006 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525121616/http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Penn State plays its home games at [[Beaver Stadium]], a 106,572-capacity stadium that is the [[List of North American stadiums by capacity|second-largest stadium in the nation]]; the team is coached by [[James Franklin (American football coach)|James Franklin]]. Pitt plays its home games at [[Acrisure Stadium]], a 68,400-capacity stadium it shares with the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]; the team is coached by [[Pat Narduzzi]]. Over their respective histories, four additional Pennsylvania universities and colleges have won national college football championships: [[Lafayette Leopards football|Lafayette]] in [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] (1896), [[Villanova Wildcats football|Villanova]] in [[Villanova, Pennsylvania|Villanova]] (2009), [[Penn Quakers football|Penn]] in Philadelphia (1895, 1897, 1904, and 1908),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |title=Recognized National Championships by Team |publisher=Cfbdatawarehouse.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920001615/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |archive-date=September 20, 2010 }}</ref> and [[Washington & Jefferson Presidents|Washington & Jefferson]] in [[Washington, Pennsylvania|Washington]] (1921). In [[college basketball]], five Philadelphia and [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia-area]] universities, collectively known as the [[Philadelphia Big 5|Big Five]], have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by [[La Salle Explorers men's basketball|La Salle]] (1954), [[Temple Owls men's basketball|Temple]] (1938), [[Penn Quakers men's basketball|Penn]] (1920 and 1921), [[Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball|Pitt]] (1928 and 1930), and [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] (1985, 2016, and 2018).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/helmscollegechampionship.htm |title=Helms Foundation NCAA Division I Champions |publisher=Rauzulusstreet.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001213129/http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/helmscollegechampionship.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/collegechampionship.htm |title=NCAA Division I Mens Basketball—NCAA Division I Champions |publisher=Rauzulusstreet.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613000554/http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/collegechampionship.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pennsylvania has several universities and colleges known as national leaders in [[college wrestling]]. [[Penn State Nittany Lions wrestling|Penn State]], coached by [[Cael Sanderson]], has won ten [[NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships]] in its history, second most among all universities and colleges after [[Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling|Oklahoma State]]. [[Lehigh Mountain Hawks|Lehigh]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]] has had 28 NCAA Division I individual champions over its history. ==Nicknames== Since 1802, Pennsylvania has been known as the '''Keystone State''', which remains the state's most popular and widely-used nickname.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504141346/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31|url-status=dead|title=PHMC: State Symbols|archive-date=May 4, 2009}}</ref> The nickname "Keystone State" originates with the agricultural and architectural term "[[keystone (architecture)|keystone]]", and is based on the central role that Pennsylvania played geographically and functionally among the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] from which the nation was established, the important founding documents, including the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], that were signed and ratified in Pennsylvania, and the early central role that Pennsylvania played in the nation's early manufacturing and agricultural economic development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s2002mar.htm |title=Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002 |publisher=Lowellpl.lib.in.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919073340/http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s2002mar.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090008/http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm|url-status=dead|title=Lancaster rifle|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703102530/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31|url-status=dead|title=PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania|archive-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref> Less commonly, Pennsylvania is sometimes referred to as '''the Coal State''', '''the Oil State''', and '''the Steel State''', each developed in recognition of the important role these respective industries played in the state in the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/pa_intro.htm |title=The State of Pennsylvania—An Introduction the Keystone State from |publisher=Netstate.Com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161333/http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/pa_intro.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''The State of Independence''' appears on several present road signs entering Pennsylvania from neighboring states. Pennsylvania residents and those of surrounding states commonly refer to Pennsylvania by the state's abbreviation, '''PA'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Pennsylvania Stereotypes That Are Completely Accurate |url=https://www.movoto.com/guide/pa/pennsylvania-stereotypes/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=Movoto Real Estate |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=27 Words That Mean Something Completely Different In Pennsylvania |url=https://www.movoto.com/guide/pa/pennsylvania-words/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=Movoto Real Estate |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Grant |date=February 8, 2020 |title=Saying Pee Ay for Pennsylvania |url=https://www.waywordradio.org/saying-pee-ay-for-pennsylvania/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=A Way with Words, a fun radio show and podcast about language |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=URBAN |first=BOB |title=Talking Pennsylvanian {{!}} Times News Online |url=https://www.tnonline.com/20101211/talking-pennsylvanian/ |access-date=August 13, 2023 |website=www.tnonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> While it is no longer in common use, Pennsylvania was historically sometimes referred to by the nickname '''Quaker State''' during the [[Province of Pennsylvania|colonial era]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dgs.pa.gov:443/Pages/default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325035935/http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/dgs/lib/dgs/pa_manual/section1/the_quaker_province_1681-1776.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Home|archive-date=March 25, 2009|website=Department of General Services}}</ref> based on the influential role that [[William Penn]] and other [[Quakers]] played in establishing the [[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|first frame of government]] constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania that guaranteed [[Freedom (political)|liberty]] of [[conscience]], which was a reflection of Penn's knowledge of the hostility Quakers confronted when they opposed religious rituals, taking oaths, violence, war, and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious [[wikt:frippery|frippery]].<ref>Pennsylvania translates to "Penn's Woods" and was named after the father of William Penn, the founder of the colony. [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=240 Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419110249/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=240 |date=April 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601223635/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31|url-status=dead|title=The Quaker Province 1681–1776|archive-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Samuel |url=http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml |title=William Penn, Quaker |publisher=Quakerinfo.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023706/http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm |title=Frame of Government |publisher=Yale.edu |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617071216/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}</ref> ==Notable people== {{Main|List of people from Pennsylvania}} ==Sister regions== {{See also|List of sister cities in Pennsylvania}} * {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Matanzas Province]], Cuba<ref>{{cite web| title =Pennsylvania Matanzas| publisher =U.S.-Cuba Sister Cities Association| url =http://www.uscsca.org/penn.htm| access-date =October 27, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071017015314/http://uscsca.org/penn.htm| archive-date =October 17, 2007| df =mdy-all}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Rhône-Alpes]], France * {{flagdeco|MAS}} [[Kedah]], Malaysia ==See also== {{portal|Pennsylvania|United States}} * [[Index of Pennsylvania-related articles]] * [[Outline of Pennsylvania]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== ====Web sources==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |title = 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book |date = April 2010 |publisher = [[American Public Transportation Association]] |url = http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf |access-date = July 5, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165928/http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf |archive-date = January 12, 2012 }} * {{cite web |title = Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book |date = August 2009 |publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] |url = http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html |access-date = July 4, 2010 |archive-date = December 4, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091204015527/http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |author = Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center |title = Part 5: National Summaries |website = Waterborne Commerce of the United States |date = December 31, 2009 |publisher = [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] |url = http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf |access-date = July 5, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100920221417/http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf |archive-date = September 20, 2010 }} {{refend}} ====Books==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Sharon |editor-last=Trostle |year=2009 |title = The Pennsylvania Manual |title-link = The Pennsylvania Manual |location = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], PA |publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of General Services]] |volume = 119 |isbn = 978-0-8182-0334-3 }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Pennsylvania}} * [http://www.pa.gov/ Official state government site] * [http://www.visitPA.com/ Official state tourism site] * [https://guides.loc.gov/pennsylvania-state-guide Pennsylvania: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress] * {{OSM relation|162109}} {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Delaware]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Ratified [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] on December 12, 1787 (2nd)}} {{s-aft|after=[[New Jersey]]}} {{s-end}} {{Pennsylvania|expanded}} {{Northeast US}} {{Thirteen Colonies}} {{United States political divisions}} {{authority control}} {{coord|41|-78|dim:300000_region:US-PA_type:adm1st|name=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|display=title}} [[Category:Pennsylvania| ]] [[Category:1787 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [[Category:Mid-Atlantic states]] [[Category:Northeastern United States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1787]] [[Category:States of the East Coast of the United States]] [[Category:States of the United States]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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