Palestinians Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Ethnonational group of the Levant}} {{redirect|Palestinian}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Palestinians | native_name = {{nativename|ar|الفلسطينيون}}<br>al-Filasṭīniyyūn | native_name_lang = ar | flag = File:Flag of Palestine.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of Palestine]] | population = 14.3 million<ref name="PCBS 2022" >[https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day, 11/07/2022"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127221910/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf |date=27 November 2023 }}, [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ]] (PCBS) 7 July 2022</ref> | popplace = '''{{flag|Palestine|name=State of Palestine}}''' | pop1 = 5,350,000<ref name="PCBS 2022" /> | region2 = {{small| – [[West Bank]]}} | pop2 = {{small|3,190,000<ref name="PCBS 2022" /> (of whom 809,738 are registered refugees as of 2017)}} | ref2 = <ref name=UNRWA2019/><ref name=Maan11716>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772177 'PCBS reports Palestinian population growth to 4.81 million,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713062707/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772177 |date=13 July 2016 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 11 July 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ 'The World Fact Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |date=22 July 2021 }} CIA July 2015.</ref> | region3 = {{small| – [[Gaza Strip]]}} | pop3 = {{small|2,170,000 (of whom 1,386,455 are registered refugees as of 2018)}}<ref name="PCBS 2022" /> | ref3 = <ref name=PCBS2015>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/512/default.aspx?tabID=512&lang=en&ItemID=1566&mid=3171&wversion=Staging 'PCBS: The Palestinians at the end of 2015,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503230209/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/512/default.aspx?tabID=512&lang=en&ItemID=1566&mid=3171&wversion=Staging |date=3 May 2023 }} 30 December 2015</ref><ref name=UNRWA2019/><ref name=Maan11716/> | region4 = {{flag|Jordan}} | pop4 = 2,175,491 (2017, registered refugees only)<ref name=UNRWA2019/>–3,240,000 (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/pop_2009-E.pdf|title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Press Release|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094916/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/pop_2009-E.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | ref4 = | region5 = {{flag|Israel}} | pop5 = 2,037,000 <ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-population-approaches-9-7-million-as-2022-comes-to-an-end/ "Israel's population approaches 9.7 million as 2022 comes to an end"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602142255/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-population-approaches-9-7-million-as-2022-comes-to-an-end/ |date=2 June 2023 }}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' 10 December 2022</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Syria}} | pop6 = 568,530 (2021, registered refugees only)<ref name=UNRWA2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work|title=Where We Work UNRWA|website=UNRWA|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707222721/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work|url-status=live}}</ref> | ref6 = | region7 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop7 = 500,000 | ref7 = <ref name=laventana1/>{{dead link|date=March 2024}}{{dubious|date=March 2024}} | region8 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | pop8 = 400,000 | ref8 = <ref name=Joshproj>{{cite web|title=The Arab, Palestinian people group is reported in 25 countries|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14276/YM|publisher=Joshua Project|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090914/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14276/YM|url-status=live}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Qatar}} | pop9 = 295,000 | ref9 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region10 = {{flag|United States}} | pop10 = 255,000 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |title=U.S. Census website |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-date=27 December 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | pop11 = 200,000 | ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themedialine.org/by-region/palestinians-living-in-uae-uncertain-over-peace-deal-with-israel/|title=Palestinians Living in UAE Uncertain Over Peace Deal With Israel|date=16 August 2020|website=The Media Line|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524015936/https://themedialine.org/by-region/palestinians-living-in-uae-uncertain-over-peace-deal-with-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Lebanon}} | pop12 = 174,000 (2017 census)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-conducts-first-ever-census-palestinian-refugees |title=Lebanon conducts first-ever census of Palestinian refugees |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224210451/http://jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-conducts-first-ever-census-palestinian-refugees |url-status=live }}</ref>–458,369 (2016, registered refugees)<ref name=UNRWA2019/> | ref12 = | region13 = {{flag|Honduras}} | pop13 = 27,000–200,000<ref name=Joshproj /> | ref13 = <ref>Jorge Alberto Amaya, [http://documents.mx/documents/los-arabes-articulo-copia.html Los Árabes y Palestinos en Honduras: su establecimiento e impacto en la sociedad hondureña contemporánea:1900–2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115513/http://documents.mx/documents/los-arabes-articulo-copia.html |date=18 August 2016 }} 23 July 2015.'En suma, los árabes y palestinos, arribados al país a finales del siglo XIX, dominan hoy en día la economía del país, y cada vez están emergiendo como actores importantes de la clase política hondureña y forman, después de Chile, la mayor concentración de descendientes de palestinos en América Latina, con entre 150,000 y 200,000 personas.'</ref> | region14 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop14 = 100,000 | ref14 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/inside-famous-palestinian-berlin-germany-neighbourhood|title=Inside Berlin's famous Palestinian neighbourhood|website=Middle East Eye|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103043953/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/inside-famous-palestinian-berlin-germany-neighbourhood|url-status=live}}</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Kuwait}} | pop15 = 80,000 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/palestinians-open-kuwait-embassy.html|work=Al Monitor|title=Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy|date=23 May 2013|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522150710/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/palestinians-open-kuwait-embassy.html|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region16 = {{flag|Egypt}} | pop16 = 70,000 | ref16 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region17 = {{flag|El Salvador}} | pop17 = 70,000 | ref17 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsalvadorperspectives.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html|title=El Salvador's Palestinian connection|date=26 February 2006|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015104059/https://www.elsalvadorperspectives.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | region18 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop18 = 59,000 | ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/e4.htm |title=test0.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323120645/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/e4.htm |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref> | region19 = {{flag|Libya}} | pop19 = 59,000 | ref19 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region20 = {{flag|Iraq}} | pop20 = 57,000 | ref20 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html |title=Factsheet: Palestinian Refugees in Iraq |access-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720101345/http://al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html |archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref> | region21 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop21 = 50,975 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF&GID=837928 |title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg.. |publisher=2.statcan.ca |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150441/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region22 = {{flag|Yemen}} | pop22 = 29,000 | ref22 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region23 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | pop23 = 20,000 | ref23 = <ref name=Europe>{{cite web|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:4367|title=The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe|access-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824052806/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:4367|archive-date=24 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region24 = {{flag|Peru}} | pop24 = 15,000 | ref24 = {{citation needed|date=June 2016}} | region25 = {{flag|Mexico}} | pop25 = 13,000 | ref25 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region26 = {{flag|Colombia}} | pop26 = 12,000 | ref26 = <ref name=Joshproj/> | region28 = {{flag|Netherlands}} | pop28 = 9,000–15,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestinelink.eu/palestine/facts-and-figures/palestinians-in-the-netherlands/ |title=Did you know that ... Palestinians in the Netherlands – Palestine Link |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211217/http://www.palestinelink.eu/palestine/facts-and-figures/palestinians-in-the-netherlands/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ref28 = | region29 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop29 = 7,000 (est.) {{efn| See: [[White Australia Policy]] and [[Arab Australians]] }} | ref29 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/11443/handing-on-the-key_brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |title=Handing on the key |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102045850/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/11443/handing-on-the-key_brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001%20(corrigendum).pdf|title=Australians' Ancestries|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311184537/http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001|url-status=live}}</ref> | region30 = {{flag|Sweden}} | pop30 = 7,000 | ref30 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier|title=Palestinier|author=Miguel Benito|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055833/http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> | region31 = {{flag|Algeria}} | pop31 = 4,030 | ref31 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485e16.html |title=2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |year=2013 |access-date=22 December 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521172440/https://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485e16.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | languages = '''In Palestine and Israel:'''<br />[[Palestinian Arabic|Arabic]], [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]], [[English language|English]]<br />'''Diaspora:'''<br />Local [[varieties of Arabic]] and languages of host countries for the [[Palestinian diaspora]] | religions = '''Majority:'''<br />[[Sunni Islam]]<br />'''Minority:'''<br />[[Christianity]] (various [[Christian denomination|denominations]]), [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational Islam]], [[Druzism]], [[Samaritanism]],<ref>Mor, M., Reiterer, F. V., & Winkler, W. (2010). Samaritans: Past and present: Current studies. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 217.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/clinging-to-ancient-traditions-the-last-samaritans-keep-the-faith/ |title=Clinging to ancient traditions, the last Samaritans keep the faith |last=Miller |first=Elhanan |date=26 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152557/https://www.timesofisrael.com/clinging-to-ancient-traditions-the-last-samaritans-keep-the-faith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shia Islam]]<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521075104/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |date=21 May 2020 }} retrieved 4 September 2013</ref> | related = [[Jordanians]], [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], [[Syrians]] and other [[Arabs]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hajjej |first1=Abdelhafidh |last2=Almawi |first2=Wassim Y. |last3=Arnaiz-Villena |first3=Antonio |last4=Hattab |first4=Lasmar |last5=Hmida |first5=Slama |date=9 March 2018 |title=The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=e0192269 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192269 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5844529 |pmid=29522542 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392269H |doi-access=free }}</ref> }} '''Palestinians''' ({{lang-ar|الفلسطينيون}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-Filasṭīniyyūn}}; {{lang-he|פָלַסְטִינִים}}, {{Transliteration|he|Fālasṭīnīm}}) or '''Palestinian people''' ({{lang-ar|الشعب الفلسطيني|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ar|ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī}}), also referred to as '''Palestinian Arabs''' ({{lang-ar|العرب الفلسطينيون|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-ʿArab al-Filasṭīniyyūn}}), are an [[ethnonational group]]<ref>[[Tamara Cofman Wittes|Wittes, Tamara Cofman]]. 2005. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrWfRY9DqcC&pg=PA5 How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrWfRY9DqcC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}''. [[United States Institute of Peace|US Institute of Peace Press]]. p. 5. "But given that the groups we are concerned with (Israelis and Palestinians) are ethnonational groups, their political cultures are heavily shaped by their ethnonational identities."</ref><ref>Jabareen, Hassan. 2002. "The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_KHjmm6ssC&pg=PA214 Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_KHjmm6ssC&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', edited by D. Levy and Y. Weiss. Berghahn Books. p. 214. "This blurring has led to a situation in which characteristics of the State of Israel are presented as characteristics of a nation-state, even though (de facto) it is a binational state, and Palestinian citizens are presented as an ethnic minority group although they are a homeland majority."</ref><ref>Hussain, Mir Zohair, and Stephan Shumock. 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA284 "Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}. In ''Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction'', edited by S. C. Saha. Lexington Books. pp. 269ff, 284: "The Palestinians...are an ethnic minority in their country of residence."</ref><ref>Nasser, Riad. 2013. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bA5aJDgGjR8C&pg=PA69 Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary 'Others' in the Making of a Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA5aJDgGjR8C&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}''. Routledge: "What is noteworthy here is the use of a general category 'Arabs', instead of a more specific one of 'Palestinians.' By turning to a general category, the particularity of Palestinians, among other ethnic and national groups, is erased and in its place Jordanian identity is implanted."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haklai |first=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTuxZA-sFiwC&pg=PA112 |title=Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0439-1 |language=en |quote=...throughout the 1990s and 2000s a growing number of PAI political organizations have been increasingly promoting Palestinian consciousness, advancing ethnonationalist objectives, and demanding recognition of collective group rights. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTuxZA-sFiwC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |date=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.006 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=325–331|last1=Abu-Rayya |first1=Hisham Motkal |last2=Abu-Rayya |first2=Maram Hussien }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moilanen-Miller |first1=Heather |title=The Construction of Identity through Tradition: Palestinians in the Detroit Metro Area |journal=International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science |pages=143–150 |url=http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092821/http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823 |url-status=dead }}</ref> descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] over the millennia, and who today are culturally and linguistically [[Arabs|Arab]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1978-02-19 |title=Palestine Nationalism: A. Search for Roots |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/19/archives/palestine-nationalism-a-search-for-roots.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The Palestinians are an Arab people, largely Moslem but with important numbers of Christians, who live in, once lived in, or trace their descent through parents or grandparents to the land once known as Palestine, which came under a British mandate in 1922 and now is the land of Israel, the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza Strip. |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103939/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/19/archives/palestine-nationalism-a-search-for-roots.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yakobson |first1=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFxW-7skk3UC |title=Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Amnon |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-46441-3 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=Of course, the notion that the Palestinians are an Arab people, an integral part of the Arab world ('the Arab nation'), is wholly legitimate and natural, given the history and culture of the people in question. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132926/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFxW-7skk3UC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilmer|first=Franke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ygSEAAAQBAJ|title=Breaking Cycles of Violence in Israel and Palestine: Empathy and Peacemaking in the Middle East|date=15 January 2021|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-7936-2352-2|pages=14|language=en|quote=People know who they are, where they live, and where their families have lived for centuries or millennia|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ygSEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Dowty>{{cite book |author=Dowty, Alan |year=2008 |title=Israel/Palestine |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |page=221 |isbn=978-0-7456-4243-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221 |quote=Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture. |author-link=Alan Dowty |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Abu-Libdeh, Bassam, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi. 2012. "Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians". Pp. 700–11 in ''Genomics and Health in the Developing World'', edited by D. Kumar. [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 700: "Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine.... Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture."</ref><ref>[[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid Ismail]], et al. [1999] 2020. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine#ref45060 "Palestine § From the Arab Conquest to 1900"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030111546/https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine#ref45060 |date=30 October 2023 }}. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. "The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine's inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to [[Jerusalem]] after a 500-year absence."</ref><ref name=palestineeb/><ref name=Lewis>{{cite book |title=Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice |author=Bernard Lewis |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1999 |page=169 |isbn=978-0-393-31839-5}}</ref><ref>[[James Parkes (clergyman)|Parkes, James]]. [1949] 1970. ''Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine'' (rev. ed.) Penguin. pp. 209–10: "the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively.... Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came."</ref> Despite various [[Arab–Israeli conflict|wars]] and [[Palestinian exodus (disambiguation)|exoduses]]<!--intentional link to DAB page-->, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former [[Mandatory Palestine]], now encompassing [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian territories]] of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=Ember2005>{{cite book|author1=Melvin Ember|author2=Carol R. Ember|author3=Ian A. Skoggard|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA234|access-date=2 May 2013|year=2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9|pages=234–|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In Israel proper, Palestinians constitute almost 21 percent of the population as part of its [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]].<ref name=critical>Alan Dowty, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MEE2Erm6qIMC&pg=PA110 Critical issues in Israeli society], Greenwood (2004), p. 110</ref> Many are [[Palestinian refugees]] or [[Present absentee|internally displaced Palestinians]], including more than a million in the Gaza Strip,<ref name=WWWGazaStrip>{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip|title=Where We Work – Gaza Strip|date=1 September 2013|publisher=UNRWA|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425065115/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip|url-status=live}}</ref> around 750,000 in the West Bank,<ref name=WWWWestBank>{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank|title=Where We Work – West Bank|date=1 January 2012|publisher=UNRWA|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115052901/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank|url-status=live}}</ref> and around 250,000 in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, known as the [[Palestinian diaspora]], more than half are [[Statelessness|stateless]], lacking legal citizenship in any country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt|first=Donna E.|year=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|isbn=978-0-87609-194-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/refugeesintociti00arzt/page/74 74]|url=https://archive.org/details/refugeesintociti00arzt/page/74}}</ref> 2.1 million of the diaspora population are registered as refugees in neighboring [[Palestinians in Jordan|Jordan]], most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship;<ref name=unjo>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan|title=Jordan|website=UNRWA|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181426/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PCBSJordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf |title=Palestinians at the end of 2012 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] |year=2009 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815084517/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> over 1 million live between [[Palestinians in Syria|Syria]] and [[Palestinians in Lebanon|Lebanon]], and about 750,000 live in [[Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations|Saudi Arabia]], with [[Chile–Palestine relations|Chile]] holding [[Palestinians in Chile|the largest Palestinian diaspora concentration]] (around half a million) outside of the [[Arab world]]. In 1919, [[Islam in Palestine|Palestinian Muslims]] and [[Palestinian Christians]] constituted 90 percent of the population of Palestine, just before the [[Third Aliyah|third wave]] of [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] and the setting up of British [[Mandatory Palestine]] after [[World War I]].<ref>[[Kathleen Christison]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5hesBrK0vbcC&pg=PA32 Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy]'', University of California Press, 2001 p.32.</ref><ref>Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ISU9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437 The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500]'', Cengage Learning, 2011 7th.ed. op,437.</ref> Opposition to Jewish immigration spurred the consolidation of [[Palestinian nationalism|a unified national identity]], though Palestinian society was still fragmented by regional, class, religious, and family differences.<ref>Rashid Khalidi,[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA24 pp.24–26]</ref><ref>Paul Scham, Walid Salem, Benjamin Pogrund (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA72 Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Left Coast Press, 2005 pp.69–73.</ref> The history of the Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars.<ref name=Likhovski/><ref name=Gelvin2014>{{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |date=13 January 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-47077-4 |page=93 |quote=Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement. The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. . . Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other". |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> For some, the term "[[Definitions of Palestinian|Palestinian]]" is used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by Palestinian Arabs from the late 19th century and in the pre-World War I period, while others assert the Palestinian identity encompasses the heritage of all eras from [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|biblical times]] up to the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman period]].<ref name=palestineeb/><ref name=Lewis/><ref name=Khalidip18/> After the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|1948 Palestinian expulsion]], and more so after the [[1967 Palestinian exodus]], the term "Palestinian" evolved into a sense of a shared future in the form of aspirations for a [[History of the State of Palestine|Palestinian state]].<ref name=palestineeb>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Palestine |year=2007 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2007 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian |quote=The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state. |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194219/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in 1964, the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before international states.<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web |title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community? |publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding |year=2007 |access-date=27 July 2007 |url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063651/http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]], officially established in 1994 as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]], is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centres in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Palestinian+Authority |title=Palestinian Authority definition |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815084541/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Palestinian+Authority |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1978, the [[United Nations]] has observed an annual [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]. According to British historian [[Perry Anderson]], it is estimated that half of the population in the Palestinian territories are refugees, and that they have collectively suffered approximately US$300 billion in property losses due to Israeli confiscations, at 2008–2009 prices.<ref name=Anderson>[[Perry Anderson]], [https://newleftreview.org/II/96/perry-anderson-the-house-of-zion 'The House of Zion'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501112400/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii96/articles/perry-anderson-the-house-of-zion |date=1 May 2021 }}, [[New Left Review]] 96, November–December 2015 pp. 5–37, p.31 n.55, citing Rex Brynen and Roula E-Rifai (eds.), ''Compensation to Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Palestinian-Israeli Peace,'' London 2013, pp.10,132–69.</ref> ==Etymology== {{See also|Timeline of the name Palestine{{!}}Timeline of the name ''Palestine''}} The [[Greek language|Greek]] toponym ''Palaistínē'' (Παλαιστίνη), which is the origin of the [[Arabic]] ''Filasṭīn'' (فلسطين), first occurs in the work of the 5th century BCE [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian [[Herodotus]], where it denotes generally<ref name="Exception">With the exception of Bks. 1, 105; 3.91.1, and 4.39, 2.</ref> the coastal land from [[Phoenicia]] down to [[Egypt]].<ref name="Herodotus1">[[Herodotus]] describes its scope in the Fifth Satrapy of the Persians as follows: "From the town of Posidium, [...] on the border between [[Cilicia]] and Syria, as far as [[Egypt]] – omitting Arabian territory, which was free of tax, came 350 talents. This province contains the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth Satrapy." (from Herodotus Book 3, 8th logos).[http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060743/http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt|date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Cohenp36">Cohen, 2006, p. 36.</ref> Herodotus also employs the term as an [[ethnonym]], as when he speaks of the "Syrians of Palestine" or "Palestinian-Syrians",<ref name="Herodotus2">Herodotus, ''The Histories'', Bks. 2:104 (Φοἰνικες δἐ καὶ Σὐριοι οἱ ἑν τᾔ Παλαιστἰνῃ, "Phoinikes de kaì Surioi oi en té Palaistinē"); 3:5; 7:89.</ref> an ethnically amorphous group he distinguishes from the Phoenicians.<ref name="Kasher">Kasher, 1990, p. 15.</ref><ref>David Asheri, ''A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4,'' Oxford University Press, 2007 p.402: "'the Syrians called Palestinians', at the time of Herodotus were a mixture of Phoenicians, Philistines, Arabs, Egyptians, and perhaps also other peoples. . . Perhaps the circumcised 'Syrians called Palestinians' are the Arabs and Egyptians of the Sinai coast; at the time of Herodotus there were few Jews in the coastal area."</ref> Herodotus makes no distinction between the inhabitants of Palestine.<ref>W.W. How, J. Wells (eds.), ''A Commentary on Herodotus'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1928, vol.1 p.219.</ref> [[File:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Syria and Palestine from CE 650 to 1500]] The Greek word reflects an ancient Eastern Mediterranean-Near Eastern word which was used either as a [[toponym]] or [[ethnonym]]. In [[Afroasiatic languages|Ancient Egyptian]] ''Peleset/Purusati''<ref>''pwlɜsɜtj''. John Strange, ''Caphtor/Keftiu: a new investigation,'' Brill, 1980 p. 159.</ref> has been conjectured to refer to the "[[Sea Peoples]]", particularly the [[Philistines]].<ref name="AK2013">{{citation|title=The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology|work=Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies|volume=15|first=Ann E.|last=Killebrew|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|date=2013|isbn=9781589837218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1|page=2|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term "Sea Peoples" encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term "Sea Peoples" refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from "islands" (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., [[Robert Drews|Drews]] 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term "Sea Peoples" in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation "of the sea" appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh, and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Hencefore the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.]</ref><ref name="Drews48">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA48 The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C., Robert Drews, p48–61] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }} Quote: "The thesis that a great "migration of the Sea Peoples" occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer "Völkerwanderung" zu tun." ("one thing is clear: according to the Egyptian texts, we are not dealing here with a '[[Migration Period|Völkerwanderung]]' [migration of peoples as in 4th–6th-century Europe].") Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."</ref> Among [[Semitic languages]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''Palaštu'' (variant ''Pilištu'') is used of 7th-century Philistia and its, by then, four city states.<ref>Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in [[André Lemaire]], Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312 The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192658/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: The four city-states of the late Philistine period (Iron Age II) are ''Amqarrūna'' ([[Ekron]]), ''Asdūdu'' ([[Ashdod]]), ''Hāzat'' ([[Gaza City|Gaza]]), and ''Isqalūna'' ([[Ashkelon]]), with the former fifth capital, [[Gath (city)|Gath]], having been abandoned at this late phase.</ref> [[Biblical Hebrew]]'s cognate word ''Plištim'', is usually translated [[Philistines]].<ref>Strange 1980 p.159.</ref> When the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] conquered the region in the first century BCE, they used the name [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]] for the province that covered most of the region. At the same time, the name ''Syria Palestina'' continued to be used by historians and geographers to refer to the area between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Jordan River]], as in the writings of [[Philo]], [[Josephus]] and [[Pliny the Elder]]. During the early 2nd century CE, [[Syria Palaestina]] became the official administrative name in a move viewed by scholars as an attempt by emperor [[Hadrian]] to disassociate Jews from the land as punishment for the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]].<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334">H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref name="Ariel Lewin p. 33">Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref><ref name="F90">{{harvnb|Feldman|1990|p=19}}: "While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of thejews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus."</ref> Jacobson suggested the change to be rationalized by the fact that the new province was far larger.{{sfn|Jacobson|2001|p=44-45|ps=: "Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."}}{{sfn|Jacobson|2001|p=44–45|ps=:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."}} The name was thenceforth inscribed on coins, and beginning in the fifth century, mentioned in [[Rabbinic literature|rabbinic texts]].<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334" /><ref name="Cohenp37">Cohen, 2006, p. 37.</ref>{{sfn|Feldman|1996|p=553}} The Arabic word ''Filastin'' has been used to refer to the region since the time of the earliest [[medieval]] Arab [[geographer]]s. It appears to have been used as an [[Arabic]] [[nisba (suffix)|adjectival noun]] in the region since as early as the 7th century.<ref name=Kishp200>Kish, 1978, p. 200.</ref> [[File:Khalil Beidas.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Khalil Beidas]] (1874–1949) was the first person to self-describe Palestine's Arabs as "Palestinians" in the preface of a book he translated in 1898.]] In modern times, the first person to self-describe Palestine's Arabs as "Palestinians" was [[Khalil Beidas]] in 1898, followed by Salim Quba'in and [[Najib Nassar]] in 1902. After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], which eased press censorship laws in the Ottoman Empire, dozens of newspapers and periodicals were founded in Palestine, and the term "Palestinian" expanded in usage. Among those were the ''Al-Quds'', ''Al-Munadi'', ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'', ''[[Al-Karmil]]'' and Al-Nafir newspapers, which used the term "Filastini" more than 170 times in 110 articles from 1908 to 1914. They also made references to a "Palestinian society", "Palestinian nation", and a "Palestinian diaspora". Article writers included Christian and Muslim Arab Palestinians, Palestinian emigrants, and non-Palestinian Arabs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/49925414|title=The Origins of the term "Palestinian" ("Filasṭīnī") in late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914|work=Emmanuel Beshka|year=2021|publisher=Academia Letters|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622134525/https://www.academia.edu/49925414|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine Facts|publisher=PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs|url=http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190029/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> The Palestinian Arab Christian Falastin newspaper had addressed its readers as Palestinians since its inception in 1911 during the Ottoman period.<ref name="AAP1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHa3AwAAQBAJ|title=The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East|page=36|author=Harold M. Cubert|publisher=Routledge|date=3 June 2014|isbn=978-1-135-22022-8 |accessdate=31 December 2023|quote=That year, Al-Karmil was founded in Haifa 'with the purpose of opposing Zionist colonization...' and in 1911, Falastin began publication, referring to its readers, for the first time, as 'Palestinians'.}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdnxxIskv_MC|title=The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I|page=128|author=Neville J. Mandel|year=1976|accessdate=31 December 2023|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02466-3 |quote=As befitted its name, Falastin regularly discussed questions to do with Palestine as if it were a distinct entity and, in writing against the Zionists, addressed its readers as "Palestinians".}}</ref> During the [[Mandatory Palestine]] period, the term "Palestinian" was used to refer to all people residing there, regardless of religion or [[ethnicity]], and those granted [[citizenship]] by the British Mandatory authorities were granted "Palestinian citizenship".<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of the United Kingdom |title=Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the Year 1930 |publisher=[[League of Nations]] |date=31 December 1930 |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a47250072a3dd7950525672400783bde/c2feff7b90a24815052565e6004e5630!OpenDocument |access-date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222095422/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a47250072a3dd7950525672400783bde/c2feff7b90a24815052565e6004e5630%21OpenDocument |archive-date=22 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other examples include the use of the term [[Palestine Regiment]] to refer to the Jewish Infantry Brigade Group of the British Army during World War II, and the term "Palestinian Talmud", which is an alternative name of the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], used mainly in academic sources. [[File:Filastin 1936 issue (cropped).png|thumb|1936 issue of the Palestinian Arab Christian ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' newspaper addressed its readers as "Palestinians" since its establishment in 1911.<ref name="AAP1"/>]] Following the 1948 [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|establishment of Israel]], the use and application of the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinian" by and to [[Palestinian Jews]] largely dropped from use. For example, the English-language newspaper ''[[The Palestine Post]]'', founded by Jews in 1932, changed its name in 1950 to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''. The term [[Arab Jews]] can include Jews with Palestinian heritage and Israeli citizenship, although some Arab Jews prefer to be called [[Mizrahi Jews]]. Non-Jewish [[Arab citizens of Israel]] with Palestinian heritage identify themselves as Arabs or Palestinians.<ref name=Kershner>{{cite news|title=Noted Arab citizens call on Israel to shed Jewish identity|author=Isabel Kershner|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/08/africa/web.0208israel.php|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|date=8 February 2007|access-date=8 January 2007|archive-date=16 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016194050/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/08/africa/web.0208israel.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> These non-Jewish Arab Israelis thus include those that are Palestinian by heritage but Israeli by citizenship.<ref name="CFR-Kurlantzick">{{Cite news |last=Macfarlane |first=Julia |title=Behind the uprisings among Palestinians with Israeli citizenship |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/uprisings-palestinians-israeli-citizenship/story?id=77741627 |date=21 May 2021 |work=[[ABC News]] |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011104824/https://abcnews.go.com/International/uprisings-palestinians-israeli-citizenship/story?id=77741627 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Palestinian National Charter]], as amended by the PLO's [[Palestinian National Council]] in July 1968, defined "Palestinians" as "those Arab nationals who, until 1947, normally resided in Palestine regardless of whether they were evicted from it or stayed there. Anyone born, after that date, of a Palestinian father – whether in Palestine or outside it – is also a Palestinian."<ref name=charter>{{cite web|title=The Palestinian National Charter|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/PNAcharter.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909035853/http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/PNAcharter.html|archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref> Note that "Arab nationals" is ''not'' religious-specific, and it includes not only the Arabic-speaking Muslims of Palestine but also the [[Arab Christians]] and other religious communities of Palestine who were at that time Arabic-speakers, such as the [[Samaritans]] and [[Druze]]. Thus, the [[Palestinian Jews|Jews of Palestine]] were/are also included, although limited only to "the [[Arab Jews|[Arabic-speaking] Jews]] who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the [pre-state] [[Zionist]] invasion." The Charter also states that "Palestine with the [[Border|boundaries]] it had during the British Mandate, is an indivisible territorial unit."<ref name=charter/><ref name=Draft>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the State of Palestine|publisher=Constitution Committee of the Palestine National Council Third Draft, 7 March 2003, revised on 25 March 2003|via=Jerusalem Media and Communication Center|date=25 March 2003|access-date=21 August 2007|url=http://www.jmcc.org/documents/palestineconstitution-eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708061923/http://www.jmcc.org/documents/palestineconstitution-eng.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2007}} The most recent draft of the Palestinian constitution would amend that definition such that, "Palestinian nationality shall be regulated by law, without prejudice to the rights of those who legally acquired it prior to May 10, 1948 or the rights of the Palestinians residing in Palestine prior to this date, and who were forced into exile or departed there from and denied return thereto. This right passes on from fathers or mothers to their progenitor. It neither disappears nor elapses unless voluntarily relinquished."</ref> ==Origins== {{main|Origin of the Palestinians|Demographic history of Palestine (region)}}The origins of Palestinians are complex and diverse. The region was not originally [[Arabs|Arab]] – its [[Arabization]] was a consequence of the gradual inclusion of Palestine within the rapidly expanding [[Caliphate|Islamic Caliphates]] established by Arabian tribes and their local allies. Like in other "Arabized" Arab nations, the [[Arab identity]] of Palestinians, largely based on [[Arabic|linguistic]] and [[Arab culture|cultural]] affiliation, is independent of the existence of any actual Arabian origins.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/491?lang=en |title=Palestinian Identity and Cultural Heritage |author=Nazmi Al-Ju'beh |series=Contemporain publications |date=26 May 2009 |pages=205–231 |publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo |isbn=978-2-35159-265-6 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015061318/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/491?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Khalil Raad, Palestinian mother and child, 1918-1938.jpg|thumb|Palestinian mother and child]]Palestine has undergone many demographic and religious upheavals throughout history. During the [[2nd millennium BC|2nd millennium BCE]], it was inhabited by the [[Canaanites]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking peoples who practiced the [[Canaanite religion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Palestine |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127100651/https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most Palestinians share a strong genetic link to the ancient Canaanites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-05-31/ty-article/.premium/jews-and-arabs-share-genetic-link-to-ancient-canaanites/0000017f-eb8f-d4a6-af7f-ffcf4f190000|title=Jews and Arabs Share Genetic Link to Ancient Canaanites, Study Finds|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2020 |title=Study finds ancient Canaanites genetically linked to modern populations |url=https://english.tau.ac.il/news/canaanites |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025201822/https://english.tau.ac.il/news/canaanites |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Israelites]] later emerged as an outgrowth of southern [[Canaan]]ite civilization, with [[Jews]] and [[Samaritans|Israelite Samaritans]] eventually forming the majority of the population in Palestine during [[classical antiquity]],<ref>John Day, [In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel,] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005 pp. 47.5, p. 48: 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.</ref><ref>ubb, 1998. pp. 13–14</ref><ref>Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TLbAAAAMAAJ&q=israelites+emerged+after+canaanites |title=The Highlands of Canaan: Agricultural Life in the Early Iron Age |date=1985 |publisher=Almond |isbn=978-0-907459-39-2 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbati |first=Gabriele |date=2013-01-21 |title=Caught Between Two Votes: The Samaritans And The Israeli Election |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/israeli-election-preview-samaritans-caught-between-two-votes-1028684 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=DellaPergola |first1=Sergio |title=Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History |journal=Papers in Jewish Demography |date=2001 |pages=11–33 |publisher=The Hebrew University, Jerusalem |quote=The emergence of a second Jewish population peak can be posited toward the time of the construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Hasmonean period (3rd-2nd century B.C.E.). This new peak, variously estimated, and here cautiously put at around 4.5 million people during the first century B.C.E.,}}</ref> However, the Jewish population in [[Jerusalem]] and its surroundings in [[Judea]], and Samaritan population in [[Samaria]], never fully recovered as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman Wars]] and [[Samaritan revolts]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In the centuries that followed, the region experienced [[Crisis of the Third Century|political and economic unrest]], mass conversions to [[Christianity]] (and subsequent [[Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire|Christianization of the Roman Empire]]), and the [[religious persecution]] of minorities.<ref name="Kessler2010">{{cite book |author=Edward Kessler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72 |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denova |first=Rebecca |title=Christianity |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831112510/https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The immigration of Christians, as well as the conversion of pagans, Jews and Samaritans, contributed to a Christian majority forming in [[Syria Palaestina|Late Roman]] and [[Diocese of the East|Byzantine Palestine]].<ref name="CHJ2">{{cite book |author=David Goodblatt |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor=Steven Katz |volume=IV |pages=404–430 |chapter=The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ehrlich |first=Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |location=Leeds, UK |pages=3–4 |oclc=1302180905 |quote=Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land's conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land's transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709195021/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2003 |title=The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309 |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1017/s0022046903007309 |issn=0022-0469 |quote=The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174740/https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 7th century, the Arab [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashiduns]] [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquered the Levant]]; they were later succeeded by other Arab Muslim dynasties, including the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] and the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=1997 |translator=Ethel Briodo |isbn=0-521-59984-9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |oclc=59601193 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172836/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the following several centuries, the population of Palestine drastically decreased, from an estimated 1 million during the Roman and Byzantine periods to about 300,000 by the early Ottoman period.<ref name=":Broshi1979">{{Cite journal |last=Broshi |first=Magen |date=1979 |title=The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=236 |issue=236 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1356664 |jstor=1356664 |s2cid=24341643 |issn=0003-097X |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711021518/https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). [https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 "The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224039/https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 |date=5 March 2023 }}. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', ''287''(1), 47–60.</ref> Over time, the existing population adopted Arab culture and language and much [[Islamization|converted to Islam]].<ref name=":5" /> The settlement of Arabs before and after the Muslim conquest is thought to have played a role in accelerating the Islamization process.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Levy-Rubin |first=Milka |date=2000 |title=New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1163/156852000511303 |jstor=3632444 |issn=0022-4995 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327165417/http://jstor.org/stable/3632444 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":Ellenblum2010">{{Cite book |first=Ronnie |last=Ellenblum |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-58534-0 |oclc=958547332 |quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710040327/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Chris Wickham, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192619/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. "In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces."</ref><ref name=":3">Gideon Avni, ''The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,'' Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</ref> Some scholars suggest that by the arrival of the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], Palestine was already overwhelmingly Muslim,<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 A History of Islamic Societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129194813/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156</ref><ref name="Tessler">Mark A. Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict'', Indiana University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-253-20873-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 M1 Google Print, p. 70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622120112/https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 |date=22 June 2023 }}.</ref> while others claim that it was only after the Crusades that the Christians lost their majority, and that the process of mass Islamization took place much later, perhaps during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk period]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201 Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193058/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.</ref> For several centuries during the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman period]] the population in Palestine declined and fluctuated between 150,000 and 250,000 inhabitants, and it was only in the 19th century that a rapid population growth began to occur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kacowicz |first1=Arie Marcelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11 |title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study |last2=Lutomski |first2=Pawel |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116074 |page=194 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193059/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11#v=snippet&q=Population%20Resettlement%20in%20International%20Conflicts%3A%20By%20Arie%20Marcelo%20Kacowicz%2C%20Pawel%20Lutomski&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> This growth was aided by the immigration of [[Egyptians]] (during the reigns of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] and [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]]) and [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerians]] (following [[Emir Abdelkader|Abdelkader El Djezaïri]]'s revolt) in the first half of the 19th century, and the subsequent immigration of Algerians, [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]], and [[Circassians]] during the second half of the century.<ref name=":63">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |title=Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781315128825 |edition=9781315128825 |location=New York |pages=44–52 |doi=10.4324/9781315128825 |quote=They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France's conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629024634/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":FrantzmanKark20133">{{Cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Kark |first2=Ruth |date=16 April 2013 |title=The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |issn=1060-4367 |quote=Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305230211/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Identity== {{Main|History of the Palestinians|Palestinian identity|History of Palestinian nationality|Palestinian nationalism}} {{Palestinians}} ===Emergence of a distinct identity=== The timing and causes behind the emergence of a distinctively Palestinian national identity among the Arabs of Palestine are matters of scholarly disagreement. Some argue that it can be traced as far back as the [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834 (or even as early as the 17th century), while others argue that it did not emerge until after the Mandatory Palestine period.<ref name="Likhovski" /><ref name="Sorek" /> Legal historian Assaf Likhovski states that the prevailing view is that Palestinian identity originated in the early decades of the 20th century,<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book |last=Likhovski |first=Assaf |title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine |year=2006 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8 |page=174 }}</ref> when an embryonic desire among Palestinians for self-government in the face of generalized fears that [[Zionism]] would lead to a [[Jewish state]] and the dispossession of the Arab majority crystallised among most editors, Christian and Muslim, of local newspapers.<ref>Rashid Khalidi, "Palestinian Identity", [https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA143 pp. 117ff, p. 142] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193059/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}.</ref> The term itself ''Filasṭīnī'' was first introduced by [[Khalil Beidas|Khalīl Beidas]] in a translation of a Russian work on the Holy Land into Arabic in 1898. After that, its usage gradually spread so that, by 1908, with the loosening of censorship controls under late Ottoman rule, a number of Muslim, Christian and Jewish correspondents writing for newspapers began to use the term with great frequency in referring to the 'Palestinian people' (''ahl/ahālī Filasṭīn''), 'Palestinians' (''al-Filasṭīnīyūn''), the 'sons of Palestine' (''abnā’ Filasṭīn'') or to 'Palestinian society' (''al-mujtama' al-filasṭīnī'').<ref name="ZachBeška">Zachary J Foster, Emanuel Beška, [https://www.academia.edu/49925414/The_Origins_of_the_term_Palestinian_Filasṭīnī_in_late_Ottoman_Palestine_1898_1914?email_work_card=view-paper "The Origins of the term 'Palestinian' ('Filasṭīnī') in late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103833/https://www.academia.edu/49925414/The_Origins_of_the_term_Palestinian_Filas%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABn%C4%AB_in_late_Ottoman_Palestine_1898_1914?email_work_card=view-paper |date=15 October 2023 }}", ''Academic Letters 2021 pp.1–22''</ref>[[File:Coat of arms of Palestine.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[Saladin]]'s Falcon, the [[Coat of arms of Palestine|coat of arms]] and emblem of the [[Palestinian Authority]]]] Whatever the differing viewpoints over the timing, causal mechanisms, and orientation of Palestinian nationalism, by the early 20th century strong opposition to Zionism and evidence of a burgeoning nationalistic Palestinian identity is found in the content of Arabic-language newspapers in Palestine, such as ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' (est. 1908) and ''[[Filastin (newspaper)|Filasteen]]'' (est. 1911).<ref name=Khalidip124>Khalidi, 1997, pp. 124–127.</ref> Filasteen initially focused its critique of Zionism around the failure of the Ottoman administration to control Jewish immigration and the large influx of foreigners, later exploring the impact of Zionist land-purchases on Palestinian peasants ({{lang-ar|فلاحين}}, ''[[fellahin]]''), expressing growing concern over land dispossession and its implications for the society at large.<ref name=Khalidip124/> Historian [[Rashid Khalidi]]'s 1997 book ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness'' is considered a "foundational text" on the subject.<ref>[https://cup.columbia.edu/book/palestinian-identity/9780231150743 "Palestinian Identity – The ...."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117022355/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/palestinian-identity/9780231150743 |date=17 November 2023 }} ''Columbia University Press''. 10 December 2018.</ref> He notes that the archaeological strata that denote the history of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] – encompassing the [[Biblical]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Byzantine]], [[Umayyad]], [[Abbasid]], [[Fatimid]], [[Crusade]]r, [[Ayyubid]], [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] periods – form part of the identity of the modern-day Palestinian people, as they have come to understand it over the last century.<ref name=Khalidip18>[[Rashid Khalidi]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA18 Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193200/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 18.</ref> Noting that Palestinian identity has never been an exclusive one, with "Arabism, religion, and local loyalties" playing an important role, Khalidi cautions against the efforts of some extreme advocates of Palestinian nationalism to "anachronistically" read back into history a nationalist consciousness that is in fact "relatively modern".<ref>Khalidi, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA149 p. 149] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193101/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}.</ref><ref name=Khalidip19>Khalidi, 1997, pp. 19–21.</ref> Khalidi argues that the modern national identity of Palestinians has its roots in [[nationalism|nationalist]] discourses that emerged among the peoples of the [[Ottoman empire]] in the late 19th century that sharpened following the demarcation of modern nation-state boundaries in the [[Middle East]] after [[World War I]].<ref name=Khalidip19/> Khalidi also states that although the challenge posed by [[Zionism]] played a role in shaping this identity, that "it is a serious mistake to suggest that Palestinian identity emerged mainly as a response to Zionism."<ref name=Khalidip19/> [[File:Khalil Beidas 1898 use of the word Palestinians in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's A Description of the Holy Land.png|left|thumb|[[Khalil Beidas]]'s 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the [[preface]] to his translation of [[w:ru:Олесницкий, Аким Алексеевич|Akim Olesnitsky's]] [[:File:Olesnitsky A. The Holy Land. Vol. 1 (Russian).djvu|A Description of the Holy Land]]<ref name="Fos">Zachary Foster, [http://blog.palestine-studies.org/2016/02/18/who-was-the-first-palestinian-in-modern-history "Who Was The First Palestinian in Modern History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229164114/http://blog.palestine-studies.org/2016/02/18/who-was-the-first-palestinian-in-modern-history/ |date=29 February 2016 }} The Palestine Square 18 February 2016</ref>]]Conversely, historian [[James L. Gelvin]] argues that [[Palestinian nationalism]] was a direct reaction to Zionism. In his book ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War'' he states that "Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to [[Zionism|Zionist]] immigration and settlement."<ref name="Gelvin 92">Gelvin, 2005, pp. 92–93.</ref> Gelvin argues that this fact does not make the Palestinian identity any less legitimate: "The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some 'other.' Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose."<ref name="Gelvin 92" /> David Seddon writes that "[t]he creation of Palestinian identity in its contemporary sense was formed essentially during the 1960s, with the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization." He adds, however, that "the existence of a population with a recognizably similar name ('the Philistines') in Biblical times suggests a degree of continuity over a long historical period (much as 'the Israelites' of the Bible suggest a long historical continuity in the same region)."<ref>David Seddon (ed.)''A political and economic dictionary of the Middle East,'' Taylor & Francis, 2004. p. 532.</ref> [[Baruch Kimmerling]] and Joel S. Migdal consider the 1834 [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine]] as constituting the first formative event of the Palestinian people. From 1516 to 1917, Palestine was ruled by the [[Ottoman Empire]] save a decade from the 1830s to the 1840s when an Egyptian vassal of the Ottomans, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], and his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] successfully broke away from Ottoman leadership and, conquering territory spreading from Egypt to as far north as Damascus, asserted their own rule over the area. The so-called [[Peasants' Revolt of 1834 (Palestine)|Peasants' Revolt]] by Palestine's Arabs was precipitated by heavy demands for conscripts. The local leaders and urban notables were unhappy about the loss of traditional privileges, while the peasants were well aware that conscription was little more than a death sentence. Starting in May 1834 the rebels took many cities, among them [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]] and [[Nablus]] and Ibrahim Pasha's army was deployed, defeating the last rebels on 4 August in Hebron.<ref name=Kimmerling6>Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 6–11</ref> [[Benny Morris]] argues that the Arabs in Palestine nevertheless remained part of a larger national [[pan-Arab]] or, alternatively, pan-Islamist movement.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', pp.40–42 in the French edition.</ref> [[Walid Khalidi]] argues otherwise, writing that Palestinians in [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] times were "[a]cutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history ..." and "[a]lthough proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from [[indigenous peoples]] who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient [[Hebrews]] and the [[Canaanites]] before them."<ref name=WKhalidi32>Khalidi, W., 1984, p. 32</ref> [[File:Palestine 1930.jpg|thumb|A 1930 Palestinian women's protest in [[Jerusalem]] against the British Mandate. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination [of the Mandate]"]] Zachary J. Foster argued in a 2015 ''Foreign Affairs'' article that "based on hundreds of manuscripts, Islamic court records, books, magazines, and newspapers from the Ottoman period (1516–1918), it seems that the first Arab to use the term "Palestinian" was Farid Georges Kassab, a Beirut-based [[Greek Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox Christian]]." He explained further that Kassab's 1909 book ''Palestine, Hellenism, and Clericalism'' noted in passing that "the Orthodox Palestinian Ottomans call themselves Arabs, and are in fact Arabs," despite describing the Arabic speakers of Palestine as Palestinians throughout the rest of the book."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2015-03-11/whats-palestinian|title=What's a Palestinian?|first=Zachary J.|last=Foster|date=6 October 2015|website=Foreign Affairs|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015105804/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2015-03-11/whats-palestinian|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bernard Lewis]] argues it was not as a Palestinian nation that the Arabs of Ottoman Palestine objected to Zionists, since the very concept of such a nation was unknown to the Arabs of the area at the time and did not come into being until very much later. Even the concept of Arab nationalism in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, "had not reached significant proportions before the outbreak of World War I."<ref name=Lewis/> Tamir Sorek, a [[sociologist]], submits that, "Although a distinct Palestinian identity can be traced back at least to the middle of the nineteenth century (Kimmerling and Migdal 1993; Khalidi 1997b), or even to the seventeenth century (Gerber 1998), it was not until after World War I that a broad range of optional ''political'' affiliations became relevant for the Arabs of Palestine."<ref name=Sorek>{{cite journal|title=The Orange and the Cross in the Crescent|journal=Nations and Nationalism|url=http://plaza.ufl.edu/tsorek/articles/orange.pdf|author=Tamir Sorek|volume=10|issue=3|year=2004|pages=269–291|doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00167.x|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505193710/http://plaza.ufl.edu/tsorek/articles/orange.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli historian [[Efraim Karsh]] takes the view that the Palestinian identity did not develop until after the [[Six-Day War|1967 war]] because the Palestinian exodus/expulsion had fractured society so greatly that it was impossible to piece together a national identity. Between 1948 and 1967, the Jordanians and other Arab countries hosting Arab refugees from Palestine/Israel silenced any expression of Palestinian identity and occupied their lands until Israel's conquests of 1967. The formal annexation of the West Bank by Jordan in 1950, and the subsequent granting of its Palestinian residents Jordanian citizenship, further stunted the growth of a Palestinian national identity by integrating them into Jordanian society.<ref>[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]]. ''Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest''. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 43. "Upon occupying the West Bank during the 1948 war, [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdallah]] moved quickly to erase all traces of corporate Palestinian identity."</ref> The idea of a unique Palestinian state distinct from its Arab neighbors was at first rejected by Palestinian representatives. The [[Palestine Arab Congress|First Congress]] of [[Muslim-Christian Associations]] (in [[Jerusalem]], February 1919), which met for the purpose of selecting a Palestinian Arab representative for the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], adopted the following resolution: "We consider Palestine as part of Arab Syria, as it has never been separated from it at any time. We are connected with it by national, religious, [[natural language|linguistic]], natural, economic and geographical bonds."<ref>{{cite book|title=Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929–1939, vol. 2|author=Yehoshua Porath|publisher=Frank Cass and Co., Ltd|year=1977|pages=81–82|author-link=Yehoshua Porath}}</ref> ==Rise of Palestinian nationalism== {{see also|Palestinian nationalism}} [[File:Un1981-343.jpg|thumb|right|UN stamp to commemorate the Palestinian struggle]] An independent Palestinian state has not exercised full [[sovereignty]] over the land in which the Palestinians have lived during the modern era. Palestine was administered by the Ottoman Empire until World War I, and then overseen by the British Mandatory authorities. Israel was established in parts of Palestine in 1948, and in the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|the West Bank was ruled by Jordan]], and the [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Gaza Strip by Egypt]], with both countries continuing to administer these areas until [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israel occupied]] them in the [[Six-Day War]]. Historian [[Avi Shlaim]] states that the Palestinians' lack of sovereignty over the land has been used by Israelis to deny Palestinians their rights to self-determination.<ref name=Attapatu>{{cite journal|date=16 June 2004|title=Interview With Middle East Scholar Avi Shlaim: America, Israel and the Middle East|journal=The Nation|author=Don Atapattu|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/interview-middle-east-scholar-avi-shlaim|access-date=9 March 2008|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113024502/https://www.thenation.com/article/interview-middle-east-scholar-avi-shlaim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today, the right of the Palestinian people to [[self-determination]] has been affirmed by the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[International Court of Justice]]<ref name=ICJ>Only "peoples" are entitled to self-determination in contemporary international law (See Self-determination and National Minorities, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-829898-6}}, p. 170). In 2004, the International Court of Justice said that Israel had recognized the existence of a "Palestinian people" and referred a number of times to the Palestinian people and its "legitimate rights" in international agreements. The Court said those rights include the right to self-determination(See paragraph 118 of Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice |access-date=6 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010}}). Judge Koroma explained "The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an established and recognized right under international law applies to the territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed." Judge Higgins also said "that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise self-determination, and to have their own State"(See paragraph 5, Separate opinion of Judge Koroma {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1679.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233639/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1679.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2011}} and paragraph 18, Separate opinion of Judge Higgins {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112025712/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2011}}). Paul De Waart said that the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in 2004 "ascertained the present responsibility of the United Nations to protect Palestine's statehood. It affirmed the applicability of the prohibition of acquisition of Palestinian territory by Israel and confirmed the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Moreover, the existence of the Palestinian people as the rightful claimant to the Occupied Palestinian Territory is no longer open to question (See De Waart, Paul J. I. M., "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process", ''Leiden Journal of International Law'', 18 (2005), pp. 467–487).</ref> and several Israeli authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/07fc0614021668418525736b005c8a82!OpenDocument |title=John Dugard's "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967" |publisher=Domino.un.org |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230193956/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/07fc0614021668418525736b005c8a82%21OpenDocument |archive-date=30 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A total of 133 countries [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|recognize Palestine]] as a state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4278618,00.html|title=Palestinian Authority to revive statehood bid|author=Israel News|newspaper=Ynet News|date=8 September 2012|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724171744/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4278618,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Palestinian sovereignty over the areas claimed as part of the Palestinian state remains limited, and the boundaries of the state remain a point of contestation between Palestinians and Israelis. ===British Mandate (1917–1947)=== {{Main|Mandatory Palestine}} [[File:Map of Mandatory Palestine in 1946 with major cities (in English).svg|thumb|340x340px|Mandatory Palestine in 1946]] The first Palestinian nationalist organizations emerged at the end of the [[World War I]].<ref>Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', p. 48 in the French edition.</ref> Two political factions emerged. ''[[al-Muntada al-Adabi]]'', dominated by the [[Nashashibi]] family, militated for the promotion of the Arabic language and culture, for the defense of Islamic values and for an independent Syria and Palestine. In [[Damascus]], ''al-Nadi al-Arabi'', dominated by the [[Husayni]] family, defended the same values.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', p.49 in the French edition.</ref> Article 22 of The Covenant of the [[League of Nations]] conferred an international legal status upon the territories and people which had ceased to be under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire as part of a 'sacred trust of civilization'. Article 7 of the League of Nations Mandate required the establishment of a new, separate, Palestinian nationality for the inhabitants. This meant that Palestinians did not become British citizens, and that Palestine was not annexed into the British dominions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GniaXe2wnRQC&pg=PA49|title=International Law Reports: Cases 1938–1940, H. Lauterpacht, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-46354-8, page 49|access-date=22 April 2009|isbn=978-0-521-46354-6|author1=Lauterpacht, H|year=1942|publisher=Cambridge University Press|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193100/https://books.google.com/books?id=GniaXe2wnRQC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mandate document divided the population into Jewish and non-Jewish, and Britain, the Mandatory Power considered the Palestinian population to be composed of religious, not national, groups. Consequently, government censuses in 1922 and 1931 would categorize Palestinians confessionally as Muslims, Christians and Jews, with the category of Arab absent.<ref>Weldon Matthews, ''Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation,''I.B. Tauris, 2006, p. 33. Both Weldon Matthews and Prasenjit Duara interpret this aspect of the mandate system as tailored to the needs of imperial powers, which found it useful to avoid classifying colonies as nations: "This outlook was carried over to Palestine from India and Egypt where British administrators did not merely doubt the existence of a unifying national identity, but thwarted its development by creating sectarian institutions as a matter of policy."</ref>[[File:Musa Al-Alami 1918.jpg|thumb|[[Musa Alami]] (1897–1984) was a Palestinian nationalist and politician, viewed in the 1940s as the leader of the Palestinians|left]] The articles of the Mandate mentioned the civil and religious rights of the non-Jewish communities in Palestine, but not their political status. At the [[San Remo conference]], it was decided to accept the text of those articles, while inserting in the minutes of the conference an undertaking by the Mandatory Power that this would not involve the surrender of any of the rights hitherto enjoyed by the non-Jewish communities in Palestine. In 1922, the British authorities over Mandatory Palestine proposed a draft constitution that would have granted the Palestinian Arabs representation in a Legislative Council on condition that they accept the terms of the mandate. The Palestine Arab delegation rejected the proposal as "wholly unsatisfactory", noting that "the People of Palestine" could not accept the inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the constitution's preamble as the basis for discussions. They further took issue with the designation of Palestine as a British "colony of the lowest order."<ref>{{cite web|title=Correspondence with the Palestine Arab Delegation and the Zionist Organization |website=United Nations |date=21 February 1922 |access-date=1 August 2007 |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0145a8233e14d2b585256cbf005af141/48a7e5584ee1403485256cd8006c3fbe!OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016050752/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0145a8233e14d2b585256cbf005af141/48a7e5584ee1403485256cd8006c3fbe%21OpenDocument |archive-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Arabs tried to get the British to offer an Arab legal establishment again roughly ten years later, but to no avail.<ref name="Continuum">"Palestine Arabs." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002.</ref> After the British general, Louis Bols, read out the [[Balfour Declaration]] in February 1920, some 1,500 Palestinians demonstrated in the streets of Jerusalem.<ref name="HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts" /> A month later, during the 1920 Nebi Musa riots, the protests against British rule and Jewish immigration became violent and Bols banned all demonstrations. In May 1921 however, further anti-Jewish riots [[Jaffa riots|broke out in Jaffa]] and dozens of Arabs and Jews were killed in the confrontations.<ref name="HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts" /> After the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the [[San Remo conference]] and the failure of [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] to establish the Kingdom of [[Greater Syria]], a distinctive form of Palestinian Arab nationalism took root between April and July 1920.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', pp. 49–50 in the French edition.</ref><ref>[[Tom Segev]], ''One Palestine, Complete'', p. 139n.</ref> With the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the French conquest of [[Syria]], coupled with the British conquest and administration of Palestine, the formerly pan-Syrianist [[mayor of Jerusalem]], [[Musa Qasim Pasha al-Husayni]], said "Now, after the recent events in [[Damascus]], we have to effect a complete change in our plans here. Southern Syria no longer exists. We must defend Palestine".<ref>Khalidi, 1997, p. 165.</ref> Conflict between Palestinian nationalists and various types of pan-Arabists continued during the British Mandate, but the latter became increasingly marginalized. Two prominent leaders of the Palestinian nationalists were [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]], Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, appointed by the British, and [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]].<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts>{{cite web|title=The History of Palestinian Revolts|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=9 December 2003|access-date=17 August 2007|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215061527/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm |archive-date=15 December 2005 }}</ref> After the killing of sheikh [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] by the British in 1935, his followers initiated the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]], which began with a [[general strike]] in Jaffa and attacks on Jewish and British installations in [[Nablus]].<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/> The [[Arab Higher Committee]] called for a nationwide general strike, non-payment of taxes, and the closure of municipal governments, and demanded an end to Jewish immigration and a ban of the sale of land to Jews. By the end of 1936, the movement had become a national revolt, and resistance grew during 1937 and 1938. In response, the British declared [[martial law]], dissolved the Arab High Committee and arrested officials from the Supreme Muslim Council who were behind the revolt. By 1939, 5,000 Arabs had been killed in British attempts to quash the revolt; more than 15,000 were wounded.<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/> ===War (1947–1949)=== {{main|1948 Arab–Israeli War}} [[File:Abdel Kader al-Husseini.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]], leader of the [[Army of the Holy War]] in 1948]] In November 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Partition Plan]], which divided the mandate of Palestine into two states: one majority Arab and one majority Jewish. The Palestinian Arabs rejected the plan and attacked Jewish civilian areas and paramilitary targets. Following [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israel's declaration of independence]] in May 1948, five Arab armies (Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Transjordan) came to the Palestinian Arabs' aid against the newly founded [[State of Israel]].<ref name="Milestones">[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war "Milestones: 1945–1952."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607114752/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war |date=7 June 2020 }} ''Office of the Historian''. 7 December 2018.</ref> The Palestinian Arabs suffered such a major defeat at the end of the war, that the term they use to describe the war is [[Nakba]] (the "catastrophe").<ref name="Caplan">Sela and Neil Caplan. "Epilogue: Reflections on Post-Oslo Israeli and Palestinian History and Memory of 1948." The War of 1948: Representations of Israeli and Palestinian Memories and Narratives, edited by Sela and Alon Kadish, Indiana University Press, 2016, pp. 203–221.</ref> Israel took control of much of the territory that would have been allocated to the Arab state had the Palestinian Arabs accepted the UN partition plan.<ref name="Milestones" /> Along with a military defeat, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians [[1948 Palestinian exodus|fled or were expelled]] from what became the State of Israel. Israel did not allow the [[Palestinian refugees]] of the war to return to Israel.<ref>Thrall, Nathan. [http://time.com/5273108/back-to-the-future-israeli-palestinian-conflict/ "How 1948 Still Influences the ..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023230401/https://time.com/5273108/back-to-the-future-israeli-palestinian-conflict/ |date=23 October 2023 }} ''Time''. 14 May 2018. 7 December 2018.</ref>[[File:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Map comparing the borders of the 1947 partition plan and the Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949.|{{Partition Plan-Armistice Lines comparison map legend}}]] ==="Lost years" (1949–1967)=== After the war, there was a hiatus in Palestinian political activity. Khalidi attributes this to the traumatic events of 1947–49, which included the depopulation of over [[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel|400 towns and villages]] and the creation of hundreds of thousands of refugees.<ref name=Khalidi178>Khalidi, 1997, pp. 178–180.</ref> 418 villages had been razed, 46,367 buildings, 123 schools, 1,233 mosques, 8 churches and 68 holy shrines, many with a long history, destroyed by Israeli forces.<ref>Nurhan Abujidi, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AK_pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 Urbicide in Palestine: Spaces of Oppression and Resilience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193101/https://books.google.com/books?id=AK_pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT95#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Routledge 2014 p.95.</ref> In addition, Palestinians lost from 1.5 to 2 million acres of land, an estimated 150,000 urban and rural homes, and 23,000 commercial structures such as shops and offices.<ref>[[Philip Mattar]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA329 The Encyclopedia of the Palestinians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155424/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA329 |date=20 March 2023 }}'', InfoBase Publishing 2005 p.329.</ref> Recent estimates of the cost to Palestinians in property confiscations by Israel from 1948 onwards has concluded that Palestinians have suffered a net $300 billion loss in assets.<ref name=Anderson/> Those parts of British Mandatory Palestine which did not become part of the newly declared Israeli state were occupied by Egypt or annexed by Jordan. At the [[Jericho Conference]] on 1 December 1948, 2,000 Palestinian delegates supported a resolution calling for "the unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity".<ref>Benvenisti, Meron (1996), ''City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-20521-9}}. 27</ref> During what Khalidi terms the "lost years" that followed, Palestinians lacked a center of gravity, divided as they were between these countries and others such as Syria, Lebanon, and elsewhere.<ref name=Khalidi179>Khalidi, 1997, p. 179.</ref> In the 1950s, a new generation of Palestinian nationalist groups and movements began to organize clandestinely, stepping out onto the public stage in the 1960s.<ref name=Khalidi180>Khalidi, 1997, p. 180.</ref> The traditional Palestinian elite who had dominated negotiations with the British and the Zionists in the Mandate, and who were largely held responsible for the loss of Palestine, were replaced by these new movements whose recruits generally came from poor to middle-class backgrounds and were often students or recent graduates of universities in [[Cairo]], [[Beirut]] and Damascus.<ref name=Khalidi180/> The potency of the [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arabist]] ideology put forward by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]—popular among Palestinians for whom Arabism was already an important component of their identity<ref name=Khalidi182>Khalidi, 1997, p. 182.</ref>—tended to obscure the identities of the separate Arab states it subsumed.<ref name=Khalidi181>Khalidi, 1997, p. 181.</ref> ===1967–present=== {{see also|Six-Day War}} Since 1967, Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have lived under military occupation, creating, according to Avram Bornstein, a [[prison|carceralization of their society]].<ref>Avram Bornstein, 'Military Occupation as Carceral Society: Prisons, Checkpoints, and Wall in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle,' in Avram Bornstein, Paul E. Farmer (et al.)''An Anthropology Of War: Views from the Frontline,'' Berghahn Books, 2009 pp.106–130, p.108:'On the whole, the Israeli Occupation has created an increasing prison-like society for Palestinians'.</ref> In the meantime, pan-Arabism has waned as an aspect of Palestinian identity. The Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and West Bank triggered a [[1967 Palestinian exodus|second Palestinian exodus]] and fractured Palestinian political and militant groups, prompting them to give up residual hopes in pan-Arabism. They rallied increasingly around the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), which had been formed in Cairo in 1964. The group grew in popularity in the following years, especially under the nationalistic orientation of the leadership of [[Yasser Arafat]].<ref name=plo1974>{{cite web|title=The PNC program of 1974|publisher=Mideastweb.org|date=8 June 1974|access-date=17 August 2007|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plo1974.htm|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115184412/http://www.mideastweb.org/plo1974.htm|url-status=live}}The PNC adopted the goal of establishing a national state in 1974.</ref> Mainstream [[secular]] Palestinian nationalism was grouped together under the umbrella of the PLO whose constituent organizations include [[Fatah]] and the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], among other groups who at that time believed that [[Palestinian political violence|political violence]] was the only way to "liberate" Palestine.<ref name=Khalidip18/> These groups gave voice to a tradition that emerged in the 1960s that argues Palestinian nationalism has deep historical roots, with extreme advocates reading a Palestinian nationalist consciousness and identity back into the history of Palestine over the past few centuries, and even millennia, when such a consciousness is in fact relatively modern.<ref name=Khalidip.149n>Khalidi, 1997, p. 149. Khalidi writes: 'As with other national movements, extreme advocates of this view go further than this, and anachronistically read back into the history of Palestine over the past few centuries, and even millennia, a nationalist consciousness and identity that are in fact relatively modern.'</ref>[[File:Arafat in Jordan.jpg|thumb|[[Yasser Arafat]], [[Nayef Hawatmeh]] and [[Kamal Nasser]] in a Jordan press conference in Amman, 1970]]The [[Battle of Karameh]] and the events of [[Black September in Jordan]] contributed to growing Palestinian support for these groups, particularly among Palestinians in exile. Concurrently, among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, a new ideological theme, known as ''[[sumud]]'', represented the Palestinian political strategy popularly adopted from 1967 onward. As a concept closely related to the land, agriculture and [[indigenous (people)|indigenousness]], the ideal image of the Palestinian put forward at this time was that of the peasant (in Arabic, ''[[fellah]]'') who stayed put on his land, refusing to leave. A strategy more passive than that adopted by the [[Palestinian fedayeen]], ''sumud'' provided an important subtext to the narrative of the fighters, "in symbolizing continuity and connections with the land, with peasantry and a rural way of life."<ref name="Schulzp105">Schulz and Hammer, 2003, p. 105.</ref> In 1974, the PLO was recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the Arab nation-states and was granted observer status as a national [[liberation movement]] by the United Nations that same year.<ref name=IMEU/><ref>{{cite web|title=Security Council|publisher=WorldMUN2007 – [[United Nations Security Council]]|date=30 March 2007|access-date=31 July 2007|url=http://www.worldmun.org/MUNBase2007/files/downloads/guides/SCGuideA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808101615/http://www.worldmun.org/MUNBase2007/files/downloads/guides/SCGuideA.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref> Israel rejected the resolution, calling it "shameful".<ref name=Allon>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook2/Pages/48%20Statement%20in%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Deputy%20Premier%20and.aspx |title=48 Statement in the Knesset by Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister Allon – 26 November 1974 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)]] |date=26 November 1974 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031206/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook2/Pages/48%20Statement%20in%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Deputy%20Premier%20and.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> In a speech to the [[Knesset]], Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister [[Yigal Allon]] outlined the government's view that: "No one can expect us to recognize the terrorist organization called the PLO as representing the Palestinians—because it does not. No one can expect us to negotiate with the heads of terror-gangs, who through their ideology and actions, endeavor to liquidate the State of Israel."<ref name=Allon/> In 1975, the United Nations established a subsidiary organ, the [[Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People]], to recommend a program of implementation to enable the Palestinian people to exercise national independence and their rights to self-determination without external interference, national independence and sovereignty, and to return to their homes and property.<ref>See Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People [https://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/committee_background.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905034212/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/committee_background.htm|date=5 September 2011}}</ref> [[File:Protest for palestine Tunis Kassba 17-05-2021 By Brahim Guedich-4062.jpg|thumb|Protest for Palestine in [[Tunisia]]]] The [[First Intifada]] (1987–93) was the first popular uprising against the Israeli occupation of 1967. Followed by the PLO's 1988 proclamation of a [[State of Palestine]], these developments served to further reinforce the Palestinian national identity. After the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to [[Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)|leave Kuwait]].<ref name=ppp>{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/3391/kuwait-expels-palestinians|title=Kuwait Expels Thousands of Palestinians|author=Steven J. Rosen|journal=Middle East Forum|date=September 2012|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511182542/http://www.meforum.org/3391/kuwait-expels-palestinians|url-status=live}}</ref> The policy which partly led to this exodus was a response to the alignment of PLO leader Yasser Arafat with [[Saddam Hussein]]. The [[Oslo Accords]], the first Israeli–Palestinian interim peace agreement, were signed in 1993. The process was envisioned to last five years, ending in June 1999, when the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area began. The expiration of this term without the recognition by Israel of the Palestinian State and without the effective termination of the occupation was followed by the [[Second Intifada]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Independent Fact Finding Committee on Gaza: No Safe Place |url=http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/picture_gallery/reportfullFINAL.pdf |publisher=The League of Arab States |access-date=20 September 2010 |page=145 |date=30 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013190358/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/picture_gallery/reportfullFINAL.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Palestine and the Palestinians: a social and political history|last1=Farsoun|first1=Samih|last2=Hasan Aruri|first2=Naseer|year=2006|publisher=Westview Press|page=275}}</ref> The second intifada was more violent than the first.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Neve|title=Israel's occupation|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25531-9|pages=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RX7t4X8_RMC&pg=PA198|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193133/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RX7t4X8_RMC&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The International Court of Justice observed that since the government of Israel had decided to recognize the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people, their existence was no longer an issue. The court noted that the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 28 September 1995 also referred a number of times to the Palestinian people and its "legitimate rights".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf|title=ICJ Opinion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref> According to [[Thomas Giegerich]], with respect to the Palestinian people's right to form a sovereign independent state, "The right of self-determination gives the Palestinian people collectively the inalienable right freely to determine its political status, while Israel, having recognized the Palestinians as a separate people, is obliged to promote and respect this right in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations".<ref name=Giegerich>{{cite book|title=New Political Entities in Public and Private International Law: With Special Reference to the Palestinian Entity|year=1999|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-9041111555|pages=198–200|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSMTX5jwaxQC&pg=PA198|author=Thomas Giegerich|editor1=Amos Shapira|editor2=Mala Tabory|chapter=The Palestinian Autonomy and International Human Rights Law: Perspectives on an Ongoing Process of Nation-Building|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193611/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSMTX5jwaxQC&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the failures of the Second Intifada, a younger generation is emerging that cares less about nationalist ideology than about economic growth. This has been a source of tension between some of the Palestinian political leadership and Palestinian business professionals who desire economic cooperation with Israelis. At an international conference in Bahrain, Palestinian businessman Ashraf Jabari said, "I have no problem working with Israel. It is time to move on. ... The Palestinian Authority does not want peace. They told the families of the businessmen that they are wanted [by police] for participating in the Bahrain workshop."<ref>[[Jeffrey Sonnenfeld|Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey]]. [https://fortune.com/2019/06/30/bahrain-summit-middle-east/ "The Bahrain Conference: What the Experts and the Media Missed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120194052/https://fortune.com/2019/06/30/bahrain-summit-middle-east/ |date=20 November 2023 }} ''Fortune''. 30 June 2019. 3 July 2019.</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Demographics of Israel|Demographics of Jordan}} {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 20em;" |- ! Country or region ! Population |- | Palestinian Territories (Gaza Strip and West Bank including East Jerusalem) || style="text-align:right" | 4,420,549<ref name=PCBS>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm|publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Jordan]] || style="text-align:right" | 2,700,000<ref name=Cordesman>Cordesman, 2005, p. 54. The figure is based on an estimate for 2005, extrapolating from a population 2.3 million in 2001.</ref> |- | [[Israel]] || style="text-align:right" | 1,318,000<ref name=drummond/> |- | [[Chile]] || style="text-align:right" | 500,000 (largest [[palestinians in Chile|community]] outside the Middle East)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soitu.es/soitu/2009/10/16/info/1255724848_222341.html|title=Comunidad palestina en Chile acusa "campaña de terror" tras nuevas pintadas | soitu.es|website=www.soitu.es|access-date=17 February 2010|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519121616/http://www.soitu.es/soitu/2009/10/16/info/1255724848_222341.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508|title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome – Adnkronos Culture And Media|access-date=17 February 2010|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124194143/http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |date=22 July 2009 }}</ref> |- | Syria || style="text-align:right" | 434,896<ref name=UNRWA>{{cite web|title=Table 1.0: Total Registered Refugees per Country per Area |publisher=UNRWA |url=https://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723174310/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2008 }}</ref> |- |Lebanon || style="text-align:right" | 405,425<ref name=UNRWA/> |- | Saudi Arabia || style="text-align:right" | 327,000<ref name=drummond>Drummond, 2004, p. 50.</ref> |- | The [[Americas]] || style="text-align:right" | 225,000<ref name=cambridge>Cohen, 1995, p. 415.</ref> |- | Egypt || style="text-align:right" | 44,200<ref name=cambridge/> |- | Kuwait || style="text-align:right" |(approx) 40,000<ref name=drummond/> |- | Other [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] || style="text-align:right" | 159,000<ref name=drummond/> |- | Other Arab states || style="text-align:right" | 153,000<ref name=drummond/> |- | Other countries || style="text-align:right" | 308,000<ref name=drummond/> |- | '''TOTAL''' || style="text-align:right" | 10,574,521 |} In the absence of a comprehensive census including all Palestinian diaspora populations, and those that have remained within what was [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate Palestine]], exact population figures are difficult to determine. The [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) announced at the end of 2015 that the number of Palestinians worldwide at the end of 2015 was 12.37 million of which the number still residing within historic Palestine was 6.22 million.<ref name="Maan1116">{{cite news |title=Palestinian population to exceed Jewish population by 2020 |url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=769606 |access-date=18 August 2022 |agency=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071126/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=769606 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In 2022, [[Arnon Soffer]] estimated that in the territory of former Mandatory Palestine (now encompassing Israel and the Palestinian territories of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]]), there's a Palestinian population of 7.503 million, making up 51.16% of the total population.<ref>Meron Rapaport, [https://www.972mag.com/israeli-right-minority-left-palestinians/ 'The Israeli right is the minority — the left need only realize it,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609210425/https://www.972mag.com/israeli-right-minority-left-palestinians/ |date=9 June 2023 }} [[+972 magazine]] 12 January 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/jews-now-a-minority-in-israel-and-the-territories-demographer-says/ "Jews now a 47% minority in Israel and the territories, demographer says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123153449/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jews-now-a-minority-in-israel-and-the-territories-demographer-says/ |date=23 November 2023 }}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' 30 August 2022.</ref> Within Israel proper, Palestinians constitute almost 21 percent of the population as part of its [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]].<ref name="critical" /> In 2005, a critical review of the PCBS figures and methodology was conducted by the American-Israel Demographic Research Group (AIDRG).<ref>[http://www.pademographics.com/ American-Israel Demographic Research Group (AIDRG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015072828/http://www.pademographics.com/ |date=15 October 2011 }}, is led by Bennett Zimmerman, Yoram Ettinger, Roberta Seid, and Michael L. Wise</ref> In their report,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza|author1=Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid|author2=Michael L. Wise|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS65.pdf|access-date=20 February 2007|archive-date=2 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202061847/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS65.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> they claimed that several errors in the PCBS methodology and assumptions artificially inflated the numbers by a total of 1.3 million. The PCBS numbers were cross-checked against a variety of other sources (e.g., asserted [[birth rates]] based on [[fertility]] rate assumptions for a given year were checked against Palestinian Ministry of Health figures as well as Ministry of Education school enrollment figures six years later; immigration numbers were checked against numbers collected at border crossings, etc.). The errors claimed in their analysis included: birth rate errors (308,000), immigration & emigration errors (310,000), failure to account for migration to Israel (105,000), double-counting [[Jerusalem]] Arabs (210,000), counting former residents now living abroad (325,000) and other discrepancies (82,000). The results of their research was also presented before the [[United States House of Representatives]] on 8 March 2006.<ref>Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid, and Michael L. Wise, [http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=130 "Voodoo Demographics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104115016/http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=130 |date=4 January 2021 }}, ''[[Azure (journal)|Azure]]'', Summer 5766/2006, No. 25.</ref> The study was criticised by [[Sergio DellaPergola]], a demographer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref name="Azure">[[Sergio DellaPergola]], Letter to the editor, ''Azure'', 2007, No. 27, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210621182830/http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=29] {{cite web |title=Correspondence |url=http://www.azure.co.il/download/magazine/AZ%2027%20letters.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930220135/http://www.azure.co.il/download/magazine/AZ%2027%20letters.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=21 June 2011}}</ref> DellaPergola accused the authors of the AIDRG report of misunderstanding basic principles of demography on account of their lack of expertise in the subject, but he also acknowledged that he did not take into account the emigration of Palestinians and thinks it has to be examined, as well as the birth and mortality statistics of the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/general/you-can-count-on-them-1.148439|title=You can count on them|author=Aluf Benn|work=Haaretz.com|date=28 January 2005|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010100350/https://www.haaretz.com/general/you-can-count-on-them-1.148439|url-status=live}}</ref> He also accused AIDRG of selective use of data and multiple systematic errors in their analysis, claiming that the authors assumed the Palestinian Electoral registry to be complete even though registration is voluntary, and they used an unrealistically low Total Fertility Ratio (a statistical abstraction of births per woman) to reanalyse that data in a "typical circular mistake." DellaPergola estimated the Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza at the end of 2005 as 3.33 million, or 3.57 million if East Jerusalem is included. These figures are only slightly lower than the official Palestinian figures.<ref name=Azure/> The [[Israeli Civil Administration]] put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.molad.org/en/articles/articlePrint.php?id=295|title=Molad Analysis – Wrong Number|website=www.molad.org|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041400/http://www.molad.org/en/articles/articlePrint.php?id=295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703|title=How Many Palestinians Actually Live in the West Bank? – Diplomacy & Defense – Haaretz|work=Haaretz.com|date=30 June 2013|last1=Hasson|first1=Nir|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200545/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.532703|url-status=live}}</ref> The AIDRG study was also criticized by [[Ian Lustick]], who accused its authors of multiple methodological errors and a political agenda.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ian Lustick |url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Lustick_MEJ_What%20Counts%20Is%20the%20Counting.pdf |title=What Counts is the Counting: Statistical Manipulation as a Solution to Israel's "Demographic Problem"|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=67|number=2 |date=Spring 2013|pages=185–205|doi=10.3751/67.2.12|s2cid=143466620|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113000611/https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Lustick_MEJ_What%20Counts%20Is%20the%20Counting.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, at the request of the PLO, "Jordan revoked the citizenship of thousands of Palestinians to keep them from remaining permanently in the country."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/21/1006669/jordan-revokes-palestinians-citizenships#When:11:42:00Z "Jordan revokes Palestinians' citizenships"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116195249/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/21/1006669/jordan-revokes-palestinians-citizenships#When:11:42:00Z |date=16 January 2013 }}. [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]. 21 July 2009.</ref> Many Palestinians have settled in the United States, particularly in the Chicago area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago's Arab American Community: An Introduction|author=Ray Hanania|url=http://www.hanania.com/profiles/aaintro.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324095745/http://www.hanania.com/profiles/aaintro.htm|archive-date=24 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Palestinians|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Chicago|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/946.html|access-date=7 April 2006|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126055747/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/946.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In total, an estimated 600,000 Palestinians are thought to reside in the Americas. Palestinian [[emigration]] to [[South America]] began for economic reasons that pre-dated the Arab-Israeli conflict, but continued to grow thereafter.<ref>Farsoun, 2004, p. 84.</ref> Many emigrants were from the [[Bethlehem]] area. Those emigrating to Latin America were mainly Christian. Half of those of Palestinian origin in [[Latin America]] live in [[Palestinians in Chile|Chile]].<ref name=laventana1>{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |title=La Ventana – Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz" |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |access-date=17 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |archive-date=22 July 2009 }}</ref> [[El Salvador]]<ref>{{cite news|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|author=Matthew Ziegler|newspaper=The Daily Star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&article_id=2854|access-date=7 April 2006|archive-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034800/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&article_id=2854|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Honduras]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honduras: Palestinian Success Story|author=Larry Lexner|publisher=Lexner News Inc.|url=http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=639|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516190901/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=639|archive-date=16 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> also have substantial Palestinian populations. These two countries have had presidents of Palestinian [[ancestry]] ([[Antonio Saca]] in El Salvador and [[Carlos Roberto Flores]] in Honduras). [[Belize]], which has a smaller Palestinian population, has a Palestinian [[Minister (government)|minister]] – [[Said Musa]].<ref>Guzmán, 2000, p. 85.</ref> [[Schafik Jorge Handal]], [[El Salvador|Salvadoran]] politician and former [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] leader, was the son of Palestinian immigrants.<ref name=Mendez>{{cite news|title=Obituary; Shafik Handal; leader of El Salvador's leftist party; 75|author=Diego Mendez|agency=Associated Press|date=30 January 2006|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060130/news_1m30handal.html|access-date=10 February 2008|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913224718/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060130/news_1m30handal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Refugees=== {{CSS crop |Location=right |Description=Clickable map of the [[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel|more than 400 depopulated towns and villages of the 1948 Palestinian exodus]] (red) and the {{circa}}60 modern day [[Palestinian refugee camps]] (blue) |bSize=600 |cWidth=250 |cHeight=600 |oLeft=0 |oTop=50 |Content={{Palestinian refugee dispersion map}} }} In 2006, there were 4,255,120 Palestinians registered as [[Palestinian refugees|refugees]] with the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]] (UNRWA). This number includes the [[Kinship|descendants]] of refugees who fled or were expelled during the 1948 war, but excludes those who have since then emigrated to areas outside of UNRWA's remit.<ref name="UNRWA" /> Based on these figures, almost half of all Palestinians are registered refugees. The 993,818 Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip and 705,207 Palestinian refugees in the West Bank, who hail from towns and villages now located within the borders of Israel, are included in these figures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publications and Statistics |publisher=[[UNRWA]] |date=31 March 2006 |access-date=30 May 2007 |url=https://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713042517/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html |archive-date=13 July 2008 }}</ref>[[File:Palestinian refugees.jpg|thumb|left|Palestinian refugees in 1948]]UNRWA figures do not include some 274,000 people, or 1 in 5.5 of all Arab residents of Israel, who are [[Internally Displaced Palestinians|internally displaced Palestinian]] refugees.<ref name=Badil>{{cite web|url=http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf |title=Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214203922/http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2004 }}</ref><ref name=IDMC>{{cite web|author=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument |title=Internal Displacement Monitoring Center |publisher=Internal-displacement.org |access-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903022121/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument |archive-date=3 September 2006 }}</ref> Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and the West Bank are organized according to a refugee family's village or place of origin. Among the first things that children born in the camps learn is the name of their village of origin. David McDowall writes that, "[...] a yearning for Palestine permeates the whole refugee community and is most ardently espoused by the younger refugees, for whom home exists only in the imagination."<ref name=McDowall90>McDowall, 1989, p. 90.</ref> Israeli policy to prevent the refugees from returning to their homes was initially formulated by David Ben Gurion and [[Joseph Weitz]], director of the [[Jewish National Fund]] was formally adopted by the Israeli cabinet in June 1948.<ref>Randa F arah, "The Marginalizastion of Palestinian Refugees", Niklaus Steiner, Mark Gibney, Gil Loescher (eds.) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HeLVLaS9yjUC&pg=PA161 Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193737/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeLVLaS9yjUC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Psychology Press, 2003 pp.155–178 p.161.</ref> In December of that year the UN adopted [[resolution 194]], which resolved "that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible."<ref>UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III), "Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator", U.N. Doc. A/RES/194 (11 December 1948), para. 11, cited Leila Hilal, ''[https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Brookings-Displacement-Palestine-CaseStudy-2012-English.pdf Transitional Justice Responses to Palestinian Dispossession: Focus on Restitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224813/https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Brookings-Displacement-Palestine-CaseStudy-2012-English.pdf |date=5 March 2023 }}'', Brookings Institution/LSE August 2012 p.8.</ref><ref name=MG>{{cite book|last=Gibney|first=Mathew|title=Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present|year=2005|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781576077962|pages=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/469 469]–470|url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt|url-access=registration|quote=Israel refused to allow refugees to return to their homes 242.}}</ref><ref name=MM>{{cite book|last=Muslih|first=Muhammad|title=The Middle East in 2015 The Impact of Regional Trends on U.S. Strategic Planning|year=2002|publisher=Diane Publishing reprint. Originally published by National Defense University Press|pages=104–105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzHXkqcz6jAC&q=Israel%20refused%20to%20allow%20refugees%20to%20return%20to%20their%20homes%20242&pg=PA104|isbn=9781428961005|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193621/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzHXkqcz6jAC&q=Israel%20refused%20to%20allow%20refugees%20to%20return%20to%20their%20homes%20242&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Israel%20refused%20to%20allow%20refugees%20to%20return%20to%20their%20homes%20242&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite much of the international community, including the US President Harry Truman, insisting that the repatriation of Palestinian refugees was essential, Israel refused to accept the principle.<ref name=MM/> In the intervening years Israel has consistently refused to change its position and has introduced further legislation to hinder Palestinians refugees from returning and reclaiming their land and confiscated property.<ref name=MG/><ref name=MM/> In keeping with an Arab League resolution in 1965, most Arab countries have refused to grant citizenship to Palestinians, arguing that it would be a threat to their [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]] to their homes in Palestine.<ref name=MG/><ref name=Jpost287479/> In 2012, Egypt deviated from this practice by granting citizenship to 50,000 Palestinians, mostly from the Gaza Strip.<ref name=Jpost287479>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=287479|title=Egypt grants citizenship to 50,000 Palestinians|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=30 January 2011 |access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207131653/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=287479|url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinians living in Lebanon are deprived of basic civil rights. They cannot own homes or land and are barred from becoming lawyers, engineers and doctors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/palestinian-refugees-lebanon-rights|title=Mired in poverty: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon see little hope in new law|newspaper=the Guardian|date=24 August 2010|last1=Hall|first1=Richard|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230253/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/palestinian-refugees-lebanon-rights|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{see also|Religion in the State of Palestine}} The majority of Palestinians are Muslim,<ref>{{cite web|title=Are all Palestinians Muslim?|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|work=[[Institute for Middle East Understanding]]|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142345/http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> the vast majority of whom are followers of the [[Sunni]] branch of [[Islam]],<ref>Lybarger, 2007, p. 114.</ref> with a small minority of [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137789#.U1vh-_ldUdk |title=PA's Moderate Muslims Face Threats |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=26 April 2014 |publisher=Israel National News |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814235136/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137789#.U1vh-_ldUdk |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Palestinian Christians]] represent a significant minority of 6%, and belong to several denominations, followed by much smaller religious communities, including [[Druze]] and [[Samaritans]]. [[Palestinian Jews]] – considered Palestinian by the [[Palestinian National Charter]] adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) which defined them as those "Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the [[Zionism|Zionist]] invasion" – today identify as Israelis<ref>''Palestinians and Israel'' {{ISBN|0-470-35211-6}} p. 53</ref> (with the exception of a very few individuals). Palestinian Jews almost universally abandoned any such identity after the establishment of Israel and their incorporation into the [[Demographics of Israel|Israeli Jewish]] population, which was originally composed of [[Aliyah|Jewish immigrants]] from around the world.[[File:PikiWiki Israel 29872 Cities in Israel.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of [[East Jerusalem]]]]Until the end of the 19th century, cross-cultural [[syncretism]] between Islamic and Christian symbols and figures in religious practice was common in the Palestinian countryside, where most villages did not have local mosques or churches.<ref name="Qleibo">{{cite web |author=Ali Qleibo |date=28 July 2007 |title=Palestinian Cave Dwellers and Holy Shrines: The Passing of Traditional Society |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2208&ed=144&edid=144These |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927122856/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2208&ed=144&edid=144These |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=17 August 2007 |publisher=This Week in Palestine}}</ref> Popular feast days, such as [[Thursday of the Dead]], were celebrated by both Muslims and Christians and shared prophets and saints include [[Jonah]], who is venerated in [[Halhul]] as both a Biblical and Islamic prophet, and [[St. George]], who is known in Arabic as [[Khidr|al-Khdir]]. Villagers would pay tribute to local patron saints at [[Maqam (shrine)|maqams]] – domed single rooms often placed in the shadow of an ancient [[carob]] or [[Oak|oak tree]]; many of them are rooted in Jewish, Samaritan, Christian and sometimes pagan traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=R. Conder |first=Claude |date=1877 |title=The Moslem Mukams |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme09pale/page/n100/mode/1up?view=theater |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=89–91 |doi=10.1179/peq.1877.9.2.89 |issn=0031-0328 |quote="In their religious observances and sanctuaries we find, as in their language, the true history of the country. On a basis of polytheistic faith which most probably dates back to pre-Israelite times, we find a growth of the most heterogeneous description: Christian tradition, Moslem history and foreign worship are mingled so as often to be entirely indistinguishable, and the so-called Moslem is found worshipping at shrines consecrated to Jewish, Samaritan, Christian, and often Pagan memories. It is in worship at these shrines that the religion of the peasantry consists. Moslem by profession, they often spend their lives without entering a mosque, and attach more importance to the favour and protection of the village Mukam than to Allah himself, or to Mohammed his prophet... The reverence shown for these sacred spots is unbounded. Every fallen stone from the building, every withered branch of the tree, is carefully preserved."}}</ref> Saints, taboo by the standards of orthodox Islam, mediated between man and God, and shrines to saints and holy men dotted the Palestinian landscape.<ref name=Qleibo/> Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian [[anthropologist]], states that this built evidence constitutes "an architectural testimony to Christian/Moslem Palestinian religious sensibility and its roots in [[ancient Semitic religion]]s."<ref name=Qleibo/> Religion as constitutive of individual identity was accorded a minor role within Palestinian social structure until the latter half of the 19th century.<ref name=Qleibo/> Jean Moretain, a priest writing in 1848, wrote that a Christian in Palestine was "distinguished only by the fact that he belonged to a particular clan. If a certain tribe was Christian, then an individual would be Christian, but without knowledge of what distinguished his faith from that of a Muslim."<ref name=Qleibo/> [[File:Christians from Gaza.jpg|left|thumb|Christians from [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]]]] The concessions granted to [[France]] and other Western powers by the Ottoman Sultanate in the aftermath of the [[Crimean War]] had a significant impact on contemporary Palestinian religious cultural identity.<ref name=Qleibo/> Religion was transformed into an element "constituting the individual/collective identity in conformity with orthodox precepts", and formed a major building block in the political development of Palestinian nationalism.<ref name=Qleibo/> The [[1922 census of Palestine|British census of 1922]] registered 752,048 inhabitants in Palestine, consisting of 660,641 Palestinian Arabs (Muslim and Christian Arabs), 83,790 Palestinian Jews, and 7,617 persons belonging to other groups. The corresponding percentage breakdown is 87% Muslim and Christian Arab and 11% Jewish.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Demographic War for Palestine|author=Janet Abu-Lughod|publisher=Americans for Middle East Understanding|url=http://www.ameu.org/getattachment/0ac57681-cb8e-44cd-af80-36a90f4520b1/The-Demographic-War-for-Palestine.aspx|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113195853/http://ameu.org/getattachment/0ac57681-cb8e-44cd-af80-36a90f4520b1/The-Demographic-War-for-Palestine.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:דרוזיות אופות פיתות-JNF022334.jpeg|thumb|Palestinian [[Druze]] family making bread 1920]] Bernard Sabella of [[Bethlehem University]] estimates that 6% of the Palestinian population worldwide is Christian and that 56% of them live outside of historic Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Christians: Challenges and Hopes|author=Bernard Sabella|publisher=Bethlehem University|url=http://www.al-bushra.org/holyland/sabella.htm|access-date=25 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415005256/http://www.al-bushra.org/holyland/sabella.htm|archive-date=15 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]], the Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is 97% Muslim and 3% Christian. The vast majority of the [[Palestinian community in Chile]] follow Christianity, largely [[Eastern Orthodox]] and some [[Roman Catholic]], and in fact the number of Palestinian Christians in [[Palestinian diaspora|the diaspora]] in Chile alone exceeds the number of those who have remained in their homeland.<ref name=Holston>{{citation|periodical=Américas |last=Holston |first=Mark |date=1 November 2005 |access-date=29 July 2009 |url=http://www.articlearchives.com/south-america/chile-santiago-chile/914068-1.html |issn=0379-0975 |title=Orgullosos palestinos de Chile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135845/http://www.articlearchives.com/south-america/chile-santiago-chile/914068-1.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 }}</ref> Saint George is the patron saint of the Palestinian Christians.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|first=J. Gordon|last=Melton|year=2021| isbn=9781598842050| page=334|publisher=ABC-CLIO|quote=He is also the patron saint of the Palestinian Christian community.}}</ref> The [[Druze]] became Israeli citizens and Druze males serve in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], though some individuals identify as "Palestinian Druze".<ref>{{cite news|title=Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' Conscientious Objector|author1=Yoav Stern|author2=Jack Khoury|name-list-style=amp|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=2 May 2007|access-date=29 July 2007|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html|archive-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802032505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Salih al-Shaykh, most Druze do not consider themselves to be Palestinian: "their Arab identity emanates in the main from the common language and their socio-cultural background, but is detached from any national political conception. It is not directed at Arab countries or Arab nationality or the Palestinian people, and does not express sharing any fate with them. From this point of view, their identity is Israel, and this identity is stronger than their Arab identity".<ref>Nissim Dana, ''The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status'', Sussex Academic Press, 2003, p. 201.</ref> There are also about 350 [[Samaritans]] who carry Palestinian identity cards and live in the West Bank while a roughly equal number live in [[Holon]] and carry Israeli citizenship.<ref name=Amid>{{cite news|author=Dana Rosenblatt|title=Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity|publisher=CNN|date=14 October 2002|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/10/08/samaritans/|access-date=30 May 2007|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095213/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/10/08/samaritans/|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who live in the West Bank also are represented in the legislature for the Palestinian National Authority.<ref name=Amid/> They are commonly referred to among Palestinians as the "Jews of Palestine", and maintain their own unique cultural identity.<ref name=Amid/> Jews who identify as Palestinian Jews are few, but include Israeli Jews who are part of the [[Neturei Karta]] group,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jews against Zion: Israeli Jewish Anti-Zionism|author=Charles Glass|volume=5| issue=1/2|year=1975|pages=56–81|jstor=2535683|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|doi=10.2307/2535683}}</ref> and [[Uri Davis]], an Israeli citizen and self-described Palestinian Jew (who converted to Islam in 2008 in order to marry Miyassar Abu Ali) who serves as an observer member in the [[Palestine National Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apartheid Israel: A Critical Reading of the Draft Permanent Agreement, known as the "Geneva Accords"|author=Uri Davis|publisher=The Association for One Democratic State in Palestine-Israel|date=December 2013|access-date=11 January 2014|url=http://odspi.org/articles/davis%27.html|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428105914/http://odspi.org/articles/davis%27.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bahá'u'lláh]], founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] spent his last years in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], then part of the Ottoman Empire. He remained there for 24 years, where a [[Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh|shrine]] was erected in his honor.<ref>http://www.bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/47-0715.htm{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=PSmith26>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |title=An Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith |page=26 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86251-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110003959/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C |url-status=live }}</ref> <gallery> File:Exterior of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem2.jpg|The [[Dome of the Rock]] in the [[Old City of Jerusalem]] File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem, the holiest site in Christianity File:Palestinian Christian Scouts Nativity Church in Bethlehem Christmas Eve 2006.jpg|Palestinian Christian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Nativity Church in [[Bethlehem]], 2006 File:Hebron001.JPG|[[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]] File:Ben Zakai.jpg|Palestinian Jews in Ben Zakai house of prayer, Jerusalem, 1893 File:PikiWiki Israel 6935 In the holy place of jethro.jpg|Tomb of [[Shuaib]] in [[Hittin]] File:1840 jer salat.jpg|Palestinian Muslims pray in Jerusalem, 1840. By [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], in ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]'' File:Ramallah-Family-1905.jpg|A Palestinian Christian family in [[Ramallah]], 1905 File:Orthodox priest family.jpg|Palestinian [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] priest from Jerusalem with his family of three generations, circa 1893 </gallery> ===Current demographics=== According to the PCBS, there are an estimated 4,816,503 Palestinians in the Palestinian territories {{As of|2016|lc=y}}, of whom 2,935,368 live in the West Bank and 1,881,135 in the Gaza Strip.<ref name=PCBS/> According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]], there were 1,658,000 Arab citizens of Israel as of 2013.<ref name=ICBS2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf |title=65th Independence Day – More than 8 Million Residents in the State of Israel |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128173944/http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both figures include Palestinians in East Jerusalem. In 2008, Minority Rights Group International estimated the number of Palestinians in Jordan to be about 3 million.<ref name=MRPal>{{cite web |url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/palestinians-2/ |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Jordan – Palestinians |work=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |date=2008 |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127231848/http://minorityrights.org/minorities/palestinians-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[UNRWA]] put their number at 2.1 million as of December 2015.<ref name=unjo/> ==Society== ===Language=== {{main|Palestinian Arabic}} [[File:Areen Omari.jpg|thumb |[[Areen Omari]], a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony]]Palestinian Arabic is a subgroup of the broader [[Levantine Arabic]] dialect. Prior to the 7th century Islamic Conquest and [[Arabization]] of the Levant, the primary languages spoken in Palestine, among the predominantly [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]] and [[Palestinian Jews|Jewish]] communities, were [[Aramaic]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Robert Bonfil|editor2=Oded Irshai|editor3=Guy G. Stroumsa|editor4=Rina Talgam|title=Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures|year=2011|pages=317, 335, 320|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DNz3y7Wep4C&pg=PA320|isbn=9789004203556|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193736/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DNz3y7Wep4C&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arabic]] was also spoken in some areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scribner's|title=Cyril Mango. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome.|year=1980|pages=13|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/mango.asp|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117102008/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/mango.asp|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Palestinian Arabic, like other variations of the [[Levant]]ine dialect, exhibits substantial influences in [[lexicon]] from Aramaic.<ref name=Greenfieldp158>Greenfield et al., 2001, p. 158.</ref> Palestinian Arabic has three primary sub-variations, Rural, Urban, and Bedouin, with the pronunciation of the ''Qāf'' serving as a [[shibboleth]] to distinguish between the three main Palestinian sub-dialects: The urban variety notes a [Q] sound, while the rural variety (spoken in the villages around major cities) have a [K] for the [Q]. The Bedouin variety of Palestine (spoken mainly in the southern region and along the Jordan valley) use a [G] instead of [Q].<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book|last=Ammon|first=Ulrich|title=Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science|page=1922|year=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110184181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1922|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193622/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1922#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Barbara McKean Parmenter has noted that the Arabs of Palestine have been credited with the preservation of the original [[place names in Palestine|Semitic place names]] of many sites mentioned in the Bible, as was documented by the American geographer [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] in the 19th century.<ref name=Parmenter11>Parmenter, 1994, p. 11.</ref> Palestinians who live or work in Israel generally can also speak [[Modern Hebrew]], as do some who live in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. ===Education=== {{Main|Education in the State of Palestine|Education in Israel#Arab sector}} The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the [[United Nations Development Programme]], which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.<ref name=UNDP2014>{{cite web|title=Education (2014)|website=United Nations Development Programme|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023628/http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.<ref name=UNDP2014/> Palestinian intellectuals, among them [[May Ziadeh]] and [[Khalil Beidas]], were an integral part of the Arab intelligentsia.{{when|date=January 2017}} Educational levels among Palestinians have traditionally been high. In the 1960s the West Bank had a higher percentage of its adolescent population enrolled in high school education than did Lebanon.<ref>West Bank 44.6% versus 22.8% in Lebanon. See Elias H. Tuma, Haim Darin-Drabkin, ''The Economic case for Palestine,'' London: Croom Helm, 1978, p 48.</ref> [[Claude Cheysson]], France's Minister for Foreign Affairs under the first [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]] Presidency, held in the mid-eighties that, 'even thirty years ago, (Palestinians) probably already had the largest educated elite of all the Arab peoples.'<ref>Interview with Elias Sanbar. Claude Cheysson, "The Right to Self-Determination", ''[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]'', Vol. 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1986), pp. 3–12; p. 3.</ref> Contributions to Palestinian culture have been made by diaspora figures including [[Edward Said]] and [[Ghada Karmi]], Arab citizens of Israel including [[Emile Habibi]], and Jordanians including [[Ibrahim Nasrallah]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jordanian Poets: Samer Raimouny, Mustafa Wahbi, Haider Mahmoud, Ibrahim Nasrallah|isbn=978-1158408894|last1=Books|first1=General L.L.C|date=June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Pontas>{{cite web|url=http://www.pontas-agency.com/Autors/ENG/Ibrahim_Nasrallah_Ibrahim_Nasrallah_6955.asp |title=Biography Ibrahim Nasrallah |publisher=Pontas literary & film agency |access-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526101818/http://www.pontas-agency.com/Autors/ENG/Ibrahim_Nasrallah_Ibrahim_Nasrallah_6955.asp |archive-date=26 May 2010 }}</ref> <gallery> File:Secretary Kerry Speaks With Palestinian Youth in Bethlehem (10708795753).jpg|Palestinian students and John Kerry File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Palestinian schoolgirls </gallery> ===Women and family=== {{main|Women in Palestine|Palestinian families}} In the 19th and early 20th century, there were some well known Palestinian families, which included the [[Khalidi family]], the [[al-Husayni family]], the [[Nashashibi family]], the [[Tuqan family]], the [[Nusaybah family]], [[Qudwa]] family, [[Shawish clan]], [[Shurrab family]], Al-Zaghab family, [[Al-Khalil family]], [[Ridwan dynasty]], Al-Zeitawi family, [[Abu Ghosh clan]], [[Barghouti family]], [[Doghmush clan]], [[Douaihy]] family, [[Hilles clan]], [[Jarrar family]], and the [[Jayyusi family]]. Since various conflicts with Zionists began, some of the communities have subsequently left Palestine. The role of women varies among Palestinians, with both progressive and ultra-conservative opinions existing. Other groups of Palestinians, such as the [[Negev Bedouin]]s or [[Druze]] may no longer self-identify as Palestinian for political reasons.<ref>Second Class: Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools, p 8, 2001</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Palestine}} Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian [[anthropologist]], has critiqued Muslim historiography for assigning the beginning of Palestinian cultural identity to the advent of Islam in the 7th century. In describing the effect of such historiography, he writes: <blockquote>[[Paganism|Pagan]] origins are disavowed. As such the peoples who populated Palestine throughout history have discursively rescinded their own history and religion as they adopted the religion, language, and culture of Islam.<ref name=Qleibo /></blockquote> That the peasant culture of the large [[fellahin]] class showed features of cultures other than Islam was a conclusion arrived at by some Western scholars and explorers who mapped and surveyed Palestine during the latter half of the 19th century,<ref>Parkes, 1970, pp. 209–210.</ref> and these ideas were to influence 20th-century debates on Palestinian identity by local and international ethnographers. The contributions of the 'nativist' [[Ethnography|ethnographies]] produced by [[Tawfiq Canaan]] and other Palestinian writers and published in ''The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society'' (1920–48) were driven by the concern that the "native culture of Palestine", and in particular peasant society, was being undermined by the forces of [[modernity]].<ref name=Tamari>{{cite journal |title=Lepers, Lunatics and Saints: The Nativist Ethnography of Tawfiq Canaan and his Jerusalem Circle |author=Salim Tamari |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |issue=20 |date=Winter 2004 |access-date=31 May 2015 |url=http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/20_lebers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424230326/http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/20_lebers.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Salim Tamari writes that: <blockquote>Implicit in their scholarship (and made explicit by Canaan himself) was another theme, namely that the peasants of Palestine represent—through their folk norms ... the living heritage of all the accumulated ancient cultures that had appeared in Palestine (principally the Canaanite, Philistine, [[Hebrews|Hebraic]], [[Nabatean]], Syrio-Aramaic and Arab).<ref name=Tamari/></blockquote> Palestinian culture is closely related to those of the nearby Levantine countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan, and the Arab World. Cultural contributions to the fields of [[art]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[costume]] and [[cuisine]] express the characteristics of the Palestinian experience and show signs of common origin despite the geographical separation between the [[Palestinian territories]], Israel and the diaspora.<ref name=Elmokadem>{{cite web|title=Book records Palestinian art history |author=Ismail Elmokadem |date=10 December 2005 |access-date=18 April 2008 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=17014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419034952/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=17014 |archive-date=19 April 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Moran>{{cite web|title=Manchester Festival of Palestinian Literature|publisher=Manchester Festival of Palestinian literature|url=http://www.fabrikation.co.uk/mlpf/about.html|author=Danny Moran|access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331031413/http://www.fabrikation.co.uk/mlpf/about.html |archive-date=31 March 2008}}</ref><ref>Regev Motti (1993), ''Oud and Guitar: The Musical Culture of the Arabs in Israel'' (Institute for Israeli Arab Studies, Beit Berl), {{ISBN|965-454-002-9}}, p. 4.</ref> [[Al-Quds Capital of Arab Culture]] is an initiative undertaken by [[UNESCO]] under the [[Arab Capital of Culture|Cultural Capitals Program]] to promote Arab culture and encourage cooperation in the Arab region. The opening event was launched in March 2009. [[File:MarktJaffaGustavBauernfeind1887.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Palestinian market at [[Jaffa]], 1877 painting]] ===Cuisine=== {{main|Palestinian cuisine}} Palestine's history of rule by many different empires is reflected in Palestinian cuisine, which has benefited from various cultural contributions and exchanges. Generally speaking, modern Syrian-Palestinian dishes have been influenced by the rule of three major Islamic groups: the Arabs, the [[Persian cuisine|Persian]]-influenced Arabs and the [[Turkey|Turks]].<ref name=CDN>[http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1729&ed=115&edid=115 Revisiting our table...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127072800/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1729&ed=115&edid=115 |date=27 November 2013 }} Nasser, Christiane Dabdoub, ''This week in Palestine'', Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. June 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> The Arabs who conquered Syria and Palestine had simple culinary traditions primarily based on the use of rice, lamb and yogurt, as well as dates.<ref name=ArabNet>[http://www.arab.net/cuisine/ ABC of Arabic Cuisine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704012352/http://www.arab.net/cuisine/ |date=4 July 2011 }} ArabNet. Retrieved 25 December 2007.</ref> The already simple cuisine did not advance for centuries due to [[Islam]]'s strict rules of parsimony and restraint, until the rise of the [[Abbasid]]s, who established [[Baghdad]] as their capital. Baghdad was historically located on Persian soil and henceforth, Persian culture was integrated into Arab culture during the 9th–11th centuries and spread throughout central areas of the empire.<ref name=CDN/> There are several foods native to Palestine that are well known in the Arab world, such as, ''[[kanafeh|kinafe Nabulsi]]'', [[Nabulsi cheese]] (cheese of [[Nablus]]), [[Ackawi cheese]] (cheese of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]) and ''[[musakhan]]''. ''Kinafe'' originated in Nablus, as well as the sweetened ''Nabulsi'' cheese used to fill it.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} Another very popular food is Palestinian Kofta or Kufta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.food.com/recipe/palestinian-kufta-373769|title=Palestinian Kufta Recipe - Food.com|website=www.food.com|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102051312/https://www.food.com/recipe/palestinian-kufta-373769|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mezze]] describes an assortment of dishes laid out on the table for a meal that takes place over several hours, a characteristic common to [[Mediterranean]] cultures. Some common mezze dishes are ''[[hummus]]'', ''[[tabouleh]]'',''[[baba ghanoush]]'', ''[[labaneh]]'', and ''zate 'u [[zaatar]]'', which is the pita bread dipping of olive oil and ground [[thyme]] and [[sesame seeds]].<ref>''Once Upon a Time in Jerusalem'' {{ISBN|978-1-859-64323-5}} ch. 2</ref> [[Entrée]]s that are eaten throughout the Palestinian territories, include ''[[dolma|waraq al-'inib]]'' – boiled [[grape leaves]] wrapped around cooked [[rice]] and ground [[domestic sheep|lamb]]. ''Mahashi'' is an assortment of stuffed vegetables such as, zucchinis, potatoes, cabbage and in Gaza, chard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palestine-family.net/index.php?nav=6-23&cid=10&did=2127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020221/http://www.palestine-family.net/index.php?nav=6-23&cid=10&did=2127|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 January 2018|title=Palestine-Family.net – for the world-wide Palestine community|website=www.palestine-family.net}}</ref> <gallery> File:Mushakhan Dish.jpg|[[Musakhan]]: The Palestinian National dish. File:Hummuswithpinenuts.jpg|A plate of [[hummus]], garnished with [[paprika]] and [[olive oil]] and [[pine nut]]s File:Il Falafel di Ramallah.JPG|A Palestinian youth serving [[Falafel]] in [[Ramallah]]. File:Künefe.jpg|[[Kanafeh]]: a Palestinian dessert. </gallery> ===Art=== [[Image:Umm el-Fahem Art Gallery.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Umm al-Fahm Art Gallery]]]] {{main|Palestinian art}} Similar to the structure of Palestinian society, the Palestinian field of arts extends over four main geographic centers: the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], [[Israel]], the [[Palestinian diaspora]] in the [[Arab world]], and the Palestinian diaspora in [[Europe]], the [[United States]] and elsewhere.<ref name=Zvi>{{cite web|title=Hagar: Contemporary Palestinian Art|author=Tal Ben Zvi|publisher=Hagar Association|year=2006|access-date=5 June 2007|url=http://www.hagar-gallery.com/Catalogues/docs/PArt_eng_final.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116185723/http://www.hagar-gallery.com/Catalogues/docs/PArt_eng_final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ;Cinema {{main|Cinema of Palestine}} Palestinian cinematography, relatively young compared to [[Arab cinema]] overall, receives much European and Israeli support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,1752076,00.html|title=Xan Brooks on Palestinian directors | Film | The Guardian|publisher=Film.guardian.co.uk|location=London|date=12 April 2006|access-date=22 April 2009|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724025446/http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,1752076,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian films are not exclusively produced in [[Arabic]]; some are made in English, French or Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palestinefilm.org/default.asp|title=Palestine Film|access-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612083355/http://www.palestinefilm.org/default.asp|archive-date=12 June 2008}}</ref> More than 800 films have been produced about Palestinians, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and other related topics.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Examples include ''[[Divine Intervention (2002 film)|Divine Intervention]]'' and ''[[Paradise Now]]''. <gallery> File:Jaffa Alhambra Cinema03562ucroped.jpg|The Alhamra Cinema, [[Jaffa]], 1937, [[List of Irgun attacks|bombed December 1947]] File:Halhul, 1940.jpg|Villagers in [[Halhul]] at an open-air cinema screening c. 1940 </gallery> ;Handicrafts {{main|Palestinian handicrafts}} A wide variety of handicrafts, many of which have been produced in the area of Palestine for hundreds of years, continue to be produced today. Palestinian handicrafts include [[Palestinian costumes#Palestinian embroidery|embroidery]] and weaving, [[Palestinian pottery|pottery]]-making, [[Nabulsi soap|soap]]-making, [[Hebron glass|glass-making]], and [[olive]]-wood and [[Mother-of-Pearl carving in Bethlehem|Mother of Pearl carvings]], among others.<ref name=Jacobs>Jacobs et al., 1998, p. 72.</ref><ref name=Karmi>Karmi, 2005, p. 18.</ref> ;Costumes {{main|Palestinian costumes}} Foreign travelers to Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries often commented on the rich variety of costumes among the area's inhabitants, and particularly among the [[fellaheen]] or village women. Until the 1940s, a woman's economic status, whether married or single, and the town or area they were from could be deciphered by most Palestinian women by the type of cloth, colors, cut, and [[embroidery]] motifs, or lack thereof, used for the robe-like dress or "thoub" in Arabic.<ref name=Aramco>{{cite magazine|title=Woven Legacy, Woven Language|author=Jane Waldron Grutz|magazine=Saudi Aramco World|date=January–February 1991|access-date=4 June 2007|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219004053/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-date=19 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> New styles began to appear in the 1960s. For example, the "six-branched dress" named after the six wide bands of embroidery running down from the waist.<ref>Weir, Shelagh (1989) ''Palestinian Costume''. British Museum. {{ISBN|0-7141-1597-5}}. p. 112.</ref> These styles came from the refugee camps, particularly after 1967. Individual village styles were lost and replaced by an identifiable "Palestinian" style.<ref>Skinner, Margarita (2007) ''PALESTINIAN EMBROIDERY MOTIVES. A Treasury of Stitches 1850–1950''. Melisende. {{ISBN|978-1-901764-47-5}}. p. 21.</ref> The shawal, a style popular in the [[West Bank]] and [[Jordan]] before the [[First Intifada]], probably evolved from one of the many [[NGO|welfare]] embroidery projects in the [[Palestine refugee camps|refugee camps]]. It was a shorter and narrower fashion, with a western cut.<ref>Weir, Shelagh (1989) ''Palestinian Costume''. British Museum. {{ISBN|0-7141-1597-5}}. pp. 88, 113.</ref> <gallery> File:Betlehem woman b.jpg|A woman from Bethlehem, c. 1940s. File:Ramallah woman2.jpg|Young woman of Ramallah wearing [[dowry]] headdress, c. 1898–1914 File:Ramlah costumewo.jpg|Ramallah woman, c. 1920, [[Library of Congress]] File:Arabic-traditional-Dress.jpg|A Traditional Women's Dress in Ramallah, c. 1920. File:Bethlehengirlsintraditionaldresspre1918.jpg|Girls in Bethlehem costume pre-1885. </gallery> ===Literature=== {{main|Palestinian literature}} [[File:Susan Abulhawa.jpg|thumb|left|Palestinian novelist and non-fiction writer [[Susan Abulhawa]]]] [[File:MahmoudDarwish.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoud Darwish]], Palestinian poet]] Palestinian literature forms part of the wider genre of [[Arabic literature]]. Unlike its Arabic counterparts, Palestinian literature is defined by national affiliation rather than territorially. For example, Egyptian literature is the literature produced in Egypt. This too was the case for Palestinian literature up to the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], but following the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian Exodus]] of 1948 it has become "a literature written by Palestinians" regardless of their residential status.<ref name=Kochavi>{{cite web|title=Hebrew Translations of Palestinian Literature – from Total Denial to Partial Recognition|author=Hannah Amit-Kochavi|publisher=Beit Berl College, Israel|access-date=17 August 2007|url=http://www.erudit.org/revue/ttr/2000/v13/n1/037393ar.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308142142/http://erudit.org/revue/ttr/2000/v13/n1/037393ar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Suleiman2006>{{cite book |editor-last1=Suleiman |editor-first1=Yasir |editor-last2=Muhawi |editor-first2=Ibrahim |editor-link2=Ibrahim Muhawi |title=Literature and Nation in the Middle East |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlbtyGIZyZQC&q=%22palestinian+literature%22+%22arabic+literature%22+palestine&pg=PP6 |isbn=978-0-7486-2073-9 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193623/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlbtyGIZyZQC&q=%22palestinian+literature%22+%22arabic+literature%22+palestine&pg=PP6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contemporary Palestinian literature is often characterized by its heightened sense of [[irony]] and the exploration of existential themes and issues of identity.<ref name=Suleiman2006/> References to the subjects of resistance to occupation, [[exile]], loss, and love and longing for [[homeland]] are also common.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Literature and poetry |publisher=Palestinian National Information Center |access-date=28 July 2007 |url=http://www.pnic.gov.ps/english/Media_culture/Literature_Poetry.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925033412/https://www.pnic.gov.ps/english/Media_culture/Literature_Poetry.html |archive-date=25 September 2007 }}</ref> Palestinian literature can be intensely political, as underlined by writers such as [[Salma Khadra Jayyusi]] and novelist [[Liana Badr]], who have mentioned the need to give expression to the Palestinian "collective identity" and the "just case" of their struggle.<ref name=Soueif>{{cite news|title=Art of Resistance|author=Adnan Soueif|date=21 October 2006|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 September 2007|url=http://www.arabworldbooks.com/News/artofresistance.htm|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092834/http://www.arabworldbooks.com/News/artofresistance.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There is also resistance to this school of thought, whereby Palestinian artists have "rebelled" against the demand that their art be "committed".<ref name=Soueif/> Poet [[Mourid Barghouti]] for example, has often said that "poetry is not a civil servant, it's not a soldier, it's in nobody's employ."<ref name=Soueif/> [[Rula Jebreal]]'s novel ''[[Miral]]'' tells the story of [[Hind al-Husseini]]'s effort to establish an [[orphanage]] in [[Jerusalem]] after the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the [[Deir Yassin massacre]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3949069,00.html |title=Jewish filmmaker tells Palestinian story |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=6 September 2010 |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707130207/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3949069,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Associated |first=The |url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/jewish-film-maker-directs-palestinian-story-in-miral-1.317857 |title=Jewish film maker directs Palestinian story in 'Miral' – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |access-date=25 March 2011 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=8 October 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233640/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/jewish-film-maker-directs-palestinian-story-in-miral-1.317857 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the establishment of the state of [[Israel]]. Since 1967, most critics have theorized the existence of three "branches" of Palestinian literature, loosely divided by geographic location: 1) from inside Israel, 2) from the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]], 3) from among the [[Palestinian diaspora]] throughout the [[Middle East]].<ref name=Salaita>{{cite journal|title=Scattered like seeds: Palestinian prose goes global|author=Steven Salaita|date=1 June 2003|journal=Studies in the Humanities|access-date=6 September 2007|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-17848_ITM|archive-date=13 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212319/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-17848_ITM|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hannah Amit-Kochavi recognizes only two branches: that written by Palestinians from inside the State of Israel as distinct from that written outside (ibid., p. 11).<ref name=Kochavi/> She also posits a temporal distinction between literature produced before 1948 and that produced thereafter.<ref name=Kochavi/> In a 2003 article published in ''Studies in the Humanities'', Steven Salaita posits a fourth branch made up of [[English language]] works, particularly those written by Palestinians in the [[United States]], which he defines as "writing rooted in diasporic countries but focused in theme and content on [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]."<ref name=Salaita/> [[File:Naomishihabnye.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palestinian-American]] writer [[Naomi Shihab Nye]]]] Poetry, using classical pre-Islamic forms, remains an extremely popular art form, often attracting Palestinian audiences in the thousands. Until 20 years ago, local folk bards reciting traditional verses were a feature of every Palestinian town.<ref name=Shahin41>Shahin, 2005, p. 41.</ref> After the 1948 Palestinian exodus and discrimination by neighboring Arab countries, poetry was transformed into a vehicle for political activism.<ref name=Caplan/> From among those Palestinians who became [[Arab citizens of Israel]] after the passage of the Citizenship Law in 1952, a school of resistance poetry was born that included poets including [[Mahmoud Darwish]], [[Samih al-Qasim]], and [[Tawfiq Zayyad]].<ref name=Shahin41/> The work of these poets was largely unknown to the wider Arab world for years because of the lack of diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab governments. The situation changed after [[Ghassan Kanafani]], another Palestinian writer in exile in Lebanon, published an anthology of their work in 1966.<ref name=Shahin41/> Palestinian poets often write about the common theme of a strong affection and sense of loss and longing for a lost homeland.<ref name=Shahin41/> Among the new generation of Palestinian writers, the work of [[Nathalie Handal]] an award-winning poet, playwright, and editor has been widely published in literary journals and magazines and has been translated into twelve languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imeu.net/news/article002665.shtml|title=Nathalie Handal: Poet and Playwright|author=IMEU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714071941/http://imeu.net/news/article002665.shtml|archive-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> [[File:Samah Sabawi 2.jpg|thumb|[[Samah Sabawi]] is a Palestinian dramatist, writer and journalist.]] Palestinian folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, [[music]], [[dance]], [[legend]]s, [[oral history]], [[proverb]]s, jokes, popular beliefs, [[tradition|customs]], and comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of Palestinian culture. There was a folklorist revival among Palestinian intellectuals such as Nimr Sirhan, Musa Allush, Salim Mubayyid, and the Palestinian [[Folklore]] Society during the 1970s. This group attempted to establish pre-Islamic (and pre-Hebraic) cultural roots for a re-constructed Palestinian national identity. The two putative roots in this patrimony are Canaanite and Jebusite.<ref name=Tamari /> Such efforts seem to have borne fruit as evidenced in the organization of celebrations including the [[Qabatiya]] Canaanite festival and the annual Music Festival of [[Jerusalem|Yabus]] by the Palestinian Ministry of Culture.<ref name=Tamari/> Traditional storytelling among Palestinians is prefaced with an invitation to the listeners to give blessings to God and the Prophet Mohammed or the Virgin Mary as the case may be, and includes the traditional opening: "There was, or there was not, in the oldness of time..."<ref name=Shahin41/><ref name=Muhawi>Muhawi, 1989.</ref> Formulaic elements of the stories share much in common with the wider Arab world, though the rhyming scheme is distinct. There are a cast of supernatural characters: [[jinns|djinns]] who can cross the Seven Seas in an instant, giants, and ghouls with eyes of ember and teeth of brass. Stories invariably have a happy ending, and the storyteller will usually finish off with a rhyme like: "The bird has taken flight, God bless you tonight", or "Tutu, tutu, finished is my ''haduttu'' (story)."<ref name=Shahin41/> ===Music=== [[File:Kamanjeh, and performer on it, p. 578 in Thomson, 1859.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.95|[[Kamanjah|Kamanjeh]] performer in Jerusalem, 1859<ref>William McClure Thomson, (1860): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S44XAAAAYAAJ The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193623/https://books.google.com/books?id=S44XAAAAYAAJ |date=29 November 2023 }}'' Vol II, p. 578.</ref>]] [[Palestinian music]] is well known throughout the Arab world.<ref name=Poche>{{cite web|title=Palestinian music|publisher=Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|author=Christian Poche|url=http://phonoarchive.org/grove/Entries/S47332.htm|access-date=10 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After 1948, a new wave of performers emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes relating to dreams of statehood and burgeoning nationalist sentiments. In addition to ''[[zajal]]'' and ''[[ataaba]]'', traditional Palestinian songs include: ''Bein Al-dawai'', ''Al-Rozana'', ''Zarif – Al-Toul'', and ''Al-Maijana'', ''Dal'ona'', ''Sahja/Saamir'', ''Zaghareet''. Over three decades, the Palestinian National Music and Dance Troupe (El Funoun) and [[Mohsen Subhi]] have reinterpreted and rearranged traditional wedding songs such as ''Mish'al'' (1986), ''Marj Ibn 'Amer''(1989) and ''Zaghareed'' (1997).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.el-funoun.org/productions/zaghared.html |title=El-Funoun Palestinian Popular Dance Troupe |access-date=24 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105201604/http://www.el-funoun.org/productions/zaghared.html |archive-date=5 January 2009 }}</ref> ''Ataaba'' is a form of folk singing that consists of four verses, following a specific form and meter. The distinguishing feature of ataaba is that the first three verses end with the same word meaning three different things, and the fourth verse serves as a conclusion. It is usually followed by a ''[[dalouna]]''. [[Reem Kelani]] is one of the foremost researchers and performers in the present day of music with a specifically Palestinian narrative and heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalrhythm.net/WorldMusicCDReviews/MiddleEastNorthAfrica/ReemKelani.cfm|title=Middle East & North Africa Reem Kelani World Music at Global Rhythm – The Destination for World Music|access-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311194619/http://www.globalrhythm.net/WorldMusicCDReviews/MiddleEastNorthAfrica/ReemKelani.cfm|archive-date=11 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her 2006 debut solo album ''Sprinting Gazelle – Palestinian Songs from the Motherland and the Diaspora'' comprised Kelani's research and an arrangement of five traditional Palestinian songs, whilst the other five songs were her own musical settings of popular and resistance poetry by the likes of Mahmoud Darwish, [[Salma Khadra Jayyusi]], [[Rashid Hussein|Rashid Husain]] and Mahmoud Salim al-Hout.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reemkelani.com/album.asp|title=Reem Kelani|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207110028/http://reemkelani.com/album.asp|archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> All the songs on the album relate to 'pre-1948 Palestine'. ====Palestinian hip hop==== {{main|Palestinian hip hop}} [[Palestinian hip hop]] reportedly started in 1998 with [[Tamer Nafar]]'s group [[DAM (band)|DAM]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Dion |last=Nissenbaum |title='Palestinians' embracing hip-hop to push 'perspective of the victims' |date=29 September 2005 |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0905/arab_hip-hop.php3 |work=Jewish World Review |access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816154001/http://jewishworldreview.com/0905/arab_hip-hop.php3 |archive-date=16 August 2007 }}</ref> These Palestinian youth forged the new Palestinian musical subgenre, which blends [[Arabic music|Arabic melodies]] and [[hip hop]] beats. Lyrics are often sung in [[Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], English, and sometimes French. Since then, the new Palestinian musical subgenre has grown to include artists in the Palestinian territories, Israel, Great Britain, the United States and Canada.[[File:DJ Khaled 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|American radio personality and record producer [[DJ Khaled]], of Palestinian descent]]Borrowing from [[old school hip-hop|traditional rap music]] that first emerged in New York in the 1970s, "young Palestinian musicians have tailored the style to express their own grievances with the social and political climate in which they live and work." Palestinian hip hop works to challenge [[stereotype]]s and instigate dialogue about the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://angelingo.usc.edu/issue03/politics/a_palhiphop.php |title=Palestinian Conflict Bounces to a New Beat |access-date=25 April 2007 |last=El-Sabawi |first=Taleed |year=2005 |work=Angelingo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418192423/http://angelingo.usc.edu/issue03/politics/a_palhiphop.php |archive-date=18 April 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Palestinian hip-hop artists have been strongly influenced by the messages of American rappers. Tamar Nafar says, "When I heard Tupac sing 'It's a White Man's World' I decided to take hip hop seriously".<ref name=Maira>{{cite journal|last=Maira|first=Sunaina|title=We Ain't Missing: Palestinian Hip Hop – A Transnational Youth Movement|journal=CR: The New Centennial Review|year=2008|volume=8|issue=2|pages=161–192|doi=10.1353/ncr.0.0027|s2cid=144998198}}</ref> In addition to the influences from American hip hop, it also includes musical elements from Palestinian and Arabic music including "zajal, mawwal, and saj" which can be likened to Arabic spoken word, as well as including the percussiveness and lyricism of Arabic music. Historically, music has served as an integral accompaniment to various social and religious rituals and ceremonies in Palestinian society (Al-Taee 47). Much of the Middle-Eastern and Arabic string instruments utilized in classical Palestinian music are sampled over Hip-hop beats in both Israeli and Palestinian hip-hop as part of a joint process of localization. Just as the percussiveness of the Hebrew language is emphasized in Israeli Hip-hop, Palestinian music has always revolved around the rhythmic specificity and smooth melodic tone of Arabic. "Musically speaking, Palestinian songs are usually pure melody performed monophonically with complex vocal ornamentations and strong percussive rhythm beats".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Taee |first1=Nasser |year=2002 |title=Voices of Peace and the Legacy of Reconciliation: Popular Music, Nationalism, and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East |journal=Popular Music |volume=21 |pages=41–61 |doi=10.1017/s0261143002002039|s2cid=56388670 }}</ref> The presence of a hand-drum in classical Palestinian music indicates a cultural esthetic conducive to the vocal, verbal and instrumental percussion which serve as the foundational elements of Hip-hop. This hip hop is joining a "longer tradition of revolutionary, underground, Arabic music and political songs that have supported Palestinian Resistance".<ref name=Maira/> This subgenre has served as a way to politicize the Palestinian issue through music. ====Dance==== The [[Dabke]], a Levantine Arab folk dance style whose local Palestinian versions were appropriated by Palestinian nationalism after [[Six-Day War|1967]], has, according to one scholar, possible roots that may go back to ancient [[Canaan]]ite fertility rites.<ref name=Canaan>{{cite book|last=Kaschl|first=Elke|title=Dance and Authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the Nation|date=2003|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfRAsefaeVEC&pg=PA82|pages=71–82|isbn=978-9004132382|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193731/https://books.google.com/books?id=OfRAsefaeVEC&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> It is marked by synchronized jumping, stamping, and movement, similar to tap dancing. One version is performed by men, another by women. <gallery> File:Debka.jpg|Palestinian [[Dabke]] folk dance being performed by men File:Betlehem woman dancing.jpg|Palestinian women dancing traditionally, [[Bethlehem]] c. 1936 </gallery> ===Sport=== {{main|Sport in Palestine}} Although sport facilities did exist before the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight]], many such facilities and institutions were subsequently shut down. Today there remains sport centers such as in Gaza and Ramallah, but the difficulty of mobility and travel restrictions means most Palestinian are not able to compete internationally to their full potential. However, Palestinian sport authorities have indicated that Palestinians in the diaspora will be eligible to compete for Palestine once the diplomatic and security situation improves. <gallery> File:"Machete Kills" red carpet - 10594982886.jpg|[[Marko Zaror]] is a Chilean martial artist of Palestinian descent. File:Nicolas Massu 2007 Australian Open R1.jpg|[[Nicolás Massú]] is a Chilean tennis player of Palestinian descent. File:Palestino - O'Higgins 20190405 13.jpg|[[Roberto Bishara]] is a footballer of Palestinian descent. </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|Palestine}} * [[List of Palestinians]] * [[History of agriculture in Palestine]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Al-Ali |first1=Nadje |author-link1=Nadje Sadig Al-Ali |last2=Koser |first2=Khalid |year=2004 |title=New Approaches to Migration?: Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JveuOqkSnL8C |isbn=978-0203167144 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129194146/https://books.google.com/books?id=JveuOqkSnL8C |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Ankori |first1=Gannit |author-link1=Gannit Ankori |year=2006 |title=Palestinian Art |publisher=Reaktion Books |url=https://archive.org/details/palestinianart0000anko |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1861892591 }} * Barzilai, Gad. (2003). ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-11315-1}} * [[Kevin Boyle (lawyer)|Boyle, Kevin]] and Sheen, Juliet (1997). ''Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-15977-6}} * {{Cite book|first=Getzel M.|last=Cohen|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0520931022|title=The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa}} * Cohen, Hillel, [[Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948]] * Cohen, Robin (1995). ''The Cambridge Survey of World Migration''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-44405-5}} * Cordesman, Anthony H (2005). ''The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-275-98758-2}} * Drummond, Dorothy Weitz (2004). ''Holy Land, Whose Land?: Modern Dilemma, Ancient Roots''. Fairhurst Press. {{ISBN|0-9748233-2-5}} * Farsoun, Samih K. (2004). ''Culture and Customs of the Palestinians''. Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-313-32051-9}} * {{cite journal |title=Some Observations on the Name of Palestine |first=Louis H. |last=Feldman |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=61 |date=1990 |pages=1–23 |publisher=Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion |jstor=23508170 }} * {{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Louis |author-link=Louis Feldman |year=1996 |chapter=Some Observations on the Name of Palestine |title=Studies in Hellenistic Judaism |publisher=BRILL |pages=553–576 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA553 |access-date=17 October 2014 |isbn=9789004104181 }} * [[James L. Gelvin|Gelvin, James L]] (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&dq=%22Golda+Meir%22+%22full+text%22&pg=PA92 The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101021520/https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&dq=%22Golda+Meir%22+%22full+text%22&pg=PA92 |date=1 November 2023 }}''. [[Cambridge University Press]], [[New York, NY]]. {{ISBN|0-521-85289-7}} * {{Cite book|title=Al Kanfei Yonah: Collected Studies of Jonas C. Greenfield on Semitic Philology|author-link1=Jonas C. Greenfield|first1=Jonas C.|last1=Greenfield|first2=Shalom M.|last2=Paul|first3=Michael E|last3=Stone|first4=Avital|last4=Pinnick|edition=Illustrated|publisher=BRILL|year=2001|isbn=978-9004121706}} * Guzmán, Roberto Marín (2000). ''A Century of Palestinian Immigration into Central America''. Editorial Universidad de C.R. {{ISBN|9977-67-587-2}} * Healey, John F. (2001). ''The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus''. Brill Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-10754-1}} * [[Eric Hobsbawm|Hobsbawn, Eric]] (1990). ''Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. * Howell, Mark (2007). ''What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under Occupation in the West Bank'', Garnet Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85964-195-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Territories: the rough guide|first1=Daniel|last1=Jacobs|first2=Shirley|last2=Eber|first3=Francesca|last3=Silvani|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85828-248-0|publisher=Rough Guides|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinia00jaco}} * {{citation |url=http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/. |title=When Palestine Meant Israel |first=David |last=Jacobson |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2001 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726233541/http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book|title=In Search of Fatima: A Palestinian Story|first1=Ghada|last1=Karmi|year=2005|publisher=[[Verso]]|isbn=978-1-85984-694-0|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchoffatima00karm}} * Kasher, Aryeh (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SNfZ4OjH_ukC&dq=%22syrians+of+palestine%22+herodotus+ethnic&pg=RA1-PA15 Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015104148/https://books.google.com/books?id=SNfZ4OjH_ukC&dq=%22syrians+of+palestine%22+herodotus+ethnic&pg=RA1-PA15 |date=15 October 2023 }}.'' Mohr Siebeck. {{ISBN|3-16-145241-0}} * [[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (1997). ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-10514-2}} * {{Cite web |url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/provost/biblio/doumani.pdf |title=Beshara Doumani's "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine: Writing Palestinians into History |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106010211/http://www.brynmawr.edu/provost/biblio/doumani.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=Justin |author-link=Justin McCarthy (American historian) |year=1994 |title=Palestine's Population During The Ottoman And The British Mandate Periods |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Palestine-Remembered/Story559.html |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=114 |pages=106–107 |doi=10.2307/604972 |jstor=604972 |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118124511/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Palestine-Remembered/Story559.html |url-status=live }} * [[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (2006). ''The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood'', Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-8070-0308-5}} * [[Walid Khalidi|Khalidi, Walid]] (1984). ''Before Their Diaspora''. Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington D.C. * [[Baruch Kimmerling|Kimmerling, Baruch]] and Joseph S. Migdal (2003). ''The Palestinian People: A History''. [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-674-01129-5}}. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01129-8}}. * {{Cite book|title=A Source Book in Geography|first=George|last=Kish|edition=Reissue, illustrated|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674822702|year=1978|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookingeog0000unse}} * Kunstel, Marcia and Joseph Albright (1990). ''Their Promised Land: Arab and Jew in History's Cauldron-One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills''. Crown. {{ISBN|0-517-57231-1}} * [[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] (1999). ''Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice''. W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-31839-7}} * [[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] (2002). ''The Arabs in History''. [[Oxford University Press]], USA, 6th ed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127142714/http://freedomofbleep.com/2009/02/obama-brings-terror-to-the-us/ freedomofbleep.com] * Lybarger, Loren (2007). ''Identity and religion in Palestine: the struggle between Islamism and secularism in the occupied territories''. Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12729-3}} * Lynd, S., Bahour, S. and Lynd, A. (editors) ''Homeland: Oral Histories of Palestine and Palestinians''. New York: Olive Branch Press. {{ISBN|1-56656-132-9}} * McCarthy, Justin (1990). "The Population of Palestine: Population Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate". Columbia University Press, ISBAN: 0231071108 * McDowall, David (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pIezNAykWNQC&dq=village+Palestine+identity&pg=PA90 The Uprising and Beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103137/https://books.google.com/books?id=pIezNAykWNQC&dq=village+Palestine+identity&pg=PA90 |date=15 October 2023 }}''. I.B.Tauris. {{ISBN|1-85043-289-9}} * [[Ibrahim Muhawi|Muhawi, Ibrahim]] (1989). ''Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales''. [[University of California Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-520-06292-4}} * [[James Parkes (clergyman)|Parkes, James]] (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk7Ga-gb43IC&dq=history+palestinian+identity+canaanite&pg=PR7 Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015170652/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk7Ga-gb43IC&dq=history+palestinian+identity+canaanite&pg=PR7 |date=15 October 2023 }}''. * Parmenter, Barbara McKean (1994). ''Giving Voice to Stones Place and Identity in Palestinian Literature'' [[University of Texas Press]] * [[Yehoshua Porath|Porath, Yehoshua]] (1974). ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929''. London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7146-2939-1}} * Porath, Yehoshua (1977). ''Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929–1939'', vol. 2, London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd. * Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide''. Interlink Books. * {{Cite book|title=The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland|first1=Helena Lindholm|last1=Schulz|first2=Juliane|last2=Hammer|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26820-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS8NjbwqUFAC&q=sumud&pg=PA106|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129194147/https://books.google.com/books?id=YS8NjbwqUFAC&q=sumud&pg=PA106|url-status=live}} * Whitelam, Keith (1997). ''The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-10759-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-10759-4}} * Charles Wilson, "Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt". New York, 1881. * {{cite journal |last1=Semino |display-authors=etal |year=2004 |title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023–1034 |pmc=1181965 |pmid=15069642 |doi=10.1086/386295}} * Ateek, Naim (1992) Jerusalem in Islam and For Palestinian Christians. {{Refend}} ==External links== {{commons category|Palestinian people}} * [http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/songs/ Sounds of Folksongs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702103732/http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/songs/ |date=2 July 2020 }} * [http://www.papp.undp.org/ United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970704102838/http://www.papp.undp.org/ |date=4 July 1997 }} * [http://www.ottomanpalestine.com The Ottoman Palestine] Download Palestinian Pictures in Ottoman Palestine. {{Palestinian National Authority and the Palestinian people}} {{Authority control}} {{portal bar|Palestine|Asia}} [[Category:Palestinians| ]] [[Category:Arab citizens of Israel|*]] [[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]] [[Category:Arab people]] [[Category:Stateless nationalism in Asia]] [[Category:Stateless people]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Templates used on this page: Palestinians (edit) Template:As of (edit) Template:Authority control (edit) Template:CSS crop (edit) Template:Catalog lookup link (edit) Template:Cbignore (edit) Template:Citation (edit) Template:Citation needed (edit) Template:Cite book (edit) Template:Cite encyclopedia (edit) Template:Cite journal (edit) Template:Cite magazine (edit) Template:Cite news (edit) Template:Cite web (edit) Template:Commons category (edit) Template:DMCA (edit) Template:Dead link (edit) Template:Fix (edit) Template:Harvnb (edit) Template:ISBN (edit) Template:In lang (edit) Template:Infobox ethnic group (edit) Template:Lang-ar (edit) Template:Lang-he (edit) Template:Main (edit) Template:Main other (edit) Template:Notelist (edit) Template:Palestinian National Authority and the Palestinian people (edit) Template:Palestinians (edit) Template:Partition Plan-Armistice Lines comparison map legend (edit) Template:Portal (edit) Template:Portal bar (edit) Template:Pp-move (edit) Template:Pp-semi-indef (edit) Template:Redirect (edit) Template:Refbegin (edit) Template:Refbegin/styles.css (edit) Template:Refend (edit) Template:Reflist (edit) Template:Reflist/styles.css (edit) Template:See also (edit) Template:Sfn (edit) Template:Short description (edit) Template:Sister project (edit) Template:Transliteration (edit) Template:Use dmy dates (edit) Template:Webarchive (edit) Template:When (edit) Template:Yesno (edit) Template:Yesno-no (edit) Template:Yesno-yes (edit) Module:Arguments (edit) Module:Catalog lookup link (edit) Module:Check for unknown parameters (edit) Module:Check isxn (edit) Module:Citation/CS1 (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (edit) Module:Footnotes (edit) Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (edit) Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (edit) Module:Footnotes/whitelist (edit) Module:Format link (edit) Module:Hatnote (edit) Module:Hatnote/styles.css (edit) Module:Hatnote list (edit) Module:Labelled list hatnote (edit) Module:Portal (edit) Module:Portal/styles.css (edit) Module:Portal bar (view source) Module:Protection banner (view source) Module:Unsubst (edit) Module:Yesno (edit) Discuss this page